QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

"Perceptions and exploitation of street children: A

Qualitative Study on Realities and Social Impacts"

Compiled By :

Name: Wildani Mukhollafah

Nim : 2242300008

Class : PBI 3A

NURUL JADID UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

PAITON – PROBOLINGGO

2022/2023
 FOREWORD

All praise and gratitude to God Almighty who has given HIS gifts and mercy so that
the author is able to complete a research proposal on Perceptions and Experiences of
Street Children: A Qualitative Study of Reality and Social Impact

In this research proposal, the authors title "Perceptions and Experiences of Street
Children: A Qualitative Study of Reality and Social Impact". The purpose of this
research proposal is none other than because of the impulse of conscience called by
his heart to see many recent phenomena.

The preparation of this research proposal can be completed on time none other than
because there is assistance from various parties who direct and guide with patience
and compassion. The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to everyone
who helped complete this research proposal

Kotaanyar, January 22, 2024

Writer
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.................................................................................................. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... 3

CHAPTER I.................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 4

A. Background........................................................................................... 4
B. Problem Statement ............................................................................... 5
C. Purpose and Benefits of Research ....................................................... 5

CHAPTER II................................................................................................... 6

DISCUSSION.................................................................................................. 6

A. Literature Review................................................................................. 6
B. Theoretical Underpinnings................................................................... 7
C. Theoretical Framework......................................................................... 7

CHAPTER III................................................................................................. 10

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................. 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 12
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Every parent wants the presence of children in a household. Children grow and
develop in a family environment. The presence of a child in a home is an infinite gift.
The child is the next generation to his parents, who inherits the traits of his parents,
who continues the hopes and ideals of his parents.

Children are God's entrustment to parents to be nurtured, guided and educated to

become people who will be useful for parents, religion, nation and nation. The child
as the binder of the household ark, the household ark is easier to end when there is
conflict and disharmony between husband and wife if there are no children.

What is expected by various parties, it turns out that it has unwittingly given birth to a
burden for children, so that what adults have labeled to children can be fulfilled.
Adults often only demand that their children can be as expected, regardless of
whether the obligations to their children have been fulfilled, as well as children,
although the level of thinking of children is also very graded when they adhere to
what is rightfully theirs. Often children never know at all about their rights. Of
course, it is always the duty of the child, is the right of the adult (parent-family,
society and state), the right of the child is the obligation of the adult.

To be able to see the balance between these rights and obligations, we also need to
look again, that in Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning child protection, there are 4
basic rights, including: the right to life, the right to growth and development, the right
to protection and the right to participate. So when a mother wants to abort the fetus in
her womb, then at that time there has also been a violation of the child's rights.
Children have the right to grow and develop, grow means physically (height and
weight) while developing, psychologically, from not being able to speak to being able
to speak, children have the right to get nutritious food intake for their growth, need to
learn school, play, get love and others.

Children have the right to protection from crime, exploitation and violence by
anyone. The right to participate, the right to opinion is not only for adults, children
also have the right to express their opinions, ideas and disagreements. In addition to
rights, children also have obligations, children's obligations in general are to respect
adults and others, study hard.

If you look at the reality, the basic rights of children have not been fully fulfilled,
even what happens is the utilization of children's potential regardless of the child's
condition. Exposed to the sun and exposed to the night breeze either alone or with his
parents, the child makes good fortune (begging, busking).

According to UNICEF, the number of street children in the world is 100 million. In
Asia, according to Childhope Asia, a Philippines-based NGO, estimates there are
around 25-30 million street children. In Indonesia, based on the results of a situation
analysis regarding street children conducted by the Ministry of Social Affairs showed
230,000 street children in 2009 (Sutriyanto, 2011).

When viewed in terms of income, street children should not suffer but that certainly
does not happen because part of the income of street children is of course taken by
families or syndicates that extort street children as well as because of poor money
management.

