Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

LECTURE (8): BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS

SUBJECTED TO PURE FLEXURE (BEAMS)

8.1 Introduction:

Beams are among the most common members that one will find in structures. They are
structural members that carry loads that are applied at right angles to the longitudinal axis of
the member. These loads cause the beam to bend. In other word, a structural member is
termed a beam or girder when the loading it carries is resisted by bending action.

w = --- t/m

B.M.D
2
(+) M=wL /8

Q=w*L/2

(+)
S.F.D
(-)

In the process of beam design, it is concerned initially with the bending moment in the beam.
The bending moment is produced in the beam by the loads it supports. Other effects, such as
shear or deflection, may eventually control the design of the beam and will have to be
checked. But usually moment is critical, and it is, therefore, of initial concern. Among the
application of beams are floor beams, purlins, side girts, crane girders and rafters of portal
frame, etc.... Beams are sometimes called by other names that are indicative of some
specialized function(s):
Girder: a major, or deep, beam that often provides support for other beams
Stringer: a main longitudinal beam, usually in bridge floors
Floor beam: a transverse beam in bridge floors
Joist: a light beam that supports a floor
Lintel: a beam spanning an opening (a door or a window), usually in masonry
construction
Spandrel: a beam on the outside perimeter of a building that supports, among other
loads, the exterior wall.
Purlin: a beam that supports a roof and frames between or over supports, such as roof
trusses or rigid frames.
Girt: generally, a light beam that supports only the lightweight exterior sides of a
building (typical in pre-engineered metal buildings).

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

8.2 Common Types of Beams Cross Sections and its Shear Center:
Beams cross sections may be any of the following types:
y y y y

x x x x x x x x

y y y y

I.P.N. (S.I.B) I.P.E. H.E.A. H.E.B. (B.F.I.B)

For beams subjected to Mx only For beams subjected to Mx and My

Channels Hot Rolled sections Cold formed Sections

Used for light beams and Purlins

bu b fl. b

tfl. t

tweb tweb
h web h web

tweb

tfl. tfl.
bL

Welded or Bolted Buit-up Sectios Welded or Bolted Buit-up Sectios with big dimensions
Used to form a cross section Used for beams subjected to big
with a chosen dimensions values of B.M and S.F

Torsion will be combined with bending when the line of action of load is not passing
through the shear center of the cross section. When this happens twisting moment appears
and equal to the applied load times the perpendicular distance from its line of action to the
shear center point.
For all cross sections composed of plates meeting at a common point, the shear center
is this point of intersection. For doubly symmetrical cross sections, the shear center coincides
with the centroid of the section.

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8.3 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

W t/m
y

x x

y Vertical displacement Final deformed

shape

End restraint Horizontal displacement

about y-y axis

Beam laterally supported only at its ends

The above figure shown laterally unsupported beam loaded in the plane of the web. The
stresses in the compression flange across the flange width at any distance from the neutral axis
are not equal due to residual stresses, imperfections and eccentricity in loading. At higher
compressive loads the compression flange will tend to buckle by bending about axis y-y. The
analogy between the compression flange of a beam and a column is intended to present only the
general behavior for lateral buckling.
When both bending and tortion take place in the lateral buckling mode, this is expressed as
the lateral deflection "u" and twisting angle "φ".

π 2 E.G.J .I y π 4 E 2 I y .I w
M L.T . B = +
L2 L4
Where:
E is the Young's modulus
G is the shear modulus
J is a torsional constant
Iy is the second moment of inertia of
compression flange
Iw is the warping constant
L is the laterally unsupported length of
compression flange.

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

8.4 Design Procedure of Beams:

The design procedure of beams must consider two major criteria:

1) Strength criterion:
This requires that the chosen beam cross section must resist the applied bending moments
and shear forces. In terms of stresses, this means that the actual bending and shear stresses
must not exceed the allowable stresses of each type.

Mx
Bending Stresses Shear Stresses
y
f bc
q
(-)
y

h
x x

(+)
y f bt

• Check of bending stress:

The maximum stress due to flexure (bending) in the beam may be determined by use of the
flexure formula:
Mx * y Mx
f bc = f bt = = t/cm2 ≤ F b, all
Ix Sx

Where: Mx = Applied bending moment on the beam (cm . t)

Sx = Elastic modulus of the section = Ix / y (cm3)
F b, all = allowable bending stress (t/cm2)

The allowable bending stress depends on the section classification [compact, non-compact or
slender] as well as on the actual unsupported length of the beam (Lu,act). The value of the
allowable tensile and compressive stress (Fbt and Fbc) for beams with different values of
(Lu,act) will be discussed later.

