SECOND

DUMMETT | HUGHES | stephenson

EDITION

Connect with the world and

bring your classroom to Life.
Now in a new edition, National Geographic Learning
brings the world to your classroom with Life, a six-
level, integrated-skills series with grammar and
vocabulary for young adult and adult English language
learners. Through stunning National Geographic content,
video and engaging topics, Life inspires a generation of
informed decision-makers. With Life, learners develop
their ability to think critically and communicate effectively
in the global community.
■  n extensive Critical Thinking
A
syllabus encourages learners to
develop well-informed opinions

Life
STUDENT'S BOOK | Advanced
■  pdated and relevant content through
U
National Geographic photographs

Student’s Book
and video engages learners by connecting
them to people and places from around
the world

■ New ‘My Life’ sections help learners

explore the connections between the
content and their own lives

Includes Student’s Web App!

See inside front cover for details.

BRITISH ENGLISH
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

CEFR correlation
Advanced

Life Advanced is for learners who have achieved

level B2 and want to achieve C1.

Bringing the world to the classroom

and the classroom to life

NGL.Cengage.com/ELT
PAUL DUMMETT | JOHN HUGHES | HELEN STEPHENSON
A PART OF CENGAGE

Life_2e_Mech_Adv.indd 1,3 09/04/19 1:32 AM

 The following new and updated features of the second edition
of Life are based on extensive research and consultation with
teachers and learners from around the world:
■ Updated global content in the unit themes and reading selections

■ Updated video material features additional video support for

vocabulary learning

■ New, specially selected National Geographic photography

stimulates learners’ visual literacy skills

■  efined grammar syllabus with increased scaffolding and an

R
enhanced reference section

■  xtended and better-integrated critical thinking syllabus actively

E
engages students in their language learning, encouraging them
to develop their own well-informed and reasoned opinions

■  ew ‘My Life’ speaking activities encourage learners to relate the

N
global content to their own lives

■  ew ‘Memory Booster’ activities improve learners’ ability to

N
retain new language

■ An improved Classroom Presentation Tool now includes the

Workbook pages, academic skills worksheets, extra support
and extension activities

■  he Student’s Web App includes video and audio for the Student’s Book
T
and Workbook, and additional interactive activities.

Access your free Life Web Resources,

including the Web App at:
NGL.Cengage.com/life
Username: life
Password: student

ON THE COVER

People dry cloths at Gangasagar Mela, a large fair that takes place every year in West
Bengal, India. Thousands of people from India and tourists from all over the world
come together to bathe at the confluence of the Ganges River and the Bay of Bengal.
© Subir Basak/Getty Images

Life_2e_Mech_Adv.indd 6 09/04/19 1:32 AM

 SECOND
EDITION

Life STUDENT’S BOOK | Advanced

Paul Dummett
John Hughes
Helen Stephenson

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 Contents
Unit Grammar Vocabulary Real life (functions) Pronunciation

1
time phrases personality and identity getting to know people linking in word pairs
the continuous aspect wordbuilding: binomial pairs merged words in
word focus: life everyday phrases

Lessons for
life
pages 9–20

VIDEO: Arctic wisdom page 18 REVIEW page 20

2
perfect forms wordbuilding: phrasal verb presenting yourself word stress
passive forms get
idioms: safety
word focus: foot/feet
personal qualities
More than a
job
pages 21–32

VIDEO: Climbing Yosemite page 30 REVIEW page 32

3
qualifiers describing towns expressing opinions quite, fairly and
intensifying adverbs adverb + adjective pretty
collocations stress in intensifying
word focus: ground adverbs
linking vowel sounds
Design for life (intrusion)
pages 33–44

VIDEO: A story of solutions page 42 REVIEW page 44

4
future probability wordbuilding: -able making a short pitch weak forms in past
past modals phrasal verb come speaking skill: making key modals
word focus: give points word stress

Innovation
pages 45–56

VIDEO: This man risked it all page 54 REVIEW page 56

5
emphatic structures repeated word pairs telling an anecdote do, does and did
avoiding repetition wordbuilding: synonyms speaking skill: linking stress in short
word focus: matter events responses
long sounds

The magic of
travel
pages 57–68

VIDEO: On the road: Andrew McCarthy page 66 REVIEW page 68

6
phrasal verbs wordbuilding: compound discussing proposals stress in two-syllable
verb patterns words speaking skill: proposing verbs
injuries and conceding a point toning down
idioms: health negative
word focus: face statements
Body matters
pages 69–80

VIDEO: The art of parkour page 78 REVIEW page 80

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 Listening Reading Critical thinking Speaking Writing
two speakers talk about an article about the purpose your favourite saying taking notes
important lessons in life lessons we learn from situations in your life writing skill: using
a talk by a sociologist about the past call my bluff abbreviations
understanding what makes an article about
people who they are the language of
Shakespeare

a talk about the livelihood of an article about the analysing language more than a job a covering letter or
Kazakh nomads Moken people of safety features email
an interview with a firefighter Myanmar your comfort zone writing skill: fixed
an article about rock expressions
climbing in Yosemite

a description of a photograph an article about two summarizing your home town an opinion essay
an interview with an architect towns with individual a bit of luxury writing skill: discourse
about small homes characters how spaces affect you markers
an article about the
architect Zaha Hadid

a news report about bionic an article about the finding counter future solutions a proposal
body parts future of bendable arguments how people managed writing skill: making
an interview about the technology in the past recommendations
inspiration for inventions an article about a social a social business
entrepreneur

an extract from a talk by a travel a travel blog about evaluating sources how you travel a review
writer different approaches to a mystery tour writing skill: using
a radio interview about holidays travelling knowing places descriptive words
to unknown places an article about travel in
graphic novels

a conversation between two an article about different author influence exercise trends a formal report
friends about health and exercise regimes describing an injury writing skill: avoiding
exercise an article about beauty does beauty sell? repetition
an interview with an ultrarunner
about sports injuries

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 Unit Grammar Vocabulary Real life (functions) Pronunciation

7
passive reporting verbs wordbuilding: verb prefix out making a podcast new words
nominalization idioms: business buzz words speaking skill: hedging
word focus: break language

Digital media
pages 81–92

VIDEO: Talking dictionaries page 90 REVIEW page 92

8
the adverb just themes of songs your favourite music expressions with just
purpose and result idioms: music speaking skill: responding intonation to
word focus: hit to questions express uncertainty

The music in
us
pages 93–104

VIDEO: A biopic page 102 REVIEW page 104

9
linking words wordbuilding: verb + checking, confirming and silent letters
present and perfect preposition clarifying
participles crime and punishment
word focus: board

Window on
the past
pages 105–116

VIDEO: Collecting the past page 114 REVIEW page 116

10
adverbs and adverbial being a good member of making conversation sentence stress
phrases society speaking skill: showing intonation and
negative adverbials and having fun interest elision
inversion word focus: free

Social living
pages 117–128

VIDEO: Initiation with ants page 126 REVIEW page 128

11
unreal past forms feelings recognizing feelings heteronyms
conditionals and inversion wordbuilding: heteronyms adjectives ending
word focus: beyond in -ed

Reason and
emotion
pages 129–140

VIDEO: Madeline the robot tamer page 138 REVIEW page 140

12
approximation and vague wordbuilding: adverb + a debate intonation in
language adjective collocations speaking skill: interrupting interruptions
would idioms: adjective collocations
word focus: move

Mother
nature
pages 141–152

VIDEO: Three years and 6,000 miles on a horse page 150 REVIEW page 152

COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES page 153 GRAMMAR SUMMARY page 156 AUDIOSCRIPTS page 180

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 Listening Reading Critical thinking Speaking Writing
a talk by a journalist about a study of global facts identifying personal the impact of digital a news report
digital technology about selfies opinion media writing skill: cautious
an interview about social media an article about a day at brands language
marketing a hackers’ conference attitudes to security

an interview with a busker an interview with a identifying key points themes of songs a description
a talk by a neuroscientist about musician about cultural how to relax writing skill: parallel
music therapy influences a charity concert structures
a review of a
documentary about
Bob Marley

a talk about the significance of an article about what unanswered questions an important past event describing a past
historical objects personal letters reveal a case of fraud event
a story about an unusual crime about our past historical irony writing skill:
a story about hidden sequencing events
treasure

an extract from a radio an article about ant reading between the being a good member a discursive essay
programme about ethnic society lines of society writing skill: referring
communities an article about the social games to evidence
a podcast about the importance Hadza of Tanzania feeling free
of play

a short talk by a photographer an article about analysing structure modern life an email message
about photographing people understanding mind games writing skill: avoiding
a lecture about irrational emotions technology and misunderstandings
thinking an article about artificial occupations
intelligence in the
future

three people describe the an article about the different perspectives natural and man-made a letter to a
landscape where they live importance of geo- features newspaper
an extract from a radio literacy events in nature writing skill:
interview about the Japanese an article about how the animal and human persuasive language
poet Basho wildlife are moving into worlds
our cities

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 Life around the world – in 12 videos
Unit 11 Madeline the robot tamer Unit 1 Arctic wisdom

Discover how one project is bringing Learn how generations pass on their
humans and robots closer together. accumulated wisdom in Iqaluit, Canada.
Canada

France

USA Spain

Unit 2 Climbing Yosemite

Find out how Jimmy Chin made
a career out of mountaineer
photography.

Jamaica
Unit 3 A story of solutions Unit 5 On the road: Andrew
McCarthy

Brazil

Find out about how an architecture

company made an impact on a small
town in the USA. Learn how a travel experience
changed the life of travel writer
Andrew McCarthy.

Unit 8 A biopic
Unit 10 Initiation with ants
Learn about the inspiration behind the
making of the biopic Marley. Find out about an unusual ceremony
in the Amazonian jungle in Brazil.

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 Unit 7 Talking dictionaries
Unit 6 The art of parkour

Learn about a project which is helping

Learn about the history of free running. to preserve dying languages.

Unit 12 Three years and 6,000 miles

Russia on a horse
ance Mongolia

Palestine China

Find out about the impact of an

unusual journey on horseback.

Unit 9 Collecting the past

Uganda

Find out how China’s cultural heritage

is being preserved by shopping.

Unit 4 This man risked it all

Learn how Sanga Moses took a risk to

set up a social enterprise in Uganda.

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 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3
LESSONS FOR MORE THAN DESIGN FOR
LIFE A JOB LIFE

UNIT 4 UNIT 5 UNIT 6

INNOVATION THE MAGIC OF BODY MATTERS
TRAVEL

UNIT 7 UNIT 8 UNIT 9

DIGITAL MEDIA THE MUSIC IN WINDOW ON
US THE PAST

UNIT 10 UNIT 11 UNIT 12

SOCIAL LIVING REASON AND MOTHER
EMOTION NATURE

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 Unit 1 Lessons for life
A Tuareg tribesman at twilight, Libya

F E AT U R E S 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and these Tuareg proverbs.

What do the proverbs tell you about the Tuareg attitude to life?
10 Learning from the Better to walk without knowing where than to sit doing nothing.
past
In life, it is always possible to reach agreement in the end.
The lessons we learn from
the past Acquiring things you do not need will kill you.

2 1 Listen to two people talking about important lessons

12 What makes us who they have learned in life. Answer the questions.
we are?
1 What advice does each speaker now try to follow?
Understanding what makes 2 What experience led them to learn this lesson?
people who they are 3 Which lesson do you think a Tuareg person would agree
with? Why?
14 Immortal words
The language of 3 1 Complete the phrases the speakers use to describe the
Shakespeare life lessons they have learned. Then listen again and check.
1 The most lesson I’ve learned was …
18 Arctic wisdom 2 That’s become a sort of principle for me …
A video about how Inuit 3 A good rule of is …
elders pass on their 4 But it’s a lot easier than done …
knowledge 5 I always make a of not getting …

4 Think of an occasion when you learned an important lesson

or found a good way of doing something (e.g. about people,
friends, family, money, work, health, risk, fun). Describe what
happened. What did you do? What have you learned from it?

YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE 9
my life TAKING NOTES

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 reading lessons in life • grammar time phrases • speaking your favourite saying

1a Learning from the past

Reading 3 Read the article again. According to the article, are the
sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 Work in pairs. Read the quotation.
1 Sometimes people don’t want to follow the lessons of
Do you think this is good advice? Is it easy
the past.
to follow? Discuss with your partner.
2 A lot of Chinese people feel that their society is not
Learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t interested in the past.
live long enough to make them all yourself. 3 China’s rapid development has begun to slow down.
4 Mandela was not opposed to violence in principle.
Eleanor Roosevelt, Diplomat
5 Nelson Mandela wanted the two sides in South Africa to
2 Read the article. Match the person (1–2) forget what had happened in the past.
with the type of lesson they taught (a–c). 6 The writer suggests that most people are too selfish.
There is one extra type of lesson.
4 Find words or expressions in the article with these meanings.
1 Confucius
1 show the right direction (para 1)
2 Nelson Mandela
2 period of significant growth (para 2)
a a lesson that is difficult to follow 3 do something as a result of information or advice (para 3)
b a lesson that has been misinterpreted 4 work hard towards a goal (para 4)
c a lesson that has been forgotten 5 copy someone’s behaviour (para 4)

L E A R N I N G F R O M government has become worried that people are becoming

more selfish and individualistic. Many Chinese have been
T H E P A S T saying for some time that the traditional values in society of
2
harmony, respect and hard work have been lost. Accordingly,
Why do we never seem to learn from the past? The mistakes a few years ago the government focused attention again on
or correct actions of others should point the way for us the teachings of Confucius.
in the future. But either we forget these lessons or we fail Prior to the 1990s, Confucianism had not been fashionable,
to follow them or, in some cases, we deliberately choose but in a country which is currently developing at a dizzying
to ignore them. Of all the lessons that we have to learn, speed, his teachings offer a sense of stability and order.
perhaps the most difficult is how not to be selfish or think Nowadays, people often talk about Confucius’ idea of a
only of ourselves. ‘harmonious society’, even if they do not always act on it.
In China, the government is trying to remind people of Sometimes it is difficult to learn lessons because the
the lessons given by Confucius, the ancient philosopher. standards of the ‘teacher’ are so high. This is certainly the
Because of China’s economic boom in recent years, the case with Nelson Mandela, who tried to spread the message
of reconciliation to two sides in South Africa who hated
and distrusted each other deeply. Mandela had always been
committed to peace, and while he was living in prison, he
decided that the only way to unite his divided country was
if the two sides could talk about what had happened in the
past and begin to rebuild some measure of trust. All those
who strive for peace know that in the long term they will
have to begin a dialogue with their enemy. Yet few are able
to follow the example set by Mandela, because it requires
such a high degree of unselfishness. It seems that heeding
this warning – not to be selfish – is perhaps the hardest
lesson of all for people to learn.
‘Consideration for others ‘If you want to make
is the basis of a good life, peace with your enemy,
a good society.’ you have to work with dizzying (adj) /ˈdɪziɪŋ/ very fast and confusing
Confucius your enemy.’ reconciliation (n) /ˌrek(ə)nsɪlɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ making peace and
Nelson Mandela re-establishing relations

10

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 Unit 1 Lessons for life

Grammar time phrases 7 Complete the conversations with the correct form
of the verbs. Use the time phrases to help you
TIME PHRASES decide which form to use.
Certain time phrases are commonly (but not always) used 1 A: How long (you / learn)
with certain tenses. Japanese? You speak it really well.
Present simple: often, never, every week, generally B: Thanks! I (start) having lessons
Present continuous: now, at the moment, this week two years ago. But I (learn) a
Past simple: two days ago, last week, at the time, when few words on a trip to Japan before that.
Past continuous: at the time
2 C:  (you / try) out the new gym
yet? I (go) last night. It’s great.
Present perfect simple: just, recently, so far, over the last
D: No. Every week I (tell) myself
two years, how long, for, since (2010), already, yet, ever,
never
I’m going to go, but I never
(seem) to make it. I’m sure I
Present perfect continuous: how long, for, just, recently,
(get) there in the end, though.
since
3 E: What (you / work) on
Past perfect simple and continuous: already, before that,
currently?
up to then
F: Well, for the last two weeks I
will, going to and present continuous for future: next (do) some work at the university computing
week, in three days / in three days’ time, soon, on Friday
department.
For further information and practice, see page 156. E: Oh, that explains it. I (see) you
outside the university building the other day.

5 Look at the grammar box and the time phrases 8 Complete the sentences by writing facts about
(1–8) below. Then follow the steps (a–b). yourself. Write one sentence which is not true.
Then work in pairs. Compare sentences with your
1 in recent years 5 currently
partner and try to guess the false sentence.
2 for some time 6 nowadays
3 a few years ago 7 while 1 My work? Currently, I …
4 prior to the 1990s 8 in the long term Currently, I’m looking for a new job.
2 I like seeing new places. A few years ago, I …
a Find the verbs that are used in the article with
3 In my free time, I usually …
each of the time phrases and identify the tenses.
4 I have never … , but I’ve always wanted to.
b Match the time phrases (1–8) with the tense in
5 I didn’t … last weekend, because I had already …
the grammar box.
6 I met my best friend when I … . I … at the time.
6 Complete the sentences with these time phrases. 7 I … for several years.
8 I don’t have the time or money at the moment,
at the moment   ​at the time   ​​before that   ​ but sooner or later I …
ever   ​fifty years ago   ​for years   ​
in the coming years   ​nowadays   ​often   ​ 9 Complete the advice about life using these words.
over the last 25 years Then compare answers with your partner. Which
piece of advice do you like most? Why?
a 1
military service was compulsory
ever   ​​for   ​in   ​never   ​​now   ​while​
in the UK. But 2 young people
don’t have to go into the army. I think this will
1 Life is what happens you are making
change 3 because there is a feeling
other plans.
that young people need more discipline.
2 Value your friends. If you ignore them a
b 4 , people have definitely become
long time, they will start to ignore you.
more greedy. I’ve been saying 5
3 When you’re feeling stressed, ask yourself this
that it is not right for anyone to earn a hundred
question: five years, will the problem
times the average salary.
still seem so important?
c I’m having an interesting debate with my
4 No one has become poor by giving.
father 6 . He says that young
5 Get out more. A whole world of amazing
people don’t 7 show respect to
experiences is waiting for you right .
their elders anymore. But I don’t think you can
6 You should take yourself too seriously.
just demand respect; you have to earn it.
d When I was forty, I decided to stop working so
hard. 8 , I was working sixty hours Speaking my life
a week. It was the best decision that I have
9
made. 10 , I had had 10 Work in groups. Each write down two of your
no time to enjoy life. favourite (or least favourite!) sayings about life.
Then discuss your choices.

YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE 11
my life TAKING NOTES

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 vocabulary and listening personality and identity • wordbuilding binomial pairs •
pronunciation linking in word pairs • grammar the continuous aspect • speaking situations in your life

1b What makes us who we are?

A Paris painter next to his self-portrait

Vocabulary and listening 3 Look at these factors which can give people information
about you. Which do you think are the most significant?
personality and identity Number them in order (1–8) of importance.
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and a your friends e your life experiences
caption. Discuss the questions. b your work f your interests/hobbies
c your age g your background
1 Why is the painter putting his
d your character h your beliefs and values
hands up?
2 What impression of the painter do 4 3 Listen to a sociologist describing how we define ourselves.
you get from his self-portrait? Tick (✓) the factors in Exercise 3 that he mentions. Which is
the most important, according to him?
2 Look at the expressions to describe
people. Answer the questions. 5 3 Listen to the talk again. Choose the correct option to
complete the sentences.
a control freak   ​a dreamer   ​
a driven person   ​a family person   ​ 1 The speaker thinks the question ‘What do you do?’ can
a free spirit   ​a joker   ​ sound aggressive / judgmental as a conversation starter.
the life and soul of the party   ​ 2 Sally has been defined by her background because she
an outgoing type    didn’t grow up in the city / a normal family.
3 Sarah has dedicated her life to helping people who are ill /
1 What do you think each expression live in poor countries.
means? 4 The most important thing for John about his work is the
2 Which expressions do you think are challenge / security.
positive, negative or neutral? 5 Jack hasn’t been in a relationship since he was 34 / 25.
3 Give an example of someone you 6 Anne wants school children to eat better / more vegetarian
know who fits each description. food.

12

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 Unit 1 Lessons for life

Wordbuilding binomial pairs 9 Look at the grammar box. Which verb form in
bold describes something which:
WORDBUILDING binomial pairs
a is a current trend?
Certain pairs of words in English are irreversible, i.e. they b we expect to be happening (now or) in the future?
always appear in the same order. c started in the past and is still continuing?
rock and roll (never roll and rock), law and order d is the background to another more important
For further practice, see Workbook page 7 and 11. event in the past?
e was in progress up to a point in the past?
f happens regularly and is irritating?
6 Look at the wordbuilding box. Choose the correct
form of these irreversible word pairs (a–b). 10 Work in pairs. What is the difference in meaning, if
any, between these verb forms?
a He picks up pieces and bits / bits and pieces of
work as and when / when and as he can. 1 What do you do / are you doing?
b It seems that what defines people first and 2 My husband is always phoning / always phones
foremost / foremost and first is experience. me at work.
3 I’ve been reading / I’ve read the book you gave me.
7 Complete the word pairs using these words. 4 When I left school, I was working / worked at a
Discuss what you think each phrase means. restaurant at weekends.
5 This time next week, I’ll be sitting / I’ll sit on a
fro   ​games   ​large   ​​pains   ​quiet   ​
sound   ​ beach in the Bahamas.
sweet   ​then   ​​wide 6 He had been working / had worked as a nurse
before he became a paramedic.
1 I need peace and to concentrate. 7 She was living / had been living / lived in
2 They all came back from their canoeing trip safe Germany before she moved to this country.
and . No one was injured, but most 8 California is eight hours behind us. Anne-Marie
of them had a few aches and . will be going / usually goes to bed now.
3 Try not to give a long talk. By and ,
it’s better to keep it short and . 11 Complete the sentences using the appropriate
4 People come from far and to see continuous form of the verbs.
Stonehenge. There are busloads of tourists
1 Marlon’s a fantastic football player, isn’t he?
coming to and all day.
I (watch) him playing
5 You think my job is all fun and ,
the other day. I expect in a few years he
but actually now and we do some
(play) professionally.
serious work too!
Apparently, some clubs
(already / watch) him.
8 Pronunciation linking in word pairs
2 Katja is such a great friend. Last week I
4 Listen to the word pairs in Exercise 7. (feel) really fed up about
Notice a) how the words are linked and work and she gave me some chocolates that she
b) the pronunciation of and in the word pairs. (save) for a special occasion.
Then practise reading the sentences. 3 Marta (get) very eccentric.
She keeps budgerigars and recently she’s
started letting them out of their cages; so they
Grammar the continuous aspect (fly) all over the house. I
THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT
(sit) in her kitchen the other
day and one flew down and landed on the table.
Present continuous
1 … you feel as if people are always judging you …
2 It’s now becoming a national movement. Speaking my life
Present perfect continuous
3 He has been saying that since he was 35.
12 Think of examples of the following things. Then
work in pairs and take turns to tell each other your
Past continuous
ideas and ask follow-up questions.
4 When his children were born, he was working as a
carpet salesman. • a habit of other people that irritates you
Past perfect continuous • two things that you imagine people you know
5 At one point, he had been intending to leave will be doing right now
the company … • a situation that you hope is temporary
Future continuous • something you haven’t finished but keep
6 In a few years, he won’t be moving about anymore. meaning to
• something you had been intending to do but
For further information and practice, see page 156.
then changed your mind

YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE 13
my life TAKING NOTES

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 reading the language of Shakespeare • critical thinking purpose • word focus life •
speaking call my bluff

1c Immortal words
Reading 6 Did the author state her purpose at any point?
In which of these writing types do you think it is
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. important for an author to begin by stating the
reason for writing?
1 Who are the most famous writers in your
country’s history? What did they write? • a description • a business report
2 What Shakespeare plays or characters can you • a job application • a personal letter
name? What do you know about them?
7 Do you think the author achieved her purpose?
2 Read the article. According to the author, why are Why? / Why not?
Shakespeare’s plays still so popular today?

3 Read the article again and answer the questions. Word focus life
1 What adjective describes what England was 8 Look at the article again. Find words or
like in Shakespeare’s time? (para 1) expressions with the word life that mean:
2 What new element did Shakespeare bring to
1 realistic (para 2)
play writing, according to Bloom?
2 for all one’s life (para 2)
3 Why does Hamlet find it difficult to make a
3 with a ‘big’ personality (para 3)
decision?
4 In Romeo and Juliet, what is the nurse’s attitude 9 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions with life in
to relationships? bold. Discuss what they mean.
5 Which adverb means that Shakespeare was good
at expressing ideas in just a few words? (para 4) 1 I sold my old Citroen 2CV car last year for
6 What verb tells you that Shakespeare created £300. Now I’ve just read that they’ve become
new words and expressions? (para 4) really valuable! That’s the story of my life.
2 Work stress is just a fact of life these days –
4 Look at the expressions in italics in paragraph 4. you have to learn to deal with it.
Use them to replace the words in bold below. 3 There were people at the conference from all
walks of life – writers, students, business people.
1 I need a new jacket. This one is past its best.
4 My son was worried about going to university,
2 I’m 24. I have money and a university degree. I
but now he’s having the time of his life.
can do anything I want to.
5 Thanks for driving me to the station – it was a
3 He said that one of the shops in town would
real life-saver. I’d have missed my train.
have the right battery, but it turned out to be a
search for something that couldn’t be found. 10 Work in groups. Each think of a personal example
4 What the critics say is not significant. What for two of the expressions in Exercises 8 and 9.
matters is whether the public like the film.
5 Everyone says it’s an obvious result that Not doing well in exams has been the story of my life!
Johanna will win, but I’m not so certain.
6 There’s no point telling her he’s no good. You Speaking my life
can’t see the faults in the person you love.
7 The teacher got us to play a game to help 11 Work in two groups of three. Play the game Call
people relax at the start. my bluff using words coined by Shakespeare.
8 After six different jobs, I’m with my first Group A: Turn to page 153.
company again. I’ve arrived back at the
starting point. Group B: Turn to page 154.
• For each word, rewrite the true definition in your
Critical thinking purpose own words, then write two false definitions.
Write example sentences for each definition.
5 Which option(s) (a–d) describes the author’s main • Group A reads the three definitions of the first word.
purpose for writing this article? Underline the Group B must guess which is the true definition.
sentences in the article that tell you this. • Group B then reads the definitions of their first
a to review Harold Bloom’s book word for Group A to guess the true one.
b to explain why Shakespeare is popular today • Then repeat this procedure with the other words.
c to examine if Shakespeare’s reputation is justified 12 Think of an aspect of your life. Choose a word
d to examine Shakespeare’s contribution to related to this, and find the English word. Then
modern-day English play Call my bluff with that word.

