3-4 Exp. And Log.

Equation
Key Concept 1
Example 1A Solve Exponential Equations Using One-to-
One Property
A. Solve 4x + 2 = 16x – 3.

4x + 2 = 16x – 3 Original equation

4x + 2 = (42)x – 3 42 = 16
4x + 2 = 42x – 6 Power of a Power
x + 2 = 2x – 6 One-to-One Property
2 =x–6 Subtract x from each side.
8 =x Add 6 to each side.

Answer: 8
Example 1B Solve Exponential Equations Using One-to-
One Property

B. Solve .

Original equation

Power of a Power
Example 1B Solve Exponential Equations Using One-to-
One Property

One-to-One Property.

Answer:
Example 2A Solve Logarithmic Equations Using One-to-
One Property
A. Solve 2 ln x = 18. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
Method 1 Use exponentiation.
2 ln x = 18 Original equation
ln x = 9 Divide each side by 2.
eln x = e9 Exponentiate each side.
x = e9 Inverse Property
x ≈ 8103.08 Use a calculator.
Example 2A Solve Logarithmic Equations Using One-to-
One Property
Method 2 Write in exponential form.
2 ln x = 18 Original equation
ln x = 9 Divide each side by 2.
x = e9 Write in exponential form.
x ≈ 8103.08 Use a calculator.

Answer: 8103.08
Example 2B Solve Logarithmic Equations Using One-to-
One Property
B. Solve 7 – 3 log 10x = 13. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
7 – 3 log 10x = 13 Original equation
–3 log 10x = 6 Subtract 7 from each side.
log 10x = –2 Divide each side by –3.
10–2 =10x Write in exponential form.
10–3 = x Divide each side by 10.

=x = 10–3.

Answer:
Example 2C Solve Logarithmic Equations Using One-to-
One Property
C. Solve log5 x 4 = 20. Round to the nearest
hundredth.

log5x4 = 20 Original equation

4 log5x = 20 Power Property
log5x = 5 Divide each side by 4.
x = 55 Write in exponential form
x = 3125 Simplify.

Answer: 3125
Key Concept 2
Example 3A Solve Exponential Equations Using One-to-
One Property
A. Solve log2 5 = log2 10 – log2 (x – 4).

log25 = log210 – log2(x – 4) Original equation

log25 = Quotient Property

5= One-to-One Property

5x – 20 = 10 Multiply each side by

x – 4.5
5x = 30 Add 20 to each side.
x =6 Divide each side by 5.
Answer: 6
Example 3B Solve Exponential Equations Using One-to-
One Property
B. Solve log5 (x2 + x) = log5 20.

log5(x2 + x) = log520 Original equation

x2 + x = 20 One-to-One Property
x2 + x – 20 = 0 Subtract 20 from each
side.
(x – 4)(x + 5) = 0 Factor x 2 + x – 20 into
linear factors.
x = –5 or 4 Solve for x. Check this
solution.
Answer: –5, 4
Example 3
Solve log315 = log3x + log3(x – 2).

A. 5

B. –3

C. –3, 5

D. no solution
4-1: Right Triangle Trigonometry
Key Concept 1
Example 1 Find Values of Trigonometric Ratios

Find the exact values of the six trigonometric

functions of θ.

The length of the side opposite θ is 33, the length of

the side adjacent to θ is 56, and the length of the
hypotenuse is 65.
Example 1 Find Values of Trigonometric Ratios

Answer:
Example 1
Find the exact values of the six
trigonometric functions of θ.

A.

B.

C.

D.
Example 2 Use One Trigonometric Value to Find Others

If , find the exact values of the five

remaining trigonometric functions for the acute
angle .

Begin by drawing a right triangle and labeling one

acute angle .

Because sin  = , label the opposite side 1

and the hypotenuse 3.
Example 2 Use One Trigonometric Value to Find Others

By the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the leg

adjacent to 
Example 2 Use One Trigonometric Value to Find Others

Answer:
Example 2
If tan  = , find the exact values of the five
remaining trigonometric functions for the acute
angle .

A.

B.

C.

D.
Key Concept 3
Example 3 Find a Missing Side Length

Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth, if

necessary.
Example 3 Find a Missing Side Length

Because you are given an acute angle measure and

the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle, use the
cosine function to find the length of the side adjacent
to the given angle.

Cosine function

θ = 35°, adj = x, and hyp = 7

Multiply each side by 7.

5.73 ≈ x Use a calculator.
Example 3 Find a Missing Side Length

Therefore, x is about 5.7.

Answer: about 5.7

Check You can check your answer by substituting x

= 5.73 into .

x = 5.73

Simplify.
Example 3
Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth, if
necessary.

A. 4.6

B. 8.1

C. 9.3

D. 10.7
Key Concept 5
Example 5 Find a Missing Angle Measure

Use a trigonometric function to find the measure

of θ. Round to the nearest degree, if necessary.
Example 5 Find a Missing Angle Measure

Because the measures of the side opposite  and the

hypotenuse are given, use the sine function.

Sine function

opp = 12 and hyp = 15.7

≈ 50° Definition of inverse sine

Answer: about 50°

Example 5
Use a trigonometric function to find the measure
of θ. Round to the nearest degree, if necessary.

A. 32°

B. 40°

C. 50°

D. 58°
Example 8A Solve a Right Triangle

A. Solve ΔFGH. Round side

lengths to the nearest tenth
and angle measures to the
nearest degree.

Find f and h using trigonometric functions.

Substitute.

Multiply.
Use a calculator.
Example 8A Solve a Right Triangle

Substitute.