• Check of shear stress:

The actual shear stress for the beam (q) shall not exceed the allowable value as follows:
qact = Qmax. /(h*tw) ≤ qall = 0.35Fy [= 0.84 t/cm2 For St. 37]

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

2) Serviceability criterion (deflection):

This requires that the beam deflection under the live loads only is within the acceptable range
set by the specifications.

δ L. L. ≤ δ all Given in Table (8.1)

Excessive deflection may cause discomfort to the users, produce cracks in ceilings or partitions,
poor drainage of roof, distortion in connections which lead to high secondary stresses. Also, it
may produce lack of rigidity.

Table (8.1): The calculated deflection due to live load only without dynamic effect of any
beam shall not be greater than the values indicated on the shown table:

Member Maximum Deflection (δall.)

Beams and trusses in buildings carrying plaster L/300

or their brittle finish
All other beams L/200
Cantilevers L/180
Crane track girders L/800
Railway bridges L/800
Roadway bridges L/600
Overhanging portions of bridges L/300
Horizontal deflection at tops of columns in Height/300
single-storey buildings other than portal frames
Horizontal deflection in each storey of a Height of storey under consideration
building with more than one storey
Horizontal deflection at the top of a building Total height of building/500
with more than one storey
Horizontal deflection at tops of columns in Height/150
portal frames without gantry cranes
Horizontal deflection at tops of columns in To be decided according to the
portal frames gantry cranes recommendation of the gantry crane
manufacturer, but should not exceed
the height/150

Where L is the span of beam

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8.5 Classifications of Cross Sections:

Cross-sections of beams are classified [Compact, non-compact or slender] according

to their width-thickness ratios as discussed before in lecture (1). Each section’s component
(flanges and webs) is treated separately for both rolled and welded sections as follows:

Rolled I-section Rolled UPN welded I-section

C C C
tf
S
r=

Axis of bending h
dw h dw h dw
tw tw

b b

Flange plate (Rolled section): Flange plate (Welded section):

1 1
c= (b − t w − 2r ) c= (b − 2s − t w )
2 2

⎛ 16.9 ⎞ ⎛ 15.3 ⎞
⎜≤ Compact ⎟ ⎜≤ Compact ⎟
⎜ Fy ⎟ ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
c ⎜ 23 ⎟ c ⎜ 21 ⎟
⎜≤ Non − compact ⎟ ⎜≤ Non − compact ⎟
tf ⎜ Fy ⎟ tf ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜f 23 ⎟ ⎜f 21 ⎟
Slender Slender
⎜ Fy ⎟ ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Web plate (Rolled section): Web plate (Welded section):

d w = h − 2(t f + r ) d w = h − 2(t f + s )

⎛ 127 ⎞ ⎛ 127 ⎞
⎜≤ Compact ⎟ ⎜≤ Compact ⎟
⎜ Fy ⎟ ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
dw ⎜ 190 ⎟ dw ⎜ 190 ⎟
⎜≤ Non − compact ⎟ ⎜≤ Non − compact ⎟
tw ⎜ Fy ⎟ tw ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜f 190 ⎟ ⎜f 190 ⎟
Slender Slender
⎜ Fy ⎟ ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

8.6 Allowable bending stresses for I-sections:

The allowable bending stress depends on the section classification [compact, non-
compact or slender] as well as on the actual unsupported length of the beam. The allowable
tensile and compressive stress (Fbt and Fbc) for beams with I-sections are taken the following:

CASE (1): For compact sections that satisfy the following conditions:

⎧ 20 b f bf
y
⎪ tf
⎪ Fy
Lu,act ≤ Lmax = the least of ⎨ (page 16 of the code)
⎪1380 A f C b
⎪⎩ d F y
d
x x
Allowable bending stress is considered as: Fbt = Fbc = 0.64Fy

Where:
Lu,act = the actual unsupported length of the beam
bf = flange width y
Af = area of the flange = bf × tf
Cb = coefficient depending on the type of load and support conditions, given in table (10.2).