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 Unit 1 Lessons for life

5
The sixteenth-century dramatist Ben Jonson generously with poor Hamlet because we all know that frustrating
called his rival, Shakespeare, a writer ‘not of an age, situation where our hearts tell us one thing must be true
but for all time’. And so it has proved to be, because and our heads another. We laugh at the larger-than-life
Shakespeare’s plays are still the most translated and nurse in Romeo and Juliet because of the amusing way 35
5 most performed of any playwright’s in the world. But if she offers advice to Juliet about relationships, putting
you ask people the reason for Shakespeare’s continued practical considerations before romance; she is a person
popularity, you get different answers. Some say he that we too have met. The name Lady Macbeth has
was a great storyteller, others that the magic lies in become synonymous with cold, over-ambitious women;
the beauty of his poetry. Some say it is simply because while the character of Iago still serves as a warning 40
10 he left us a huge volume of work, which was written about the dangers of jealousy and how it leads to the
during a vibrant time in English history, particularly in manipulation of others.
the theatre.
Of course the language plays a big part too.
A more interesting answer that I came across recently The observations about people and life are made more
is one put forward by the critic Harold Bloom in his memorable by the way in which they are phrased, both 45
15 book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. Bloom succinctly and poetically. Shakespeare has been dead
argues that Shakespeare gave us something that the for 400 years, but certain words and sayings of his still
world had not seen in literature before – characters exist in the English language today. Whether you are
with personalities, and particularly weaknesses, that ‘fashionable’ or ‘faint-hearted’, thank Shakespeare, who
we could relate to. These lifelike characters and the probably coined the terms. Iago promises to ‘wear his 50
20 observations that Shakespeare made about the human heart on his sleeve’, a phrase still commonly used for
condition are really what Jonson was referring to when people who do not try to hide their true feelings. In fact,
he talked about Shakespeare’s universal appeal. For it is amazing just how great Shakespeare’s influence on
Bloom, a lifelong fan of the poet, English speakers everyday modern language has been. Take, for example,
have Shakespeare to thank for much of their current these commonly used phrases: a foregone conclusion, come 55
25 language, cultural references and their understanding of full circle, has seen better days, break the ice, neither here nor
human psychology. there, the world is my oyster, a wild goose chase, love is blind.
While some might disagree with Bloom’s assertion Bloom’s title The Invention of the Human may seem a bit
about the invention of ‘personality’ in literature – many strong. ‘The enduring humanity of Shakespeare’, on the
earlier storytellers like Homer and Petrarch could claim other hand, would not be an exaggeration. 60
30 this – there is no doubt that Shakespeare’s characters
resonate with people very strongly. We sympathize

enduring (adj) /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ/ lasting a long time

faint-hearted (adj) /ˌfeɪnt ˈhɑː(r)tɪd/ lacking courage to act
resonate with (v) /ˈrezəneɪt/ create a feeling that something
is familiar or relevant

Immortal
words
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 real life getting to know people • pronunciation merged words in everyday phrases

1d How did you get into that?

Real life getting to know people 5 Pronunciation merged words in everyday
phrases
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
a 7 Listen to these questions and notice how
1 What kind of subjects do you generally like to the underlined words merge together when said
talk about – sport, entertainment, the news, quickly.
family and friends, work, something else?
2 What do you find are good conversation topics 1 I don’t think we’ve met.
for getting to know other people? 2 Is it your first day too?
3 What do you do?
2 Write three tips for a blog about ‘getting to know 4 What did you think of the show?
people’. Then share your ideas with the class. 5 What kind of films do you like?
3 6 Look at the conversation openers for b 8 Listen to these questions and write in the
getting to know people. Then listen to six short missing words.
conversations. Tick (✓) the conversation opener
they use in each conversation. 1 eat here?
2 living in New York?
GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE 3 apartment have you got?
4 the new building?
Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m …
Hi. Is it your first day at college too?
5 coffee or something?
Hey, I like your jacket.
6 Work in pairs. Act out two of the conversations for
Whereabouts are you from?
getting to know people you heard in Exercise 3.
So, what do you do?
What did you think of the show? Use the same conversation openers and follow-up
This is a long queue, isn’t it? questions. Answer as naturally as possible.
Have you seen that film everyone’s talking about?
I’m supposed to have given up sweet things, but I
7 Work with a new partner. Act out two more
can’t stop eating this cake. conversations. Follow these steps.
• Choose two of the conversation openers in the
box that you did not hear in Exercise 3.
4 6 Listen to the conversations again. Make
• Think of follow-up questions you might ask.
notes on the follow-up questions that each person
• Act out the conversations.
starting the conversation asked. Then compare
answers with your partner.

16 YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE
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 writing taking notes • writing skill using abbreviations Unit 1 Lessons for life

1e Your first day

Writing taking notes 5 Writing skill using abbreviations
1 Do you write notes sometimes on things you read or a Work in pairs. How many different
listen to? In what situations do you write notes? What abbreviations can you find in the notes? Try
do the notes consist of? What do you do with them? to guess what each one means.

2 9 Look at the notes taken by a student at a university b Compare your answers in Exercise 5a
orientation day. Then listen to an extract from the talk with another pair. Did you guess the same
and complete the information where the student put ??? meanings? Which abbreviations have the
in points 1 and 2. following meanings?
Shortened words Latin abbreviations
a including e for example
b roughly f that is to say
Talk by Principal to new students ???
c please note
1 Course reg 10 a.m. – 3 p.m. Mon in main uni hall – d and so on

compulsory. c We use abbreviations in semi-formal writing

and when writing in note form, but not
2 Overseas students. i.e. all except UK and ???, in more formal contexts. In which of the
following could abbreviations be used?
must take docs to Admissions office - incl.
1 an academic essay
education certificates, student visas + bank 2 your notes on a book you have read
account details – by end of next week. 3 a letter of complaint
4 an internal email to a close colleague
3 Uni has ‘buddy’ system (a 2nd year student)
d Look at this email message and rewrite it
to help OS sts know where things are and what in note form. Exchange notes with your
partner, cover the original email and try to
to do. reconstruct it from the notes.
4 Most courses approx. 9–12 contact hrs p.w.; plan
study time carefully. Lots of places to work, Please note that the meeting with Ellis &
Company will be tomorrow, Tuesday 12th
e.g. faculty library, main library, IT centre. May at 3 o’clock. Please can you let me
know approximately how many people from
5 If worried about study or sthg else, see student your department will be attending and if
you need further information. Thanks.
counsellor. NB each group has native speaker

counsellor.

6 Extra academic writing skills tuition available for 6 10 Listen to a talk from a university tutor
about reading for your university course
1st year sts – details in student booklet (times, and take notes. Remember to include only
the relevant points and to use abbreviations
level, etc.). where necessary.

7 Exchange notes with your partner. Use these

questions to check your notes.
3 Work in pairs. What other information did the speaker
• Do the notes include the same relevant
give that isn’t in notes 1 and 2? Discuss with your
points?
partner.
• Have they left out unnecessary
4 9 Listen again and check your answers. Why do you information?
think this information wasn’t included? • Do they use abbreviations correctly?

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 1f Arctic wisdom

An Inuit man ice fishing,

Nunavut Territory, Canada

18

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 Unit 1 Lessons for life

Before you watch 5 1.1 Watch the second part of the video (2.25
to 3.39) and complete the summary.
1 Look at the photo and the map of where the Inuit
In the past, elders were 1 for the
people live. Discuss with your partner what you
others in the community. Each one was an
think this place is like. Talk about: 2
on a particular area, helping the
• Population (many/few, old/young, etc.) community to 3 : on the weather,
• Weather on the environment, on different kinds of
• Communications (transport, internet, 4
. Inuits were happy with the
speaking/writing, etc.) 5
. The woman’s mother told her
• Way of life (traditional/modern/changing, daughter that she would see many 6 ,
stressful/relaxed, etc.) but she said, ‘Never 7 who you are.’

2 Key vocabulary 6 Watch the third part of the video (3.40 to the end)
and answer the questions.
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 1 What has happened to the Iqaluit population in
the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
recent times? Why?
1 They have asked the government to fund the 2 Name two things the woman mentions when
building of a new community centre. talking about the key to a happy life.
2 The elders of the tribe meet once a week to 3 Why does she have a communication problem
discuss any problems in the community. with the younger generation?
3 He has low self-esteem because as a child 4 What is significant about the number 23?
he was always criticized for not being clever 5 What was the main characteristic of the culture
enough. of the Iqaluit in the past?
4 Thank you for all your comments on my essay. 6 What does the narrator say is the key to these
They have been invaluable. people’s future?
5 A disproportionate number of the university’s
students are from wealthy backgrounds. After you watch
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these
definitions.
7 Vocabulary in context
a extremely useful a 1.2 Watch the clips from the video. Complete
b too large or small in comparison to something the collocations. Then discuss your answers.
else
b Complete the sentences in your own words.
c older members of a group
Then compare your sentences with a partner.
d finance, provide the money for
e how good you feel about yourself 1 I always seek advice when …
2 The last time I experienced a communication
barrier was when …
While you watch 3 The key to living a happy life is …
3 1.1 Watch the video and check your ideas
from Exercise 1. What is your overall impression
8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
of the place? 1 Is the advice and wisdom of elders highly
respected in your society?
4 1.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to 2 Is this as it should be? Why? / Why not?
2.24) again which features an interview with the
Mayor of Iqaluit. Answer the questions. 9 Think of a story that one of your grandparents (or
an older person in your community) told you and
1 What has happened to the elders in a short
retell the story to your partner. Do the stories have
time?
a lesson that is still relevant today? Why? / Why
2 What is important about the elders?
not?
3 What phrase is still relevant and is often used
in Iqaluit?
infant mortality (n) /ˈɪnfənt mɔː(r)ˈtæləti/ the number of
4 How did these people’s parents live?
children that die before they are two years old
5 How were traditions passed down between nomadic (adj) /nəʊˈmædɪk/ with no fixed home, wandering
generations? from place to place

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 Unit 1 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article. What is a ‘griot’? What lesson did 4 Complete the expressions.
the writer take away from his visit to Timbuktu?
1 a lifel painting
2 Choose the correct options to complete the article. 2 people from all w of life
3 to have the t of your life
4 a lifel passion
5 it’s the s of my life
6 just a f of life

5 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Which of these phrases

best describes these people: your best friend, your
mother, your sister or brother? Give reasons.

a control freak   ​a dreamer   ​a driven person   ​

a family person   ​a free spirit   ​a joker   ​
the life and soul of the party   ​
an outgoing person   ​

6 ❯❯ MB Correct the underlined words to complete

these phrases about life lessons. Then give an
example from your own experience that illustrates
Some years ago I 1 visited / have visited Timbuktu each phrase.
in Mali. Generally, people 2 are thinking / think
of Timbuktu as a desert town somewhere at the 1 Trying to remain positive is a lot easier spoken
end of the world. But once upon a time, Timbuktu than done.
3
was / has been a thriving city and key trading post, 2 A good rule of finger is: if you want something
a place in Africa with a long and rich history. done properly, do it yourself.
In the marketplace you get a sense of this: women 3 It’s a good idea to put a little money aside then
in brightly coloured clothes selling produce of all and when you can.
kinds. But my attention was drawn to a very old 4 My leading principle in life is: by and whole,
man who 4 had sat / was sitting in a corner. For a it’s better to ignore what others say about you.
while, people 5 had gathered / had been gathering I CAN
around him, so I joined them. He was a griot, or
describe different types of personality
traditional storyteller.
Griots 6 have been singing / sang about kings and use idioms and expressions about life
magicians, wars and journeys for generations. This
is how Malians 7 learned / have learned about their
history. He poured me a glass of tea and then I
Real life
8
listened / was listening to him tell the story of King 7 Work in pairs. Complete the conversation starters.
Mansa and the golden age of Timbuktu, a story he
9
told / had told countless times before. At the end, 1 Hi, I don’t think we . I’m
the griot quoted old Mali saying: ‘To succeed you .
need three things – a brazier, time and friends.’ The 2 Hi. Is it your first too?
brazier is to heat water for tea. Time and friends are 3 Hey, I like .
what you need to share stories. It’s advice that 10 will 4 So, whereabouts ?
stay / will be staying with me in future years. 5 So, you do?
6 What did you think ?
7 This is a long queue, ?
3 ❯❯ MB Find six time phrases in the article. Which 8 Have you seen that film everyone
tenses are used with each time phrase? Then ?
choose four of the phrases and make your own 8 ❯❯ MB Choose four of the conversation starters
sentences with them. from Exercise 7. Act out four short conversations,
I CAN using follow-up questions and answers.
use the correct tense with specific time phrases I CAN
use the continuous aspect to describe actions in progress start a conversation with someone I don’t know
ask follow-up questions to get to know someone better

20

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 Unit 2 More than a job
A golden eagle with a Kazakh hunter,
Mongolia

F E AT U R E S 1 11 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and caption. What do

you think this man is doing? Then listen to an anthropologist
22 Living off the sea talking about these people and check your ideas.
The last nomads of the sea 2 11 Listen to the speaker again and answer the questions.

24 Smokejumpers 1 What is the livelihood of the nomads in western Mongolia?

2 How are many Kazakhs making a living these days?
A firefighter who risks her 3 What is their more traditional way of life?
life to save others 4 What task requires great patience?
5 What does the hunter share with his eagle?
26 Daring, defiant and 6 What sort of activity do people think eagle hunting is these
free days?
Rock climbing unaided
3 Look at the phrases in bold. Discuss the difference in meaning
between the phrases in each pair.
30 Climbing Yosemite
A video about the 1 it’s my occupation and it’s my vocation
mountaineering 2 a trade and a profession
photographer Jimmy Chin 3 it’s a living and it’s my livelihood
4 a job and a task
5 work and a job (grammatical difference)

4 Work in groups. Can you think of (at least) two examples of

each of the following things?
a people who depend on animals for their livelihood
b a traditional occupation which is now dying out
c a task that requires great patience

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 reading the Moken people • wordbuilding phrasal verb get • grammar perfect forms • speaking more than a job

2a Living off the sea

Reading 2 Read the article about the Moken people. Answer the questions.
1 Are there more or fewer people living off the sea now than
1 Work in pairs. Look at the facts about
in the past?
the sea and try to complete the missing
2 How do the Moken ‘live off’ the sea?
numbers. Then check your answers
3 What special qualities do the Moken possess?
on page 190. Did any of the numbers
4 What does the future hold for the Moken people?
surprise you?
SEA FACTS Wordbuilding phrasal verb get
1  % of the Earth’s surface is
covered by water. WORDBUILDING phrasal verb get

2 About % of the world’s Get is one of many common verbs (e.g. take, come, go) which change
population live in coastal regions. their meaning when combined with a particle (e.g. by, on, with,
across) to make a phrasal verb.
3  % of the world’s goods are get by (on/with), get on with, get round to
transported by sea.
For further practice, see Workbook page 12.
4  % of the world’s animals live
in the sea.
5 The average consumption of fish per 12
person per year is kg.
Humans have been living off the land for thousands of
6 Fish is the main source of protein
years, developing the skills to hunt animals and harvest
for people.
edible plants. But they have been living off the sea for
7 The average time someone can hold probably just as long. However, in recent years, with the
their breath underwater is . 5 industrialization of fishing, the number of people who

LIVING
depend on the sea for their livelihood has declined.
Yet in one corner of the world, true ‘sea people’ can still
be found.
The Moken people, who migrated from China 4,000

Sea
off the 10 years ago, live among the islands dotted across the
Andaman Sea off the coast of Myanmar. Their homes are
small hand-built boats called ‘kabang’ on which they live,
eat and sleep for eight months of the year. The Moken
came to public attention in 2004, when many of them
15 escaped the tsunami that devastated coastal settlements
around the Indian Ocean. Because of their intimate
knowledge of the sea, they had felt the tsunami coming
long before others realized the danger.
The Moken use nets and spears to forage for food and
20 get by on what they take from the sea and beaches each
day – fish and molluscs to eat; shells and oysters to trade
with Malay and Chinese merchants. To get these things,
they have to dive underwater for up to six minutes at a
time. Their extraordinary ability to do this has fascinated
25 scientists. Anna Gislen of the University of Lund was
particularly interested in how the Moken could see so well
underwater. She discovered that Moken children, once they
had entered the water, were able to quickly change both
the size of their pupils and the shape of their eye lens so
30 that their underwater vision was at least twice as good as
European children of a similar age.
Although their way of life poses no threat to others, the
Moken have been constantly pressured by the authorities
to settle on the land. Ten years ago, 2,500 Moken still
35 led a traditional seafaring life. Now that number stands
at 1,000. In another ten years, this unique way of life
and the Mokens’ extraordinary skills will probably have
disappeared from the sea completely.

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 Unit 2 More than a job

3 Look at the wordbuilding box on page 22. Find the 7 Choose the correct options to complete the text.
phrasal verb with get (line 20) in the article. Does it
Before 2004, few people in the West 1 heard / had
mean ‘manage or survive’ or ‘eat or feed’?
heard of the Moken people. But since then, their
4 Look at these other phrasal verbs with get. Try to way of life and their situation 2 have attracted / had
guess what they mean. attracted a lot of interest. People are amazed, for
example, that Moken children 3 learn / had learned to
1 Sorry I haven’t got round to fixing the tap yet. swim before they can walk, and that they 4 became /
2 I know you were disappointed not to win, but have become experts at reading the ways of the sea.
you’ve just got to get over it and move on. This knowledge, which their ancestors 5 acquired /
3 I won’t be free by 5.30. I have a meeting at have acquired and then 6 passed / have passed down to
5 p.m. and I can’t get out of it. them, is now in danger of being lost as more and
4 He just invents facts and no one contradicts more Moken 7 are forced / had been forced to settle on
him. I don’t know how he gets away with it. the land.
5 Thanks for sending me the details. I’ll get back
Sadly, this is not the first time that people 8 try /
to you if I have any questions.
have tried to interfere in the Moken’s way of life
and it probably 9 won’t be / won’t have been the last.
Grammar perfect forms The Moken 10 just want / have just wanted to be left
alone. The ones I met 11 were / have been proud of
PERFECT FORMS their simple way of life. But I suspect in ten or
Present perfect simple twenty years’ time their situation 12 will change /
1 The number of people who depend on the sea for their will have changed.
livelihood has declined.
2 The Moken have been constantly pressured by the 8 13 Complete the description. Use the correct
authorities to settle on the land. perfect or non-perfect form of the verbs in
Present perfect continuous brackets. Then listen and check.
3 They have been living off the sea for just as long.
My grandfather was a forestry commissioner,
Past perfect simple which meant he 1 (be) responsible
4 They had felt the tsunami coming long before others for managing forests. I think he 2
realized the danger.
(intend) originally to be a biologist, but then he
Future perfect simple 3
(get) a job looking after forests in
5 In another ten years, these unique people will probably
Wales. He 4 (retire) now, but he’s
have disappeared from the sea completely.
still fascinated by trees and plants. I guess his job
For further information and practice, see page 158. was a way of life for him because it 5
(occupy) all his time and he 6 (spend)
so much of his life living in or around forests.
5 Look at the grammar box. Which sentence(s) in the Over the years, I 7 (often / think)
grammar box describe(s) an event or action: about working outdoors too, but I don’t think I
1 that started in the past and is not finished?
8
(follow) in his footsteps.
2 that will be completed at a point in the future?
3 that is completed but might be repeated or Speaking my life
continued and has a (strong) present connection?
4 completed before the main event in the past? 9 Work in groups. Look at these jobs and decide
which are a way of life (i.e. much more than a job)
6 Work in pairs. Discuss the differences in meaning for the people who do them. Give reasons.
between the pairs of sentences.
Have they chosen to work in an unusual environment?
1 a I’ve really enjoyed travelling around Laos. Is this a job that previous generations in their family
b I really enjoyed travelling around Laos. had done?
2 a I’ve only met John once.
b I only met John once. banker   ​coal miner​   ​graphic designer​   ​
3 a The meeting started when we arrived. IT consultant   ​farmer​   ​firefighter​   ​
b The meeting had started when we arrived. fisherman/woman   ​lorry driver   
4 a The votes will all be counted on the ​physiotherapist   ​teacher
Thursday after the election.
b The votes will all have been counted by the 10 Think of another job (from the past, present or
Thursday after the election. future) that is a way of life. Describe the job and
5 a No one has taught him how to hold his your reasons for adding this job to the list. Is your
breath underwater. job or studies a way of life for you?
b No one had taught him how to hold his
breath underwater.

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 listening smokejumpers • idioms safety • grammar passive forms • speaking safety features

2b Smokejumpers

Listening Idioms safety

1 Work in pairs. Look at these verbs. Which verbs 5 Look at this idiom Kerry used about safety in her job.
collocate with fire and which collocate with a What does it mean? Then complete the idioms about
fire? Try to put each collocation in a sentence. safety in the text below using these words.

be on   catch​   ​contain​   ​fight   ​light   ​ … in this job you can’t wrap people in cotton wool.

put out​   ​set … to​   ​set on   ​start​
be   ​become​   ​cut   ​do​   ​err​   ​follow​
be on fire: We could see smoke in the distance but we
The first rule of safety is always to 1 things by
couldn’t see what was on fire.
the book. Don’t try to make up your own rules or to
2 Look at the photos and answer the questions. improvise or to 2 corners. You’ll find that if you
3
the correct procedure each time, soon it will
1 What kind of fire is shown in the photo on 4
second nature to you – you won’t even think
page 25? How does this kind of fire start? about it. If you’re in any doubt about how something
How can they be stopped? should be done, always try to 5 on the side of
2 What qualities are needed to be a firefighter? caution. It’s better to 6 safe than sorry.
Is it a job you could do?
6 Think of something you regularly do or have done
3 14 Listen to an interview with smokejumper, that involves risk. What do/did you do to keep safe?
Kerry Franklin. Are the sentences true (T) or Use idioms from Exercise 5 in your description.
false (F)?
1 Smokejumpers are sent into places that are Grammar passive forms
difficult to reach.
2 Their job is to evaluate a fire, not to fight it. PASSIVE FORMS
3 Being a woman in this profession isn’t easy. Tenses
1 Smokejumpers are firefighters with parachutes who are
4 14 Listen to the interview again and answer
dropped into inaccessible areas …
the questions. 2 Kerry Franklin explained her career choice when she was
1 What are the consequences if a smokejumper interviewed by this programme.
is a) too heavy? b) too light? 3 That’s been known to happen.
2 What is Kerry’s view of her own personal 4 We get dropped in with tools.
safety? Modal verbs
3 When are smokejumpers sent to fight a fire? 5 If … there’s a strong wind, you might be carried a long way …
4 How do they usually try to contain a bad 6 You can get injured when you hit the ground.
fire? Infinitives and gerunds
5 How do you become a smokejumper? 7 This information has to be relayed back to base …
8 First, the fire needs to be assessed …
9 The job involves being trained to a certain standard …

For further information and practice, see page 158.

24

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 Unit 2 More than a job

7 Look at the grammar box on page 24. 10 Look at sentences 1–5 in the grammar box again. Find these
Answer the questions. sentences in the audioscript on page 181 (track 14). Then
match each sentence with these uses (a–c) of the passive.
1 What tenses are the passive verb forms
in bold in sentences 1–3? a The agent (person doing the action) is obvious,
2 How is the passive infinitive formed unknown or unimportant.
(sentences 7 and 8)? And the passive b We are following a series of actions that happen to the
gerund (sentence 9)? same subject.
3 What verb is used (informally) in place c We want to give emphasis to the agent by putting it at
of are and be in sentences 4 and 6? the end of the sentence.

8 Rewrite the sentences using passive forms 11 Choose the most appropriate form (active or passive) to
of the underlined phrases. complete the text. Sometimes both forms are possible.
1 You always need to treat fire with
caution. If you are thinking of a career in firefighting, there are
2 He burned his hands badly while he a few facts you should know. It is a highly respected
was trying to put a fire out. profession; in most countries 1 people rank it / it is ranked
3 I did the training course three times in the top ten respected jobs. The money is also good.
before they accepted me. 2
We need to compensate firefighters / Firefighters need
4 I was very grateful to the fire service for to be compensated well for the risks 3 they take / that are
giving me the opportunity. taken by them. But it is not all adventure. Firefighters
5 People or natural causes, like lightning, spend sixty per cent of their time waiting 4 for someone
can start forest fires. to call them / to be called into action. Moreover,
6 Smokejumpers sometimes make their eighty per cent of the events 5 they attend / that are
smokejumper suits themelves. attended by them are not even fires. Most are medical
7 We haven’t seen forest fires in our emergencies: for example, 6 freeing someone / someone
region since 1996. being freed from a crashed car. Others are things like
8 Above all, firefighters need to be calm. building inspections to make sure that 7 people are
It’s easy for the situation to overwhelm following fire regulations / fire regulations are being
you. followed. And the hours are long, with some firefighters
working shifts of up to 24 hours without 8 anyone giving
9 Complete the sentences with passive them / being given a break.
forms. Use these verbs.

arrest   ​​catch​   ​do   ​explain​   ​force​   ​ Speaking my life

pay​
12 Work in pairs. List two safety and security features for
1 It doesn’t need – it’s the following things. Say how each feature works and
obvious how to do it. what its purpose is. Use passive forms.
2 It wasn’t my choice to be here. I
• my mobile phone
to come.
• a car
3 I at the end of every
• my home or office block
month. Usually I’m broke for a week
before that. My mobile phone is protected by a password. Some phones use
4 If you speeding in fingerprint recognition so the phone can only be unlocked by
your car, you risk . the owner. I guess that’s probably safer.
5 It’s too late. What
cannot be undone. 13 Work in groups. Look at the idea for car safety. Then
think of your own ‘new’ safety feature for one of the
items in Exercise 12. Follow the steps below.

I think a lot of accidents could be prevented if

people always drove with two hands on the wheel.
My idea is that if people didn’t have two hands on
the wheel, an alarm would go off. That way, people
would be discouraged from using their phones or
eating while driving.

• Decide what a good feature would be.

• Write a short description of it and how it would work.
• Describe your feature to another group.
• In class, vote on the best idea.

