Hydraulic Machines

 Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either

hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.

 Hydraulic Energy- Energy possessed by water.

 Mechanical Energy- power produced at shaft of turbine.

 Hydraulic Machines

 Turbines

 The hydraulic machines which converts the

hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, are
called as turbines.

 Pumps

 The hydraulic machines which converts

mechanical energy into hydraulic energy , are
called as pump.
 Turbine
 Turbines are defined as the machines which convert the hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy.

 This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly

coupled to the shaft of the turbine.

 Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

 The electric power which is obtained from hydraulic energy is known as Hydro-
electric power.
General Layout of Hydro-electric power plant
 Classification of turbine

The turbines are classified in the following ways:-

1. According to the type of energy available at inlet

(a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine

If at the inlet of the turbine , only kinetic energy, the turbine is known as
impulse turbine.
e.g. Pelton Turbine.

 If at the inlet of the turbine, water possesses kinetic

energy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
e.g. Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine.
2. According to the direction of flow of water through runner:

a)Tangential flow turbine (e.g. Pelton Turbine)

b)Radial flow turbine (e.g. Francis Turbine)

c)Axial flow turbine (e.g. Kaplan Turbine)

d)Mixed flow turbine (e.g. Modern FrancisTurbine)

3. According to head available at the inlet of turbine

a) High head turbine e.g. P.T.

b) Medium head turbine e.g. F.T.

c)Low head turbine e.g. K.T

4. According to the specific speed of turbine

a)Low specific speed turbine e.g. P.T.

b) Medium specific speed turbine e.g. F.T.

c)High specific speed turbine e.g. K.T

5. According to the position of shaft of turbine
a) Horizontal shaft turbine
b) Vertical shaft turbine
(Pelton turbine has horizontal shaft whereas the rest have vertical shaft)

6. According to name of originator

a) Pelton Turbine(Pelton Wheel)
b) Francis Turbine
c) Kaplan Turbine
 Impulse Turbine (Pelton)
Main parts of Impulse turbine(Pelton) are :-
1. Nozzle and flow regulating Arrangement (Spear)
2. Runner and buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement (Spear)
▪ Nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of the water that is going to strike the
buckets or vanes attached to the runner.
▪ The quantity of water that strikes the buckets is controlled by spear. The spear is
installed inside the nozzle and regulates the flow of water that is going to strike on the
vanes of the runner. A nozzle containing spear is shown in the figure .
▪ When the spear is move backward the rate of flow of water increases and when it is
pushed forward the rate of flow of water decreases.
2. Runner and Buckets

• A wheel of the turbine consist of series of buckets/blades/vanes mounted on its

periphery.

▪ The buckets are designed in such a way that the jet of water strikes the buckets,
deflected through 160 degree to 170 degree.

▪ The buckets of the Pelton turbine are made up of cast iron, cast steel bronze or
stainless steel.
3. Casing:
The outer covering of this turbine is called casing. The Pelton turbine with the
casing is shown in the figure.
• It is used to avoid accident and prevents the splashing of water.

• It does not perform any hydraulic function.

• The pressure throughout the turbine from inlet to outlet is atmospheric in case
Impulse turbine.

• Cast iron or fabricated steel plates are used to make the casing of the Pelton
Turbine.
 4. Breaking jet

▪ When the jet of water is completely closed by pushing the spear in the forward
direction than the amount of water striking the runner becomes zero.
▪ But still, the runner keeps moving due to the inertia of the runner.

▪ In order to stop the runner in the shortest possible time, a small nozzle is provided
which directs the jet of water at the back of the vanes.
▪ This jet of water used to stop the runner of the turbine is called breaking jet.
 Reaction Turbine(Francis)

Main parts of reaction Turbine(Francis) are :-

1. Spiral Casing
2. Guide Vanes
3. Runner Blades
4. Draft tube
1. Spiral Casing
• Spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine.

• The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with
high pressure.

• The blades of the turbines are circularly placed, which mean the water striking the
turbines blades should flow in the circular axis for efficient striking.

• So the spiral casing is used, but due to circular movement of the water, it looses its
pressure.