In addition, what is concerning is that in terms of children's rights, working children

are generally in a vulnerable position to be mistreated, including exploitation by
others, especially by adults or a system that benefits from child labor. Most street
children work more than 8 hours per day and some even more than 11 hours per day.
There are many risks that must be borne by street children when street children take
to the streets. Starting from health, psychology, education, and the risk of violence
that might happen to street children.

B. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. What factors contribute to the exploitation of street children?
2. What is the impact of street child exploitation?

C. PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF RESEARCH

1. Research Objectives
a. To find out the factors that cause the exploitation of street children.
b. To find out the impact caused by the exploitation of street children.
2. Research Benefits
a. Scientific Benefits
It is hoped that this research can be a source of information in enriching
scientific insights and as a reference material for future researchers.
b. Benefits for Researchers
It is a contribution of thought for the author in the process of applying the
knowledge that has been obtained, especially about the exploitation of street
children.
c. Benefits of Paktis;
As input material in counseling children's problems and stimulating further
studies related to children's social problems in Indonesia. As input material in
counseling children's problems.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Overview of Exploitation

Exploitation comes from English: exploitation which means the politics of excessive
use of a subject of exploitation only for economic interests without considering the
sense of propriety, justice and welfare compensation
(http//www.wikipedia2012.com).

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) exploitation is exploitation,

utilization, or utilization for one's own benefit. In other words, the extortion (labor of
people) on others is a dishonorable act.

Child exploitation refers to discriminatory attitudes or ill-treatment of children by the

family or community. Forcing children to do something for economic, social or
political interests without regard to children's rights to get protection in accordance
with their physical, psychological and social development (Rahman, 2007). Another
definition of child exploitation is using children unethically for the good or benefit of
parents and others (Rahman, 2007).

2. Overview of Street Children

According to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child

Protection, what is meant by a child is someone who is not yet 18 (eighteen) years
old, including children who are still in the womb. A child (plural: children) is a boy
or girl who is immature or has not experienced puberty. According to psychology, the
child is a period of development that stretches from infancy to the age of five or six,
this period is usually called the preschool period, then develops equivalent to the
elementary school years.

Children in this social sense are more directed to natural protection because of the
limitations possessed by a child. The factor of limited ability because children are in
the process of growth, learning process, and socialization process from the
consequences of immature effort, due to the ability of reasoning power and physical
conditions in growth and mental spiritual that are below the age group of adults.

Based on the operational definition and characteristics of the type of People with
Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) where street children are included in the type of
people with social welfare problems, street children are children aged 5-< 18 years
who are on the streets as hawkers, beggars, buskers, selling newspapers, shoe polish
services and wiping cars (Riyadi, 2011).

a. Types of Street Children

According to Surbakti, there are three categories of street children, namely children
on the street and children of the street and children in the street or often called
children from families of the street. The definition for children on the street is
children who have economic activities on the street who still have relationships with
the family.

There are two groups of street children in the category of children on the street,
namely children who live with their parents and always return home every day, and
children who carry out economic activities and live on the streets but still maintain
relationships with their families by returning home either periodically or with
irregular schedules.

Children of the street are children who spend all or most of their time on the streets
and have no relationship or they cut ties with their parents or family. Children in the
street or children from the families of the street are children who spend all their time
on the street who come from families who live or live also on the streets (Bagong,
2010).

b. Characteristics of Street Children

Street children have characteristics both psychologically and creatively, this is

explained by Saparinah Sadli expressed by Sudarsono as follows:

1) These children are irritable.

2) These children are easily discouraged and moody, then reckless without being
easily influenced by others who want to help them.

3) No different from other children who always want affection.

4) These children usually don't want to meet face to face in the sense that when they
are spoken to, they don't want to see others openly.

5) According to their developmental level their childhood is very unstable, but this
situation is difficult to change even if they have been given positive guidance.