Multiply.
Use a calculator.
Because the measures of two angles are given, H can
be found by subtracting F from 90o.
41.4° + H = 90° Angles H and F are complementary.
H ≈ 48.6° Subtract.
Therefore, H ≈ 49°, f ≈ 18.5, and h ≈ 21.0.
Answer: H ≈ 49°, f ≈ 18.5, h ≈ 21.0
Example 8B Solve a Right Triangle

B. Solve ΔABC. Round side

lengths to the nearest tenth
and angle measures to the
nearest degree.

Because two side lengths are given, you can use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find that a = or about
10.3. You can find B by using any of the trigonometric
functions.
Example 8B Solve a Right Triangle

Substitute.

Definition of inverse tangent

B ≈ 29° Use a calculator.
Because B is now known, you can find C by subtracting
B from 90o.
29° + C = 90° Angles B and C are complementary.
C = 61° Subtract.
Therefore, B ≈ 29°, C ≈ 61°, and a ≈ 10.3.
Answer: a = 10.3, B ≈ 29°, C ≈ 61°
Example 8
Solve ΔABC. Round side lengths to the nearest
tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.

A. a ≈ 44.9, b ≈ 82.7, A = 36°

B. a ≈ 40.3, b ≈ 82.7, A = 26°

C. a ≈ 40.3, b ≈ 85.4, A = 26°

D. a ≈ 54.1, b ≈ 74.4, A = 36°

4-2: Degrees and Radians
Key Concept 2
Key Concept 2
Example 2A Convert Between Degree and Radian Measure

A. Write 135° in radians as a multiple of π.

Answer:
Example 2B Convert Between Degree and Radian Measure

B. Write –30° in radians as a multiple of π.

Answer:
Example 2C Convert Between Degree and Radian Measure

C. Write in degrees.

= 120° Simplify.

Answer: 120°
Example 2D Convert Between Degree and Radian Measure

D. Write in degrees.

= 135° Simplify.

Answer: –135°
Example 2
Write 150o in radians as a multiple of π.

A.

B.

C.

D.
Key Concept 3
Example 3A Find and Draw Coterminal Angles

A. Identify all angles that are coterminal with 80°.

Then find and draw one positive and one negative
angle coterminal with 80°.
All angles measuring 80° + 360n° are coterminal with
an 80° angle. Let n = 1 and –1.
80° + 360(1)°= 80° + 360° or 440°
Example 3A Find and Draw Coterminal Angles

80° + 360(–1)° = 80° – 360° or –280°

Answer: 80o + 360no; Sample answers: 440o, –280o

Example 3B Find and Draw Coterminal Angles

B. Identify all angles that are coterminal with .

Then find and draw one positive and one negative
angle coterminal with .

All angles measuring are coterminal with a

angle. Let n = 1 and –1.
Example 3B Find and Draw Coterminal Angles

Answer: Sample answer:

Example 3
Identify one positive and one negative angle
coterminal with a 126o angle.

A. 486°, –234°

B. 54°, –126°

C. 234°, –54°

D. 36°, –486°
Key Concept 4
Example 4A Find Arc Length

A. Find the length of the intercepted arc in a

circle with a central angle measure of and a
radius of 4 inches. Round to the nearest tenth.

Arc Length

r = 4 and

Simplify.
Example 4A Find Arc Length

The length of the intercepted arc is or about 4.2

inches.

Answer: 4.2 in.

Example 4B Find Arc Length

B. Find the length of the intercepted arc in a circle

with a central angle measure of 125° and a radius
of 7 centimeters. Round to the nearest tenth.

Method 1 Convert 125o to radian measure, and then

use s = rθ to find the arc length.
Example 4B Find Arc Length

Substitute r = 7 and .

s = r Arc length

r = 7 and

Simplify.
Example 4B Find Arc Length

Method 2 Use to find the arc length.

Arc length

r = 7 and θ = 125°

Simplify.
The length of the intercepted arc is or about
15.3 centimeters.

Answer: 15.3 cm
Example 4
Find the length of the intercepted arc in a circle
with radius 6 centimeters and a central angle with
measure .

A. 2.4 centimeters

B. 4.7 centimeters

C. 28.3 centimeters

D. 45°
4-3 Trigonometric Functions on Unit Circle
Key Concept 1
Example 1 Evaluate Trigonometric Functions Given a
Point
Let (–4, 3) be a point on the terminal side of an
angle θ in standard position. Find the exact values
of the six trigonometric functions of θ.
Pythagorean Theorem
x = –4 and y = 3
Take the positive square root.

Use x = –4, y = 3, and r = 5 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.
Example 1 Evaluate Trigonometric Functions Given a
Point

Answer:
Example 1
Let (–3, 6) be a point on the terminal side of an
angle Ө in standard position. Find the exact values
of the six trigonometric functions of Ө.
A.

B.

C.

D.
Key Concept 2
Example 2A Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles
A. Find the exact value of cos π. If not defined,
write undefined.
The terminal side of π in standard position lies on the
negative x-axis. Choose a point P on the terminal side
of the angle. A convenient point is (–1, 0) because
r = 1.
Example 2A Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles

Cosine function

x = –1 and r = 1

Answer: –1
Example 2B Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles
B. Find the exact value of tan 450°. If not defined,
write undefined.
The terminal side of 450° in standard position lies on
the positive y-axis. Choose a point P(0, 1) on the
terminal side of the angle because r = 1.
Example 2B Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles

Tangent function

y = 1 and x = 0

Answer: undefined
Example 2C Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles

C. Find the exact value of . If not defined,

write undefined.

The terminal side of in standard position lies

on the negative y-axis. The point (0, –1) is convenient
because r = 1.
Example 2C Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles

Cotangent function

x = 0 and y = –1

Answer: 0
Example 2
Find the exact value of sec If not defined, write
undefined.

A. –1

B. 0

C. 1

D. undefined
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Key Concept 1
Key Concept 1