• To maintain the same pressure the diameter of the casing is gradually reduced, so as to
maintain the pressure uniform, thus uniform momentum or velocity striking the
runner blades.
2. Guide Vanes
• The guide vanes allow the water to strike the fixed blades on the runner without shock
at inlet.

• Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle as per the requirement to
control the angle of striking of water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency.

• They also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner blades thus controlling the
power output of a turbine according to the load on the turbine.

3. Runner Blades
• These are the fixed blades mounted on its periphery of runner.

• The performance and efficiency of the turbine dependent on the design of the runner
blades. I
 4. Draft tube

• The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is

generally less than atmospheric pressure.

• The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race.

• A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging

water from the exit of turbine to the tail race.

• This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube.

• One end of the tube is connected to the outlet of runner while the
other end is sub-merged below the level of water in the tail-race.

• Pressure head is increased by decreasing the exit velocity.

• Overall efficiency and the output of the turbine can be improved.

Applications of Francis Turbine

● Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants to

generate electricity.
● Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water
from ground for irrigation.
● It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate.
● It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.
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 FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (BME-101/201)

UNIT-4 As per
Lec-6 New Syllabus 2022-23

Today’s Target
 Hydraulic Pump

 Hydraulic Lift

M S Tomer Sir

For more Subjects

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 Pump

 The hydraulic machine which converts Mechanical energy into Hydraulic energy
is known as pump.

 The hydraulic energy is in the form of Pressure Energy.

 If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of

centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called Centrifugal
Pump.

 The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow.

 Classification of Pump

There exist a wide variety of pumps that are designed for various specific
applications. However, most of them can be broadly classified into two categories
as mentioned below-

1. Dynamic Pressure Pumps

2. Positive Displacement Pump

Classification of Pump
 Centrifugal Pump

Main parts of a C.P. are :-

1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with foot
valve and a strainer.
4. Delivery pipe
• Centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of
rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly
rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference through
the impeller's vane tips

• Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise a liquid from a low level to a high level. These
pumps work on a very simple mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often
from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid.

• The two main parts that are responsible for the conversion of energy are the impeller and the
casing.
• The impeller is the rotating part of the pump and the casing is the airtight passage which
surrounds the impeller.
• In a centrifugal pump, fluid enters into the casing, falls on the impeller blades at the eye of the
impeller, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves the impeller into the
diffuser part of the casing.
• While passing through the impeller, the fluid is gaining both velocity and pressure
Applications of Centrifugal Pumps:

Centrifugal pumps are the most popular choice for fluid movement some of the major sectors that
make use of these pumps are :

1.Oil & Energy - pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power generation plants

2.Industrial & Fire Protection Industry - Heating and ventilation, boiler feed applications, air
conditioning, pressure boosting, fire protection sprinkler systems.

3.Waste Management, Agriculture & Manufacturing - Wastewater processing plants, municipal

industry, drainage, gas processing, irrigation, and flood protection

4.Pharmaceutical, Chemical & Food Industries - paints, hydrocarbons, petrochemical, cellulose, sugar
refining, food and beverage production

5.Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals, Pharmaceutical, Food Production,

Aerospace etc.) - for the purposes of cryogenics and refrigerants.
 Reciprocating Pump

The main components of R.P. are:

● Water Sump
● Strainer
● Suction Pipe
● Suction Valve
● Cylinder
● Piston and Piston rod
● Crank and Connecting rod
● Delivery valve
● Delivery pipe
• It is a machine that converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Reciprocating
pumps are in use where a certain quantity of fluid (mostly sump) has to be
transported from the lowest region to the highest region by the application of
pressure.

Water Sump: It is the source of water. From the sump, water is to be transported to the delivery pipes
by the usage of the piston.

Strainer: It acts as a mesh that can screen all the dirt, dust particles, etc. from the sump. If there is no
strainer, then the dirt or dust also enters into the cylinder which can jam the region and affects the
working of the pump.

Suction Pipe: The main function of the suction pipe is to collect the water from the sump and send it
to the cylinder via a suction valve. The suction pipe connects the water sump and the cylinder.