CASE (2): For Non-compact sections that satisfy the following conditions:

⎧ 20 b f
⎪
⎪ Fy
Lu,act ≤ Lmax = the least of ⎨ (page 16 of the code)
⎪1380 A f C b
⎪⎩ d F y

Allowable bending stress is considered as: Fbt = Fbc = 0.58Fy

CASE (3): For compact and Non-compact sections having the following:

⎧ 20 b f
⎪
⎪ Fy
Lu,act > Lmax = the least of ⎨ (page 16 of the code)
⎪1380 A f C b
⎪⎩ d F y

Since the compression flange is braced laterally at intervals (Lu,act) exceeding (Lmax) as
defined by the previous equations, the allowable bending stress in compression (Fbcx) will be
taken as the lateral torsional buckling stress (Fltb, governing in page 18 of the Egyptian code)
with a maximum value of 0.58Fy. So:

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

Allowable Tension stress equals: Fbt = 0.58Fy

Allowable compressive stress equals: Fbc = Fltb = (F 2

ltb1 + F 2 ltb 2 ) ≤ 0.58F y

Where:
1) For shallow thick flanged sections, where approximately (tf*Lu/bf*d)>10, for any value
of Lu/rt, the lateral torsional buckling stress is governed by the torsional strength given
by:

800 A f C b
Fltb1 = ≤ 0.58F y
Lu d

2) For deep thin flanged sections, where approximately (tf*Lu/bf*d)<0.40, the lateral
torsional buckling stress is governed by the buckling strength given by:

L C
Fltb2 = 0.58F y for u ≤ 84 b
rt Fy
⎡ ( Lu / rt ) 2 * F y ⎤ Cb Lu Cb
Fltb2 = ⎢0.64 − ⎥. * F y . ≤ .0.58F y for 84 ≤ ≤
⎢ 1 .176 x 10 5
* C ⎥ Fy rt Fy
⎣ b⎦

12000 Lu C
Fltb2 = .. * Cb .. ≤ .0.58F y for f 188 b
( Lu / rt ) 2 rt Fy

rt is the radius of gyration about (y-y) axis for the bf y

compression flange and one third of the tf
compression part of the web. This value can be
hw/6
calculated as follows:
tw
y
Iy t f ∗ b3f / 12
rt = = Compression flange
A fl (b f ∗ t f + h w ∗ t w / 6)

Notes:

1) Lu = Effective laterally unsupported length of compression flange (noted also Lu, actual)
= K * distance between cross-sections braced against twist or lateral displacement of
the compression flange in cm.
K = Effective length factor [as given in table (10.2) and in chapter 4 of ECP]

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2) Cb is a factor depends on the end moments acting on the unsupported length of the beam,
and is given in table (10.2). For cases of unequal end moments without transverse loads, Cb
can be computed from the following equation:

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1/M2) + 0.3 (M1/M2)2

Where (M1/M2) is the algebraic ratio of the smaller to the larger end moments taken as positive
for reverse curvature bending.
M1 M2
+

Table (10.2): Values of coefficient K and Cb:

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

Example (1):
The shown simple beam has a cross section of w = --- t/m
I.P.E. 300 and is braced laterally at both ends
only. Find the maximum shear and maximum
bending that can be resisted by the section. Steel L = 5.0 m

used is St. 37 of Fy = 2.4 t/cm2.

Solution:
Check class of section
y
• Web subject to bending tf=10.7 C

dw = 30-2(1.07+1.5)=24.86 cm r=15

d w 24.86 127
= = 35 < = 82 x x
tw 0.71 Fy dw h=300

tw=7.1
⇒ Web is compact
• Flange (un-stiffened) under compression
bf=150
C = [15-0.71-2*1.5]/2 = 5.65 cm
y
C 5.65 16.9
= = 5.27 < = 10.9
t f 1.07 Fy

⇒ Flange is compact
Thus, the beam is compact.