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 reading climbing Yosemite • critical thinking analysing language • word focus foot/feet •
speaking your comfort zone

2c Daring, defiant and free

Reading 6 Work in pairs. Rewrite these sentences to include 5
the features (a–d) in Exercise 5. Then compare
1 Look at the photo and answer the questions. your more dramatic version with another pair.
1 How do you think the man got to this place? Chin watched as the climber above him held onto
2 How do you think he is going to get out of the rock by one hand, hesitating at first to take
there? 10
the picture. He wondered if it would be right
3 How do you think the photo was taken? to take the picture in case the man then fell and
hurt himself, but then he decided that he had to,
2 Read the article and find the answers to the because it was his job.
questions in Exercise 1.
15
3 Read the article again and answer the questions. Word focus foot/feet
1 What are the three things you need for 7 Work in pairs. Find two words or expressions in
free-soloing? the article with the word foot in them and discuss
2 How did Honnold feel after climbing for two what they mean.
hours and 45 minutes? 20
3 Why did Honnold carry on after his moment of 8 Read the sentences. Look at the other expressions
panic on the rock face? with foot or feet in bold. Discuss what each
4 What was the effect of this climb on Honnold’s expression means.
reputation?
1 It’s all a bit new: the college, the 25
5 What is Jimmy Chin’s greatest passion?
accommodation, the people. But I’m sure I’ll
6 When he is on an assignment as a mountaineer-
find my feet in a few weeks.
photographer, what does he believe is his first
2 When she told them at the interview that
job?
money wasn’t important to her, she really shot
4 Find words and expressions in the article with the herself in the foot.
30
following meanings. 3 You put your foot in it when you asked Jim
about his job – he was made redundant two
1 an adjective meaning ‘almost vertical’ (para 1) weeks ago.
2 a noun meaning ‘the top of a mountain’ 4 She followed in her mother’s footsteps and
(para 1) became a dentist. 35
3 an adjective meaning ‘oily’ (para 1) 5 Well, I like dancing, but I’m not sure anyone
4 an adverb meaning ‘perfectly’ (para 2) else likes my dancing. I’ve got two left feet.
5 an adjective meaning ‘very surprised’ (para 3) 6 We’re friends now, but we got off on the wrong
6 an adjective meaning ‘very skilled and capable’ foot when we first met.
(para 4)
7 a phrase meaning ‘made a very strong 9 Work in pairs. Ask each other these questions. 40
impression on’ (para 4)
1 In what kind of organization/sector is it
8 a verb meaning ‘thought about the past’ (para 4)
difficult to get your foot in the door?
2 When was the last time you put your foot in it?
Critical thinking analysing 3 When have you got off on the wrong foot? 45

language
Speaking my life
5 Find three examples of each of the following
language techniques (a–d) which the author uses 10 Work in pairs. Climbers like to live at the limits of
to make the description more dramatic. their comfort zone. Do the quiz on page 153 to find 50
out what your comfort zone is.
a short sentences (nine words or fewer)
b use of the historic present (present tense to 11 Look at the answers to the quiz on page 190 to
describe past events) find out what your comfort zone is. Discuss if you
c words with a strong meaning (e.g. sheer, line 3) agree with the answers. 55
d use of direct speech

60

26

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 Unit 2 More than a job

15
It’s a bright Saturday morning in September and a

DARING,
young man is standing on a small ledge high up on the
north-west face of Half Dome, a sheer 650-metre wall of
granite in the heart of Yosemite Valley in California. He’s
alone, far off the ground and without aids. Most climbers

DEFIANT
5
take two days to climb the face, using ropes and carrying
up to 20 kilos of equipment and bivouacking for the

&
night half-way up. Not Honnold. He is attempting the
route free-solo, which means climbing with only a chalk
10 bag and his rock shoes, and is trying to reach the top in
less than three hours. But less than 30 metres from the
summit, something potentially disastrous happens. He
loses the smallest amount of confidence. ‘What am I

FREE
doing here?’ he says to himself, staring at a greasy bump
15 on the rock face. ‘My foot will never stay on that.’
For two hours and 45 minutes, Honnold has been in the
zone, flawlessly performing one precise athletic move after
another, and not once has he hesitated. In free-soloing,
confidence is everything. All you have is belief in your
20 own ability. If Honnold merely believes his fingertips can’t
hold, he will fall to his death. Now, with mental fatigue
and a glass-like slab of rock above him, he’s paralysed,
out of his comfort zone. He hadn’t felt like this two days
before when he’d raced up the same route with a rope. For
25 a few minutes, he stands there, staring out at the sky, unable
to look up or down for fear of falling. Then suddenly, he’s
in motion again. He steps up, planting his shoe on the
smooth stone. It sticks. He moves his hand to another hold,
repeats the move, and within minutes, he’s at the top.
30 ‘I rallied because there was nothing else I could do,’
Honnold says later, with a boyish laugh. ‘I stepped up and
trusted that foothold and was freed of the prison where
I’d stood silently for five minutes.’ Word of his three-
hour free-solo of Half Dome flashed around the world.
35 Climbers were stunned, and the blog writers were buzzing.
On that warm autumn day in 2008, a shy 23-year-old
from the suburbs of Sacramento had just become a
climbing legend.
That is the magic of Yosemite: it creates heroes. But for
40 the climbers, they are just doing what they love and – if
they’re lucky – get paid for as a bonus. One such person
is Jimmy Chin, who took this photograph. He is also an
accomplished mountaineer; the difference between him
and Honnold is that Chin always works closely with
45 other climbers, taking photographs as he climbs. He was
actually brought up in the flat countryside of southern
Minnesota, but rock climbing has been his passion since
Glacier National Park first ‘blew his mind’ on a family
vacation as a boy. Photography came later, when an
50 outdoor clothing company bought one of the photos he
had taken on an expedition. As a photographer, it isn’t
easy to get your foot in the door with a good client,
so Chin, encouraged by their interest, bought his own
camera. He hasn’t looked back.
55 Combining a natural gift for photographic composition bivouac (v) /ˈbɪvʊˌæk/ to make a temporary camp without
with his mountaineering skills, Chin has become a tent
one of the leading specialists in what has been called chalk (n) /tʃɔːk/ soft white stone (formed from limestone)
‘participatory photography’. He is able to carry a camera ledge (n) /ledʒ/ a narrow horizontal surface projecting
where few dare to go, at the same time remaining a from a wall
60 reliable member of the climbing team. For Chin, that is slab (n) /slæb/ a large thick flat piece of stone
always the priority.

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 vocabulary personal qualities • pronunciation word stress • real life presenting yourself

2d Tell me a bit about yourself

Vocabulary personal qualities
1 Look at these words and expressions people use
to describe themselves at interviews. Which of the
words and expressions match the situations (a–d)?
Sometimes there is more than one answer.

conscientious   ​enthusiastic​   ​a fast learner​   ​

flexible   ​focused​   ​motivated​   ​
reliable​   ​resourceful   ​well-organized​

a It was too late to post all the invitations, so I

researched each person’s email address and
emailed them instead.
b I regularly stayed late to finish the job.
Sometimes you have to do that.
c I didn’t miss a single day at work all last year. 5 17 Listen to Katy presenting herself to a careers
d I had to do all sorts of jobs as Head of advisor. Note down the questions that the careers
Social Events: booking venues, dealing with advisor asks. What kind of work is Katy looking
entertainers, greeting new students, making for and why is she suited to this?
food sometimes.
6 17 Look at the expressions for presenting
yourself. Complete the expressions with a suitable
2 Pronunciation word stress preposition. Then listen to the interview again and
a 16 Mark where you think the stress falls on check your answers.
each of the words in Exercise 1. Then listen and
PRESENTING YOURSELF
check.
Background
b Work in pairs. Practise saying the words with the I graduated 1 there last June …
correct stress. I’ve been looking 2 a job 3 journalism …
Goals
Real life presenting yourself My ambition is to …
The media is not an easy sector to break 4 …
3 Read the advice about a common interview That’s what I’m working 5 .
question. What are some examples of things you I’d be (perfectly) happy to start 6 the bottom
probably shouldn’t talk about when asked this and then work my way 7 .
question? I wouldn’t mind -ing …
Qualities
Almost every interview will either begin with I’m good 8 -ing …
or include the question ‘Can you tell me a bit Once I start something, I follow it 9 .
about yourself?’ While it’s important not to give When it comes 10 -ing … , I …
a scripted answer, it is important to think about I have some experience 11 -ing …
how you’ll answer this. The interviewer doesn’t I have a tendency 12 …*
want your whole life story. What they really want
* for discussing weaknesses only
to know is: your relevant background, what has
brought you to this point in your career and your
hopes and goals for the future. 7 Work in pairs. Take turns to act out the roles of
either a career advisor and an interviewee OR an
employer and a job applicant. Follow these steps:
4 Work in pairs. Make a list of five more questions
that are often asked at an interview. Use these • decide what type of interview it is
words to help you. Then compare your questions • interviewer: make some notes on the questions
with another pair. you want to ask
• interviewee: make some notes on the answers
goals​   ​this job/position​   ​strengths   ​ you are going to give
in five years   ​weaknesses • act out a short (e.g. five-minute) interview.
• begin the interview with the question ‘Tell me a
bit about yourself.’

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 writing a covering letter or email • writing skill fixed expressions Unit 2 More than a job

2e A letter of application
Writing a covering letter
Dear Mr Fairburn
or email
I am writing in response to your advertisement in last
1 Read the letter of application. Find and Tuesday’s Guardian newspaper for a Trainee Marketing
underline the following key elements of Assistant. Please find attached my CV. The job attracted
a covering letter. Then compare answers me because it emphasizes opportunities for people who
with your partner.
are keen to learn and also because of your company’s
1 the job applied for reputation for innovative and high-quality travel books. I
2 where and when it was advertised am currently doing some freelance travel writing.
3 the candidate’s current situation
4 why the writer is a good candidate As a recent graduate from university, I am well aware
5 thanks for reading the letter that I still have much to learn and it is exactly this kind
6 how and when the candidate can be of challenging environment that I am seeking. You
contacted will see from my CV that I am someone who believes
in getting results. My two proudest achievements are
2 Look at the statements about a covering raising over £15,000 for a local charity and organizing a
letter. Using the letter as a model, say if
highly successful student Arts Week.
the statements are true (T) or false (F).
Explain your answers. Regarding the requirements you mention, I think I am a
suitable candidate as:
1 Keep it short. The letter should
basically just refer the reader to • I have a degree in Business Studies with a
your CV. specialization in marketing
2 Show interest in and knowledge of • I am flexible about where in the south-east I work
the organization you are writing to. • I have good organizational skills, acquired as head of
3 Just mention your general the Student Social Committee
suitability for the job. The letter
should not respond to specific I am available for interview at any time. Thank you for
requirements the company has taking time to consider this application and please do
listed. not hesitate to contact me at any time by phone or in
4 The letter should give a personal writing if you have questions about any of the above.
touch to your application.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely
3 Writing skill fixed expressions
The writer follows the conventions
of letter writing by using certain Philip Morrissey
fixed expressions. Find words and
expressions in the letter with the
following meanings. 4 Write a covering email to a company that you would like to
a I am looking for work for. Make sure you include the key elements mentioned
b I am sending in Exercise 1.
c a good person to consider
5 Exchange emails with your partner. Look at their email as if
d I am free to come
you were the employer. Use these questions to check.
e the things you say you need
f I am answering • Is it well organized and does it include all the key elements?
g feel free to • Is it grammatically correct and without spelling mistakes?
h I liked the look of • Does it use appropriate fixed expressions?
i I hope you will reply • Does it specify the key skills the organization needs?
j my CV shows you that • Is it interesting and does it have a personal touch?
k thanks for reading this • Does the application seem convincing?

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 2f Climbing Yosemite

Jimmy Chin climbs Half Dome,

Yosemite, California, USA.

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 Unit 2 More than a job

Before you watch 5 2.1 Watch the second part of the video again
(1.04 to the end) and complete the notes about
1 Look at the photo. Write down two words or Jimmy Chin’s career. Use one word in each space.
expressions to describe what is happening. Then
share your words with the class. What were the 1 In college he was part of the team.
most common words?
2 After college he went to the Bay area to find a
2 Key vocabulary job in the realm.
3 Not finding a job, he decided to take a
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in off and ski full time.
the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
4 Seven years later he was still living in the back
1 My work as a surgeon is very physical, but it’s of his and doing various jobs,
also very cerebral. shovelling snow and waiting .
2 The acting in the film was so bad that it made
me cringe at times. 5 He spent most of his time in Yosemite, where
3 We’ll need to shovel all this sand into a big he found his .
wheelbarrow and take it to the back of the 6 After some time in Yosemite, he decided he
house. would like to visit the ranges of
4 It’s no good rushing an editing job. You have to the world.
be very patient and methodical.
7 He took a photo which a friend sold for
5 On my first day at the company, they gave me
a very simple assignment – to learn everyone’s $ and realized taking photos could
name in the office! help him continue what he was doing.
8 Yosemite is a special place for him because it
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these helped to his career.
definitions.
a shrink back in embarrassment
b work or study task 6 Do you think Jimmy Chin made a good career
c involving great thought and concentration choice? Why? / Why not? How do you think his
d going through something slowly and carefully career will develop?
(often in a certain order)
e move with a large spade
After you watch
While you watch 7 Vocabulary in context
3 2.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 a 2.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
to 1.03). Note the adjectives Jimmy Chin used to the correct meaning of the words and expressions.
describe his work. Did any of these adjectives
surprise you? Were any of them the same ones you b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
used in Exercise 1? compare your sentences with a partner.
1 Before I go, I’ll need to sort out a few odds and
4 2.1 Read these sentences about Jimmy Chin’s
ends, like …
career. Then watch the second part of the video
2 We left the house and headed out …
(1.04 to the end). Are the sentences true (T) or
3 My parents freaked out when I said I wanted
false (F)?
to …
1 Jimmy Chin’s parents hoped he would follow a
professional career. 8 Look at these things people do before starting out
2 Chin realized straightaway that climbing was on a career. What are the benefits of each one, do
something he wanted to do permanently. you think?
3 Chin felt very at home in Yosemite. • travelling
4 Chin’s real ambition was to be a photographer. • doing military service
5 Being a photographer has allowed him to visit • doing various odd jobs (working in restaurants,
countries all over the world. shops, on building sites, etc.)
• building up a range of practical skills – driving,
speaking languages, computer skills (e.g. Excel)
• doing some voluntary work in the community

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 Unit 2 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Complete the article. Use the correct tense and 4 ❯❯ MB Choose the correct option to complete the
form (active or passive) of the verbs. questions about work. Then discuss the questions
with your partner.
1 What do you consider a reasonable monthly
salary to get along / by on?
2 In their careers, have any of your family
followed in their parents’ footsteps / shoes?
3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
being in the teaching trade / profession?
4 In a new work environment, how long does it
take you to find / set your feet?
5 Is getting on / forward in life and moving up the
career ladder important to you?
6 Would you rather do a challenging job or stay
on the safe road / side and do something easy?

What would be your dream job? Tommy Lynch believes 5 ❯❯ MB What are these people talking about, do
that he 1 (find) his. Two years you think? Discuss with your partner.
ago, he 2 (employ) as a waiter in a 1 ‘You need to get over it and move on.’
restaurant, but more recently he 3 2 ‘Sorry, I haven’t got round to it, but I will.’
(travel) around the world testing water slides at holiday 3 ‘I’d like to get out of it, but I can’t.’
resorts. That’s because Tommy 4
(give) the job by holiday operator First Choice of helping I CAN
them to include the best water parks in their holiday talk about jobs and careers
brochures. So far, he 5 (test) over
use phrasal verbs with get
fifty water slides and pools.
After the company 6 (create) their
own selection of ‘Splash Resorts’, they soon realized that Real life
they would need the quality of the facilities
7
(check) regularly. A First Choice 6 Match the questions (1–4) with the beginnings
spokesperson said, ‘We knew that to offer the best, we (a–g) of the answers someone might give.
would have to appoint a full-time tester. Tommy 1 So can you tell me a bit about your
8
(be) great.’ background?
He was chosen from hundreds of applicants and 2 Where do you hope to be in five years’ time?
9
(put) straight to work. 3 What are your strengths?
‘I 10 (have) the time of my life,’ he 4 And your weaknesses?
says, ‘but it’s hard work. New resorts
11
(add) to the list all the time. a My ambition is to …
So I spend a lot of my time travelling and doing b I graduated from …
paperwork. But if customers have had a great time on c I have a tendency to …
holiday, then all my work 12 (be) d When it comes to … , I …
worthwhile!’ e I’m working towards …
f I’m conscientious …
g I’ve recently been …
2 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Find five passive forms in
the article. Discuss the reason the passive has been 7 ❯❯ MB Look at these adjectives. Can you think
used in each case. (Refer to the reasons (a–c) in of a job for which each quality is especially
Exercise 10 on page 25, if necessary.) important? Give reasons.

3 Answer the questions. conscientious   ​enthusiastic   ​​​flexible   ​​

motivated   ​​reliable   ​​resourceful
1 Who created Tommy’s job and why?
2 What does the job involve?
8 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Ask and answer the
I CAN questions (1–4) in Exercise 6.
use perfect forms to look back at actions at
I CAN
an earlier time
present myself at an interview
use a variety of passive forms

32

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 Unit 3 Design for life

Apartment complex, Hong Kong

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo and caption. Discuss the questions.

1 What do you think it’s like to live in this place?
34 Towns with character 2 How would you describe these buildings and what features
Two towns with individual can you see on them?
characters
2 18 Listen to someone discussing the photo. Compare your
36 Compact living ideas from Exercise 1.
A focus on small homes 3 18 Listen again. What adjectives does the speaker use to
describe these things?
38 The paper architect
1 apartments 3 buildings
The life and work of 2 climate 4 the city
architect Zaha Hadid
4 Look at these adjectives. Make adjective + noun collocations
42 A story of solutions with these nouns: apartment, building, street, area. Which
A video about the human adjective can collocate with all four nouns?
impact of architecture
brick   ​built-up   ​deprived   ​first-floor   ​four-storey   ​
high-rise   imposing   ​main   ​narrow   ​one-way   ​
pedestrianized   ​residential   ​run-down   ​spacious   ​studio   ​
tree-lined   ​two-bedroom​

5 Think of an area or neighbourhood you know. Describe this

place and the buildings in it, saying what you like or dislike
about it.

YOUR HOME TOWN A BIT OF LUXURY HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU EXPRESSING OPINIONS 33
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 vocabulary describing towns • reading the character of towns • grammar qualifiers •
pronunciation quite, fairly and pretty • speaking and writing your home town

3a Towns with character

Vocabulary describing towns Reading
1 Work in pairs. Look at these different types of town 3 Look at the photos of two towns with a special
and answer the questions. identity. Read the descriptions of each town
that residents have written. Then match the
boom town   ​ghost town   ​historic town   ​ statements (1–6) with the towns (Granada
holiday town/resort   ​industrial town   ​market town   ​ or Billund).
port (town)    ​regional capital   ​shanty town    ​
spa town   ​university town 1 It is not a town that pretends to be
something it isn’t.
1 What are the characteristics of each type of town? 2 It is known for its period buildings.
2 Can you give an example of three of these types of 3 It is very busy with visitors from outside.
town from your own experience? 4 Its residents seem happy and comfortable.
5 It has a relaxed feel to it.
2 Look at these adjectives which describe towns. Make 6 Its economy has grown in recent decades.
pairs of opposites or near opposites.

lively   ​modern and characterless   ​quaint   ​scruffy   ​

self-contained   ​sleepy   ​sprawling   ​well-kept   ​

19

TOWNS WITH CHARACTER

Billund, Denmark
I moved to Billund in east Jutland, Denmark about ten
Granada, Nicaragua years ago. It’s a rather ordinary kind of town – except 20
in one respect. Almost everyone here has a connection
It might be cheating slightly to call Granada a town: with Lego. The town dates back to medieval times – it
it’s officially a city, but not a big sprawling city like still has a few quaint streets with period buildings in
Managua. Granada’s quite small and self-contained. It’s the centre – but it boomed when the Lego factory
5 also the oldest colonial town in Latin America (founded started exporting its toys in the 1950s and 60s. Most 25
in 1524) with beautifully preserved, elegant architecture. residents either work in the factory or the Legoland
In some historic towns you feel like you’re in a museum, theme park, or they have some other business like
but Granada’s not like that; it’s not scruffy, but it’s not a hotel or café that caters for the endless stream
particularly smart either and I quite like that. It just feels of visitors to the park. We live in a house that was
10 like a genuine working town, with farmers from the built by the company (not out of Lego, in case you 30
local countryside coming and going to sell their produce wondered). Life’s pretty good here, partly because it’s
in the town’s vibrant markets. Outside the commercial such a family-friendly town – about thirty per cent of
areas, life has quite a gentle rhythm and after dusk residents are couples with children – and partly because
everything goes pretty quiet. That’s changing a little the company looks after its people. They charge us a
15 now as tourism in Nicaragua increases and Granada fairly reasonable rent and they’ve built many amenities 35
becomes a magnet for visitors. But you can see why they for the town – a church, a library, the local park.
come; it’s such an incredibly photogenic place. My children even wear Lego-branded clothes.
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 Unit 3 Design for life

Grammar qualifiers 2 a bit   ​fairly   ​slightly

QUALIFIERS
C: We’ve just moved into a new housing estate.
D: What’s it like?
1 QUALIFIER + ADJECTIVE C: To be honest, it’s 5 modern and
quite, pretty, fairly (usually with positive ideas)
characterless. I’m 6 confident
Life’s pretty/quite/fairly good here.
it’ll get better with time as more people
Life has quite a gentle rhythm.
They charge us a fairly/pretty reasonable rent. move in. But at the moment we’re struggling
7
to enjoy it.
rather
It’s a rather ordinary kind of town.
It’s rather an ordinary kind of town. 7 Pronunciation quite, fairly and pretty
The town is rather ordinary.
a 20 Listen to the conversations. Does the stress
not very, not particularly
fall on the qualifier or the verb/adjective?
It’s not particularly/very smart either.
2 QUALIFIER + VERB 1 A: Is it far? B: ​It’s quite a long way.
quite, rather, not particularly (with like, enjoy, want) 2 A: ​How do you feel? B: ​Pretty confident.
I quite/rather like that. 3 A: ​How’s the water? B: ​It’s pretty cold.
I didn’t particularly like that. 4 A: ​Is it urgent? B: ​Yes, it’s fairly important.
slightly, a little, a bit 5 A: ​Is she famous?
It might be cheating slightly / a little / a bit … B: ​Yes, she’s quite a well-known actor.
That’s changing slightly / a little / a bit now. 6 A: ​How was the show? B: ​I quite enjoyed it.
For further information and practice, see page 160. b 20 Listen again. Which stress pattern means
‘but not very’? Which stress pattern doesn’t change
4 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. the meaning of the verb or adjective very much?

1 Do the qualifiers make the idea expressed: c Work in pairs. Practise saying the phrases. Choose
a much stronger? b less strong? which pronunciation pattern you use and see if your
2 What is the position of each qualifier when partner can guess the meaning that you intend.
used with:
a an adjective? Speaking and writing my life
b an article + adjective + noun?
c a verb? 8 Work in pairs. Answer the questionnaire about
your home town. Use at least one qualifier in each
5 Put the qualifier in the right place in the sentence. answer.
1 I always feel excited when I move to a new It’s a pretty mixed town really. Quite a lot of students
town. (pretty) live there, but it also has an industrial part. Guides on
2 Liverpool used to be a busy port in the last the internet usually describe it as a university town,
century. (fairly) but that doesn’t really give the whole story.
3 We wanted to visit Verona, but there wasn’t
time. (quite)
4 Industry in the town has declined in the last 1 How would you describe your home town?
How does this compare to descriptions of it you
thirty years. (slightly)
have read?
5 After moving to the country, we regretted our
decision. (a bit) 2 What’s your home town known for – a famous
20
6 The museum isn’t interesting, if you don’t like person, a historical event, its produce?
local history. (particularly) 3 Has your home town changed a lot in the time
you’ve known it? If so, how?
6 Complete the conversations using the qualifiers 4 I’ve got a day in your home town. What can I do?
given. 5 Where is the best place to get a nice, reasonably-
25
1 priced meal in your home town?
a little   ​particularly   ​pretty   ​quite
6 If you could change one thing about your home
A: Do you like where you live now? town, what would it be?
B: I 1 like it, but it’s not a 7 Would you be happy to live in your home town all
30
2
lively place. Don’t get me wrong: your life? Why? / Why not?
the people are 3 friendly and
they’ve welcomed us very warmly. We’ve just
had to adapt 4 after living in a big 9 Write a short description of what makes your
city like London. home town special (up to 140 words). Use the
35
descriptions in the article on page 34 to help you.

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 listening small homes • grammar intensifying adverbs • pronunciation stress in intensifying adverbs •
vocabulary adverb + adjective collocations • speaking a bit of luxury

3b Compact living
Listening 3 21 Read the sentences. Then listen to the
interview again and choose the best option to
1 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. complete the sentences.
1 How many different rooms are there in your home? 1 Jonas Wilfstrand specializes in designing
2 Do any of the rooms have more than one function? compact holiday homes / small homes in general.
3 If you had more space, what would you use it for? 2 There’s a demand for compact living spaces
because they are cheaper / more practical.
2 21 Look at the photos. Then listen to an interview
3 Dolgan homes consist of one room / a shared
with an architect who specializes in compact designs.
space and a bedroom.
Answer the questions.
4 The Dolgan need to move house regularly
1 Where are these two homes? because of the weather / their animals.
2 Why is the architect inspired by them? 5 In the ten-square metre cabin in California
A there is little room for belongings / domestic
appliances.
6 In Gary Chang’s apartment you can move /
remove the walls.

Grammar intensifying
adverbs
4 Look at these adjectives. Match each gradable
adjective (i.e. not with a strong meaning) with
an ungradable adjective (i.e. with a strong
meaning) that expresses a similar idea.
Gradable Ungradable
1 cold a tiny
2 surprising b stunning
3 important c delighted
4 small d brilliant
5 original e freezing
6 pleased f amazing
7 clever g essential
8 attractive h unique
B
5 Work with a partner. Take turns to ask
questions using a gradable adjective. The other
student should answer using the equivalent
ungradable adjective.
A: Is your apartment cold?
B: Yes, it’s absolutely freezing.

6 Look at these common spoken phrases. Which

underlined words mean ‘very’ and which
mean ‘completely’?
1 Yes, you’re absolutely right.
2 That’s really kind of you.
3 Thanks. I’d be very grateful.
4 I’m sorry. It’s totally out of the question.
5 Yes, I’m quite certain.
6 That’s a completely different matter.

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 Unit 3 Design for life

7 Pronunication stress in intensifying 10 Complete these sentences in your own words.

adverbs Use intensifiers where there is a highlighted space.

22 Work in pairs. Listen to the sentences 1 I would only eat … if I was desperate.
in Exercise 6. Note where the stress falls. Then 2 I get irritated by people who …
practise saying the sentences. 3 The last time I was tired was …
4 It’s wrong to let children …
INTENSIFYING ADVERBS 5 I think … are gorgeous.
6 I’m certain that good health is …
very, extremely, incredibly, really + gradable
adjective
I’m very pleased to welcome … Vocabulary adverb + adjective
They are extremely basic.
absolutely, really, utterly, quite + ungradable
collocations
(extreme) adjective
11 Look at this example of an adverb + adjective collocation
Some of them are really stunning.
from the interview. What does strongly mean here: ‘very’
It’s absolutely freezing there.
or ‘a little’?
completely, entirely, totally, quite + ungradable
(absolute*) adjective I’ve also been strongly influenced by the architect Gary Chang.
Today we’re looking at something completely
different. 12 Look at these other adverb + adjective collocations.
* ‘absolute’ means adjectives which do not have a In most cases the adverb has the meaning of very or
comparative or superlative form absolutely. Find the two collocations where this is NOT
the case.
For further information and practice, see page 160.
bitterly disappointed mildly amusing
8 Look at the grammar box. Turn to the closely associated (with) painfully slow
audioscript of the interview on page 182 deadly serious patently obvious
(track 21) and find: desperately unlucky perfectly reasonable
hopelessly in love vaguely familiar
a five more examples of intensifying ideally suited to wildly optimistic
adverbs with gradable adjectives
b two more examples of intensifying 13 Work in pairs. Think of examples that fit the descriptions
adverbs with ungradable (extreme) of these things (1–5) or use your own ideas. Then discuss
adjectives, e.g. amazing, disgusting your situations with another pair.
c two more examples of intensifying
adverbs with ungradable (absolute) 1 something you learned where you found progress
adjectives, e.g. right, true painfully slow
2 an ambition one of your friends has that seems wildly
9 Choose the correct intensifier to complete the optimistic
sentences. 3 a bad idea someone had, i.e. it was patently obvious
1 I prefer modern design because it’s that it wouldn’t work
usually absolutely / very simple and neat. 4 a sporting competition where someone was
Having said that, my own house is desperately unlucky
absolutely / incredibly disorganized. 5 a job you are ideally suited to
2 The outside of the house is old but the
interior is completely / utterly new. They’ve Speaking my life
done a completely / really incredible job of
renovating it. 14 The architect in the interview designed ‘a timber and
3 I saw an absolutely / entirely stunning glass vacation house with built-in sauna’. Work in pairs.
penthouse flat for rent yesterday, but it’s Look at these luxury features of houses and say which
utterly / extremely expensive. three you would most like to have in your house and
4 She’s a(n) incredibly / quite talented why. Try to use intensifying adverbs in your answer.
architect. I’d be totally / very surprised if I’d absolutely love to have a home cinema, because there are so
she isn’t famous one day. many films now with really amazing special effects that you
5 Cath is very / quite certain that there’s a can’t appreciate on a small screen.
wasp nest under her roof. She’s entirely /
utterly miserable about it. a conservatory   en suite bathrooms   ​a games room   ​
6 The price of houses in London is extremely / a garage/workshop   ​a gym   ​a home cinema   ​
absolutely ridiculous. Even a one-bedroom a large kitchen   ​a library   ​a roof garden   ​a sauna   ​
flat is absolutely / completely unaffordable. a walk-in wardrobe

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 reading Zaha Hadid • critical thinking summarizing • word focus ground • speaking how spaces affect you

3c The paper architect

Reading Word focus ground
1 Look at the photos and answer the questions. 6 Work in pairs. Look at the expression in bold from
the article and discuss what you think it means.
1 Do you like the designs? Why? / Why not?
Then do the same for the other expressions in bold
2 Do you have a favourite modern building?
(1–5).
What is it and what do you like about it? Have
you been inside it? But as with anyone who tries to break new ground, it
was not easy to convince people to follow.
2 Read the article about the architect Zaha Hadid.
Choose the statement (a–c) that best summarizes 1 It’s a very clever design, but as a business idea
her aims. it will never get off the ground unless they get
some money to develop it.
a to prove that women too can be successful 2 The council decided to close the swimming
architects pool on the grounds that it wasn’t making
b to create original buildings that people like to money.
be in 3 It was a great meeting. We covered a lot of
c to create buildings with unusual and complex ground in the two hours.
forms 4 Even though she’s going to appear on TV,
it’s important that she keeps her feet on the
3 Read the article again and answer the questions.
ground, because it may lead to nothing.
1 Why was Hadid called ‘the paper architect’? 5 No one seemed to think his plan would work,
2 What does it mean when it says Hadid became but to his credit, he stood his ground.
‘sought-after’?
3 What challenges did Hadid face when she 7 From your own experience, think of an example of
entered the architecture profession in Britain? each of the following.
4 How did Hadid begin when she wanted to 1 someone who always keeps their feet on the
create a new design? ground
5 Why were potential customers doubtful about 2 a time when you stood your ground (despite
Hadid’s designs? opposition)
6 What was the most important thing for Hadid 3 a company which is always breaking new
when designing a new building? ground with its products
7 What is interesting about the inside of the
Evelyn Grace Academy?
8 How does the author conclude that Hadid will Speaking my life
be remembered?
8 Public buildings or spaces can sometimes have
bad associations for people. Look at these places
Critical thinking summarizing which people in a survey said they didn’t like
being in. How do you feel in each of them? Why?
4 In order to check you have understood the main
points of an article, it is useful to be able to 1 a dentist’s surgery
summarize its message or arguments accurately. 2 a lift
To help you summarize this article, underline 3 an airport departure lounge
adjectives or nouns that describe the following: 4 a classroom or lecture hall
5 a large open plan office
• Zaha Hadid’s designs
• her character 9 Work in small groups. Choose one of the public
• her buildings spaces in Exercise 8. Discuss how the design of this
• her position in the world of architecture space could be improved to make people feel more
• the effect of her buildings on the user comfortable. Think about the following:

5 Compare the words you underlined with your • shape and size of the space
partner. Then together compose a short summary • lighting
of Zaha Hadid’s life and her contribution to • arrangement of furniture
architecture. • other additions (music, plants, etc.)