The physical characteristics of street children are:

1. Dull skin tone

2. Reddish hair

3. Most are thin

4. Unkempt clothes

3. Family Overview

a. Definition of Family

A family is a number of people who live under one roof and are bound by marriage
cords that have interdependence. In general, the family has the functions of
reproduction, socialization, education, recreation, affection and protection. The first
social group in the human group, where he learns and expresses himself as a social
man in his interactions with his group. Experience in social interaction, the family
will determine the ways of behavior towards others in social associations in society.

b. Family Characteristics

The characteristics of the family (Lawang, 1976) are:

a. Members of a family live together in a household and form a household again.

b. A family consists of a number of people bound by marital ties.

c. The family maintains a common culture that is largely from the wider common
family.

d. In the household takes place interaction, communication and playing their

respective roles.

c. Family Role (Soekanto, 2009)

1.) The batih family acts as a protector for the individuals who are members, where
peace and order are obtained in the container.

2.) The batih family is a socio-economic unit that materially meets the needs of its
members.
3.) The batih family cultivates the foundations for the rules of social life.

4.) The batih family is a container where humans experience the initial social
process, which is a process in which humans learn and obey the rules and values that
apply in society.

4.Child Protection

In Indonesia, there have been many regulations made to deal with children's
problems, including child exploitation, both self-made regulations and ratified
international regulations. The regulations are as follows:

a. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2003 concerning Child Protection

b. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989

c. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower

d. Law No.4 of 1979 concerning Child Welfare

e. Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights

The basic rights of children according to the CRC include the following:

1. The right to a decent life Every child has the right to a decent life and to have their
basic needs fulfilled including food, shelter and health care.

2. The right to develop Every child has the right to education, free play, expression,
every child has the right to grow and develop reasonably without hindrance.
Choosing a religion, defending their beliefs and all the rights that allow them to
develop to the maximum according to their potential.

3. Right to be protected Every child has the right to be protected from all forms of
force, indifference and exploitation.

4. Right to participate Every child has the right to play an active role in society and in
his country including the freedom to play a role, interact with others and be a member
of the association.

5. The right to life. Every child has the right to primary education, further education
should be encouraged and motivated to be followed by as many children as possible.

5. Factors Causing Street Child Exploitation

Indeed, there are many factors that cause children to fall into life on the streets, such
as financial difficulties or poverty pressures, parental household disharmony and
special problems concerning children's relationships with parents. The combination of
these factors often forces children to take the initiative to earn a living or live
independently on the streets. Sometimes the influence of friends or relatives also
determines the decision to live on the street.

Most children work on the streets not of their own volition but about 60% of them are
forced by their parents (Bagong, 1999).

a. Economic Factors

Household Survival Strategy

According to Harbison (Bagong, 2010) that in transitional rural communities and the
urban poor, street children will utilize available resources if economic conditions
change or worsen. One of the efforts that is often made to adapt to change is to utilize
family labor.

If the female workforce, especially housewives, has not been able to solve the
problems faced, usually immature children are included in supporting family
economic activities. The work that these children pursue is not limited to domestic
work, but also wage work, whether in the rural environment around the place of
residence or to complain to the city. (Bagong, 2010).

Viewed from the point of view of the causes of child exploitation, the theory of
household survival can explain the reasons for parents exploiting street children. The
insistence on meeting needs that continues to squeeze makes parents, inevitably have
to give up street children to take to the streets to help street children make money
even though there are many risks that can endanger the safety of street children. The
involvement of children to work is influenced by the presence of poverty factors. For
poor families, no matter how small the income of working children is able to support
family survival.

b. Socio-Cultural Factors

In the socio-cultural context of Indonesian society, working children are considered

as a positive vehicle to introduce discipline and instill work ethic in children. This
has become part of the culture and life of Indonesian families. Many people feel that
work is a positive thing for children's development so that from an early age children
are included in the work process. In certain communities since childhood children
have been educated to work, for example in the agricultural sector, fisheries,
handicraft industry, fishermen and others.

