M D sir’s MATHS CDF

ALGEBRA

BINOMIAL THEOREM

BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGER INDEX

n
GENERAL TERM OF (x + a) AND COEFFICIENT OF
n

 If n is positive integer, then  x  a  

 nCr xnr .ar
n

r0
n C0 xn n C1xn1a n C2 xn2a2 ..... n Cnan
i) The number of terms in the expansion  x  a n is n 1
ii) The sum of the powers of x and a in any term in the expansion of  x  a n is n.
iii) The general term in the expansion of  x  a  is T r1  nCr xnrar
n
n
iv) 1  x    nCr xr
n

r0
 nC0 n C1x n C2 x2  .... n Cnxn
v) Tr1  nCr xr
vi) nC , nC , nC ,..... nC are binomial coefficients in the expansion of  x  a 
n
0 1 2 n
vii) The binomial coefficients which are equidistant from the beginning and from the ending are
equal. i.e., nC0  n Cn; nC1  n Cn1; nC2  n Cn2; ..... etc
viii) The expansions of  x  a and  a  x are equal but their respective terms are not equal.
n n


  x  an  1r nCr xnr ar
r0
 C0 xn  n C1xn1a  n C 2xn2a2 ....... 1n nCnan
n
r n nr r
The general term of this expansion is Tr1  1 Cr x a
  x  an   x  an  2  n C0 xn n C2 xn2a2 n C 4xn4a4  ..... 
  x  an   x  an  2n C1xn1a1 n C3xn3a3 n C 5xn5a5  ..... 
 n  2  n 1
(i) The number of terms in the expansion of  x  a   x  a is
n n
if n is even, if n is odd.
2 2
 n 1
(ii) The number of terms in the expansion of  x  a   x  a is n/2 if n is even,
n n
if n is odd.
2
 MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
 The expansion of  a  a  a  ...  a is called multinomial theorem
n

1 2 3 r

 The number of terms in  a  a a  ...  a

1 2 3 r n is nr1 cr 1 n  N  ·
1  is
n n!
 The general term in the expansion of x  x ....  x xn1 xn2....... x np
2 p 1 2 p
n1!n2 ! ...np !
where n1  n2  ... np  n
p q r n
n apbqcr
 Coefficient ofx y z in ax  by  cz  is where p  q  r  n & n, p, q, r  N
p!q!r!
Middle term: If n is odd there will be two middle terms in the expansion of x  a n , which are
th
 n 1 th  n3
 2  and  2  terms
    
n n th

 If n is even there will be only one middle term in the expansion of  x  a  , which is  1term
 2 
 If n is odd. there are two greatest binomial coefficients in the expansion of  x  a n , which are
n n
n
C and n C
n1 also Cn1  Cn1 .
n1
2 2 2 2
 If n is even, there is only one greatest binomial coefficient in the expansion of  x  a n ,
which is n Cn
2
 If n  2, n  N , then 2n 1  2n  2n 1 
n n n

 If the coefficients ofxr1, xr , xr1 in 1 x are in A.P. then n  2r 2  n  2

n

 If the coefficients of rth , (r 1)th , (r  2)th terms in the expansion of (1 x)n are in H.P, then
(n  2r)2  n  0
 Coefficient ofxn1in  x 1  x 2 ........  x n  is 1 2  ........  n 
 Coefficient of xn1in  x 1  x 2 ............x n  is 1 2  .........  n 
 Coefficient of xn2 in  x 1  x 2  .......  x n 

1 2 n
1
   ........      2   2 .........  2
2

2 n

is
2 n
 b 
Independent term: The term Independent of x in the expansion of  p

xq 
ax is

np
Tr1 = n Cr anrbr , where r  (integer)
pq
n
 b 
 The term containing the coefficient of xm in the expansion of  axp q  is Tr 1
 x 
np  m
i.e., T = C anrbr , where r 
n
(integer)
r 1
pq
r

 ‘r’th term from end in the expansion of  x  y  is n  r  2 th term from beginning.

n

Numerically greatest term: Numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1+ x)n where n is a positive
integer.
 a) If
n 1 | x | = p (an integer), then pth term and (p + 1)th term are the two numerically greatest terms
1 | x |
in (1 + x)n Also | t p || tp1 | .
(n 1) | x |
b) If  p + F where p is an integer and 0 < F < 1, then (p + 1)th term is the numerically
1 | x |
greatest term in (1 +x)n.
Binomial coefficients:
nC , nC , nC , ............... nC are called the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (x+a)n. They are denoted
o 1 2 n

by co, c1, c2, - - - cn respectively.

c , c , c , - - - , c are the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 +x)n.
o 1 2 n
a) nc  n c  n c  n c  .....  nc  2n
0 1 2 3 n
b) nc  n c  nc  n c  .....  (1)n. n
c 0
0 1 2 3 n
n1
c) nC  nC  nC  .....  nC  nC .......  2
0 2 4 1 3
d) nc  2. n c  3. n c  ...  n. n c  n.2n1
1 2 3 n
c1 c2 cn
e) c  x xn  (1 x) 1
x2  ... 
n1

n 1 (n 1)x
0
2 3
c1 c2 c3 cn
 2 1
n1
f) c0     ... 
2 3 4 n 1 n 1
c1 c2 c3 c  1
g) c0    ....... (1) n 
n