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 Unit 3 Design for life

T H E P A P E R
A R C H I T E C T
23
For a long time, Iraqi-born Zaha Hadid was known as ‘the
paper architect’. That was because very few of her bold
and daring designs, though frequently praised for their
imagination and originality, ever left the page to become
5 real buildings. Between 1978, when she graduated, and
1998, just four of her 27 projects were actually realized.
However, following the successful completion of two art
galleries in Cincinnati and Denmark and a commission
for BMW in Leipzig in 2005, Hadid’s buildings began to
10 appear everywhere. Within ten years, she had become she had designed a building just so that they could stare 40

one of the most sought-after architects in the world. So and admire its beauty from the outside. ‘Architecture,’
why did Hadid’s architecture take so long to be accepted? she said, ‘is not a medium of personal expression for
me. It facilitates everyday life.’ In other words, her aim
Firstly, she was one of the few women in a profession was to create buildings that were not just innovative,
dominated by men. Today in Britain less than fifteen per but practical too. The internal space and how people 45
15 cent of practising architects are women. A lot more enter interacted with it were the keys for her.
the profession, but over half leave, either because of slow
career progress or because they become disillusioned For this reason, she was attracted particularly to public
with the conservatism of most British architectural projects: for example, the Aquatics Centre for the
design. But in Hadid’s case, this seems to have been a 2012 Olympics and the Evelyn Grace Academy, a large
20 motivator. From an early stage, she was determined to secondary school in south London. For the latter, Hadid 50

challenge the establishment with her own new ideas. But designed a building with lots of natural light and dramatic
it was never going to be an easy fight. angles, so that pupils could view the activity of other
students from different perspectives within the structure.
Secondly, even during her student days, Hadid was Right in the middle of the site, between buildings, she
interested in pushing boundaries and in creating placed a 100-metre running track to celebrate the school’s 55
25 buildings that were new and different. She felt that emphasis on sports. The idea of offering the viewer
21st-century developments in materials science and multiple viewpoints inside a building is a common theme
computer modelling tools provided an opportunity in Hadid’s work. Internal spaces interconnect cleverly so
to experiment with more complex curved forms than that the visitor is surprised and charmed at every turn.
architects had attempted in the past. She would initially
30 sketch out her ideas in the form of an artist’s drawing. Zaha Hadid died of a heart attack in 2016 aged 65, leaving 60

But as with anyone who tries to break new ground, it behind a groundbreaking body of work. She remained
was not easy to convince people to follow – to believe all her life something of an outsider; or, if not completely
that these sketches could be translated into functional outside, then on the edges of the architectural
structures. However, once people began to see the results establishment. Yet her impact on architecture was
35 – in buildings such as the Guangzhou Opera House in enormous: it will never be the same again. 65

China and the MAXXI art museum in Rome – they began

not only to believe, but also to start shouting her name.
The idea of the architect as an artist was something Hadid
herself rejected. She did not want people to think that

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 real life expressing opinions • pronunciation linking vowel sounds (intrusion)

3d A lot to recommend it
Real life expressing opinions
1 Work in pairs. Think about a public work
of art in your town or area. Describe it to
your partner, saying what you like or dislike
about it.

2 Look at the photo and the caption and

discuss the questions.
1 Do you like these public works of art?
Why? / Why not?
2 What benefits do you think they might
The Crown Fountain and
bring to the city (for both locals and
the ‘Bean’ in Millennium
visitors)?
Park, Chicago
3 24 Listen to two people discussing a
proposal for a public work of art in a city.
Answer the questions.
6 Look at the expressions for expressing opinions. Say
which expressions are used to agree, disagree politely,
1 What piece of work is being proposed? disagree or give an opinion.
2 Are the speakers in favour of or against it?
EXPRESSING OPINIONS
4 Work in pairs. Read the short text below. I think … / I reckon …
Then discuss which way of expressing I have to say, …
opinions you most commonly encounter. Personally, I …
How much does this depend on the person For me, … / If you ask me, …
you are talking to? It seems a bit … to me.
It’s pretty obvious that … / It’s fairly clear that …
Different people express their opinions I’m (all) in favour of …
in different ways. Some people disagree I’m against …
briefly and bluntly, e.g. ‘I don’t agree,’ I agree completely. / Absolutely.
or ‘That’s not correct.’ Others disagree I disagree. / I don’t agree.
openly but politely, e.g. ‘I’m afraid I don’t I don’t think you should underestimate …
share your opinion.’ In some cultures, it is I can see that, but …
I’m not (entirely) convinced that …
considered rude to disagree openly and
people express disagreement by keeping
silent or even by saying the opposite, e.g.
‘Yes, I agree.’
7 Pronunciation linking vowel sounds (intrusion)
a 25 Listen to these phrases. Which consonant sounds
(/w/ or /j/) are used to link the vowel sounds in each of
5 24 Listen to the discussion again.
these sentences (1–6)?
Complete the arguments that each speaker
gives in favour of or against the idea. 1 Have you seen the ‿ artwork?
2 It’s more likely to ‿ attract people.
1 Speaker A: I think it’s
3 If you ‿ ask me, …
.
4 I disagree ‿ about the cost of it.
2 Speaker B: Personally, I’d rather have
5 I ‿ expect you’re right.
something .
6 I’m not so ‿ interested in architecture.
3 Speaker B: I’m also not convinced that it
will . b Work in pairs. Practise saying the sentences in Exercise
4 Speaker A: I reckon people … will really 7a, linking the vowel sounds with /w/ and /j/.
like the fact that it
. 8 Work in pairs or small groups. Look at the two
5 Speaker B: I’m all in favour of something proposals for a public work of art on page 154. Ask
that’s relevant …, but I’m afraid it just each other for your opinion of each proposal. Use
seems . expressions to agree or disagree.
6 Speaker A: Well, for me, it’s very important
What do you think of the LED screen idea?
that it’s .
Personally, I think …

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 writing an opinion essay • writing skill discourse markers Unit 3 Design for life

3e Old and new

Writing an opinion essay
Should we allow modern
1 Look at the photo of two buildings. Do these two buildings to be built next to
buildings go well together? Why? / Why not? older buildings in a historic
area of a city?
2 Read the essay question and the essay. Answer the
questions. In order to answer this question
properly, first we need to ask
1 What is the writer’s opinion?
whether people actually want to
2 What arguments does he give to support this?
preserve the historic character of
3 What points against his own argument does he
an area. Not all historic buildings
mention?
are attractive, but they may
3 Look at the four key elements of an opinion essay. contribute to an overall feeling
Find each element in the essay. What is the correct that makes the area attractive to
order? people. What should we do then if
a new building is needed?
a deal with opposing arguments
b give your opinion and present the arguments In my view, modern architecture
supporting it can fit perfectly well with buildings
c make your conclusion from another period. Indeed, there
d analyse the question and set out your starting are many examples in my own
point home town of Tours where radical modern designs
sit comfortably next to old buildings. As long as the
new building is pleasing and does not dominate
4 Writing skill discourse markers
its surroundings too much, it should enhance the
a The writer uses certain phrases to present his attractiveness of the area. Having said that, there
ideas. Look at the underlined discourse markers must also be a limit to the number of new buildings
in the essay and match the discourse markers with if people want to preserve the area’s historic feel.
the function (1–5). Admittedly, there are examples of modern buildings
1 introduce an opinion (1 adverbial phrase, 2 which have spoilt an area, but this is not an argument
verb phrases) against putting new buildings among historic
2 qualify or make a concession to an opinion or ones in principle. I suspect that the main reason
argument (2 adverbial phrases) for objections to such buildings is that people are
3 reinforce a point or argument (2 adverbial conservative: in other words, they do not like change.
phrases) In conclusion, I believe that while we must respect
4 express the same point in another way (1 the views of others, it is the duty of architects and
phrase) planners to move things forward. After all, if we only
5 sum up the argument (1 adverbial phrase) reproduced what was there before, we would all still
be living in caves.
b Complete this text. Use discourse markers from
Exercise 4a.
1
, modern buildings that 5 Write an opinion essay about this question (200–
try to imitate older architectural styles do not 250 words).
work. 2 , they sometimes Should we create more socially mixed residential areas,
look worse than an unimaginative modern where rich people live next to poorer people, instead of
design. Despite this, some architects and in separate communities?
planners insist on building in a ‘traditional’
style. 3 , their intentions are 6 Exchange essays with your partner. Use these
good: they do not want to spoil the overall look questions to check your essays.
of an area, but 4 they are
• Is their opinion clear and have they presented
mistaken. It would be much better if architects
both sides of the argument?
and planners considered a range of new designs.
• Have they followed the structure suggested in
5
, they need to be more
Exercise 3?
adventurous.
• Have they used discourse markers correctly to
present the ideas?

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 3f A story of solutions

The new fire station in Newbern,

Alabama, USA

42

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 Unit 3 Design for life

Before you watch After you watch

1 Look at the photo. How does (or did) this building serve 6 Vocabulary in context
the community? Who works/worked there and what is
their job like, do you think? a 3.2 Watch the clips from the video.
Choose the correct meaning of the words
2 Look at this list of public buildings or buildings that and phrases.
serve the community. Add any others you can think of.
Then answer the questions (1–2). b Work in pairs. Complete these sentences
in your own words. Then compare your
college   ​community centre   ​court house   ​fire station   ​ sentences with a partner.
hospital   ​museum   ​leisure/sports centre
1 The sole reason that I learn English is …
post office   ​public library   ​theatre   ​town hall
2 … was a catalyst for …
3 The book, … , had a profound effect on
1 Which buildings/amenities would you expect to find
me when I was younger.
in a town of less than 500 people?
2 Which do you think are the most important 7 Look at the viewer comments about the
buildings/amenities for residents? video. Which is closest to your impression
after watching the film? Explain why.
While you watch
3 3.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to 0.14).
Note down all the things you see. Compare notes with
your partner. Then answer the questions. AJ

1 What kind of town is Newbern? I found this very uplifting. I agree with
2 Can you describe the buildings you saw in the town? what the woman said at the end: it’s
What were they like? people that make the difference. And
you can see that these people really care
4 3.1 Watch the whole video. Give more details of about each other and their community.
what you saw by answering these questions.
1 What was the first fire engine you saw like?
HF
2 What was the meeting about?
3 How would you describe the design of the new fire I love the simplicity of this architecture.
station? It answers the need and nothing more.
4 What kind of fire did you see?
5 What did you see the architecture students doing?
6 Who did you see using the library? TS
I came to this thinking that I was going to
5 3.1 Watch the whole video again. Pause after each see some very innovative or radical new
speaker and write in the words to complete the summary architectural designs. But actually, there
of each speaker’s message. The first letter is given for you. weren’t any. Disappointed.
1 Sarah Curry: Having no local firehouse means houses
b d ; so people can’t get
YL
i and they are h .
2 Andrew Freear: Community groups focused on the I can’t really put my finger on why I like
o and we helped with the b . this. Perhaps it’s just the way it’s filmed.
3 Patrick Braxton: Our first call was to a grass fire and
we took t -t people with us.
4 Andrew Freear: Frances Sullivan came to us and said
‘If you really want to help, build a l .’ 8 What new building would your community
5 Kesha Jones: I don’t know how you c most benefit from? Present your idea to the
Newbern, but I’m very g you came. class and explain your reasons.
6 Sarah Curry: This works because everyone is working
towards the s g as a team.
7 Frances Sullivan: Architecture is part of the
s , but it’s the p that really
make the difference.

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 Unit 3 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Look at the photo. What do you think this building 4 Complete the phrases. Then put the phrases into
is for? Read the text and check your ideas. three categories: a feature of a house, a feature of a
town and an adverb + adjective collocation.
2 Choose the correct options to complete the text.
1 a two-b flat
2 b ly disappointed
3 ab wall
4 ab -up area
5 as ing suburb
6 a ten-s block of flats
7 an en-s bathroom
8 w ly optimistic
9 aw -in wardrobe

5 Which of these adjectives would you use to

describe these places from Unit 3?

characterless   ​compact   ​imposing   ​lively   ​
modern   ​quaint   ​run-down   ​sleepy   ​smart   ​
spacious   ​

I 1 really / completely love the London Olympics

Aquatics Centre. It’s a great example of how
to design a public building and actually it’s
2
slightly / quite rare for design and function to 6 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Use the adjectives from
come together as successfully as this. It’s both very Exercise 5 to describe a building, area or city that
practical and 3 extremely / absolutely pleasing you know.
to look at. Like many of Hadid’s buildings, the
outside has a 4 quite / rather organic feel to it. I CAN
Some say it looks like a large turtle with its flippers use adverb + adjective collocations
outstretched. Hadid did not 5 quite / particularly describe buildings and places
want to add these ‘flippers’, but they were extra
structures needed to accommodate the 15,000
spectators attending the Olympic swimming Real life
competitions. After the Olympics, 12,500 seats
were 6 completely / utterly removed. If the exterior
7 Match the sentence beginnings (1–7) with the
endings (a–g).
is 7 a bit / pretty remarkable, the interior is 8 quite /
entirely spectacular. Bare concrete sweeps this way 1 Personally, a of public art works.
and that in beautiful curves and the diving boards 2 It seems a bit b the benefits.
seem to grow out of the floor. At floor level is the 3 It’s pretty clear that c no one wants it.
fifty-metre pool, which is 9 totally / really still and 4 I’m all in favour d completely.
a deep, deep blue. The whole effect is 10 entirely / 5 I can see that, e I think it’s a great idea.
incredibly dramatic. 6 I agree with you f old-fashioned to me.
7 You shouldn’t g but I still think it’s too
underestimate     expensive.
3 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Look at the adjectives
which follow the modifiers or intensifiers in the 8 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Give your opinions about
text. Which are: a) gradable adjectives an idea to create a small zoo in your local city
b) ungradable (extreme) adjectives and where children can learn more about animals.
c) ungradable (absolute) adjectives? Use the expressions in Exercise 7.

I CAN I CAN
use adverbs to modify or intensify meaning express my opinions
agree and disagree politely

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 Unit 4 Innovation

‘Cyborg’ woman with a bionic eye

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo and caption. What do you think ‘cyborg’

and ‘bionic’ mean? Is this science fiction or something real?
46 Shrink it, bend it,
2 26 Listen to a news report about bionic body parts. Answer
fold it the questions.
The future of bendable 1 How badly damaged was the woman’s sight before her
technology operation?
2 What could she see after the operation?
48 The mother of 3 Who are the ear buds designed for and what can they do?
invention 4 What question does this new technology raise?
What drives new
discoveries
3 26 Work in pairs. Try to replace the verbs in bold with the
more scientific verbs used in the news report. Then listen to
50 The shoe giver the news report again and check.

The story of a successful 1 Surgeons put an electronic chip into her right eye.
social entrepreneur 2 It’ll probably take months for Lewis to teach her brain to
see again.
54 This man risked it all 3 She can already see nearby objects …
4 They can cut out the background noise …
A video about a social 5 … or make surrounding sounds louder …
enterprise in Uganda
4 Discuss how bionic body parts (e.g. bionic legs, a bionic
hand, a bionic eye, bionic skin) could be more ‘effective’ than
biological body parts. What advantages or abilities could
they have?

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 reading bendable technology • wordbuilding -able • grammar future probability • speaking future solutions

4a Shrink it, bend it, fold it

Reading 3 Read the article again and answer the questions.
1 How do 21st-century TVs and mobile phones
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
compare with 20th-century ones?
1 What everyday objects can you think of that you 2 Where will the next generation of solar cells
can shrink, bend or fold? be placed?
You can shrink a jumper. 3 What is the author’s prediction for bendable
2 What other everyday things could it be useful to screens?
make smaller by shrinking, bending or folding? 4 Who in future will be able to launch their own
small satellite?
2 Read the article. Make two lists of objects (a and b). 5 What are the benefits of the new specially
Were these the same as your ideas in Exercise 1? coated ‘super-pills’?
a objects we are already familiar with that can be
shrunk, bent or folded
b objects we will see more of in the near future that
can be shrunk, bent or folded

SHRINK IT, BEND IT, FOLD IT

27

There’s always something rather satisfying about things Space exploration:

that can be reduced in size and packed away: a folding ‘Cubesats’ – tiny satellites
bike you can take on the train; a raincoat you can roll measuring 10 cm across that
up and pop into a carry bag; folding, unbreakable can be taken up into space with
5 sunglasses you can put in your back pocket. Now larger satellites – have become much 30
advances in electronics and materials science are pushing more affordable: anyone can launch their own satellite
the boundaries of what is possible, helping manufacturers now for as little as $3,000. This should increase our
to make increasingly smaller or thinner or more flexible chances of making new discoveries in space.
devices: you only have to compare a 21st-century Medicine: Doctors are already successfully repairing
10 television or mobile phone with a 20th-century one to see damaged eyesight with tiny electronic implants and 35
that. What might the next ten years bring? removing blockages in arteries with small foldable
Energy: The idea of harnessing solar energy is nothing stents. Progress in bionics is likely to continue at a fast
new, but we may well be about to see a revolution in pace, although it will almost certainly raise difficult
the construction of solar cells which will allow them to ethical questions along the way. The other area in
15 be incorporated into an ultra-thin transparent film. So which materials science is making huge progress is in 40
instead of expensive solar panels on roofs or in solar how drugs are delivered into the body. New types of
farms, in future they could form part of the windows on coating around pills mean each pill needs to be taken
our buildings. just once and then the drug inside can be released
Communications: Using screens as thin as a sheet of over weeks and months, even
20 paper, bendable technology is already here, but the years. It’s likely that such ‘super- 45

chances are that it will become very widespread in the pills’ will in future be inserted
coming years: phones that wrap around your wrist, directly into the area needing
foldable computers that fit into your jacket pocket. treatment, such as cancer
Perhaps one day soon we will see TV screens that can be cells, increasing the drug’s
25 rolled up and carried with us. effectiveness enormously.

harness (v) /ˈhɑː(r)nɪs/ getting hold of and using

implant (n) /ˈɪmplɑːnt/ something that is put in your
body during an operation
stent (n) /stent/ a small expanding tube used to
replace damaged tubes in your body (e.g. in arteries)

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 Unit 4 Innovation

Wordbuilding -able 6 Look at the expressions of probability again

in the grammar box. Discuss which words or
WORDBUILDING -able phrases mean the following:
We can add the suffix -able to many verbs to form an 1 something is possible (about 50% chance)
adjective meaning something is possible. The prefixes 2 something is probable (about 70% chance)
un-, in- or non- can also be added to say that something 3 something is not probable (about 20% chance)
is impossible.
4 something is very sure or almost certain
foldable, removable, unbreakable, non-negotiable
(about 90% chance)
For further practice, see Workbook page 29.
7 Look at the description of innovations. Rewrite
the phrases in bold using the words in brackets.
4 Look at the wordbuilding box. Then rewrite the
sentences (1–6) using adjectives ending in -able. You Smart textiles are already here but 1 we will
will need to change other words in the sentence. probably see (chances) a lot more of them in
the coming years. Some innovations will just be
1 You can’t reuse those cups: you’re supposed to
cosmetic but others 2 are likely to have (may well)
dispose of them.
practical uses. For example, scientists at Penn State
Those cups aren’t reusable; they’re disposable.
University have created a self-repairing fabric.
2 They said this camera couldn’t be broken. I hope
They believe that within the next ten years people
they refund me the money. 3
will probably be wearing (likely) clothes that
3 Can I wash this jacket or does it have to go to the
mend themselves. 4 It’s possible this will mean
dry cleaners?
(could) the end of sewing as we know it.
4 The car can be repaired. It’s just a question of
Meanwhile, researchers in China have made a
whether I can afford the repair.
fabric that generates electricity as you move. It
5 I can’t excuse his behaviour. All I asked was that I 5
is unlikely to produce (probably) large amounts
could rely on him.
of power but 6 it will probably be (should) enough
6 You can’t imagine how painful it was.
to recharge a phone.

Grammar future probability

8 Complete the conversation using one word
FUTURE PROBABILITY in each space. There is sometimes more than
30 one possible answer. Then discuss if you agree
Modal verbs
may (well) / could (well) / might (well), should with the speakers’ views.
In future they could form part of the windows ... A: Do you think that the problem of internet
We may well be about to see a revolution in solar cells. security 1 get worse in the
It should increase our chances of making new discoveries …
future?
35 Adverbs B: Well, there 2 be a technological
perhaps, maybe, probably, almost certainly
solution, but I doubt it. I think what’s more
It will almost certainly raise difficult ethical questions. 3
to happen is that we’ll use
Perhaps one day soon we will see TV screens that can be
rolled up.
the internet more and more and internet
crime will almost 4 increase.
Adjective phrases
40
A: I think you’re right. Internet security may
It’s possible/probable/(un)likely that; is likely to
It’s likely that in future ‘super-pills’ will be inserted.
5
improve, but the criminals
Progress in bionics is likely to continue at a fast pace. will 6 get better at what they
do too.
Noun phrases
The likelihood is (that), The chances are (that), There’s a
45
good chance (that) Speaking my life
The chances are (that) it will become very widespread.
9 Work in pairs. Choose two of the challenges
For further information and practice, see page 162.
(or your own ideas) that people face in the
21st century. Discuss whether technology
5 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. will be able to solve them, and if so, how.
Use expressions of probability.
1 How does well affect the meaning when it is used
after may, might or could? • Traffic congestion and pollution
2 What are the usual positions of an adverb of • The growing shortage of water
probability? • Curing illness and disease
3 Sentences with (un)likely have two possible I think technology will almost certainly be able to
grammatical forms. What are they? Transform each solve traffic congestion and pollution problems.
example in the grammar box using the other form. There’s a good chance that …

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 listening the inspiration for innovations • vocabulary phrasal verb come • grammar past modals •
pronunciation weak forms in past modals • speaking how people managed in the past

4b The mother of invention

Listening
1 Work in pairs. Look at the saying below.
Discuss what it means and if you think
it is always true.
Necessity is the mother of invention.

2 Look at the photo and the caption. What

adjectives would you use to describe
this invention? What do you think the
inventor is trying to achieve?

3 28 Listen to an interview about

what inspires inventions. Choose the
statement (a–c) that best summarizes
the speaker’s view.
a Most inventions are an answer to an
urgent need.
b Most inventions are things that we
didn’t imagine we needed until we
became used to them.
c Most inventions come from
companies who want to make a
commercial profit.

4 28 Listen to the interview again and

choose the correct option to complete Charles Steinlauf’s invention: a four-position
the sentences. bicycle which also contains a built-in sewing machine

1 People in their twenties probably

can’t imagine doing research / following Vocabulary phrasal verb come
the news without the internet.
2 Martha Kay is a business woman / an 5 Look at the sentences. Choose the correct meaning (a–c)
academic. of each phrasal verb. The first three sentences are from the
3 In the nineteenth century, British interview.
politicians said the telephone was too 1 But how do such inventions come about?
expensive / of little use. a succeed b happen c work
4 The presenter uses the telephone as 2 Entrepreneurs often come up with ideas to make our lives
an example of a case where a need a little more convenient.
was filled / didn’t exist before. a think of b ignore c search for
5 Most innovations make our lives 3 Over time, we come to rely on them.
more satisfying / easier. a start to b try to c have to
6 The presenter suggests that women 4 A researcher came across the material for post-it notes
in the 1960s liked going out to shop / when looking for a new kind of glue.
staying in the house. a thought of b found by chance c stole
7 The mobile phone and the 5 Early experiments with flying didn’t really come off.
personal computer are examples of a succeed b get noticed c get taken seriously
innovations that were very expensive 6 Perrelet was so respected that when other watchmakers
at first / seen as unnecessary. came up against a problem, they would consult him.
8 Literary Digest predicted that the a solved b encountered c analysed
motor car would remain a luxury / go
out of fashion. 6 Work in pairs. Write three sentences using the phrasal verbs
from Exercise 5. Then read your sentences to your partner
omitting the verb and see if they can guess the missing verb.

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 Unit 4 Innovation

Grammar past modals 10 Complete the sentences. Use an appropriate past

modal verb form with the words in brackets.
PAST MODALS
1 Before cars were commonplace, it
1 had to (do) (not / be) so easy to take
They felt they had to find a way to communicate at your family for a weekend outing.
a distance. 2 In the 1940s, people (not /
2 needn’t have (done) / didn’t need to (do) own) a television, because radios provided
They didn’t need to have phones. news and entertainment.
We have so many things around us that we needn’t 3 Before satellite navigation in cars, people
have acquired.
(depend) on printed maps.
3 must have, might/may/could have, can’t have (done) 4 I never use this microwave oven. I
Life must have been very different before the (buy) it.
invention of certain things.
5 In the days before TV, it
You might never have considered how people searched
(be) really exciting to go to the cinema!
for information before the internet.
It can’t have been easy.
6 I’m not sure who invented the wristwatch. It
(be) a Swiss person.
4 should have / ought to have (done)
7 The inventor of ‘cats eyes’ in the road
They probably should have been more open-minded.
(receive) more recognition.
For further information and practice, see page 162. They’ve saved a huge number of lives.
8 I think when Tim Berners-Lee invented the
internet, he (realize) that it
7 Look at the grammar box. Match the past modal would have negative as well as positive effects.
verb forms (1–4) with the uses (a–d).
a to speculate on past events 11 Pronunciation weak forms in past modals
b to talk about an obligation
c to say what was expected or advisable a 29 Circle the weak forms (words not stressed,
d to talk about a lack of necessity including ‘to’) in these past modal verbs. Then
listen and check.
8 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences with the 1 It should have worked, but it didn’t.
correct past modal verb form.
2 I had to wait half an hour.
1 needn’t have   ​didn’t need to 3 He must have forgotten.
4 You needn’t have worried.
a We use to say something 5 She may have left already.
wasn’t necessary but it was done anyway. 6 I didn’t need to be there.
b We use , to say something
wasn’t necessary whether it was done or not. b Practise saying the sentences in Exercise 11a.
2 may/might/could have   ​must have   ​
can’t have
Speaking my life
a When we use , it means
we are almost certain that something
12 Work in groups. Use a range of past modals to
speculate on the answers to these questions.
happened / was true.
b When we use , it means How did people:
we are almost certain it didn’t happen / • wake up on time before there were alarm clocks?
wasn’t true. • keep money safe before savings banks existed?
c When we use , it means • entertain themselves in the evenings before we
we think it possibly happened / was true. had electricity in our homes?
• deal with aches and pains without medicines?
9 Choose the correct options to complete the • contact each other in an emergency before the
conversation. telephone existed?
A: I didn’t hear you leave this morning. I 1 must / • clean their teeth without toothbrushes?
might have been asleep. • detect broken bones before x-rays existed?
B: I left for work very early, actually. But I 2 didn’t
need to bother / needn’t have bothered. There was 13 Work in pairs. Think of two commonly used
no traffic. inventions: one that you couldn’t live without
A: I think it was a school holiday. That 3 could / should and one that you find unnecessary. Discuss the
have been the reason. But you 4 had to wake / should inventions and the reasons you chose them.
have woken me. I got to work late in the end.
I couldn’t live without my electric kettle because I drink
B: Sorry. I was really focused on leaving in good
so much tea. I know in the past people used to boil water
time. I 5 must have been / had to be sure of getting
on the cooker, but it must have taken a long time.
to my meeting.

