Namal University

Mianwali

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE-335L– Power Electronics Lab

Lab Manual: 01

Single-Phase Rectification Circuits with 24V AC Input and Power Resistor Load

Student Name Roll No Marks

Muhammad Saad Zahid NIM-BSEE-2021-26

Date: 05-03-2024

Instructor: Dr. Wahab Ali Shah

Lab Engineer: Engr. Muhammad Imtiaz Ul Hassan

 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1

Table of Contents
1. Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Equipment/ Components.................................................................................................................... 3
3. Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 3
4. Lab Tasks: .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Task No.1:.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load...................................................................................... 5
Task No.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with Resistive Load .......................................................................... 7
Answer the following....................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion: .......................................................................................................................................... 12

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
1. Objectives
• In this lab, we will perform the task of single phase half wave rectifier circuit.
• In this lab, we will also perform the task of single phase full wave rectifier circuit.
• We will analyze the working and performance of a single-phase half-wave and full-wave
rectifier circuit..

2. Equipment/ Components
• Hardware
o Bread board o Digital multi-meter (DMM) o Connecting wires o Input power
supply: single-phase AC220V. o Circuit power supply: single-phase AC24V. o
Output Load: 560Ω 5W.
o Diode Specification: 700V 1A.
• Software
o No simulation software required.

3. Introduction
Rectification is the process of converting AC to DC. Half-wave rectification is done by a single
diode as shown in Fig. 1. In the positive half cycle of the input, the diode is forward biased and
allows the current to pass through. While in the negative half cycle, it is reversed biased and
blocks the current.

Figure 1: Half-wave rectifier.

Like the half-wave rectifier, the full-wave bridge is used to turn an AC signal into pulsating DC.
The full-wave bridge requires four diodes instead of one as shown in Fig. 2. Still, it has the
advantage of utilizing the opposite polarity of the signal, effectively flipping its polarity rather
than simply “throwing it away” like the half-wave circuit. This increases the energy available
to the load and lessens the burden on filtering capacitors as the resulting gap between pulses is
much smaller.

Figure 2: Full-wave rectifier.

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
A filter capacitor can be connected in parallel to the load, as shown in Figure 2, to obtain an
output voltage that is essentially DC. In the full-wave rectifier circuit, the capacitor discharges
are smaller than those for the half-wave rectifier circuit because of the rectified sine wave in the
second half of each period. Due to this, the burden on the filtering capacitor is much smaller.

Figure 3: Full-wave rectifier with filter capacitor

The capacitor discharges with time constant RC, where R is the value of the load resistor and
C is the value of the capacitor. Thus, the minimum output voltage is given by

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚𝑒−1/2𝑅𝐶𝑓

We can approximate the above equation for small values of t/RC, using the Taylor series expansion:
^(-t/RC) ≈ 1 - (t/RC) + (t/RC)^2/2

The approximated output voltage ripple Δ o is then given by

1 m
Δ oapprox = m − m (1 − 2 𝑅𝐶𝑓) = 2𝑅𝐶𝑓

If the above approximation is not made, we end up with ripple voltage given by

– 1

Δ oactual = m − m 2RC

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
4. Lab Tasks:
Task No.1:
Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load
Sketch the input voltage waveform

Figure 1:input Voltage Waveform of Halfwave Rectification

Sketch the output voltage waveform

Figure 2:Output Voltage Waveform of Halfwave Rectification

Sketch the load current waveform

Figure 3:current Waveform of Halfwave Rectification

Sketch the waveform of voltage across the diodes D

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Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1

Figure 4:Voltage Waveform Across diode of Halfwave Rectification

Performance Parameters

Peak output voltage, Vm = 28V

Average value of output voltage, Vdc = 8.91V

Average value of output current, Idc = 0.0159A

RMS value of output voltage, Vrms = 14V

RMS value of output current, Irms =0.025A

Output DC power, Pdc = Vdc Idc = 0.141W

Output AC power, Pac = Vrms Irms =0.35W

Rectifier efficiency, η = Pdc / Pac =40.2%

Form factor, FF = Vrms / Vdc =157%

Ripple factor, RF =1.21

TUF = Pdc / Vs Is = 0.141/0.494=0.28

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Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1

Power Factor, PF = Pac / Vs Is =0.35/0.494=0.708

Hardware snapshot:

Figure 5: Half wave Rectification Output

Calculation:

Figure 6: Calculation Halfwave

Task No.2
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with Resistive Load
Sketch the input voltage waveform

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Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1

Figure 7: input Voltage Waveform of full wave Rectification

Sketch the output voltage waveform

Figure 8:Output Voltage Waveform of full-wave Rectification

Sketch the load current waveform

Figure 9: Current Waveform of full-wave Rectification

Sketch the waveform of voltage across the diodes D1 and D2

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Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1