Lu, act. = L = 500 cm and Cb = 1.13 from Table (10.2)

20b f 20 × 15
= = 194 cm
Fy 2 .4

1380 A f 1380 × 15 × 1.07

.Cb = × 1.13 = 348 cm
d .F y 30 × 2.4

Lu, max = 194 cm < Lu, act. = 500 cm

The section is considered as non-compact and the allowable compression stress can be
calculated as follows:

Fbc = Fltb = (F 2
ltb1 + F 2 ltb 2 ) ≤ 0.58 Fy

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

Properties of compression flange

3
15 y
I y = 1.07 × = 301 cm 4 bf=150
12 tf=10.7

A = 15 × 1.07 + (30 − 2 × 1.07) × 0.71 / 6 = 19.35 cm 2 hw/6

tw=7.1
Iy hw/6=(30-2*1.07)/6
ry = rt = = 3.94 cm =4.64 cm y
A
Compression Flange
800
Fltb1 = .C b
Lu .d / A f
800 × (15 × 1.07)
= × 1.13 = 0.967 t / cm 2 < 0.58 Fy
500 × 30

Lu 500
= = 126.9
rt 3.94

Cb 1.13 L Cb 1.13
84 = 84 = 57.6 < u = 126.9 < 188 = 188 = 129
Fy 2.4 rt Fy 2.4

( Lu / rT ) 2 F y
Fltb 2 = [0.64 − ]F y
1.176 × 10 5 Cb

⎡ (126.9) 2 × 2.4 ⎤ 2
= ⎢0.64 − 5 ⎥ × 2.4 = 0.838 t/cm < 0.58 Fy
⎣⎢ 1.176 × 10 × 1.13 ⎦⎥

Fbc= 0.967 2 + 0.838 2 = 1.28 t/cm2 < 0.58Fy

Maximum moment that can be resisted by the section is:

Mx, maximum = Fbc*Sx = 1.28*557 = 712.96 t.cm = 7.13 t.m

Maximum shear that can be resisted by the section is:

Q maximum = qall *tw*d = (0.35*2.4)*0.71*30 = 17.892 t

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

8.7 Design of Laterally Supported Beams (Floor Beams)

8.7.1 Introduction:
Beams are considered laterally supported when their compression flanges are completely
braced laterally and there is no possibility of lateral torsional buckling to take place. Floor
beams are typical example of laterally supported beams in which the compression flange is
braced from lateral movements by reinforced concrete slabs or steel plates.

Fig. (8.1) Typical structural steel floor beams

In regions of negative bending moments of continuously supported beams, the lower flange is
the compression flanges which are not braced laterally in this case and lateral torsional
buckling should be checked as discussed in the last lecture.

8.7.2 Design Procedure of laterally supported Beams:

1. Check of Bending Stress:

The actual bending stress must not exceed the allowable stresses values. For I-sections,
this check is done as follows:
Mx
f bc = f bt = t/cm2 ≤ F bc, all = 0.64 Fy For Compact Sections
Sx
= 0.58 Fy For Non-Compact Sections

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2. Check of Shear Stress:

The actual shear stress for the beam (q) shall not exceed the allowable value as
follows:
qact ≤ qall = 0.35Fy

3. Check of Deflection:
The actual beam deflection under the live loads only is within the acceptable range set
by the specifications as follows:
Span ( L )
For floor beams: δ L . L . ≤ δ all =
300

Fig. (8.2) Concrete Slab on Steel Decking In Typical Steel Floor Beams

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8.7.3 Application on the design of laterally supported beams:

Beams are considered laterally supported

when their compression flange are I-section

completely supported laterally, so there is

no possibility of lateral-torsional buckling MEZZANINE FLOOR
to take place.

[I] Floor beams

The loads acting on the floor beams can
Span L (ms)
be calculated as:
Dead loads: a

WD.L. = (ts γc + Fc) * a + o.wt.

secondary beam
Where ts = thickness of R.C. slab

S = spacing
γc = 2.5 t/m3
Fc = floor cover
o.wt. = own weight of beam main beam

≈50 kg/m For secondary beam mezz. column

secondary beam

≈100 kg/m For Main beam

S = spacing
Live load: PLAN OF MEZZANINE FLOOR
main beam
WL.L. = L.L. x a
Where L.L represents the live load on
floor per square meter.
w = --- t/m

B.M.D
W = WD.L. + WL.L (+)
2
Mo=wL /8

Internal forces Q=w*L/2

The secondary beams may be designed as simply

supported or continuous over the main girders, (+)
S.F.D
depending on the connection between secondary (-)

beams and the main girders. The B.M.D. and the

L
S.F.D. are illustrated in the shown figures:

0.75 M o 0.75 M o
− For the case of simple beams:
- - B.M.D
2 + +
WL 0.9 M o 0.2L 0.8 M o
M max =M0 =
8
M o = Maximum moment as a simple beam
Q max =0.5*WL
0.40 W*L 0.50 W*L
− For the case of continuous beams:
M max =0.9*M0 + + S.F.D
- -
Q max =0.6*WL 0.50 W*L
0.60 W*L

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

Choice of section:

The modulus of section (Sx) is assumed as;

Sx = Mmax. /Fbc, all

Assuming the section is compact ⇒ F bc,all = 0.64 F y

M max
S xreq = ⇒ Choose a suitable I-section (I.P.E or S.I.B)
0.64 F y

1. Check class of section (compact or non-compact):

• If flanges and web are compact ⇒ The section is fully compact

• The actual unsupported length is defined as follows:

Lu,act = Zero when checking sections having positive moments as the compression flange
of the beams is attached to the R.C. slab.
Lu,act = length of negative moments when checking sections over supporting continuous
beams. This length can be assumed equal to (0.2L).

• Fbc is determined using the same procedure described before.

2. Check of bending stresses:

The stresses at any section of the beam can be checked as:

M max
fact = ≤ Fbc
S x chosen

3. Check shear stresses:

Q
q= ≤ 0.35 Fy
h * tw

4. Check deflection:

The deflection due to live load must satisfy the following condition:
4
5 W L.L. * L L
For case of simply supported beams: δ L.L. = * ≤
384 E *Ix 300

For case of continuous beams: can be calculated approximately as:

⎛ 5 W L.L. * L4 ⎞ L
δ L.L. ≈ 0.8 * ⎜ * ⎟ ≤
⎜ 384 E *Ix ⎟ 300
⎝ ⎠
Where E = young's modulus = 2100 t/cm2

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Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

Example (1):
The figure shows part of a plan of a mezzanine floor. The floor beams support 12 cm R.C.
slab with floor cover of 150 kg/m2 and live load of 300 kg/m2. Steel used is steel 37.

6.00 m 6.00 m

4 x 2.0 =8.0 m
main beam

main beam
secondary beam secondary beam

secondary beam secondary beam

It is required to:
1) Design of the secondary beams as simple beam.
2) Design of the main beams as simple beam.
3) Redesign of the secondary beams as continuous beam.
4) Design the connection between simple secondary beam and main beam. [using bolts
φ = 16mm. ]

[1] DESIGN OF SECONDARY BEAM AS SIMPLE BEAM:

WD.L. = (ts γc + Fc) a + o.wt. = (0.12*2.5+0.15)*2.0+0.05 = 0.95 t/m

WL.L. = L.L. x a = .3*2.0 = 0.60 t/m
W = WD.L. + WL.L = 1.55 t/m w = 1.55 t/m

1.55 * 6 2
M max =M0 = = 6.975 m.t
8
L=6.0 m
Q max =0.5*1.55 *6= 4.65 t

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Choice of section:
Assuming the section is compact:
⇒ F bc,all = 0.64 F y = 0.64*2.4 = 1.54 t/cm2

6.975 *100
S x req = = 454.1cm 3
1.54
⇒ Choose an I.P.E 300 (Sx = 557 cm3)

1. Check class of section (compact or non-compact):

y
For flanges: tf=10.7 C

C = (bf-tw-2*r)/2 = (15-0.71-2*1.5)/2 = 5.645

r=15
C/tf = 5.645/1.07 = 5.28 < 16.9 / F y = 10.9
Flange is thus compact x x
dw h=300

For web: tw=7.1

dw/tw=(30-2*1.07-2*1.5)/0.71= 35.0 < 127 / F y = 81.9

bf=150
Web is thus compact
y
∴ The section is compact

The compression flange is laterally supported by R.C. slab (Lu, act. =zero)

So, the allowable bending stress is: Fbt = Fbc = 0.64Fy = 1.54 t/cm2

2. Check of bending stress:

6.975 *100
f act = = 1.25 t / cm 2 p 1.54 t / cm 2
557

3. Check of shear stress:

4.65
q= = 0.218t / cm 2 ≤ 0.35F y = 0.84t / cm 2
30 * 0.71

4. Check deflection:
The deflection due to live load must satisfy the following condition:

5 0.6 * 6 4 *106 600

δ L.L. = * = 0.577cm ≤ = 2 cm
384 2100 * 8360 300

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[2] DESIGN OF MAIN BEAMS: P = 9.3 t P = 9.3 t P = 9.3 t