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 reading a social entrepreneur • critical thinking finding counter arguments • word focus give •
speaking a social business

4c The shoe giver

Reading Word focus give
5
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 6 Work in pairs. Find these expressions with give in the
article and discuss what they mean.
1 What are the main priorities of a
business, in your opinion? a give it a break (line 11)
2 Can you think of ways that a business b give it some thought (line 26–27)
could make money and help society at
the same time? 7 Complete the expressions with give using these words. 10

Discuss what each expression means.

2 Read the article on page 51. Then
summarize how TOMS makes money and best   ​break   ​go   ​go ahead   ​thought   ​time
does good at the same time.
1 It’s difficult to be in a new environment, but give it 15
3 Read the article again. Are the sentences some and you’ll feel more at home.
true (T) or false (F)? 2 Don’t worry if you don’t win: just give it your
1 Blake Mycoskie’s early career consisted .
of starting and then selling companies. 3 I wasn’t actually expecting him to like our business
2 Mycoskie immediately saw the proposal, but he gave us the . 20
Argentinian children’s shoe problem as 4 Give him a . He’s only been doing the job
another business challenge. two months. He can’t be expected to know everything.
3 The main advantage of the one-for-one 5 There’s no need to tell me your answer now. Give it
scheme is that Mycoskie doesn’t have some and then let me know.
to keep asking people to donate money. 6 The only way to find out if you can mend it yourself is 25
4 The author suggests that in business, to give it a .
energy and enthusiasm is a very 8 Match these expressions with similar expressions from
important factor. Exercise 7. Then make three sentences about your own
5 Mycoskie would like it if his customers experience using expressions with give.
became social entrepreneurs too. 30
6 Podoconiosis is a disease that concerns a chance   ​consideration   ​the green light   ​a try   ​
developed countries as much as a while   ​your all
developing countries.
7 Mycoskie thinks that any business
could profit from making a similar one- Speaking my life
35
for-one offer to its customers.
8 The author thinks that Mycoskie should 9 Work in groups. Imagine these organizations come to you
be proud that he has a successful for financial help. Considering them both as businesses
business, not just one that helps people. and as organizations with a social benefit, decide which
you would help. Give reasons.
40
Critical thinking finding A This organization collects food near its sell-by date
counter arguments from supermarkets and uses volunteers to distribute it
free to homeless people. The company needs money
4 The author presents a positive picture of for transport and administration costs.
TOMS, but there are suggestions that there
are also arguments against the initiative.
B This organization sells gardening and landscaping
Find possible criticisms in the text in these
services to companies. The people it employs are all
areas.
long-term unemployed people who get training, work
a the price of the product experience and a little pocket money.
b the business model
c charitable giving
C This organization collects unwanted clothing. Clothes in
5 Work in pairs. Compare your answers good condition are washed and given to people in
from Exercise 4. Then write some need. Clothes in poor condition are recycled and made
questions for Blake Mycoskie that would into fashion clothing to be sold.
challenge him on these points.
10 Do you know a company with a social purpose?

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 Unit 4 Innovation

30
Blake Mycoskie is a self-confessed serial entrepreneur. Mycoskie knew nothing about manufacturing, let alone
He set up his first business, EZ Laundry, a laundry service shoe manufacturing, but he understood that he had to
for students, when he was still at college. Having built up learn fast. At first, by his own admission, he made ‘a poor
the company to serve seven colleges in the south-west job of making shoes’, so he brought in help from people
5 of the USA, he sold his share to his business partner and with experience in the industry and soon his product was 45
moved on to a media advertising business in Nashville. getting high satisfaction ratings from customers. The vital
This again he sold on to Clear Channel, one of the element that Mycoskie added was his own passion. It is
industry’s leading companies. a passion he wants others to share. TOMS encourages
customers to become more involved by volunteering to
Three more businesses later, still only 29 years old, and
hand-deliver the shoes to the children in need. It’s an 50
10 feeling a bit ‘burned out’ from work, Mycoskie decided to
intimate giving experience and Mycoskie hopes it might
give it a break for a while and headed down to Argentina
inspire volunteers to develop similar projects.
for some rest and relaxation. But rest isn’t really part of
an entrepreneur’s make-up and it Ten years on and with revenues of

shoe
wasn’t long before Mycoskie had $392 million a year, the business
hit on another idea, one that would The is thriving, supplying shoes not

giver
15 55
come to define him as perhaps the only to children in Argentina
world’s best-known social but also other parts of the world
entrepreneur. where foot diseases are a problem.
In southern Ethiopia, where a high
On a visit to a village outside
concentration of silicone in the 60
20 Buenos Aires, he was shocked to
soil causes podoconiosis, a disease
see that many of the children didn’t
that swells the feet, 300,000 people
have any shoes; or if they did, the shoes were ill-fitting
suffer simply because they have no shoes. The same type
and badly worn. Since shoes – particularly the local
of soil exists in parts of France and Hawaii, but people
farmers’ canvas shoe, the alpargata – are relatively cheap
there are unaffected. 65
25 in Argentina, Mycoskie’s first instinct was to set up a
charity to donate shoes to the children. But after giving But is the one-for-one model repeatable with other
it some thought, he realized that this probably wouldn’t products? TOMS is a for-profit business, but for a
work: the shoes would quickly wear out and if he asked long time it didn’t show a profit. Mycoskie says it is
people to donate repeatedly every time more shoes were not like a sales promotion you can just add to your
30 needed, their sympathy for the cause might also wear out existing business model; you have to build it in from the 70
pretty quickly. beginning. He now diverts a lot of his profits into other
innovative social ventures. He is conscious that ‘giving’
So he came up with the idea of ‘TOMS: one-for-
alone is not the answer and that educating people to
one shoes’. He would take the alpargata to America,
improve their own lives is the real key. Yet he still loves
manufacture it and sell it as a high-end fashion item
‘TOMS: one-for-one’, calling it his ‘greatest hit’. And 75
35 at around US$50 a pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe
why shouldn’t he? It has made a difference to millions of
you might say, but for each pair he sold, another pair
poor children around the world and brought him great
would be donated to village children. That way he could
entrepreneurial satisfaction.
guarantee a continuing supply and also run the project as
a business rather than as a charity, which was something
40 he had no experience of.

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 real life making a short pitch • speaking skill making key points • pronunciation word stress

4d An elevator pitch
Real life making a short pitch
1 Read the definition of an elevator pitch. Then
work in pairs. What information do you think
you should include? What don’t you need to
talk about?

An elevator pitch is where you imagine you are in

an elevator with someone you want to sell your
new (business) idea to. You only have the time
until the doors open again to convince this person.

2 31 Listen to someone giving advice about

making an elevator pitch. What three points does
she make? Compare the three points she makes
with your ideas from Exercise 1. Did you agree
with what she said? Why? / Why not? MAKING KEY POINTS
3 32 Listen to a short pitch for a new phone app Rhetorical questions Sentence adverbs
and complete the notes in the table. What is it? Basically, …
How does it work? Essentially, …
Name of app 1 What does it do exactly? Clearly, …
Why is it/that necessary? Obviously, …
What is does Links people who So what, you say? Of course, …
want to volunteer to Won’t that be expensive? Honestly, …
2
How do we achieve this? To be honest, …
Problem it solves People don’t volunteer What are we asking for? Financially, ….
because they can’t commit to What’s our ambition for …? Practically, …
a3
Competition Doodle and
4 5 Pronunciation word stress
Why it’s different Has a database of volunteers’ a 33 Mark where you think the stress falls in each
5
and adverb or adverbial phrase in the box. Then listen
6
and check.
Developers’ Team of 7
qualifications
b 33 Work in pairs. Practise saying the words with
with experience of
8
the same stress patterns. Then listen again and check.

Needs 9
to 6 Work in pairs or groups of three. Present your own
bring it to market elevator pitch for a new social enterprise. Follow
these steps.
Student A: Turn to page 153 and read the notes.
4 Speaking skill making key points
Student B: Turn to page 154 and read the notes.
32 Look at the expressions for making key
points. Listen again and tick the rhetorical Student C: Turn to page 155 and read the notes.
questions and sentence adverbs the speaker uses. • Prepare your pitch carefully. Use the expressions
Can you remember what the speaker said directly for making key points to help you (use no more
after each question? than three rhetorical questions).
• Speak for no more than a minute.
• Write down the main message of each pitch and
at the end compare your answers.
• Vote on who you think gave the most persuasive
pitch.

52 FUTURE SOLUTIONS HOW PEOPLE MANAGED IN THE PAST A SOCIAL BUSINESS MAKING A SHORT PITCH
my life A PROPOSAL

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 writing a proposal • writing skill making recommendations Unit 4 Innovation

4e Problem or solution?
Writing a proposal 2 Look at how the proposal is organized. Answer
the questions.
1 Work in pairs. Read the proposal and answer the
1 How is it divided into different sections? How
questions.
are different points listed?
1 Does the author think the rise in the use of 2 Underline the sentences in the proposal which
digital devices is a negative trend? How do you do the following.
know? a state the proposal’s aim
2 Why does the author think the declining trend b state the problem that needs addressing
in book reading needs to be reversed? c summarize the writer’s opinion
3 Do you think the author’s suggestions are good
ones? Why? / Why not? 3 Writing skill making recommendations
a Look at the forms used with the verbs suggest and
recommend. Which forms are used in the proposal?
Introduction
This proposal suggests ways teachers can use 1 recommend / suggest (that) someone (should) do
technology to get children reading. something
2 recommend / suggest something or doing

Current situation
something
3 recommend + someone to do something
It is a fact that children are now spending more
time on digital devices, browsing on the internet, b Complete these recommendations using
messaging friends, etc. It is also a fact that they are appropriate verb forms.
reading fewer books. This matters because reading
books is known to help your ability to: 1 I strongly recommend that
(people / follow) this advice.
focus and remember 2 We suggest that (people /
expand your vocabulary save) their money.
improve communication skills 3 He recommends you (wait)
develop analytical thinking. until after the summer.
So how can we use students’ enthusiasm for digital 4 We are not suggesting that
devices to encourage them to read more? (teachers / always teach) this way.
5 I recommend that (the
Possible solutions company / look) into these options.

First of all, we suggest that teachers actively encourage 4 Write a proposal that each school child should be
students to use the internet in class: either to research given a tablet computer at the age of five. Include
new subjects or to compare their conclusions with the following points.
other people’s. Secondly, we recommend using
• different uses for these tablet computers
student blogs or learning diaries as a way of sharing
• the benefits they could bring
ideas. Lastly, we think technology could help make
• why this is an opportunity not to be missed
reading a pleasure rather than a duty. One idea would
be to put interesting short stories with visuals on 5 Exchange proposals with your partner. Use these
screens in a quiet part of the classroom that students questions to check your proposals.
could read as a reward for finishing other work.
• Is your partner’s proposal organized in the
same way as the proposal in Exercise 1 (with
Recommendations sub-headings and bullet points)?
These are just a few examples of how technology • Has your partner used the language to make
could be an aid to reading. We strongly recommend recommendations correctly?
teachers to explore similar ideas. Unless we begin to • Is it a persuasive proposal? Does your partner’s
see technology as part of the solution, rather than part proposal include any points you wish you’d
of the problem, we are unlikely to reverse the trend. included?

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 4f This man risked it all

Women and children

carrying firewood, Uganda

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 Unit 4 Innovation

Before you watch 6 4.1 Watch the second part of the video (1.51
to the end) again. Complete the facts and figures.
1 Look at the photo and caption. How do you think
this activity affects:
• Eco Fuel Africa turns farm 1 into
a the children’s lives? b the environment?
clean cooking fuel.
• The fuels burns cleaner and 2 , and
2 Key vocabulary
is 3 cheaper.
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in • Eco Fuel Africa has a network of 2,500 farmers
the video. Guess the meaning of the words. and 4 women retailers.
• It supplies 5 households.
1 I was on the verge of giving up my university • Its ambition is to supply 16.6 million households
course, but my parents persuaded me to carry in the next 6 years.
on. • Eco Fuel Africa prevents 7 and
2 I don’t know why I continued to believe him. It 8
air pollution.
was as if I was under a spell. • It provides a living for farmers and 9
3 We sell some products direct, but mostly, they and makes sure children get an 10 .
are sold through high street retailers.
4 We supply over ten million households in the
UK with gas and electricity. After you watch
5 The island has experienced terrible
deforestation because the construction 7 4.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
industry needs wood as a building material. the correct meaning of the words.

b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these 8 Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
definitions. compare your sentences with a partner.
a shops that sell to individual customers 1 The news that … hit people hard.
b large-scale cutting down of trees 2 It’s important to have a good network of
c just about to friends because …
d influenced by a powerful (often magical) force 3 I have an idea to … but I don’t know if I should
e homes act on it.

9 Work in pairs. First summarize the benefits of Eco

While you watch Fuel Africa’s service and then discuss if you see
any potential drawbacks of this system.
3 4.1 Watch the video and check your ideas
from Exercise 1. What benefits did Sanga Moses’ 10 Sanga Moses described himself as an ‘everyday
business bring to the community? community guy’, meaning that he had identified
a problem in his community and tried to solve it.
4 Describe the following things you saw in the What problem have you seen in your community
video.
and what could be done about it, do you think?
• the tool used to cut wood Think about these areas or one of your own. Then
• the buildings in the villages prepare a short talk to describe the problem and
• the ‘clean’ cooking fuel he produced possible solution.
• the transport farmers were using
• Crime/safety
5 4.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to • Transport
1.50) again. Answer the questions. • Pollution
• Lack of shops
1 What part of his sister’s situation particularly • Noise
inspired Sanga Moses to act? • Lack of public/recreation space
2 What did his boss think about his decision to • Jobs
quit his job?
3 How many of the university students wanted husk (n) /hʌsk/ the outer shell of an edible seed, e.g. in
to help him with his new business venture? wheat or coffee
4 How did he raise the funds for his new sugar cane (n) /ˈʃʊɡə(r) keɪn/ a tall thick grass from which
business? sugar is extracted
5 What was his girlfriend’s reaction?

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 Unit 4 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article and complete it using these words. 3 Replace the underlined parts of each phrase with
There are four extra words. an adjective ending in -able. Some of the adjectives
need to use the negative form.
can’t   ​certainly   ​chances   ​had   ​likelihood   ​
likely   ​might   ​must   ​needn’t   ​possible   ​ 1 A table that can be extended.
probably   ​unlikely   ​ 2 A coat that can’t be washed.
3 A mistake that can be forgiven.
4 A car that can’t be relied on.
5 A cover that can be removed.
6 A deposit that can’t be refunded.
7 A bag that can be used again.
8 A cost that can’t be avoided.

4 ❯❯ MB Look at the phrases (1–4). Think of a

situation when you would use each of these
phrases. Then compare answers with a partner.
How similar were your situations?
1 ‘Give it some thought, anyway.’
2 ‘Give her a break.’
3 ‘Sure. I’ll give it a go.’
The problem of knowing what information to
4 ‘We came up against a lot of opposition.’
trust 1 just have got harder.
That’s because a Canadian company has recently I CAN
developed a computer program that can mimic use words with the -able ending
people’s voices. The program does not just copy
use expressions with give and phrasal verbs with
words, it analyses speech patterns to create new
come
sentences in the same voice. So, the person whose
voice is being imitated 2
actually have said the words. The program is already Real life
very good at doing this and the
3
are that it will get better 5 Look at the statements from a short product pitch.
very quickly. Although the company developed the Complete the rhetorical questions.
program for good reasons – for use in games and 1 So, what ? It’s a vacuum
audio books – it is now worried that, in the wrong cleaner that can clean any type of floor surface.
hands, the program is 4 to be 2 Why ? Because there’s
used for identity theft. For example, it’s no other machine that can perform all these
5
that someone could pretend functions.
to be a politician or a diplomat and use this ability 3 How ? At the base, there’s
to learn important secrets. The company felt it a rotary brush which cleans as it sucks up the
6
to inform people about dirt.
how powerful the technology is, because it thinks 4 Won’t ? Despite its
others 7 have developed similar sophistication, we’re hoping to keep the cost
programs. Their spokesperson said the development down.
of these programs means that we will almost 5 How ? By making it in
8
not be able to trust audio China, where manufacturing costs are much
evidence in future. lower.

6 ❯❯ MB Think of a product that you use

2 ❯❯ MB What is the probability (on a scale of 1–10)
frequently. Then work in pairs. Take turns to
of these things happening, according to the article? present your product as if it was a new product.
1 people using voice software to steal other Use at least three rhetorical questions.
people’s identities
I CAN
2 similar programmes already existing elsewhere
3 audio evidence no longer being useable give a short presentation for a new product
use rhetorical questions in a presentation
I CAN
talk about future probability
use past modals to express obligation or necessity

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 Unit 5 The magic of travel

A street at sunset in one of

the world’s most famous cities
© TOUR EIFFEL – Illuminations PIERRE BIDEAU

F E AT U R E S 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo. Discuss what you know

about this place (its character, its landmarks, its people, etc.).
58 How we travel
2 34 Look at the questions and discuss them with your
Different approaches to partner. Then listen to a travel writer’s opinion and compare
travelling your answers.

60 Magical mystery tour 1 What different factors (time of year, reason for travel, etc.)
influence how we experience a place when we travel?
Trips to unknown places
2 What makes a good travel writer?
62 The adventures of
3 34 Look at these adjectives. Which ones normally describe
Hergé people (P), places (PL) or a time (T)? Then listen to the travel
Travel through the eyes of writer again and say what the speaker uses each adjective to
a comic book hero describe. Did you use any of the same adjectives to describe
Paris?
66 On the road: Andrew
romantic   ​cosy   ​officious   ​lazy   ​elegant   ​affable   ​
McCarthy
wary   ​grand   ​lively
A video about a memorable
travel experience 4 Work in groups. Use adjectives to describe a place you have
enjoyed visiting. Use words from Exercise 3 if helpful.

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 reading a travel blog • vocabulary repeated word pairs • grammar emphatic structures •
pronunciation do, does and did • speaking how you travel

5a How we travel
Reading 2 Look at the blog post about how we travel. Answer the questions.
1 How was the writer’s experience of travel as a young boy
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the
typical of his culture?
questions about travel.
2 What is his father’s attitude to travel? In what ways does the
1 Why do you think most people writer agree with him?
travel? 3 What does the writer want from travel?
2 Where and when do you 4 Which of these attitudes (the writer’s and his father’s) is closest
travel? What is your reason for to your own?
travelling?
3 What do you enjoy / not enjoy 3 Find words or expressions in the second paragraph of the blog
about travelling? with these meanings.
4 Do you think the concept of 1 without worries 4 very still and shiny
travel and holidays differs from 2 a fixed list of places to visit 5 bordered
culture to culture? If so, how? 3 burning slowly with smoke 6 a steep valley
but no flame

G
35
oing on holiday when I was a young boy In some ways I understand his point of view. The thing we
meant going to spend the summer all value as travellers is that feeling of being carefree and
with my grandparents in my parents’ open to experiences as they happen, just taking life day
home town in the north of India. For by day. But in other ways I disagree with him. Because it’s
many Indians who live or work in a big exciting and unusual experiences that I want. Last month
city, that is still what travel is. For my I had the trip of a lifetime in Chile. It was a guided trip
father it was the same: escaping the heat of Kolkata to with a strict itinerary, but it did fulfil my expectations of
visit uncles and aunts in the cooler hills of Darjeeling. what travel should be, and more. We explored a volcanic
He is well off now and can afford to travel abroad to cave under the smouldering Villarrica Volcano. We
see the world, but instead he prefers to stay at home. hiked through a forest of 1,000-year old monkey-puzzle
On the few occasions he does travel, it’s to visit my sister trees and found ourselves looking down on the glassy
in Delhi or me in San Francisco, because he’d rather see Huinfuica Lagoon, flanked by majestic mountains. We
us face to face than on a computer screen. But he doesn’t stayed at a lodge in the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve, a
behave like other tourists and visit the sights. What he sustainable-tourism playground complete with walking
enjoys is sitting and reading the newspaper with a good trails, mountain-biking and kayaking. And we zip-wired
cup of coffee and wandering down to the local market to across a 100-metre deep gorge called El Abismo.
buy some food. Most people are pretending when they I know what I like about travel; my father does too.
travel, he says, doing things they don’t really want to do It’s just how we travel that’s different.
because they are on the traveller’s checklist.

How we
TRAVEL

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 Unit 5 The magic of travel

Vocabulary repeated word pairs 8 Rewrite the parts of these sentences in italics using
emphatic forms. Use the words given in brackets.
4 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions in bold (a–b)
1 The destination is not important. The journey
from the blog. Discuss what they mean. Then
matters. (it)
discuss the meanings of the other expressions in
2 I didn’t miss my home town. I missed my friends
bold (1–6).
and family. (what)
a He’d rather see us face to face. 3 Colombia was full of surprises. I read up a lot
b … just taking life day by day. about it before I went, but nothing really prepares
you for it. (did)
1 I saw Layla last night. She’s just back from
4 When I went to Bali, I was really struck by how
holiday. She went on and on about how terrible
relaxed the people were. (what)
the hotel was.
5 People always talk about how fascinating
2 A country’s success in sport goes hand in hand
travel is. But they never tell you how boring it can
with how much it invests in promoting it.
be too. (the thing)
3 I couldn’t predict the winner of the election.
6 He’s not normally a food lover, but he likes to eat
They’ve been neck and neck all the way.
well when he’s on holiday. (does)
4 We both recognized the problem, but we don’t
7 Our family holidays were hilarious. I’ll never
really see eye to eye on the solution.
forget the seven of us travelling through France in a
5 They started their travel website in 2015 and
tiny car. (thing)
it’s just gone from strength to strength.
8 I didn’t mind the disruption; it was the fact that
6 Writing is a process that you need to approach
they didn’t apologize for it. (it)
step by step.

5 Think of examples of the following things. Then 9 Pronunciation do, does and did
work in small groups and compare your ideas.
a 36 Listen to these sentences and write in
• an experience that went on and on the missing emphatic auxiliaries. Note how the
• a subject you don’t see eye to eye with your auxiliary verbs are stressed.
parents (or someone you know) about
• a person whose career has gone from strength 1 I regret not stopping there.
to strength 2 She travel a lot.
• something that you (or someone else) are taking 3 We miss home sometimes.
step by step (or day by day) to reach a goal 4 I spend a lot of time at the beach.

b Practise saying the sentences in Exercise 9a with

Grammar emphatic structures the same stress.

EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
Speaking my life
Cleft sentences
1 It’s relaxation that I want. 10 Work in small groups. Make a list of statements
2 What I enjoy is sitting and reading the newspaper. about how to travel (what’s important, what you
3 The thing we really value is being carefree. like, how you feel, etc.). Use emphatic structures
do, does, did (in affirmative sentences) in your ideas. Then compare your statements with
4 When I do travel now, I avoid the ‘sights’. your partner. Are your views similar or different?
5 I did take my laptop on my last holiday too. How?
For further information and practice, see page 164. • planning your journey
• things you always take with you
• avoiding stress when travelling (esp. flying)
6 Look at the grammar box. Notice the word order
• eating when travelling
in the sentences. Rewrite the sentences (1–5) using
• getting around from place to place
a non-emphatic form.
• holiday activities
1 I want relaxation. • language and culture
7 Rewrite this sentence in four different ways. Try not to plan too much, because it’s always the
Use emphatic forms, starting with the words given. unexpected things that happen on a holiday that are the
most memorable.
‘I love the unpredictability of travel.’

1 It’s …
2 What …
3 The thing …
4 I…

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 wordbuilding synonyms • listening a mystery tour • grammar avoiding repetition •
pronunciation stress in short responses • speaking a mystery tour

5b Magical mystery tour

Wordbuilding synonyms Listening
WORDBUILDING synonyms 3 37 Listen to an interview about a ‘mystery tour’
We often use synonyms in English as a way of
that a reporter went on. Complete the information.
avoiding repetition. It is important to remember
that few words are exact synonyms. They often
Company name 1
Adventures
differ slightly in meaning or in the grammar that Company based in 2
surrounds them:
holiday and break, succeed in and manage to, Things to take a3 ,
popular and well-liked a4 , a dry bag
For further practice, see Workbook page 43.
Length of trip 5
days

Type of cycling 6
1 Work in pairs. What synonyms or close
synonyms can you think of for these Destination 7
on the river
words? How similar or different in
Night accommodation slept in 8
meaning is each word you thought of?
Return journey By 9
hotel   ​relax   ​travel around   trip
Cost of trip 10

2 Look at these words which are used

in the interview you are going to hear.
4 37 Listen to the interview again and answer the
Match the words (1–9) with the correct
questions.
synonyms (a–i).
1 Who started the fashion for mystery tours?
1 trip a swimming costume
2 What kind of companies organize mystery tours
2 spot b wonderful
nowadays?
3 head for c expectation
3 How did Maggie describe her experience?
4 thrilling d journey
4 Why does the interviewer agree that it was better not
5 spoil e location
to ask for too much pre-trip information?
6 swimsuit f set off
5 What did the guide do as they travelled to their
7 start out g make your way to
destination to add to the excitement?
8 anticipation h exhilarating
6 How did Maggie feel about swimming to her
9 magical i ruin
‘accommodation’ for the night?
7 How did she feel when she got back into London?
8 What lesson did the trip teach her?