However, the work carried out is not harmful to the health condition of children
physically, mentally and socially so as not to violate their rights as children. This
process seems to be a place for children to learn to work. Unfortunately, in
subsequent developments, the process of learning to work is no longer developing as
it should. Various factors cause children to be forced to work in situations and
working conditions that are not feasible and dangerous for their development (Utami,
2002).

c. Education Factors

Education is closely related to the problem of child exploitation. The scarcity of

educational facilities, the low quality of basic education, the low awareness of the
community, especially parents, on the importance of education, an educational
curriculum that is less accommodating to future work challenges, the high cost of
education causes education to be seen as an elite and luxurious thing, especially
among the poor. This condition encourages children to enter the workforce. Some
research results show that working children are mostly poorly educated.

6. The Impact of Street Child Exploitation

Aspects and Problems Faced by Street Children are:

a.Education=Most drop out of school because their time is up on the road

b. Intimidation = Being subjected to violence by older street children, other groups,

officers and raids

c. Abuse of drugs and addictive substances = Glue, liquor, birth control pills, and the
like.

d. Health = Susceptible to skin diseases, STDs, gonorhoe, lungs.

e. Residence = Generally in any place, in huts, or in slums, f. Safety = Hit, the
influence of garbage

g. Relationship with family = Generally tenuous, and even completely unrelated h.

Food = Potluck, sometimes scavenging from the trash, sometimes buying

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS
A. Types of Research

The type of research used is qualitative method, meaning that the research is carried
out in depth and uses a descriptive approach that intends to get a general picture of
the exploitation of street children that occurs in Indonesia.

B. Location and Time of Research

This research is focused on Kotaanyar a day around the market and basmalah starting
on November 21, 2023 The reasons for choosing Basmalah as the research location,
as follows:

1. It is one of the public areas that can be visited by the public at any time.
2. Often meet people who beg or children who pick up used goods around the
basmalah and market
4. The location is easy to reach because it is near the researcher's domicile area.
C. Collection Techniques

Data The data collection of this study uses 2 ways, namely:

a. Primary Data The primary data collection of this study uses 2 ways, namely:

1. Observation: In this case, the study makes direct observations to obtain data that if
it supports and complements the material or data obtained from interviews conducted
from respondents.

2. In-depth Interview: In accordance with the basis of the research carried out, namely
case studies, the method of data collection by interview is very appropriate because it
is possible to obtain more detailed information from the object studied.

b. Secondary Data This data is obtained from literature studies. Literature study is
intended to obtain theories, concepts and information through research results, books,
theses, magazines, or materials related to the problem under study. The results of the
study were then analyzed descriptively.

D. Research Informants

Research informants in this study can use purposive techniques, namely sampling
techniques for certain purposes only. Research informants in this case street children
in Kotaanyar sub-district villages are used as primary data sources. Street children
who are used as informants are active children, namely children who work as buskers,
beggars under the age of 15 years but there are also mothers who beg too. Before the
informant is selected, observation is made. Informants are selected based on
predetermined criteria. The number of primary informants is 2 people with details of
1 beggar, 1 scavenger. The number of informants is deliberately equalized to balance
the information obtained. The primary informants in this study were children under
the age of about 5 to 20 years and spent most of their time on economic activities
motivated by the use of their labor from others.

E. Data Analysis Techniques

In accordance with this study, the existing data is analyzed with descriptive
qualitative techniques, meaning that the data analyzed in the field is collected and
then processed with classification and analyzed qualitatively based on the frame of
mind that has been presented to provide a clear picture of the problem under study.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hanindita, Wiyono, Nurhadi. 1994. Street Children in Demographic News Year 24.
Jakarta: University of Indonesia

Khoirunnisa.PengertianAnakJalanan.2011.http://id.shvoong.com/socialsciences/
education/2179548 pengertian-anak-jalanan, accessed March 12, 2012

http://www.ipkbkaltim.com/?p=1214 Family Perceptions of Children's Value,

retrieved March 30, 2012

Anwar, Evi Nurvida. and Toro S Wongkaren. 1967. The Child Problem and
Economic Implications. Jakarta: LP3ES

Gosita, Arif. 1998. Child protection issues. Jakarta: Akademika Pressind