6.3 Cyberforensics
6.3 Cyberforensics
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Introduction
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Computer Forensics
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Digital Forensic Science
• Digital Forensic Science (DFS):
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Communities
There at least 3 distinct communities within
Digital Forensics
Law Enforcement
Military
Business & Industry
Possibly a 4th – Academia
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Digital Forensic Science
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Community Objectives
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Cyber Forensics
• Includes:
• Networks (Network Forensics)
• Small Scale Digital Devices
• Storage Media (Computer forensics)
• Code Analysis
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Cyber Forensics
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Cyber Forensic Activities
Cyber forensics activities commonly include:
the secure collection of computer data
the identification of suspect data
the examination of suspect data to determine
details such as origin and content
the presentation of computer-based information
to courts of law
the application of a country's laws to computer
practice.
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The 3 As
Digital
•White Collar Crime
•Child Pornography
Forensics
•Traditional Crime Cyber Forensics
•Incident Response
•Employee Monitoring
•Privacy Issues
•????
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Cyber Crime
Legislation
1970’s
LE Investigative
Units
1980’s
International LE
Meeting
1990’s
1st International
Conference on CE
IOCE Formed
RCFL in USA
2000
COE Convention
on Cyber Crime
2001
DFRWS
ASCLD/LAB-DE
USA
2003
ISO 17025
Journals
Conferences
AAFS
Subsection?
2008
Crime Scenes
Physical Crime Scenes vs. Cyber/Digital Crime
Scenes
Overlapping principals
The basics of criminalistics are constant across
both physical and cyber/digital
Locard’s Principle applies
• “When a person commits a crime something is always left
at the scene of the crime that was not present when the
person arrived”
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Digital Crime Scene
Digital Evidence
• Digital data that establish that a crime has been
committed, can provide a link between a crime and its
victim, or can provide a link between a crime and the
perpetrator (Carrier & Spafford, 2003)
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Forensic Principles
Digital/ Electronic evidence is extremely volatile!
Once the evidence is contaminated it cannot be de-
contaminated!
The courts acceptance is based on the best evidence
principle
• With computer data, printouts or other output readable by
sight, and bit stream copies adhere to this principle.
Chain of Custody is crucial
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Cyber Forensic Principles
• The 6 Principles are:
1. When dealing with digital evidence, all of the general forensic and procedural
principles must be applied.
2. Upon seizing digital evidence, actions taken should not change that evidence.
3. When it is necessary for a person to access original digital evidence, that
person should be trained for the purpose.
4. All activity relating to the seizure, access, storage or transfer of digital
evidence must be fully documented, preserved and available for review.
5. An Individual is responsible for all actions taken with respect to digital
evidence whilst the digital evidence is in their possession.
6. Any agency, which is responsible for seizing, accessing, storing or transferring
digital evidence is responsible for compliance with these principles.
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Process/Phases
Identification
Collection
Bag & Tag
Preservation
Examination
Analysis
Presentation/Report
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Identification
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Devices Identification
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Identification
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Collection
Care must be taken to minimize
contamination
Collect or seize the system(s)
Create forensic image
Live or Static?
Do you own the system
What does your policy say?
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Collection: Documentation
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Collection: Documentation
• Take detailed photos and notes of the computer / monitor
• If the computer is “on”, take photos of what is displayed on the monitor – DO NOT
ALTER THE SCENE
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Collection: Documentation
Make sure to take photos and notes of all
connections to the computer/other devices
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Collection: Imaging
• Rule of Thumb: make 2 copies and don’t work
from the original (if possible)
• A file copy does not recover all data areas of the
device for examination
• Working from a duplicate image
• Preserves the original evidence
• Prevents inadvertent alteration of original evidence
during examination
• Allows recreation of the duplicate image if necessary
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Collection: Imaging
•Digital evidence can be duplicated with no
degradation from copy to copy
• This is not the case with most other forms of evidence
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Collection: Imaging
Write blockers
Software
Hardware
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Collection: Imaging
Forensic Copies (Bitstream)
Bit for Bit copying captures all the data on the copied media
including hidden and residual data (e.g., slack space, swap,
residue, unused space, deleted files etc.)
•The same process can be used to demonstrate the image has not
changed from time-1 to time-n
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Examination
Higher level look at the file system representation of the data on
the media
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Issues
lack of certification for tools
Lack of standards
lack of certification for professionals
lack of understanding by Judiciary
lack of curriculum accreditation
Rapid changes in technology!
Immature Scientific Discipline
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Summary
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