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 Unit 5 The magic of travel

Grammar avoiding repetition 8 Put an appropriate word into each

sentence to avoid repetition.
AVOIDING REPETITION
1 He said he wasn’t going to take the
one, that, it, so car, but I think he , because I
1 It was a magical experience … definitely one I’d recommend. can’t see it outside.
2 Did you know how far you would have to swim? Yes, I did ask that. 2 She said, ‘Good things come to those
3 [She] went on one of the trips and talked to me afterwards about it.
who wait.’ What do you think she
4 Is that our island? I don’t think so.
meant by ?
Ellipsis (omitting words) 3 We need to set off early. So, shall we
5 I thought about asking … but then I decided not to.
at 7.30 a.m.?
6 A few people were screaming and gasping – I know I was.
4 I’m so tired that I might fall asleep
synonyms during the film, but I’ll try .
7 a mystery tour ➙ a journey to an unknown destination
5 Sorry, this pen isn’t working. Do you
For further information and practice, see page 164. have that I can borrow?
6 I had an amazing childhood. I’m
going to write a book about
5 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. one day.
1 What do the words in bold refer to in sentences 1–4?
2 Which of the words in bold in sentences 1–4 substitutes for: 9 Pronunciation stress in short
a a thing (i.e. a noun)? b a phrase, clause or sentence? responses
3 What verbs have been omitted after the words in bold in
sentences 5 and 6? a Work in pairs. We often use substitution
in spoken exchanges. Complete the
6 Look at the audioscript on page 183–184 (track 37). answers to each question using one word
Answer the questions. in each case.
1 What synonym of ‘idea’ is used (para 1) and of ‘track’? 1 A: You have to be careful not to get
2 What does ‘that’ refer to in the sentence ‘And that gave us overcharged in the local markets.
the chance …’? B: ​Yes, I know .
3 What does ‘it’ refer to in the sentence ‘… but it was fine’? 2 A: ​Would you like to drive?
4 What verb phrase has been omitted after ‘had’ in ‘actually B: No, I’d rather you .
it had’? 3 A: ​Did he take warm clothes with
5 What does ‘one’ refer to in the sentence ‘it depends which him?
one’? B: ​I hope .
6 What verb phrase has been omitted after ‘to’ in ‘you really 4 A: ​Do you mind travelling alone?
don’t need to’? B: ​No, I actually prefer .
5 A: ​Are there many good guidebooks
7 Read the review of a Secret Adventures holiday. Rephrase about this region?
the words in bold in the review to avoid repetition. Use B: ​Yes, there are some excellent
appropriate forms from the grammar box, including .
synonyms where necessary. 6 A: ​Did she enjoy visiting Russia?
B: ​Yes, she loved .
Four days in the freezing wilderness with no electricity.
You might ask why you would do 1 four days in the freezing b 38 Listen and check your answers.
wilderness with no electricity. Well, I just returned from an Underline the stressed words in each
amazing holiday with Secret Adventures Arctic and it’s the response. Then work with a partner and
best 2 holiday I’ve been on. 3 Returning to work after such read the exchanges aloud using the same
4
an amazing adventure is really hard. We spent four days in pronunciation patterns.
northern Sweden and each 5 day was magical. We rode on
sleds pulled by dogs – we had to 6 ride on sleds because it’s Speaking my life
the only way to get around. We stayed in a simple log cabin,
drank hot lingonberry juice and we went cross-country skiing. 10 Work in small groups. Design your
7
Cross-country skiing was great fun too. Often it was dark and own mystery tour. The tour should be
I thought I’d hate 8 that it was dark, but I 9 didn’t hate it. The a reasonable price, take participants to
highlight was seeing the Northern lights. 10 Seeing the Northern an unknown destination and involve
lights is an experience everyone should have once in their lives – activities that bring people together.
at least I think 11 they should have that experience. Then present it to the class. When you
present the tour, try to use at least three
expressions for avoiding repetition.

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 reading the graphic novel • critical thinking evaluating sources • word focus matter • speaking knowing places

5c The adventures of Hergé

Reading 6 Were you persuaded that Hergé represented
things accurately for his readers? Do you think
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the it’s important that writers do this? Why? /
questions. Why not?
1 What comics or cartoon books did you read when
you were a child? Word focus matter
2 What did they contain that appealed to you:
adventure, humour, interesting facts, life stories? 7 Look at the expression in bold from the article.
3 Do you still read any comics or graphic novels Choose the correct definition (a or b).
now? [The books] were a kind of National Geographic for
children – and adults, for that matter.
2 Read the article. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
a of course (but you know that)
1 Tintin is a writer who travels around the world in
b also (now that I think of it)
search of adventure.
2 The author Hergé loved to travel. 8 Complete the expressions with matter using
3 The artwork in The Adventures of Tintin is these words. Then discuss with your partner
remarkable for its precise detail. what you think about each statement.
3 Read the article again. Choose the best option to course   ​laughing   ​mind   ​principle   ​time   ​
complete the sentences. way   ​
1 The author read / daydreamed a lot about foreign
lands as a child. 1 With new technology, I think it’s only a matter 5
2 The author compares Tintin books to reading of before people are taking
thrillers / National Geographic. virtual holidays from their own living rooms.
3 Hergé made multiple drawings / models of objects 2 Getting lost in a big city might seem like
like cars and planes before putting them in his an adventure, but believe me, it’s no
pictures. matter when it happens to you. 10
4 Hergé’s methods have been an inspiration to other 3 I think you can put up with a lot of discomfort
illustrators / movie makers. when you’re travelling. It’s just a question of
5 Visitors to Petra see the tall Treasury at the last over matter.
moment / from a long way off. 4 When I’m abroad, I use public transport as a
6 The author thinks Destination Moon and Explorers matter of . You discover much 15
on the Moon are Herge’s best / most ambitious more that way.
books. 5 No matter which you look at it,
not speaking the language of the country you
4 Find words in the article with the following meaning. are visiting is a disadvantage.
1 distant (para 1) 6 I don’t fly on planes as a matter of 20

2 looked in amazement (para 1) ; they create too much pollution.

3 extremely careful (para 3)
4 truly and precisely (para 3) Speaking my life
5 very strange (often of a coincidence) (para 4)
6 talent (para 5) 9 Work in small groups. Make a list of four places 25
you all know about in one or other of the ways
listed below (e.g. New York). Then compare
Critical thinking evaluating what you know about these places. Do you
sources have a similar view of each place? Would you
like to go there? Why? / Why not? 30
5 What sources (research, experts, first-hand experience)
does the author mention to show that the following • from visiting yourself
things were accurately represented by Hergé? NB For • from what friends or family have told you
one item no real source is mentioned. • from what you have seen in the TV news or
a documentary 35
a the scientific expedition to the Arctic • from what you have read in a magazine,
b cars, planes, ships and bridges book or online
c the Treasury at Petra • from photos you have seen
d sending a rocket to the Moon

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 Unit 5 The magic of travel

THE ADVENTURES OF HERGÉ

39
I spent a lot of my childhood travelling to Actually, I can personally attest to the incredible
far-off places and learning about their history accuracy of Hergé’s representations of foreign 50
and geography. I went to Peru and saw the places because a few years ago, I visited Petra
Sacsayhuaman fortress of the Incas and the citadel with my family. We rode on horses down the
5 of Machu Picchu. I visited the ancient rose-red city of long narrow passage called the Siq, just as Tintin
Petra in Jordan and marvelled at the grand buildings and his companion Captain Haddock do in
carved out of the rock. I journeyed on a ship to the The Red Sea Sharks. At the end, we came out from 55
Arctic Ocean with a scientific expedition that was between the tall rock walls that frame the passage
investigating a meteorite that had fallen to Earth. and caught our first sight of the magnificent
10 I even travelled to the Moon and learned what it forty-metre tall Treasury, sculpted from the pink
was like to experience gravity six times weaker than sandstone. I was looking at a view straight from the
I was used to. pages of the book: the colours, the play of the sun 60
on the walls, the dusty earth, the Bedouin guides
I saw all these things not in person, of course, but
with their keffiyehs wrapped around their mouths.
through the eyes of the investigative journalist,
It was uncanny.
15 Tintin, in the pages of the graphic novels of Hergé,
the Belgian author and cartoonist. I was not the Perhaps Hergé’s greatest triumph is the two-part
only one. In the days before full-colour television story Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon 65
documentaries, Hergé’s Adventures of Tintin, which, considering the books were written in 1955,
twenty-three books written between 1929 and 1976, gave, according to commentators at the time, an
20 were a kind of National Geographic for children – extraordinarily realistic account of what would
and adults, for that matter. These were not just great be involved in sending a manned rocket to the
detective stories; they were learning adventures. Moon. As well as the smaller drawings that carry 70
the narrative, from time to time the reader turns
The amazing thing about the books is that their
the page to discover a stunning full-page image: a
creator never travelled to these places either. They
rocket on its launch-pad, complete with gantry, a
25 were all the result of painstaking research done
mountainous moonscape, the Earth below as the
from his studio. Hergé and his team of illustrators
rocket leaves the atmosphere. Few people in those 75
and researchers scoured libraries, museums and
days could imagine what it was like to be looking
photographic archives to provide as accurate a
down at our planet from outer space. But that was
representation, both in the drawings and the
Hergé’s true gift: to understand and communicate
30 storylines, as they could. This included examining
what a place was like without ever having
catalogues of cars and planes, and technical
travelled there. 80
drawings of ships and bridges. Hergé made
numerous sketches of these objects seen from
different angles and sometimes created models of archives (npl) /ˈɑː(r)kaɪvz/ historic records or documents
35 the characters and other items so as to be able to citadel (n) /ˈsɪtəd(ə)l/ a fortress or castle, usually on a hill
gantry (n) /ˈɡæntri/ a bridge-like metal supporting structure
construct a particular scene and capture it more
meteorite (n) /ˈmiːtiəraɪt/ a piece of rock or metal that falls
faithfully – a technique that has since been used by
from outer space
many film animators, such as Pixar.
scour (v) /ˈskaʊə(r)/ to search intensively

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 real life telling an anecdote • speaking skill linking events • pronunciation long sounds

5d To my amazement
Real life telling an anecdote
1 Look at the photo. Answer the questions.
1 Where do you think the photo was taken?
2 Can you name four things in the photo that you
associate with a beach holiday?
3 Would you choose to go on a beach holiday
somewhere like this? Why? / Why not?

2 40 Listen to a travel story. Make notes about the

main details of the story.
1 Issue that the story highlights
2 The speaker’s background and setting for the story
3 Main events
4 The speaker’s conclusion

3 Work in pairs. Retell the story to each other using your 6 Pronunciation long sounds
notes from Exercise 2.
41 Look at these expressions. How do
4 40 Look at the expressions for telling an anecdote. you think the underlined vowel sounds are
Tick (✓) the expressions the speaker uses in the travel pronounced? Then listen and check. Which
story. Then listen again and write down what followed two are NOT long vowel sounds?
the expressions the speaker used. 1 to my 5 to my dismay
amazement 6 to my delight
TELLING AN ANECDOTE
2 to my relief 7 to my frustration
It’s a (well-known) fact that … 3 to my surprise 8 to my
We all know that … 4 to my horror embarrassment
These days, …
It’s famous for … 7 Work in pairs You are going to develop a
Consequently / Because of that … story. Follow these steps.
A few years ago, … / Last summer, … • Look at the main elements of the story.
The following day/morning …
• Discuss what extra details could be added
As luck would have it, ...
By chance, I happened to …
and how you can link the ideas and events.
By coincidence, … • When you have finished, work with a new
To my amazement/surprise/horror/delight/relief, … partner and retell your stories.

1 Issue that When abroad, you can

the story forget you are not at
5 Speaking skill linking events
highlights home and be surprised by
a Look at these expressions. Which are used to signal something different
the time of an event (T) and which are used to indicate 2 The speaker’s Newly-wed couple, Theo
the speaker’s feelings about an event (F)? Which background and Eleni, on holiday in
expressions add a sense of drama? and setting Cyprus; walking in the
a A few years ago, … f Just at that moment … for the story mountains
b As if by magic, … g Amazingly, … 3 Main events Long walk, stop at village
c Worryingly, … h By sheer luck, … café, look out at view,
d A little while later, … i The following week, … Theo feels Eleni’s hand on
e To my relief, … j As soon as … , … his, looks down, not her
b Work in pairs. You are going to link events in a story. hand but a huge insect
Start with the sentence below. Take turns to suggest a 4 The speaker’s Eleni still laughs
linking phrase to continue the next sentence in the story. conclusion
A few years ago, I was travelling on my own in Australia.
A: By sheer luck, … 8 Work in small groups. Tell a story of your
By sheer luck, I bumped into a friend in Sydney, whom I
B:  own using the same structure as in Exercise 7.
hadn’t seen for years.

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 writing a review • writing skill using descriptive words Unit 5 The magic of travel

5e Book of the month

Writing a review 3 Read the review again and answer the questions.
1 What type of book is it?
1 Work in pairs. Which of these ways of choosing
2 What is the main theme?
a book to read or film to watch is most reliable or
3 What tense is used to describe the plot?
useful? Why? Discuss your answers.
4 What words describe the style of writing in the
a personal recommendation book?
b a book/film review in the press
c the blurb on the back cover or a film trailer 4 Look at the different ways (a–e) to begin a book
d choosing a book that has been made into a film review. Which way does the reviewer use in the
or vice versa review in Exercise 2?
a give your opinion about the book directly
2 Read the book review. What is the reviewer’s
b talk about the writer’s background
opinion of the book? Explain why.
c describe the opening of the story
d give a short summary of the whole story
e discuss the topic of the book
Book of the month 5 Writing skill using descriptive words
a Underline the adjectives and adverbs in
paragraphs 2 and 3 of the review. What does each
describe? Which two are compound adjectives?

b Complete these compound adjectives.

breaking   ​fetched   ​going   ​moving   ​packed   ​
provoking   ​willed   ​written

1 thought- (book)
2 far- (plot)
In 1714 a rope suspension 3 heavy- (book)
THE BRIDGE OF
4 well- (book)
SAN LUIS REY bridge in Peru snaps and
the five people on the 5 action- (adventure)
by Thor nt on W i l der
bridge fall to their deaths. 6 heart- (ending)
By chance Brother Juniper, a Franciscan monk, 7 fast- (plot)
witnesses this tragedy. He is not only troubled 8 strong- (character)
by what he has seen but also troubled by why
this should have happened. Why at this precise c Match the compound adjectives from Exercise 5b
moment? Why these five people? Accordingly, he with their opposites below.
sets out to find out something about the lives of
each person and so to make sense of the tragedy. convincing   ​easy-to-read   ​happy   ​indecisive   ​
poorly written   ​slow-moving   ​uneventful   ​
This short novel (only 124 pages long) is a beautiful
uninspiring
reflection on the subject of destiny. It is not a
true story, but some of the characters are based
on real people. Written in elegant prose, each 6 Write a review of a novel you have read or a film
chapter describes the life of one of the five people you have seen (approx 200 words). Follow this plan.
on the bridge: from the aristocratic Marquesa • Describe the setting and give a brief summary
de Montemayor, who longs to be back in her of the plot.
native Spain to the wise Uncle Pio, whose lifelong • Say what the theme of the book/film is.
ambition to make a star of a young actress is in • Describe the style of writing/filmmaking.
the end frustrated. Our interest is not kept alive by • Give your opinion or recommendation.
the mystery of their deaths, but by the compelling
characters that Wilder has drawn so vividly: each 7 Exchange reviews with your partner. Use these
eccentric in their own way, and each very human in questions to check your reviews.
their virtues and in their faults.
• Is the review organized into clear paragraphs?
I cannot recommend this thought-provoking book
• Does it NOT reveal the whole story?
highly enough.
• Are you persuaded by the recommendation?

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 5f On the road: Andrew
McCarthy

Walkers on the Camino de

Santiago, Spain

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 Unit 5 The magic of travel

Before you watch 6 5.1 Watch the third part of the interview (3.11
to the end) again and answer the questions.
1 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
1 What makes McCarthy unsure about going
1 Where is this place? again with his children?
2 What kind of trip do you think these travellers 2 How long was the trip?
are on? 3 Where did he stay?
4 Complete this description of himself: ‘a
2 Key vocabulary pilgrim’. What does he mean?
5 How did he justify not being this kind of
a Read the sentences. The colloquial expressions in traveller on this occasion?
bold are used in the video. Guess the meaning of
the words. 7 Complete the summary of Andrew McCarthy’s
story using one word in each space.
1 I just sort of went … ‘that’s kind of weird’.
2 I read your book. It was so cool. About eighteen years ago, I was in a 1
3 And he was like: ‘You read my book?’ and I picked up a book by a guy who had
4 I called him pretty much every day. 2
the Camino de Santiago in
5 … truth be told, I was a gold-card traveller. 3
. It sat on my bookshelf for months
and one day I 4 it when I was looking
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these for something to read on the plane. And having
definitions. read it, I decided I wanted to do that. There was no
a thought to myself d said
5
to research places in those days so I
b almost e really good called the 6 up and said, ‘Hey, I read
c rather strange f to be honest your book,’ and I asked him questions about how
to go about doing this trip.
While you watch I went to Spain for a month and I had a
7
experience. I felt 8
3 5.1 You are going to watch an interview with and frightened but then something happened
travel writer Andrew McCarthy. Watch the video that 9 my life. And for the first time
and answer the questions. I felt 10 in the world. I stayed in
little pilgrim 11 and to be truthful it
1 What was the trip that changed Andrew wasn’t very comfortable, so I sometimes stayed in
McCarthy’s life? pensiones instead and I justified it by saying that
2 In what way did it change him? this is the way to meet the 12 .
4 5.1 Work in pairs. Watch the first part of the
interview (0.00 to 2.09) again, where McCarthy After you watch
describes how he became interested in this trip.
Look at the words (a–e) and note why they are 8 Vocabulary in context
significant in the story. Then, with your partner,
reconstruct the story. a 5.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
the correct meaning of the words and phrases.
a a bookstore
b a plane b Complete these sentences in your own words.
c the internet Then compare your sentences with a partner.
d Harper’s magazine 1 Often for lunch I just grab …
e home phone number 2 Sometimes I feel like I can’t take … anymore
5 5.1 Watch the second part of the interview 3 I didn’t mind … . It was just one of those
(2.10 to 3.10) again and answer the questions. things.

1 What adjectives does McCarthy use to describe: 9 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions.
a this travel experience? 1 What things do you think made Andrew
b his feelings while on the trip? McCarthy uncertain about travelling alone?
c what the experience was not? 2 What do you think the event was that changed
d what he felt for the first time when this (when he said ‘then something happened
travelling? and I had, sort of, one of those experiences that
2 What was the reason for the trip that he didn’t you have’)?
know at the time but now realizes? 3 Make a list of five things that make people
nervous about travelling abroad. Which things
make you nervous? What could you do to
overcome this feeling?

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 Unit 5 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read a travel writer’s description of the Fiji islands 4 Make repeated word pairs using the words in
in the South Pacific. Answer the questions. brackets. Then rewrite the underlined words using
the repeated word pairs. Sometimes you need to
1 In what ways is Fiji an exclusive destination? In
change the verb. Then use the word pairs in your
what ways is it not?
own sentences.
2 Why does the writer suggest you might prefer
to visit the main island? 1 We met for the first time yesterday. (face)
2 We don’t really agree on many issues. (eye)
3 He talked a lot about his new car. (on)
4 I’m just taking things as they come. (day)
5 Hard work and success go together. (hand)

5 Complete the words using the synonyms in

brackets to help you.
1 It was a mag experience.
(wonderful)
2 We found a co restaurant. (warm
and comfortable)
3 The coast has been rui . (spoiled)
4 It’s a very scenic sp . (location)
5 The buildings are very gr .
Fiji is a collection of over a hundred islands in the (large and impressive)
South Pacific. Most are the image of what a perfect 6 I was wa of travelling alone.
desert island should be like. So it’s no surprise to (cautious)
find upmarket hotels catering for rich tourists and 7 The doorman was offi .
5 honeymooners. I went there hoping to experience this (self-important)
paradise more simply and wondering if it was possible 8 We hea for the mountains.
to do so on a limited budget. (went towards)
I shouldn’t have worried. The Fijian’s experience of
6 ❯❯ MB Use each of the words in Exercise 5 to
dealing with different types of tourists means they
describe a travel experience you have had.
10 have provided for this by offering less expensive
youth hostel-style accommodation for backpackers I CAN
like me in places like Yasawa. Here, hospitable locals use repeated word pairs
will help you to feel part of their lives, inviting you to
describe places and journeys
see their fishing villages – and even take you fishing
15 with them, if you want to.
But beautiful and relaxing though these islands are, Real life
the feeling of being a tourist remains. It’s not an
uncomfortable sensation, but if what you value is 7 Match the words (1–8) with words (a–h) to make
seeing the country’s true way of life, then perhaps phrases for telling anecdotes.
20 you should visit the main island of Viti Levu. This is the
1 It’s a well-known fact a ago …
cultural hub of Fiji, where most of the population live:
2 Because b luck ….
it’s here that you can experience real Fijian culture.
3 Well, a few years c day …
4 By chance, I happened d relief …
2 Look at the description again. What do these 5 Just at that e to …
words refer to? 6 So the following f that …
a most (line 2) d Here (line 12) 7 By sheer g of that …
b do so (line 7) e want to (line 15) 8 To my h moment …
c this (line 10) f sensation (line 18) 8 ❯❯ MB Use the phrases in Exercise 7 to make a
3 ❯❯ MB Find two emphatic structures in the third story about finding something you wanted to buy,
paragraph (with ‘what’ and ‘it’). Rewrite them as thinking you had missed your opportunity and
non-emphatic structures. then finding you could get it after all. Tell the story
to your partner.
I CAN
I CAN
use substitution to avoid repetition
use expressions for telling an anecdote
recognize emphasis to statements

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 Unit 6 Body matters

F E AT U R E S 1 Work in pairs. Write a short caption to accompany the photo.

70 Exercise around the 2 42 Listen to a woman discussing health and exercise with
her friend, Rashmi, who is a doctor. What does Rashmi say
world about the following?
Different exercise regimes 1 intensive exercise versus gentle exercise
2 the kinds of exercise that she does
72 No pain, no gain
How to avoid sports 3 42 Look at the expressions to do with exercise and health.
injuries Four of the expressions need a preposition to complete them.
Write in the prepositions. Then listen and check your answers.
74 The enigma of 1 keep shape 5 go a diet
beauty 2 take exercise 6 stay fit
What is beauty and why is 3 go a walk/run/ 7 work at the gym
it important to us? ride 8 stretch your legs
4 watch your weight 9 keep active
78 The art of parkour 4 Work in groups. Ask each other questions about your fitness.
A video about the history Use the expressions in Exercise 3.
of free running
A: What do you do to stay fit?
B: I walk a lot and I go swimming a couple of times a week.
C: Don’t you find swimming boring?
B: Just doing lengths is a bit dull, but it keeps me in reasonable
shape.

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 reading exercise regimes • wordbuilding compound words • grammar phrasal verbs • speaking exercise trends

6a Exercise around the world

Reading 3 Work in pairs. Write a suitable heading for each
paragraph. Then discuss whether any of these
1 Look at the quotation by swimmer David Walters. What forms of exercise appeal to you. Give reasons.
point was he making about exercise? Do you have any
similar experiences?
Wordbuilding compound
An hour of basketball feels like fifteen minutes.
An hour on a treadmill feels like a weekend in traffic school.
words
David Walters, professional swimmer WORDBUILDING compound words

2 Read the sentences (1–6). Then quickly read the article. We form certain nouns and adjectives using verb/
noun/adjective + preposition. The combination can
Match the sentences with the exercise routine it
be a whole word or a hyphenated word.
describes: Radio Taiso (RT), swogging (S) or yoga (Y).
breakdown, follow-up
1 It’s a fashionable form of exercise.
For further practice, see Workbook page 51.
2 It benefits the mind and the body.
3 It doesn’t need a lot of effort or practice.
4 Your body feels as if it is under attack. 4 Look at the wordbuilding box. Find one
5 People have been doing this form of exercise for similar compound adjective and compound
centuries. noun in the article.
6 It’s an enjoyable way to exercise.

EXERCISE Here are a few

of our readers’
AROUND THE WORLD 43 experiences.

Not many people outside Japan have come across Radio Taiso.
KEVIN
Each day at 6.30 in the morning you hear this tinkly piano sound
coming from the radio and everywhere people start doing callisthenics – gentle
warm-up exercises – to get ready for the day ahead. They’re group exercises that
everyone can join in with – at home, in the park. The group principle is a very 5
Japanese thing. People say the idea was copied from US factories in the 1920s.
It’s fantastic, because it’s good fun and it’s not too strenuous: they’re simple
movements that anyone can do, old or young. Also, they get the brain working
as well as the body.
I do something called ‘swogging’: a mixture of swimming and jogging.
JO
The inspiration came from a book about people in the Caucasus
mountains, who often live to well over a hundred and remain mentally and
physically fit. The book puts this down to their practice of walking down steep
slopes to swim in cold mountain streams – something they’ve been doing for
generations. Then they dry off and climb back up the mountain. The idea of 15
freezing cold water might put a lot of people off, but it’s scientifically proven to
help your circulation and boost your immune system, because it triggers your
body’s self-defence mechanisms. I do the same thing in North Wales where I live,
but I jog two miles to a lake. It’s very exhilarating, but I’ve a little way to go before
I get to 100! 20

I went on a group yoga retreat last year in Tamil Nadu. To an outside

observer, yoga doesn’t look demanding – just slow stretching and
NICKY
holding certain positions. Yoga practitioners came up with their own version of
the saying ‘Don’t just sit there, do something’ which is ‘Don’t just do something,
sit there’. But actually, it’s a very good workout. Like a lot of eastern exercise, it 25
offers a more holistic approach to health by combining bodily fitness with mental
well-being. The idea is to concentrate on your breathing to make movement
easier and reduce tension. Although it started out in India, only a relatively
small proportion of the population still practise yoga seriously. In the West, it’s
an increasingly trendy form of exercise, but Indian traditionalists say that the 30
versions practised by many Westerners are far removed from the original form.
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 Unit 6 Body matters

5 Complete the phrases with these compound words. 9 Read the description of other exercise routines. What
Then try to put each word in a sentence. do the phrasal verbs in bold mean? Then put the
objects of the phrasal verbs in the correct position.
backup   ​
break-in   ​drive-through   ​far-off   ​
stop-off Sickness as a child left Joseph Pilates, born in Germany
in 1880, frail and weak. To 1 get over (this), he
1 a of computer files developed exercises to build core muscle strength.
2 a on the way to Australia Some of his early students then opened studios using
3 a house his methods, 2 setting up (them) in various cities.
4 a land Pilates is now practised by millions all over the world.
5 a restaurant The idea for Zumba came about by accident in the
1990s. Alberto Perez 3 hit on (it) when he was taking
Grammar phrasal verbs an aerobics class in his native Colombia. Having
forgotten his usual music for the class, he 4 fell back
6 Look at these two verb + preposition(s) on (some Salsa dance music) he had with him. Zumba,
combinations (a–b) from the article. Which is a a routine combining aerobics with Latin dance moves,
phrasal verb? Which isn’t? Give reasons. was born. Since then it has taken off and become an
a come across b coming from international exercise craze.
Most people think Tai Chi is a form of meditation. In
PHRASAL VERBS fact, it’s an old Chinese martial art based on the idea
1 Intransitive phrasal verbs of 5 getting out of (dangerous situations) by turning
It started out in India. an attacker’s force against him. The most common
2 Separable phrasal verbs form of Tai Chi today is a routine of slow movements.
The idea of freezing cold water might put a lot of You often see people 6 trying out (them) in parks and
people off. public spaces.
The idea of freezing cold water might put off a lot of
people.
The idea of freezing cold water might put them off.
10 Put the words in the correct order to make
sentences using phrasal verbs.
3 Inseparable phrasal verbs
Not many people have come across Radio Taiso. 1 I’m thinking / of / up / Pilates / taking
Not many people have come across it. 2 I hurt my back playing tennis. It took / it / me /
4 Three-part phrasal verbs over / ages / to get
Yoga practitioners came up with their own version. 3 At school we had to exercise twice a week. We /
Yoga practitioners came up with it. of / it / get / couldn’t / out
5 Three-part phrasal verbs with two objects 4 The doctor / out / some tests / is going / to
The book puts this fact down to their practice of carry / on my knee
walking … 5 How / come / that idea / with / did you / up ?
The book puts this down to their practice of walking … 6 She / hard work / puts / to / down / her success
For further information and practice, see page 166.
7 Playing hockey / me / takes / back /
my childhood / to

7 Look at the grammar box. Notice the position of Speaking my life

the noun and pronoun objects for each type of
phrasal verb. When do we have to put the object 11 Work in pairs. Read the questionnaire and check
between the verb and the preposition? you know the meanings of the phrasal verbs.
Interview your partner using the questionnaire.
8 Read the sentences. Identify the words that make
up the phrasal verbs in both options (a and b).
Then say whether the position of the object(s) is 1 How much time do you set aside for exercise each
correct or not. Sometimes both options are correct. week?
1 a When did you set up the company? 2 What kind of exercise do you go in for mainly?
b When did you set the company up? 3 Have you taken up any new forms of exercise in the last
2 a I’ll catch you up with in a moment. twelve months?
b I’ll catch up with you in a moment. 4 Do you keep up with trends in exercise routines?
3 a I think you should definitely go for the job. 5 Do you prefer to exercise alone or to join in with others?
b I think you should definitely go the job for.
4 a A lot of children look up to sport stars. 6 What puts you off exercising more?
b A lot of children look up sport stars to.
5 a I’d like to take up on you your offer. 12 Compare your findings with another pair. What
b I’d like to take you up on your offer. conclusions can you draw about attitudes to exercise?