Figure 10: Voltage Waveform across diode of full-wave Rectification

Performance Parameters

Peak output voltage, Vm = 28V

Average value of output voltage, Vdc = 17.83V

Average value of output current, Idc = 0.031A

RMS value of output voltage, Vrms = 19.79V

RMS value of output current, Irms = 0.035A

Output DC power, Pdc = Vdc Idc =0.53W

Output AC power, Pac = Vrms Irms = 0.69W

Rectifier efficiency, η = Pdc / Pac = 76.8%

Form factor, FF = Vrms / Vdc = 1.109

Ripple factor, RF=0.469

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
TUF = Pdc / Vs Is =81.2%

Power Factor, PF = Pac / Vs Is =1

Hardware snapshot

Figure 11: Output full-wave Rectification

Calculations:

Figure 12: Calculation Full-Wave Rectification

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
Answer the following
Comment on the performance parameters of the single-phase half-wave and
full-wave rectifier.
Ans.
Performance Parameters Comparison:

Half-Wave Rectifier:
• Rectifier Efficiency: 40.2%
• Ripple Factor: 1.21
• Output DC Power: 0.141W
• Peak Output Voltage: 28V
• Average Output Voltage: 8.91V
Full-Wave Rectifier:
• Rectifier Efficiency: 76.8%
• Ripple Factor: 0.469
• Output DC Power: 0.53W
• Peak Output Voltage: 28V
• Average Output Voltage: 17.83V
Comments: The full-wave rectifier outperforms the half-wave rectifier in terms of rectifier
efficiency, average output voltage, and ripple factor. It's evident that the full -wave rectifier
provides a smoother DC output with less ripple compared to the half-wave rectifier.

What is the significance of the Transformer Utilization Factor?

Ans.
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) measures the efficiency of the transformer utilization in the
rectifier circuit. It indicates how effectively the transformer secondary winding is utilized to supply
power to the load. Higher TUF means better utilization of the transformer, resulting in reduced
transformer size and cost. TUF is calculated as the ratio of DC power delivered to the load to the
apparent power drawn from the supply.

Define PIV for a diode. Also mention PIV of the diode used.

Ans. Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without
breakdown. It is crucial in rectifier circuits to ensure that the diode can handle the maximum reverse
voltage without getting damaged. PIV of the diode used in the circuit is typically chosen to be higher
than the peak voltage of the input AC signal to avoid reverse breakdown. In this lab, the diode
specifications mention a PIV of 700V, ensuring it can handle the reverse voltage encountered in the
rectification process without failure.

Why we use rms values?

Ans. RMS values are used because they represent the effective magnitude of an AC signal, enabling
accurate power calculations and consistent comparison across different waveforms. They account for
both magnitude and frequency, essential for understanding the overall impact of AC signals in
circuits. Additionally, RMS values are directly related to the heating effect in resistive elements,
making them crucial for assessing thermal characteristics.

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 Spring 2024 PE Lab 01 Version 1.1
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this lab provided hands-on experience with single-phase rectification circuits, exploring
both half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Through practical implementation and analysis, it became
evident that full-wave rectifiers offer superior performance compared to half-wave rectifiers,
exhibiting higher efficiency and smoother DC output. Additionally, concepts like Transformer
Utilization Factor (TUF) and Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) were explored, highlighting their importance
in designing robust rectifier circuits. Overall, this lab enhanced understanding of power electronics
principles and their practical applications in converting AC to DC power.

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 Power Electronics Lab Rubrics

Method of Evaluation Viva Conducted during lab and lab reports submitted by students
Assessment tool/ Excellent (10 - Good Satisfactory (6 Unsatisfactory (3 Poor 0 Marks
weightage/ 9) (8 – 7) – 4) – 1) Obtained
(CLO, PLO)

Circuit Circuit is simulated Circuit is simulated Circuit simulation is Circuit simulation is Could not follow the
Simulation correctly without any with minor errors completed with completed but it instructions in lab
(CLO1, PLO5) errors assistance from does not work manual and failed to
instructor simulate

Circuit Design Circuit is implemented Circuit is Circuit is Circuit is Circuit is not

(CLO2: PLO4) correctly without any implemented with implemented with implemented implemented
errors minor errors assistance from however it does not
instructor work

Lab Report The student was able The student was The student was able The student was able The student was not
(CLO3:PLO10) to effectively answer able to effectively to answer most to answer some able to answer
all questions regarding answer all questions regarding questions regarding questions regarding
performed tasks and
performed tasks and questions performed tasks and performed tasks and
information in
report provides all regarding report is confusing report information is
report is not
information without performed tasks and misleading incorrect/irrelevant
communicated
mistakes however the
effectively
report has minor
mistakes
Total