Assume o.wt. of main beam = 0.1 t/m
o.wt. = 0.1 t/m
P = W Sec. Beam *Spacing
R = 14.35 t
= 1.55 *6 = 9.3 t/m
L=4x2.0 = 8.0 m
M max =14.35*4-9.3*2-0.1*42/2= 38.0 m.t
Q max =14.35 t

Choice of section:
Assuming the section is compact ⇒ F bc,all = 0.64 F y = 0.64*2.4 = 1.54 t/cm2
38 *100
S x req = = 2474cm 3 ⇒ Choose an I.P.E 600 (Sx = 3070 cm3)
1.54
y
tf=19 C
1. Check class of section (compact or non-compact):
r=24

For flanges: C = (22-1.2-2*2.4)/2 = 16

C/tf = 16/1.9 = 8.42 < 16.9 / F y = 10.9 x x
dw h=600
Flange is thus compact
For web: dw/tw=(60-2*1.9-2*2.4)/1.2= 42.8 < 127 / F y = 81.9
tw=12

Web is thus compact

∴ The section is compact bf=220
y

The compression flange is laterally supported by R.C. slab (Lu, act. =zero)

2. Check of bending stress:

38 *100
f act = = 1.24 t / cm 2 p 1.54 t / cm 2
3070

3. Check of shear stress:

14.35
q= = 0.2t / cm 2 ≤ 0.35F y = 0.84t / cm 2
60 *1.2
P/2 = 1.8 t P = 3.6 t P = 3.6 t P = 3.6 t P/2 = 1.8 t
4. Check deflection: PL.L. = 0.6*6 = 3.6 t/m
Using approximate method and calculate an average
distributed live load as:
WL.L. (average)= ΣLoads /span = (3.6*4)/8 = 1.8 t/m L=4x2.0 = 8.0 m

5 1.8 * 8 4 * 10 6 800
δ L.L. = * = 0.5cm ≤ =
384 2100 * 92080 300
2.667 cm

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[3] DESIGN OF SECONDARY BEAMS AS CONTINUOUS BEAM:

w = 1.55 t/m
M max =0.9*M0 =0.9* 6.975=6.28 m.t
Q max =0.6*1.55 *6= 5.58 t L=6.0 m L=6.0 m

0.75 M o 0.75 M o
Choice of section:
- - B.M.D
Assuming the section is compact + +
0.9 M o 0.8 M o
⇒ F bc = 0.64 F y = 0.64*2.4 = 1.54 t/cm2 2
M o = W*L /8 = 6.975 m.t

6.28 *100
S x req = = 408.9cm 3 0.40 W*L 0.50 W*L
1.54
+ + S.F.D
⇒ Choose an I.P.E 270 (Sx = 429 cm3) -
-
0.50 W*L
0.60 W*L
1. Check class of section : y
tf=10.2 C
C 4.92 16.9 16.9
= = 4 .8 p = = 10.9 [Flange is compact] r=15
tf 1.02 Fy 2 .4
x x
dw h=270
d w 21.96 127 127
= = 33.3 p = = 81.9 [Web is compact] tw=6.6
tw 0.66 Fy 2.4

At negative moment; Lu, act. ≈ 0.2 * span ≈ 1.2 m bf=135

y
⎧ 20 b f 20 *13.5
⎪ = = 175cm
⎪ Fy 2.4
Lu, max = the least of ⎨ = 175 cm
⎪1380 A f 1380 * (13 .5 * 1.02)
= *1.0 = 381cm
⎪ d F y Cb 27 * 2.4
⎩
Lu,act ≤ L u, max ∴ The section is compact ⇒ Fbt = Fbc = 0.64Fy = 1.54 t/cm2

2. Check of bending stress:

6.28 *100
f act = = 1.464 t / cm 2 p 1.54 t / cm 2
429
Check section at negative moment:
0.75Mo * y 0.75 * 6.975 * 100 * 13.5
f act = = = 1.35 t / cm 2 p 1.54 t / cm 2
I net = ( I x − I φ ) 5790 − 2 * 1.6 * 1.02 * (13.5 − .51) 2