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 vocabulary injuries • listening sports injuries • idioms health • grammar verb patterns •
pronunciation stress in two-syllable verbs • speaking describing an injury

6b No pain, no gain
Ultrarunner on the 161 km
Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc
annual race, France

Vocabulary injuries 4 44 Complete the descriptions of injuries and

problems that Ben talks about. Then listen to the
1 Match verbs and nouns from each box to make interview again and check your answers.
collocations about typical injuries. There is
1 He had to overcome and the things
sometimes more than one possible answer.
that make you feel .
Then with a partner mime each injury to
2 A lot of sports people try to ignore a small muscle
explain its meaning.
or in a joint.
graze your knee 3 Minor problems can develop into more
injuries.
Verbs Nouns 4 His exercises have prevented him from getting
break   ​bruise   ​ your ankle   ​your arm   ​ ankle , lower pain and
bump   ​chip   ​ your back   ​your head   ​ runner’s .
graze   ​lose   ​ your knee   ​a muscle   ​
pull   ​sprain   ​ your ribs   ​your toe   ​ Idioms health
strain   ​stub your tooth   ​your voice   ​
5 Work in pairs. The ultrarunner used this idiom in the
2 Answer the questions. Use the collocations interview. What do you think it means?
from Exercise 1. I’m not talking about when they’re in a really bad way
1 What injuries do you think the runner in the 6 45 Complete the idioms using these prepositions.
photo risks? Then listen and check your answers. Discuss the
2 Which injuries in general are: meanings of the idioms with your partner.
a the most common?
b the most painful? down   ​in   ​off   ​on   ​out   ​under   ​up   ​

Listening 1 A: I heard Sarah came off her bicycle. Is she in

a bad way?
3 44 Listen to an interview with ultrarunner B: Luckily she didn’t break anything; she was
Ben Newborn about sports injuries. Answer the pretty shaken though.
questions. 2 A: ​Is it true that Jack nearly cut his finger off?
B: Yes, he practically passed when he saw
1 How does Ben define ultrarunning?
what he’d done … but he’s the mend
2 What was his main concern about doing the
now, I think.
Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc?
3 A: You look a bit colour. Are you feeling
3 What mistake do many sports people make?
the weather?
4 How does Ben avoid getting sports injuries?
B: No, I’m not ill. I’m just run from
working too much.

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 Unit 6 Body matters

Grammar verb patterns 5 Neck pain is common among these people.

Because they insist (bend)
VERB PATTERNS low over the handlebars, they are forced
(raise) their heads to see
verb + to + infinitive
ahead.
They tend to take some painkillers.
verb + object + to + infinitive 10 Which of these sportspeople are being referred to
A race which requires runners to run 161 kilometres … in each sentence in Exercise 9? Discuss with your
verb (+ object) + infinitive partner.
… the things that can make you feel sick …
verb + -ing cyclists   ​footballers   ​runners   ​swimmers   ​
It could mean running 100 kilometres in a single day … tennis players
verb + preposition + -ing
Didn’t you worry about doing yourself real damage? 11 Often verbs that express a similar idea are
verb + object + preposition + -ing followed by the same verb pattern. Look at the
… that shouldn’t discourage us from doing exercise. sentences (1–8). Replace the verbs in bold with
these verbs without changing the verb pattern.
For further information and practice, see page 166.
appear   ​blame   ​convince   ​decide   ​expect   ​
7 Look at the grammar box. Try to remember what mean   ​postpone   ​stop
verb patterns these verbs (1–10) take. Then check
your answers in the audioscript on page 184 1 We can’t prevent people from having accidents.
(track 44). 2 The organizers were criticized for not having
paid enough attention to track safety.
1 afford 6 prevent 3 If the job involves straining my back in any way,
2 avoid 7 succeed I’m afraid I can’t risk it.
3 carry on 8 try 4 I’ve made up my mind to get fit.
4 involve 9 urge 5 She seemed to pull a muscle as she stretched to
5 let 10 warn reach the ball.
6 Don’t delay going to the doctor. If you do, it’ll
8 Pronunciation stress in two-syllable verbs take longer to recover from the injury.
7 I hope to be playing again in a few weeks.
a Look at these verbs. Which syllable is stressed in 8 The doctor persuaded him to take it easy for a
each of these verbs? while.
afford   ​attempt   ​avoid   ​complain   ​convince   ​ 12 Complete this short description. Use the correct
insist   ​involve   ​prevent   ​rely   ​succeed verb pattern of the verbs in brackets.
I remember 1 (have) to play rugby
b 46 Listen and check your answers. Then
at school when I was fourteen or fifteen. At that
practise saying the words again.
age, kids seem 2 (develop) at very
9 Complete the sentences about sports injuries different rates and so sometimes they’d ask you
using the correct verb patterns. You need to add
3
(play) a match against people twice
prepositions in some of the sentences. your size. One time I attempted 4
(tackle) a huge boy running with the ball. His knee
1 These people often complain struck me in the face, making me 5
(suffer) ‘pink eye’ from (fall) back and I hit my head on the ground and
the chlorine in the water. They also tend passed out. The sports teacher never apologized
(be) susceptible to shoulder 6
(for / put) me in that situation, so
problems. the next time he asked me 7 (play) for
2 These people risk (damage) the team, I refused 8 (do) it!
the joints in their legs. But they can avoid
(get) long-term injuries by
wearing the right shoes. Speaking my life
3 Since their sport relies so heavily
13 Work in pairs. Choose one of the following
(use) the arm, these people
incidents and describe what happened. Try to use
tend (have) problems with
at least two verb patterns in your answer.
their elbow and wrist.
4 Because these people pull muscles so often, 1 a time when you or a friend were injured doing
they are encouraged (warm a sport or in some other situation
up) properly before a match to prevent such 2 a time when you or a friend narrowly escaped
injuries (occur). being injured

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 reading what is beauty? • critical thinking author influence • word focus face •
speaking does beauty sell?

6c The enigma of beauty

Reading 5 What was the author’s opinion about the

topics (1–5) in Exercise 4? Did this influence
1 Work in groups. Look at the photos. Which faces do your reaction to any of them? How?
you find beautiful or handsome? Can you explain why?
How many do you agree on? Discuss your findings.
Word focus face
2 Read the sentences. Do you think each one is true? 6 Find two expressions with face in the article
Then read the article and find out the author’s views.
with these meanings:
1 There are no universally agreed characteristics of
a unhappy expressions (para 1)
human beauty.
b to be honest (para 6)
2 Perceptions of a person’s beauty can be connected to
their social position. 7 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions
3 Your character can have an influence on whether people with face in these sentences and explain the
think you are beautiful or not. meaning of each phrase.
4 The search for beauty is superficial and vain.
1 He couldn’t admit he was wrong. He
3 Read the article again. Find the phrases from the article. didn’t want to lose face in front of the
Choose the best meaning (a or b). boss.
2 She was disappointed not to be picked for
1 beauty is in the eye of the beholder (para 2)
the team, but she put a brave face on it.
a subjective
3 I took her offer of help at face value. I
b related to how someone looks at you
don’t think she had any hidden motive.
2 a glowing complexion (para 2)
4 The actors had trouble keeping a
a healthy skin b smiling face
straight face when Jon fell off the stage.
3 a symbol of status (para 4)
5 You should tell her that you scratched
a a sign of great wealth
her car, because sooner or later you will
b a sign of a high social position
have to face the music.
4 has preoccupied (para 4)
6 On the face of it, it seems like a good
a dominated the thoughts of b worried
idea, but I wouldn’t rush into making a
5 a shallow quest (para 5)
decision.
a a pointless search b a trivial search
6 fussed over (para 6) 8 Make two sentences of your own using
a made to feel special b made to feel expressions with face from Exercises 6 and 7.
comfortable
Speaking my life
Critical thinking author influence
9 Work in pairs. You are going to design an
4 Look at these topics from the article. How did you advertising campaign. Read your role cards
personally feel about each one? Read the article again and and prepare ideas. Then act out the meeting
discuss with a partner. to agree on the advertisement you will run.
1 the experience of the women wanting to be models Student A: Turn to page 153.
2 the practice of extending your neck using copper coils
3 the way that our idea of an ideal body shape has changed Student B: Turn to page 155.
4 the fact that the author’s grandmother still cared about 10 Discuss which view is closest to your own.
her looks at 100 years old Give reasons.

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 Unit 6 Body matters

47
Sheli Jeffry is searching for beauty. As a scout for Ford, positive trait, a sign of wealth and well-being. Nowadays,
one of the world’s top model agencies, Jeffry scans up a very different image stares out at us from the pages of 45
to 200 young women every Thursday afternoon. They fashion magazines: that of a long-limbed, impossibly slim
queue up and one by one the line shrinks. Tears roll figure. Whatever the perception of ideal beauty may be,
5 and there are long faces as the conclusion ‘You’re not the search for it has preoccupied people of all cultures
what we’re looking for right now’ puts an end to the for centuries, from ancient Egypt to modern China.
conversation – and to hope. Confronted with this, one Is it a shallow quest? We say that beauty is only skin 50
poor hopeful, Rebecca from Rhode Island, asks: ‘What deep; that personality and charm contribute more to
are you looking for? Can you tell me exactly?’ Jeffry attractiveness than superficial beauty. Certainly, as we
10 simply replies, ‘It’s hard to say. I’ll know it when I see it.’ grow older, the more generous our definition of beauty
Define beauty? Some say you might as well analyse seems to become. Experience teaches us to look for the
a soap bubble; that beauty is only in the eye of the beauty within, rather than what is on the outside. 55
beholder. Yet it does seem that across different cultures But let’s face it, most of us still care how we look. Until
we can agree on certain points. Psychologists have she was a hundred years old, my grandmother had a
15 proven this by testing the attractiveness of different faces regular appointment at the beauty salon down the street.
on children. Symmetry is one characteristic that wins A month before she died, I took her there in my car. I
general approval; averageness is another: we seem to stayed and watched as she was greeted and fussed over 60
prefer features that are not extreme. Things that suggest by the hairdresser and manicurist. Afterwards, I drove
strength and good health – a glowing complexion her back to the nursing home. She admired her bright
20 and full lips in women, a strong jaw in men – are also red nails every few minutes, patted her cloud of curls
universal qualities. Scientists say that this is the true and radiated happiness. She is not alone in getting
definition of beauty, because ultimately we are influenced satisfaction from looking nice. It seems the quest for 65
not by aesthetic but by biological considerations: the beauty goes deeper than vanity – maybe it fulfils a deep
need to produce healthy children. need in all of us.
25 At the same time, we can also observe cultural
differences in how beauty is defined. The women of
the Padaung tribe in Myanmar put copper coils around 70
their necks to extend them because in their culture, very
long necks are considered beautiful. In cultures where
30 people’s skin is of a dark complexion, it is often seen as
desirable to have a fair skin. Conversely, in the northern
hemisphere among the naturally fair-skinned, people
want a tanned skin.
Perceptions of beauty also change over time. Historically,
35 in northern Europe, a tanned skin belonged to those
who were forced to work outside – agricultural workers
or other poorer members of society – and so a white
skin was a symbol of status and beauty. But in the
late 20th century, a tan reflected status of a different
40 kind: those that could afford beach holidays in the
Mediterranean or the Caribbean. Our idea of the
perfect body shape is also different from 200 years ago.
In almost all cultures a little fat was formerly seen as a

The
ENIGMA BEAUTY of
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 real life discussing proposals • speaking skill proposing and conceding a point •
pronunciation toning down negative statements

6d A bold initiative
Real life discussing proposals 3 Speaking skill proposing and conceding a
point
1 Work in pairs. Read about the different methods
governments around the world use to encourage 48 Look at the expressions for proposing and
their populations to keep fit and healthy. Answer conceding a point. Then listen to the discussion
the questions. again and say which phrases are used to propose
and concede these points.
1 What do you think are the pros and cons of each
method? 1 Spending money on a workplace gym – may
2 Which initiative would work best, do you think? not be a budget for this
Why? 2 Dance classes – people do these things in their
3 Are there any similar initiatives in your country? free time
3 Group exercises in the morning – not an
1 JAPAN: Broadcast a daily exercise
original idea
routine on national radio each day.
4 Give people incentives to do things on their
own – don’t know the details
2 WASHINGTON STATE, USA: Fast-food
PROPOSING and CONCEDING A POINT
chains must publish the number of
calories in each item on the menu. Proposing points
One possibility is / would be to …
3 QATAR: Get companies to install gyms Another alternative/idea is / might be …
at work so workers can exercise before or You could …
after work or during breaks. It would be better to …
What about …?
4 UK: Run public health campaigns Conceding points
promoting exercise activities that are Having said that, …
quick and easy to do. I realize/admit that …
Admittedly, …
5 SOUTH KOREA: Make good grades in I know that isn’t really …
Physical Education a qualification for It’s not (a) particularly … , I admit. / I’ll grant you.
university entrance. I haven’t thought it through exactly, but …
6 PHILIPPINES: Promote sports like karate
in school that combine exercise with
self-defence skills. 4 Pronunciation toning down negative
statements
a 49 Listen to these statements where an adverb
is used to tone down (reduce the impact of) a
negative statement. Underline the words most
strongly stressed in each sentence.
1 It’s not a particularly original idea.
2 It wouldn’t be so easy to monitor …
3 I know that isn’t really the intention …

b 50 Work in pairs. Practise saying these

sentences where a negative sentiment has been
toned down. Then listen and compare your
pronunciation.
2 48 Listen to a discussion at a large insurance 1 I know it’s not a very practical solution.
company about ideas to promote health and fitness 2 It wouldn’t be so simple to convince people.
among their employees. Answer the questions. 3 I’m not entirely confident about the result.

1 Why is promoting health and fitness among 5 Work in groups. Each person should think of
their employees important to the company? another idea to promote the health and well-
2 What different ideas are proposed? Are any of being of company employees. Then present and
them similar to the ideas in Exercise 1? discuss your ideas. Concede any points against
3 Which idea got approval from another member your proposal.
of the group? Which idea was rejected?

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 writing a formal report • writing skill avoiding repetition Unit 6 Body matters

6e A controversial plan
Writing a formal report INTRODUCTION
1 Read the report about a public This report examines a proposal to make smokers pay higher
health issue and look at the health insurance premiums. Over 100 people of different ages
questions. Underline the parts of the and social backgrounds were interviewed about the proposal,
which was based on a straightforward evaluation of risk: that if a
report that answer the questions.
person smokes, their chances of becoming ill increase.
1 What is the aim of the report?
2 What is the main finding? RESULTS
3 What action is proposed? 30% of the interviewees objected to the proposal on the
grounds that it was discriminatory. One common argument was
2 Read the description of reports that, according to this principle, higher premiums should also be
in general. Which of the features paid by people who overeat.
in bold appear in the report in 18% of those questioned agreed that the habit of smoking was
Exercise 1? often beyond an individual’s control. However, 55% took the
opposite view: that smokers make a personal choice to smoke
Formal reports present the and therefore should pay for the consequences. With regard to
findings of an investigation and assistance to quit smoking, 74% of respondents believed free
make recommendations based help should be given to smokers.
on these findings. The reader RECOMMENDATION
should be able to scan a report
Overall, interviewees were in favour of some change to insurance
quickly for key information, so companies’ current practice of treating smokers and non-smokers
bullet points, subheadings, and similarly. Accordingly, we recommend that a pilot scheme should
short paragraphs are all useful. be set up where smokers are given free help by their insurer to
Reports present objective facts, stop smoking over a six-month period. During this time, they will
often using passive verb forms, be offered various solutions to give up. If they succeed, they will
but some internal reports can also be rewarded with a discount of 5% on their insurance premiums
offer more subjective comments. for as long as they remain non-smokers. Conversely, if they fail,
their insurance premiums will rise by 20%.

3 Find formal phrases in the report

that mean the following:
b Replace the words in bold in these sentences to avoid repetition.
1 because (para 2)
1 This report examines the results of a survey on
2 if you follow (para 2)
health, describing the main results and making some
3 so (para 3)
recommendations.
4 concerning (para 3)
2 260 members of staff were asked for their views on the
5 in general (para 4)
proposal and they responded with a range of views.
6 in view of this (para 4)
3 87% agreed that more exercise would be good for their
7 on the other hand (para 4)
physical health, while 54% said it would be good for their
mental health.
4 Writing skill avoiding 4 We recommend that a fact-finding team should be set up. We
repetition also recommend that the leader of this team is someone from
outside the company.
a When writing reports, you often
have to find ways of repeating the 5 Write a short report on a survey of employees about how a
same idea using different words. company can help to improve employees’ health. Use your own
Find these words (1–6) and then find ideas or the ideas you discussed in Exercise 5 on page 76. Write
the different ways that the writer 200–250 words.
used to describe these things.
6 Exchange reports with your partner. Use these questions to check
1 the interviewees (two ways)
your reports.
those questioned
2 took the … view (that) • Have they presented their aims, findings and
3 assistance recommendations?
4 quit smoking (two ways) • Does the report use formal language, including passive
5 insurance company forms?
6 period • Is the report divided into clear sections?
• Is the overall result a clear, concise and easy-to-read report?

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 6f The art of parkour

A parkour athlete, Vienna,

Austria

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 Unit 6 Body matters

Before you watch 6 6.1 Look at the questions. Then watch the
second part of the video (0.51 to 1.26) again.
1 Work in pairs. Look at the categories (a–e). Try Discuss the answers with your partner.
to name a different sport for each category. Then
1 Where and when did the modern craze for
compare your ideas with the rest of the class.
parkour start?
A sport that is: 2 What is a better description than ‘sport’ for
a very dangerous parkour, according to the speaker?
b creative 3 What is the essence or fundamental principle
c very expensive of parkour?
d urban / played in the street 4 Why has it been especially popular in places
e growing in popularity where opportunities are limited?

2 Look at the photo and the caption on page 78. What 7 6.1 Watch the last part of the video (from 1.27
does this sport involve? Which of the categories in to the end) again. Then complete this description.
Exercise 1 does it fall into, do you think?
These two young men from Khan Younis in Gaza
both practise parkour. In this part of the world,
3 Key vocabulary for example, 1 is over 40 per cent and
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 35 per cent live in poverty. But there is no sense
the video. Guess the meaning of the words. of 2 amongst the young: they are
focused on staying 3 and they like
1 The documentary contains some footage of the 4
themselves.
two climbers reaching the summit.
2 He went into the army when he was eighteen. Abed’s mother feels 5 of him,
He had to – it was the official draft age. even though he has had injuries like a broken
3 I think some birds have made a nest on the
6
. Injuries, like sprains, are common
ledge above my window. so it is important to learn how to 7
4 He didn’t jump from the bridge in the film. It without hurting yourself. Mohammed says it took
was done by a stuntman. time to 8 people around him about
5 We’d like to get more students involved in the sport. But now they both feel a great sense of
university decisions, but up to now they’ve personal 9 and hope that one day
shown complete apathy. they might be asked to perform in a competition
or a 10 .
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 3a with these
definitions.
After you watch
a a narrow shelf or surface, usually made of stone
or rock 8 Vocabulary in context
b someone who does dangerous things in place of
the actor in a film a 6.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
c an official order to serve time in the armed forces the correct meaning of the words and phrases.
d lack of interest or concern
b Complete these sentences in your own words.
e (short) film of a particular event
Then compare your sentences with a partner.
1 I don’t think … will ever really catch on.
While you watch 2 I have a friend who has an uncanny ability to …
4 6.1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 3 Once I fell awkwardly when I was … and hurt
Then watch the video and compare your answers. my …

1 What is parkour? 9 Work in groups. Discuss these questions and give

2 Who does parkour and why do they do it? reasons for your answers
3 What kind of moves do parkour artists do?
1 Do you think parkour should become an
4 Can you make a career out of parkour, do
official Olympic sport?
you think?
2 Do you think more sports should be just
5 6.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to amateur sports, like parkour, and not
0.50) again. Complete the facts about the footage professional sports?
of John Ciampa. 3 Do you think street sports like parkour should be
regulated (i.e. rules about where you are allowed
1 Date of film: to do it, what you are allowed to do, etc.)?
2 His job: 4 Would you like to try parkour yourself?
3 His age: Why? / Why not?
4 His abilities:

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 Unit 6 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the blog. Who in the world suffers from back 5 Complete the sentences with the missing verbs.
pain? What can be done about it? You have been given the first letter.
1 Shall we g o for a quick walk?
I need to s my legs.
2 How do you k in such good
shape? Do you t a lot of exercise?
3 I think I p a muscle when I was
w out at the gym.
4 I wasn’t badly hurt. I just g my
knee and b my ribs.
5 She only c her tooth, but she was
s up by the experience.
6 I try to s aside a couple of hours
a week for exercise.

6 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. When did you last do these

Back pain is an extremely common health problem, which
things? Describe what happened.
affects eighty per cent of Americans at some time in their
lives. It prevents people 1 (work), causes a passed out e went on a diet
people 2 (become) depressed and b felt off colour f sprained your
affects general wellbeing. c stubbed your toe ankle
You could be forgiven 3 (think) that d lost your voice
lower back pain is a result of our sedentary habits: working
I CAN
at computers, etc. But in fact, back pain is something that
everyone around the world seems 4 talk about exercise, health and injuries
(suffer) from, whether they spend their days
(sit) at a desk or
Real life
5

6
(work) in the fields.
Scientists believe that back pain is an inevitable result of 7 Look at the proposal for workplace gyms.
being bipedal – standing up on two feet. So, unless you Complete the proposal with these words.
7
go in for regular posture training or are not susceptible to
it, you will suffer from back pain at some point. admittedly   ​alternative   ​having   ​grant   ​out   ​
What to do about it is another question. You can 8 look into particularly   ​possibility   ​through
exercise classes such as yoga or Pilates, which help to build
core muscle strength, but these are mainly preventive. Most
Workplace gyms are not a 1 original
treatment for chronic pain consists of taking painkillers,
idea, I’ll 2 you, but I think they could
either synthetic or natural, as in Madagascar, where Baobab
be very popular with our employees. I haven’t
tree bark is used. Another possibility is manipulation, but it
thought 3 all the details but the basic
can be months before the practitioner can 9 turn around the
idea is to get people exercising during the working
situation. It seems that for the time being, we will just have
day. 4 , it’s not a cheap option, but,
to 10 put up with back pain.
5
said that, there are ways to lessen
the cost. One 6 would be to make
employees pay a small contribution. Another
2 Complete the first part of the blog by putting the 7
would be to open it to the public.
verbs (1–6) in the correct form: infinitive, to + I’m just thinking aloud here - I haven’t worked it
infinitive, -ing form or preposition + -ing form. 8
exactly.
3 Look at the phrasal verbs (7–10) in the blog. Find 8 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Look at these points. After
the noun objects of each phrasal verb and replace each point make another point that concedes an
these with a pronoun. Think carefully about the argument against it.
position of the pronoun.
1 It’s always good to try out new food.
4 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. What kind of phrasal 2 Team sports are great fun.
verbs are used in the blog: intransitive, separable, 3 Walking is the best form of exercise.
inseparable or three-part? Explain the difference.
I CAN
I CAN propose and concede points in a discussion
use correct verb patterns (verb + -ing or infinitive)
use different kinds of phrasal verbs

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 Unit 7 Digital media

Van Gogh’s self-portrait at the

Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo. What are these people doing and why?
Would you do the same? Why? / Why not?
82 Selfie world
2 51 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Then listen to a
A study of global facts journalist talking about digital technology and compare your
about selfies answers. Do you agree with him?

84 Creating a buzz 1 How do digital media change the way we experience the
world?
How companies use social 2 How do audiences use digital media at concerts, festivals
media marketing and conferences?
3 Do you think digital media enhance our experiences or
86 A hacker’s life spoil them?
A day at the DefCon
annual conference 3 51 What different digital media did the journalist mention?
Listen again and check your answers.
90 Talking dictionaries 4 Categorize the activities (a–c) according to how you use them.
A video about how digital Then discuss your answers.
media is preserving dying
languages a things that you do yourself
b things you benefit from others doing
c things you never do

chat online   ​download music   ​post comments on forums   ​

review products   ​tweet   ​upload photos   ​
use professional networking sites   ​use social networking sites   ​
write a blog​

THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MEDIA BRANDS ATTITUDES TO SECURITY MAKING A PODCAST 81

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 reading global facts about selfies • wordbuilding verb prefix out • grammar passive reporting verbs •
speaking the impact of digital media

7a Selfie world
Reading Wordbuilding verb prefix out
1 Look at this caption that accompanied a ‘selfie’. WORDBUILDING verb prefix out
What are the names for the symbols used? What When out is used as a prefix to a verb, it often means
expression has the caption been adapted from? doing something ‘more than’ or ‘better than’.
outweigh, outperform, outstay
Believe in your #selfie! For further practice, see Workbook page 59.

2 Work in pairs. What do you think is the best way 4 Look at the wordbuilding box. Complete the
to take a good selfie? Read the first paragraph of
sentences with the correct form of these verbs. The
the article and compare your ideas.
first one is from the article.
3 Read the rest of the article. Try to find information
outclass   ​outgrow   ​outlive   ​outnumber   ​
about the following things:
outsell​   ​outweigh​
1 how many selfies are taken each year
2 what kind of people take selfies 1 … women selfie-takers men.
3 what is particular about selfies taken by people: 2 My kids their clothes very quickly.
a in London b in São Paulo 3 The advantages the disadvantages.
4 how long it takes to take a selfie 4 iPhones Samsung phones again.
5 the possible reasons that people take selfies 5 She completely her opponent.
6 She her husband by fifteen years.

Selfie world
52
The basic idea of a selfie is simple: flip the view on your First of all, it’s a young person’s game: the average selfie taker’s age
phone so that you are looking at the image you are taking; is around 24, although that age is thought to have risen slightly 20
hold the phone away from you – usually at a high angle to since the initial research was done. Secondly, women selfie-takers
make your eyes look bigger and slightly right or left to show outnumber men, making up 55 per cent in Bangkok, 65 per cent in
5 off your ‘best’ side; and then click. São Paulo and 82 per cent in Moscow. Further analysis showed that
Selfies have only been around since 2011, but it is said that London selfies have the most poses ‘straight to camera’ – in other
in 2015 an incredible 24 billion such images were uploaded cities people take pictures from more of an angle – while Bangkok 25
using Google’s photo app. And that is only Google’s app; it selfies are the most smiley (London and Moscow are the least).
does not include Facebook, Instagram or Apple applications, São Paulo boasts the most expressive selfies. But perhaps the most
10 which are believed to account for a far greater proportion of surprising thing is how long they take to produce.
‘selfie’ traffic. People were reported to be spending on average seven minutes on
Lev Manovich, professor at City University of New York and each selfie. That is not just the time needed to take the picture; it 30
expert in digital media, was keen to get more data on this also includes editing, deciding on a caption and perhaps adding a
cultural phenomenon and so set up the project ‘Selfiecity’. hashtag or emoji.
15 Taking six world cities as examples – London, New York, Manovich’s study does not provide reasons for these global
Bangkok, São Paulo, Berlin and Moscow – his study looked variations or for the phenomenon as a whole, but it has been
at who was posting these images and what the main observed by other researchers that in an age where online image 35
characteristics of the images were. This is what it found. matters, the selfie is now an indispensable tool.

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 Unit 7 Digital media

Grammar passive reporting 7 Complete the headlines from the radio news. Use
the correct form of the passive reporting verbs.
verbs
1 Two men (report / be
PASSIVE REPORTING VERBS arrested) earlier today in connection with a
It + passive reporting verb + that
robbery in the town centre.
1 It is said that in 2015, 24 billion such images were 2 Builders (say / work)
uploaded. around the clock to finish the new stadium in
2 It has been observed by other researchers that the time for the official opening on 12th July.
selfie is now an indispensable tool. 3 The Prime Minister (expect /
subject + passive reporting verb + to + infinitive announce) big tax cuts in a speech later today.
3 Other applications are believed to account for a far 4 Three climbers, who (fear /
greater proportion of ‘selfie’ traffic. die), have turned up at their base camp six
4 That age is thought to have risen slightly since the days after they went missing.
initial research was done. 5 A portrait, which (claim /
5 People were reported to be spending seven minutes on be) Picasso’s last ever painting, will go on sale
each selfie. later today.
For further information and practice, see page 168. 6 It (suggest) that a photo
showing water on the surface of Mars is a fake.