2 3 4 n 1 n 1
c2 c4 n
h) c    ...  2
0
3 5 n 1n
C C C 2 1
i) 1  3  5  ...... 
2 4 6 n 1
j) a. C0 + (a+d) . C 1 + (a + 2d) . C 2+ .......+ (a + nd). C n = (2a + nd) 2n-1

k) a. C - (a+d) . C + (a + 2d) . C - ......+ (-1)n(a + nd). C = 0

0 1 2 n
l) C 2  C 2  C 2  ............. C 2  2n
0 1 2
(1)n / 2 nc
n Cn

m) c2  c2  c2  c2 ...  (1)n. c2  n , if n is even
0 1 2 3 n  2

0, if n is odd

2  2a  nd  2n
n) a C 2  (a  d ).C 2  (a  2d ).C  ...........   a  nd .C 
2 . C
0 1 2 n   n
2
 

o) c c  c c  ....... + c c 2n c 
2n!
0 r 1 r 1 nr n nr
n  r !n  r !
p) C . C  C . C  C . C ........ C . C  mn C
m n m n m n m n
0 r 1 r 1 2 r 2 r 0 r
n
(C C C .....C )(n + 1)
q) (C + C )(C + C ) ... (C + Cn )= 0 1 2 n- 1
0 1 1 2 n- 1
n!
n C1 C2 C3 Cn n  n 1
r) In the expansion of (1+ x) , +2 +3 + .....+ n =
C0 C1 C2 Cn- 1 2
 s) Let f(x) be any polynomial in x
a. Sum of the coefficients = f(1)
f (1)  f (1)
b. Sum of the coefficients of even powers of x =
2
f (1)  f (1)
c. Sum of the coefficients of odd powers of x =
2
 The coefficient of x in 1 x 1 x is  m  nc
r m n

r n
m  1
 The coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of 1 x 1  is m  nCn
 x 
Greatest Term: If the greatest term in the expansion of 1 x has also greatest coefficient, then
2n

n  x  n 1 the greatest term in the expansion of 1 x 2n1

 
n 1 n
has also greatest coefficient, then n 1  x  n 1
n 1 n 1

BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR RATIONAL INDEX

 
n
 1 1
 n
 The no. of rational terms in the expansion of a  b  isl k
  greatest integer
  L.C.M of l, k 
 
function when none of l and k is a factor of ‘n’ and when at least one of l and k is a factor of n is
 
 1where .greatest integer function.
n

 L.c.m of l, k 
Binomial Theorem for Negative Index

 If n is a rational number and - 1 < x < 1, then

n n 1 2 n n 1n  2 3
a. 1 xn  1 nx  x + x  .....
|2 |3
n n 1n  2.........n  r 1 
 xr  ...... 
r!
n n 1
b. 1 xn 1 nx  x2 - ....
|2
n  n 1n  2.........n  r 1 
+ (1)r xr ........... 
|r
n n 1 n n 1(n  2)
c. (1 x)n  1 nx  x2  x3 .....
|2 |3
n  n 1n  2.........n  r 1 
 xr  .......... 
|r
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n  2)
d. (1 x)n  1 nx  x2  x3....
2! 3!
n  n 1n  2.........n  r 1 
1
r
xr  .......... 
|r
 1 x  1 x  x2  x3  ...  xr  ... 
1
  1 x  1 x  x2  x3  ..  1 xr  ..
1 r

 1 x  1 2x  3x2  4x3  ..  r 1 xr  ..

2

1 x  1 2x  3x2  4x3  ..  1 r 1 xr  ..

2 r

 (1 -x)-3 = 1 +3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + .....

+
r 1r  2 xr  .......... 
r
 (1 +x)-3 = 1 -3x + 6x2 - 10x3 + ........
r 1r  2 xr
+ (-1)r  .......... 
r
 Number of terms in 1  x  is
n

(i) ‘n+1 when ‘n’ positive integer.

(ii) Infinite when ‘n’ is not a positive integer & |x|<1
p
 First negative term in 1  x  qwhen 0<x<1, p, q are positive integers & ‘p’ is not a multiple of ‘q’
is T p 
 3
 q 

Approximations: If ‘x’ is very small so that and higher powers of ‘x’ can be neglected.
Then 1 x  1 nx
n

 1 x
n1
 1  x  x ............x
2
  n
where x  1
1 x
a b  c ab  bc  2ca
 Ifncr1 : ncr : ncr1  a : b : c then r  2 , n
b  ac  b2  ac
n n
 For n  6,  n  n!   n 
3  2 
 nn1   n 1 , n  N
n

 nn   n 1 , n  N
n1

Divisibility: (1  )n 1is divisible by α

 (1 )n  n 1 is divisible by α2
 (1  )n  nC 2 2  n 1is divisible by α3
 12.C  22.C  32.C  42.C  .....  (1)n n2 .C  0
1 2 3 4 n

 13.C  23.C  33.C  43 .C  .....  (1)n n3 .C  0

1 2 3 4 n

  r(r 1)n
n
Cr  n(n 1)2
n2

r 0

  r(r 1)(r  2)n

n
Cr  n(n 1)(n  2)2
n3

r 0

 If (1 x)n  C  C x  C x2  .....  C xn

0 1 2 n
1
Then  (i  j)C C  n(22n1  2n )
0i jn
i j
2 Cn