Suction Valve: It is a non-return valve which means it can take the fluid from the suction pipe and
send it to the cylinder but cannot reverse the water back to it. In the sense, the flow is unidirectional.
This valve opens only during the suction of fluid and closes when there is a discharge of fluid to
outside.
Cylinder: It is a hollow cylinder made of cast iron or steel alloy and it consists of the arrangement of
piston and piston rod.

Piston and Piston rod: For suction, the piston moves back inside the cylinder and for discharging of
fluid, the piston moves in the forward direction.
The Piston rod helps the piston to move in a linear direction i.e. either the forward or the backward
directions.

Crank and Connecting rod: For rotation, the crank is connected to the power source like engine, motor,
etc. whereas the connecting rod acts as an intermediate between the crank and piston for the
conversion of rotary motion into linear motion.

Delivery Pipe: The function of the delivery pipe is to deliver the water to the desired location from the
cylinder.

Delivery valve: Similar to the suction valve, a delivery valve is also a Non-return valve. During suction,
the delivery valve closes because the suction valve is in opening condition and during Discharge, the
suction valve is closed and the delivery valve Is opened to transfer the fluid.
These are the various components of Reciprocating pump. Let’s understand the working principle of it.
 Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump:

When the power supply is given to the reciprocating pump, the crank rotates through an electric
motor.

• The angle made by the crank is responsible for the movement of the piston inside the cylinder. By
referring to the above diagram, the piston moves towards the extreme left of the cylinder when
the crank meets position A i.e. θ=0.

• Similarly, the piston moves towards the extreme right of the cylinder when the crank meets the
position C i.e. θ=180.

• A partial vacuum in the cylinder takes place when the piston movement is towards the right
extreme position i.e. (θ=0 to θ=180.) and that makes the liquid enter into the suction pipe.

• This is due to the presence of atmospheric pressure on the sump liquid which is quite less than
the pressure inside the cylinder. Therefore, due to the difference in pressure, the water enters
into the cylinder through a non-return valve.
• The water which stays in the volume of the cylinder has to be sent to the discharge pipe via
discharge valve and this can be done when the crank is rotating from C to A i.e. (θ=180 to θ=360)
which moves the piston in the forward direction.

• Due to the movement of the piston in a forward direction, the pressure increases inside the
cylinder which is greater than the atmospheric pressure.

• This results in the opening of the delivery valve and closing of the suction valve.

• Once the water comes into the delivery valve, it cannot move back to the cylinder because it is a
unidirectional valve or non-return valve.

• From there, it enters into the delivery pipe so that it can be sent to the required position.

• Therefore, in this way, the water is sucked and discharged from the sump to the desired location
through the piston inside the cylinder.
 Types of Reciprocating Pump
1. According to the water being in contact with one side or both sides of the
piston-

A. Single acting pump

B. Double acting pump

2. According to the number of cylinder provided

A. Single cylinder pump,

B. Double cylinder pump,
C. Triple cylinder pump.
Double acting R.P.
 Hydraulic Lift

 Hydraulic lift is a device used for carrying passenger or goods from one floor to
another in multistoried building to raise heavy objects.
 It works on the principle of Pascal’s Law.
 Types of Hydraulic Lift

The Hydraulic Lifts are of two types-

1. Direct acting hydraulic lift

2. Suspended hydraulic lift

 1.Direct Acting Hydraulic Lift

 It consists of a ram, sliding in the fixed cylinder.

 At the top of the sliding ram a cage is fitted.

 Cage- on which the person may be stand or goods

may be placed.

 The liquid under pressure flows into fixed cylinder.

 This liquid exerts force on the sliding ram, which
moves vertically up and thus raises the cage to the
required height.
2. Suspended Hydraulic Lift
 2. Suspended Hydraulic Lift
 When water under high pressure is admitted into the fixed cylinder of the jigger, the sliding ram is
forced to move towards left.

 As one of the end of the sliding ram is connected to the movable pulley block.

 Hence the movable pulley block moves towards the left , thus increasing the distance between two
pulley blocks.

 The wire rope connected to cage is pulled and the cage is lifted.
 For lowering the cage, water from fixed cylinder is taken out.

 The sliding ram moves towards right and hence movable pulley block also moves towards right.

 This decrease the distance between two pulley blocks and cage is lowered due to increased length of
the rope
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