3. Check of shear stress:

5.58
q= = 0.313 t / cm 2 ≤ 0.35F y = 0.84 t / cm 2
27 * 0.66

4. Check deflection: The deflection due to live load must satisfy:

5 0.6 * 6 4 * 10 6 600
δ L.L. = 0.80 * * = 0.46 cm ≤ = 2 cm
384 2100 * 5790 300

Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yousef Design of Beams 19

Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

[4] Design of Connection between Simple Secondary Beam and Main Beams:

The bolts connecting the web of the secondary beam to the 2L80X80X8
web of the main beam are designed on the maximum shear
force of the secondary beam [Q max.= 6.343 t] as follows:

40
n1

80
IPE300

240
1) Bolts connecting the web of Secondary beam to the framing

80
angles:

40
πd 2 n2
R D.S . = 2.0 * * (0.25Fub )
4
π .(1.6 )2
= 2.0 (0.25 × 4.0) = 4.02ton
4 IPE600
Rb =α*Fu*d*Σ tmin =0.8*3.6*1.6*0.71=3.27 t IPE600

RLeast =Rb. =3.04 tons

n2/2 2L80X80X8
Force 6.343
n1 = = = 2. Choose 2bolts
Rleast 3.27

h framing angle ≈ 0.8*hstringer = 240 mm. n2/2

IPE300
To keep the edge and pitch distance within the maximum
limits ⇒ n1 = 3bolts.
Secondary beam with edge
2) Bolts connecting the framing angles to the web of main main beam
girder:
RS .S . = 2.01ton Rb =0.8*3.6*1.6*0.8=3.69 t

RLeast =Rb. =2.01 tons

Force 6.343
n2 = = = 3.2 Choose 4bolts [use n2/2=2 bolts on each side (angle)].
Rleast 2.01
To keep the edge and pitch distance within the maximum limits ⇒ n2 = 6bolts.
2L80X80X8
40
80

IPE300 IPE300
240
80
40

IPE600

Secondary beam with Intermediate main beam

Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yousef Design of Beams 20

Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

[4-B] Design of Connection between Continuous Secondary Beam and Main Beams:

In this case, the connection should be designed to transmit the negative bending moment
(M–ve = 0.75 Mo) in additional to the maximum shear force of the secondary beam (IPE 270)
as follows:
M–ve = 0.75Mo = 0.75*6.975=5.23 m.t
Qmax = 5.58 t

1) Bolts between Sec. beam and framing angles:

Rb =α*Fu*d*Σ tmin =0.8*3.6*1.6*0.66=3.04 t

RLeast =Rb. =3.04 tons

Force 5.58
n1 = = = 2.1 Choose 3bolts
Rleast 3.04

2) Bolts between framing angles and main girder:

Force 5.58
n2 = = = 2.8 Choose 4bolts
Rleast 2.01
[use n2/2=2 bolts on each side (angle)].

3) Bolts between tie plates with Sec. Beams:

T=C=0.75Mo /hsec =5.23*100/27 = 19.37 t.
T 19.37
n3 = = = 9.6 Choose 10bolts
Rleast 2.01

0.6C 0.6 *19.37

n4 = = = 5.8 Choose 6bolts
Rleast 2.01

4) Design of upper and lower tie plates:

a) Upper tie plate:
Assume tu = 8 mm, and so the minimum value of Lu can be obtained as:
T 19.37
Lu = = = 17.3cm
0.58 F y * t u 1.4 * 0.8
Check sec (II-II): f act. = T / Anet(II-II) = ≤ 0.58Fy = 1.4 t/cm2

b) Lower tie plate:

Assume Ll = bf+(10→20 mm)=15 cm, and the minimum value of tlower can be obtained as:
0.6C 0.6 *19.37
tl = = = 0.6cm
0.58 F y * Ll 1.4 *15

Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yousef Design of Beams 21

Structural Design (II) Spring 2010 Building Engineering Program

upper tie plate

2L80X80X8
2550 50 50 50 120 n3
(A) T (A)

n1

40
70
IPE270 IPE270

220
70
n2
40 C
(B) (B)
2550 50
n4
lower tie plate
IPE600

upper tie plate

II I

IPE270

Sec. (A-A)

IPE600

lower tie plate 4L80X80X8

IPE270
25 50 50 25

IPE600

Sec. (B-B)

Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yousef Design of Beams 22