5 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 8 Work in pairs. Write three sentences announcing a
piece of news using passive reporting verbs. Use
1 What is the tense of each underlined passive the words in the boxes to help you, if you like. Then
reporting verb? read your sentences to another pair and question
2 Does the tense of the underlined passive each other about further details of the story.
reporting verb always match the time of the
event which is reported? Two walkers are reported to have gone missing
3 In which sentence(s) is the agent included? during their round-the-world trip.
Why is it included here? People or things
4 Why do we often find this type of verb in news
a dog   ​two walkers   a famous celebrity   
reports and in academic writing?
round-the-world trip   ​a fireman   ​
6 Rewrite the underlined words. Start with the the US president   ​a photo   ​an app   ​
words in brackets and use passive reporting verbs. $100 million   ​an old coin   ​three sisters   ​
20 a four-year-old boy
1 We don’t really know why women take more
selfies than men. (It) Passive reporting verbs
2 Many have said that the social pressure on believe   ​claim   ​expect   ​fear   ​know   ​
women to look good is an important factor. (It) report   ​say   ​suggest   ​suppose   ​think
25 3 People also believe that the proportion of men
taking selfies is increasing. (The proportion)
4 People think that another reason for the Speaking my life
popularity of selfies is their democratic nature. 9 Work in small groups. Read the statements and
(Another reason for the popularity of selfies) discuss if you agree with them.
30
5 Someone reported that last year pictures
of ‘ordinary’ people outnumbered those of 1 Taking selfies is thought by many to be a sign
celebrities by a million to one. of vanity.
(Last year, pictures of ‘ordinary’ people) 2 The obsession with self-image is feared to be
6 No one expects that the selfie phenomenon will causing an increase in insecurity among young
35
end soon. (The selfie phenomenon) people.
7 People think that it will begin to decrease in the 3 It’s said that overuse of digital media has
coming years. (It) given us ‘grasshopper minds’ (i.e. a very short
8 At the same time, people report that banks attention span).
have started looking at selfies as a possible 4 The huge volume of information that we now
replacement for passwords and PIN numbers. have to process is believed to have made us
(At the same time, banks) more critical thinkers, not less.
5 The fact that you can make comments
anonymously and from a distance is often said
to be the reason why a lot of online comments
are angry and aggressive.

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 listening social media marketing • idioms business buzz words • grammar nominalization •
speaking brands

7b Creating a buzz
Listening 4 53 Listen to the interview again. Are the
statements true (T) or false (F), according to Sarah?
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Then
1 Good marketing means getting customers to
discuss your answers.
share their enthusiasm about your company
1 What kind of advertising do you take most with others.
notice of: TV, magazine, online, other? 2 Customers aren’t really interested in the story
2 Has any new company or product attracted behind the products they are buying.
your interest recently? How did they do this? 3 National Geographic uses competitions to involve
visitors to their website.
2 Look at the photo and answer the questions. 4 National Geographic does not use special offers to
1 What are the children selling? sell its products.
2 What benefits are they offering the buyer? 5 It is difficult to involve the customer if you are
3 What advertising tools do they use to selling a more everyday product.
communicate these benefits? 6 The interactive tour of the teas of China on the
tea company’s website is a bit serious, but very
worthy (a) /ˈwɜːði/ admirable, deserving respect informative.

Idioms business buzz words

5 A ‘buzz word’ is a word or expression that is
fashionable at the moment. There are many
examples in business. Work in pairs. Look at the
words in bold from the interview and discuss what
they mean.
1 We hear about companies being customer-
focused all the time these days.
2 And if you can provide those things, and get
them to buy into your story, …
3 Our research into social media marketing has
given us some great examples of best practice.

6 Match the business buzz words (1–8) with the

correct definition (a–h).
1 How much are we talking about? Give me a
ballpark figure.
2 This is the area we need to concentrate on going
forward.
3 Keep me in the loop. I’d be interested to know
what happens.
4 You can understand it, surely? It’s not rocket
science.
5 Great. I’m glad that we’re on the same page.
6 Finding out we weren’t the only ones
developing this product was a big reality check.
7 We’re looking for really fresh ideas, so try to
think outside the box.
8 It’s a win-win situation.
3 53 Listen to an interview with a social media
a advantageous to both sides
marketing specialist, Sarah Palmer, and answer the b be imaginative
questions. c moment to face the true facts
According to Sarah: d rough estimate
1 What kind of customers can you get with e simple
successful social media marketing? f in the future
2 What two companies are good examples of g understand each other
this? h up to date with events

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 Unit 7 Digital media

Grammar nominalization 10 Rewrite the sentences, nominalizing the

underlined words. You will need to make other
NOMINALIZATION changes too (e.g. prepositions).
Verb ➙ noun nominalization 1 If you want to be successful, you need to
1 a If you can create a loyal following, it is a much more prepare well and work hard.
effective long-term strategy. comes from
b The creation of a loyal following is a much more
and .
effective long-term strategy.
2 People who lead well are able to say thank you
2 a If you engage your customers, it will boost sales.
b Customer engagement will boost sales.
to the people who work for them.
have to
Adjective ➙ noun nominalization
thank .
3 a It’s pointless being focused on your customer if they …
b A focus on your customer is pointless if they …
3 If you are honest in business your business
4 a Good marketing is when you are able to turn your partners will respect you.
customers into fans. will earn you
b Good marketing is an ability to turn your customers your business partners.
into fans. 4 When companies compete with each other, they
Other types of nominalization are forced to reduce costs.
5 a That is mainly why they are so successful. leads to a
b That is the main reason for their success. costs.
For further information and practice, see page 168. 11 We also use nominalization with passive verbs.
Rewrite the underlined words using nominalized
7 Look at the grammar box. Compare the pairs of forms and the passive form of the verbs in brackets.
sentences (with and without nominalization). Then 1 We paid by direct bank transfer. (make)
say if sentences (a–c) below are true (T) or false (F). Payment was made …
Nominalization allows us to: 2 We have arranged for the guests to stay in local
a make an action into a noun. hotels. (make)
b emphasize who is responsible for an action. 3 They will decide tomorrow. (take)
c express ideas more concisely and objectively. 4 No one explained the long delay in
delivery. (give)
8 Rewrite these phrases. Use nominalized forms of 5 You should complain in writing to the
the underlined verbs and adjectives. customer services department. (make)
6 They researched the new drug over a ten-year
1 He intends to …
period. (carry out)
His is to …
7 You can’t photograph the inside of the
2 After they announced the winner
building. (take)
Following the of the winner
3 No one knew they had discovered it
No one knew of their Speaking my life
4 I respect that she wishes to be private
I respect her to be private 12 Answer the questions. Then work in pairs and
5 I appreciate that you are concerned compare your answers.
I understand your 1 Make a list of six things you have bought
6 It’s understandable that they are angry recently (clothes, food, gadgets, household
Their is understandable products, etc.). Which are brands that you are
loyal to?
9 Complete the transformation of these sentences.
2 Explain why you are loyal to these brands. Is it
Use nominalized forms of the underlined words.
because of:
1 How quickly a company responds to a • their quality or image?
complaint indicates clearly how interested they • what others say about them?
are in keeping their customers satisfied. • their social media marketing?
A company’s speed of to a • other?
complaint is a clear of their true
in customer .
2 When you interact with customers on social
media it can be risky, because people will
comment things that are negative as well as
positive.
with customers on social media
brings the of receiving negative
as well as positive ones.
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 reading a day at a hackers’ conference • critical thinking identifying personal opinion • word focus break •
speaking attitudes to security

7c A hacker’s life
Reading Critical thinking identifying
1 Work in pairs. How careful are you about your personal opinion
online security? Discuss what you do to keep your
6 Work in pairs. Underline the adjectives and
data safe and what more you could do.
adverbs in the article that the writer uses to
2 Look at the two definitions of a ‘hacker’. Which express his personal opinion about hackers and
definition fits your idea of a hacker? Then read the what they do for us.
article about a hackers’ conference on page 87 and Every year passionate hackers meet … (para 2)
say what the author’s view is.
7 Summarize the author’s views about the following
things.
hacker (n) /ˈhækə/ a hackers
1 an enthusiastic and skilful computer programmer b the DefCon convention
or user c the situation of most internet users
2 a person who uses computers to gain
unauthorized access to data
Word focus break
8 Work in pairs. Find an expression with break in
3 Read the article again and answer the questions. paragraph 1 and discuss what it means. Then look
Compare your answers with your partner. at these expressions (1–6) and discuss what you
1 What do DefCon hackers do to help improve think they mean.
internet security? 1 The manager called everyone together to break
2 What are most hackers not? the news about the company closing.
3 What do hackers look at apart from online 2 During the first lesson, the teacher got us to
security? play a couple of games to break the ice.
4 What do they do with the information they 3 Once you get into playing computer games
find? every night, it’s very difficult to break the
5 What does the writer like about the people at habit.
DefCon? 4 You really should buy a new pair of shoes. It
6 What phrase sums up what Capture the Flag is? won’t break the bank.
7 What does the writer say about the majority of 5 It’s a very big job but I think we’ve broken the
people who use the internet? back of it now.
8 What really motivates the hackers at DefCon? 6 We didn’t make a profit but I think at least we
broke even.
4 Has your opinion of hackers changed after reading
this article? How? Discuss with your partner. 9 Write a sentence using one of the expressions with
break. Read it to your partner, omitting the phrase,
5 Find collocations in the article that mean the and ask them to guess what the missing phrase is.
following:
a a very false description (para 2)
b fix the gaps in something that could leak
Speaking my life

(para 3) 10 Work in pairs. Look at the questionnaire on

c a lack of politeness (para 5) page 154 and ask each other the questions. Then
d with poor lighting (para 6) evaluate each other’s attitude to security on a scale
e a piece of furniture where documents are of 1 to 5 (5 = very aware, 1 = unconcerned) and
stored (para 7) exposure to risk (5 = very safe, 1 = very exposed).
f a person who is expert in (and obsessed with)
computer technology (para 8)

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 Unit 7 Digital media

A HACKER’S LIFE
Hackers compete in
Capture the Flag.

54
Have you ever locked yourself out of your home There are government agents here, as well as video
and had to break in? First, you get a sense of game enthusiasts. But no one asks where you work –
accomplishment in succeeding. But then comes the that would be bad manners.
worrying realization that if you, an amateur, can break DefCon runs various competitions during the conference, 40
5 into your own home, a professional could do it five the most famous of which is Capture the Flag. Capture
times faster. So you look for the weak points in your the Flag is a cyber game of attack and defence between
security and fix them. Well, that’s more or less how the the best hackers that goes on 24 hours a day. In a dimly-
DefCon hackers’ conference works. lit conference hall, small groups of hackers sit five
Every year passionate hackers meet at the DefCon metres from each other, intensely trying either to break 45

10 convention in Las Vegas to present their knowledge and into or to protect the system. There are huge video
capabilities. Mention the word ‘hacker’ and many of us projections on the walls, pizza boxes and coffee cups are
picture a seventeen-year-old in their bedroom, illegally strewn everywhere. It’s mesmerizing.
hacking into the US’s defence secrets in the Pentagon. In another room, participants compete against the
Or we just think ‘criminals’. But that is actually a gross clock: they have five minutes to free themselves from 50
15 misrepresentation of what most hackers do. handcuffs, escape from their ‘cell’, get past a guard,
The experiments that take place at DefCon have an retrieve their passport from a locked filing cabinet,
enormous impact on our daily lives. These are computer leave through another locked door, and make their
addicts who love the challenge of finding security gaps. escape to freedom.
They examine all kinds of systems, from the internet to If you’re someone who dismisses the DefCon attendees 55
20 mobile communications to household door locks. And as a group of computer geeks, then you are probably
then they try to hack them. Their findings are dutifully also someone who has the same password for ninety
passed on to the industries that design these systems so per cent of your online transactions. Which means you
that they can plug the holes. are doomed. Because even if you think you’re being
I saw a great example of this when I attended a clever by using your grandmother’s birth date backwards 60

25 presentation on electronic door locks. The presenters as a secure key, you’re no match for the dedicated people
showed us significant weaknesses in several brands that I met. There is no greater ignorance to be found
of electro-mechanical locks. A bio-lock that uses a online than that of an average internet user. I’m happy
fingerprint scan for entry was easily defeated by a now to admit that I’m one of them.
paper clip. Although all the manufacturers of the But it isn’t just criminals that we need to protect our 65
30 insecure locks were then contacted by the hackers, not data from. Big business is also trying to get more and
all of them responded. more information about our personal online habits.
DefCon is a vast mix of cultures as well as a culture in Sadly, we have few tools to protect ourselves. But there
itself. People in dark clothes and ripped jeans talk to is a group of people who are fanatical about online
people in golf shirts and suit trousers. Social status here freedom and safety and have the means to help us 70

35 is based on knowledge and accomplishment, not on vulnerable users protect our privacy. Many of them can
clothing labels or what car you drive. It’s refreshing. be found at DefCon.

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 real life making a podcast • pronunciation new words • speaking skill hedging language

7d A podcast

Real life making a podcast b 56 Listen and check your answers

to Exercise 4a.
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 How do you prefer to access news stories 5 Speaking skill hedging language
and reports? Which do you think is the most 55 When we aren’t absolutely certain of facts,
trustworthy source? Why? we commonly use ‘hedging’ language. Listen
a print c video to the podcast again and match the hedging
b internet d audio expressions the speakers use with each fact (1–6).
2 What kind of news stories and reports interest
you particularly? Explain why. 1 glowing blue waves are one of the most
spectacular sights in nature
arts and culture   ​business   ​politics 2 there are a lot of sea creatures that are
science and environment​ bioluminescent
sport   ​travel   ​other 3 most of these creatures live in the deep ocean
4 or just lighting your way as you move around
2 55 Look at the photo. Describe it and say what 5 an electrical force in the phytoplankton’s body
you think is happening. What kind of news report causes a chemical reaction
is this going to be? Listen to the podcast and check 6 the electricity is generated by motion in the
your answer. water

3 55 Listen to the news report again and answer HEDGING LANGUAGE

the questions. It seems/appears that … ,
… tend(s) to …
1 What did scientists already know about these
This suggests that …
blue lights in the waves?
It’s reasonable to assume that …
2 What more do they know now? We can probably conclude that …
There are estimated to be …
4 Pronunciation new words There are thought to be …
Arguably …
a With new words, try to look for clues to their Probably / Possibly / Most likely / Perhaps …
pronunciation. For example:
• Is there a familiar prefix or suffix?
6 You are going to make a news podcast about a
• Is a vowel followed by a single or a double
new discovery. Work in two groups of three.
consonant?
• Does the length or type of word tell you where Group A: Turn to page 154. Read the information.
the stress is likely to be?
Group B: Turn to page 155. Read the information.
Work in pairs and try to guess the pronunciation • Discuss what you are going to say and prepare
of these words from the podcast. the story. Remember to use hedging language.
• Practise reading the story aloud, concentrating
glowing   ​phytoplankton   ​Martin Roddick​ on pace and clear pronunciation.
bioluminescent   ​predators   ​emitted​

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 writing a news report • writing skill cautious language Unit 7 Digital media

7e The Invisible Man

Writing a news report
1 Read the advice given to journalists below. Then
look at the photo and title of the article and, with
your partner, write six questions.

A good news report should answer the five

Ws and the H – who, what, where, when, why
and how – as quickly as possible for the reader
before giving further details or information.

2 Read the news report and check your answers.

Did you find the answers quickly?

3 Which paragraph does the following:

a gives the writer’s opinion?
b gives essential information?
THE
INVISIBLE MAN
c explains the details?

4 Writing skill cautious language In his work created in the summer of 2011 at his Beijing
a News reports (and academic reports) use cautious studio, Chinese artist Liu Bolin blends into a background
language when the information given cannot be of a supermarket soft drinks display. When his assistants
verified 100%. Find an example of each of the had finished painting him in, he seemed to have
following types of cautious language in the report. disappeared. Entitled ‘Plasticizer’, the piece expresses
1 the verbs seem or appear Bolin’s shock at the discovery of plasticizer in food
2 passive reporting verbs products. Plasticizer is normally used to make materials
3 adverbs that make generalizations like cement more flexible.
4 adverbs that speculate about a fact Such pictures have made Bolin internationally famous,
5 modal verbs that express possibility which is ironic because it is said he used them originally to
b Rewrite these sentences using the words given make a statement about feeling ignored by society. Bolin
to express more caution about each of the facts loves the challenge of blending into any surroundings: a
presented. building site, a telephone box, a national monument. No
trick photography or Photoshopping is used and careful
1 His pictures carry a strong social message.
planning is needed for each image. First, before entering
(generally)
2 He became internationally famous when a the scene, he tells the photographer how he would like
New York art dealer bought some of his works. the picture to look. Then he asks his assistant to paint
(apparently) him in. This process can take up to ten hours while Bolin
3 His work makes people think more about their stands completely still, presumably in some discomfort.
surroundings. (might) The pictures may be unusual, but they appear to have
4 He wants to draw our attention to what we appealed to people all over the world because more
cannot see in a picture. (seems) recently, Bolin has received commissions to do similar
5 Bolin used friends at first to help him paint his
paintings in New York, Paris, Venice, Rome and London.
pictures. (believed)

5 Write a short news report about something that 6 Exchange news reports with your partner. Use
happened in your town or school recently. Use the these questions to check your reports.
five ‘W’s and the ‘H’ to know what information
you should include and follow the structure in • Does the report answer the six basic questions?
Exercise 3. Write around 150 words. • Does it follow the paragraph structure in
Exercise 3?
• Does it use cautious language appropriately?

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 7f Talking dictionaries

A man and his son,

Tuva Republic, Russia

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 Unit 7 Digital media

Before you watch 6 7.1 Watch the second part of the video (1.03
to 2.29) again. Then complete the summary of the
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Talking Dictionaries project using one word per space.
1 Can you think of three languages which are The aim of Talking Dictionaries is to give endangered
spoken in more than one country? Which is languages a first-ever 1 on the
the most widespread? 2
. An example is Siletz Dee-ni from
2 Is your language spoken in another country? Oregon, USA, which has only one 3
If so, where? speaker. Words are recorded and made into a talking
3 Is another language, such as English, dictionary. The rich vocabulary helps you appreciate
replacing or influencing your language or the cultural 4 . The dictionary can then
other languages in your country? be used to 5 the language.

2 How can we save lesser-spoken languages 7 7.1 Watch the last part of the video (2.30 to the
from being dominated or replaced by ‘world’ end) again. Answer the questions.
languages? Is it important to do this? Why? /
1 What did the Papuan New Guinea villagers ask
Why not?
the Enduring Voices team?
2 What message did seeing the Matukar talking
3 Key vocabulary dictionary on the internet send to people?
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used 3 What is special about the Tuvan talking dictionary?
in the video. Guess the meaning of the words. 4 Who do the Talking Dictionaries team want to
spread the message of the importance of linguistic
1 Because so many have been killed for their diversity to?
ivory, the elephant is now an endangered
species. 8 Which words do you remember from the two talking
2 He said that he would not have won the dictionaries that you saw? What did they tell you
award without the collaboration of his about those particular cultures?
university colleagues.
1 Siletz Dee-ni (Oregon, USA)
3 They published a lexicon of terms used in
2 Matukar Panau (Papua New Guinea)
the digital media field.
4 Swallows are migratory birds which travel
from northern Europe to North Africa each After you watch
autumn.
5 There are very few indigenous people left on 9 Vocabulary in context
the islands: most are foreign settlers.
a 7.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose the
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 3a with correct meaning of the words and phrases.
these definitions.
b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
a a dictionary or word list compare your sentences with a partner.
b regularly travelling from one place to
another 1 I always feel revitalized after …
c native 2 Talking to … gave me a real insight into …
d at risk (of dying out) 3 We mustn’t devalue … because it/they play a
e working together really important role.

10 Work in groups of three or four. You are going to

While you watch make your own small talking dictionary.

4 7.1 Watch the video and compare your • Think of words or short phrases which are typical
answers from Exercise 2 with what the speaker of your language and culture (e.g. social life, food,
says. geography, weather).
• Make a list of five or six of these and write an
5 7.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to English translation for each.
1.02) again. Answer the questions.
Read your phrases and their translations to your
1 How many of the world’s languages are group. Then ask each other questions about why you
endangered? chose these particular phrases.
2 Why are these languages dying out?
3 What are the more technologically aware 11 Do you think that the internet helps promote cultural
communities doing to preserve their diversity or does it make cultures more similar
languages? and homogenous? Give examples to support your
arguments.

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 Unit 7 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar I CAN
report what has been said (using passive reporting
1 Read the article. What is the Mariana Trench and verbs)
what was Cameron’s aim in visiting it?
form nouns from other parts of speech
2 Complete the article by making passive reporting
verbs from the words in italics. You will need to
use the correct verb form and tense.
Vocabulary
4 Complete these sentences using the correct verbs.
You have been given the first letter.
1 I’ve u the wedding photos onto this
website. Just c on the link here.
2 I think RT were the first channel to b
the news.
3 I’ve never met him, but he’s always
p comments on my social
networking page.
4 Don’t you know her? She w a really
funny blog about life in Ireland.
5 Before you buy a new laptop, you should see
which ones have been favourably r .
1
It / say / be one of the greatest achievements in 6 Readers of online newspapers o
exploration since we put a man on the Moon. In readers of print newspapers by ten to one.
March 2012, James Cameron piloted a one-person
5 ❯❯ MB Match the two parts of these business buzz
submersible to the bottom of the Mariana Trench.
words. Then discuss the meanings with your partner.
The trench, which 2 know / be the deepest part of the
1 ballpark a practice
ocean, is 120 times larger than the Grand Canyon.
2 rocket b check
Although 3 it / already / know how the Mariana
3 best c science
Trench was formed, Cameron hoped that he would
4 reality d figure
learn more about what was living in the deep ocean.
5 going e win
A famous Hollywood director (Titanic and Avatar),
6 win f forward
Cameron 4 say / have this ambition since he was a
child. In achieving it, he became one of only three I CAN
people to have dived to Earth’s deepest point, and the talk about different digital media
only one to stay long enough to look around.
understand business buzz words
In 1960, Swiss engineer Jacques Piccard and US navy
captain Don Walsh 5 report / spend twenty minutes
in the Mariana depths, but without discovering Real life
much. Their submarine disturbed a lot of mud,
making it difficult to see anything clearly. Cameron’s 6 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets
submersible was equipped with a large bank of LED so that the speaker sounds less certain of the facts.
lights and stereo digital cameras to take 3D shots. But
1 Gorillas are shy creatures. (tend)
it was not a comfortable expedition. The cabin of the
2 There are around 340 different breeds of dog.
submersible was so small that Cameron 6 say / not be
(estimated)
able even to stretch out his arms.
3 We can conclude that this is the main cause of
the problem. (reasonable)
3 ❯❯ MB Rewrite these sentences from the article 4 No one knows the real reason. (appears)
using nominalization. Then discuss why we 5 This demonstrates that the current regulations
sometimes use nominalization in writing. are ineffective. (suggests)
6 She is the greatest actor of her generation.
1 Cameron hoped that he would learn more (arguably)
about what was living in the deep ocean.
Cameron’s was to gain greater 7 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Use the hedging phrases
about in the deep in Exercise 6 to make four statements about
ocean. exploration of the deep sea and James Cameron.
2 The submarine disturbed a lot of mud, making Then compare statements with another pair.
it difficult to observe the seabed.
The large of mud made I CAN
of the seabed difficult. use hedging language

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 Unit 8 The music in us

Buskers playing in the old

town in Havana, Cuba

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo. What is a busker and what kind of music do

they play? Is it common to see buskers in your country?
94 World music
2 57 Listen to a busker talking about her experiences. Make
A musician talks about notes on the following points.
cultural influences
1 why she started busking
96 Healing music 2 how her career developed
3 what the future holds for her
The power of music
3 Complete the pairs of expressions (1–7) using these words.
98 One love Discuss the differences in meaning between each pair.
Bob Marley
acoustic   ​amateur   ​gifted   ​hum   ​live   ​lyrics   ​
solo
102 A biopic
1 recorded music and music
A video about a film 2 an electric guitar and a(n) guitar
documentary of the life of 3 to sing a song and to a tune
Bob Marley 4 a professional musician and a(n) musician
5 to write the music and to write the
6 a trained musician and a naturally- musician
7 a band and a(n) artist

4 Work in groups. Discuss these questions.

1 How important is music to you? When do you listen to music?
2 What kind of music do you like? Who are your favourite
singers/musicians?
3 Do you often sing or hum to yourself? What kind of tunes?

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 reading music and cultural influences • grammar the adverb just • pronunciation expressions with just •
speaking themes of songs

8a World music
WORLD
MUSIC
WM: But for many people, those different styles aren’t
INTERVIEW OF THE WEEK very accessible, are they?
JC: No, they can be difficult to appreciate, but I don’t think
that’s so surprising. Tastes are often just a question of habit, 15
like the food you eat. Not many American teenagers listen
to Indian sitar music, in just the same way that not many
Indians eat hamburgers and fries. But I think if you get over
that initial strangeness, discovering new musical styles can be
incredibly rewarding. 20
WM: So, what music is ‘exciting’ you at the moment?
JC: I’ve been listening to a lot of music from Mali,
particularly a group called Tinariwen, who play an upbeat mix
of Middle Eastern and African music. Actually, I’m just working
on a song that incorporates those influences. I’ve also been 25
listening to a collection of Mexican-Irish songs produced
by Ry Cooder. He’s also a bit of a musical nomad with pretty
eclectic tastes. You probably know him already from his
collaborations with African and Cuban artists.
58 WM: Yes, I do. And do you find the things people sing 30

He has been travelling around the world for just under two years, about vary a lot from culture to culture?
collecting ideas for his new album, so we thought it was time to JC: Not really. Themes are pretty universal: love,
catch up with Justin Cape. heartbreak, hopes for the future, nostalgia, challenging social
WM: Justin, you’ve just spent a lot of time studying rules and often just daily life. But themes are also linked
5 and experimenting with musical styles in other countries. to the times: western rock music in the sixties was often 35

What’s your aim? Are you trying to make music with a more about independence and breaking out, whereas music in
universal appeal? the noughties was more introspective and about personal
feelings. What I do find, though, wherever I go, is that each
JC: No, that’s not my goal really. International, that’s to say
new generation feels that ‘their’ music is speaking just to
commercial, pop music already has mass global appeal. I just
them, as if the same feelings hadn’t been experienced before. 40
10 get very excited when I hear new types of music and that’s an
excitement I’d like to share with others. noughties (n) /ˈnɔːtiz/ the years from 2000 to 2009

Reading 3 Match the references (1–4) with the point they

illustrate (a–d).
1 Work in groups. Answer the questions.
1 American teenagers and sitar music
1 How important is music in your culture? Is 2 International pop music
there one style of music that dominates? 3 Ry Cooder and Mexican-Irish songs
2 How different are musical tastes between 4 60s rock
different generations (e.g. you and your
a Other people are interested in researching different
parents)?
musical styles.
3 Do you listen to music from other countries
b Some music is a product of its time rather than its
and cultures? If so, who or what?
country or culture.
2 Read the interview with a musician. Which of c There is some music which is universally popular.
the statements (a–c) best represents his main d Musical tastes depend on what you are used to
message? hearing.

a International pop music has damaged 4 Find adjectives in the interview with these meanings.
musical diversity.
1 involving a large number of people
b It’s fascinating to study music from other
2 easy to relate to or understand
cultures.
3 satisfying
c You find out a lot about people from what
4 positive or cheerful
they are singing about.
5 varied and diverse
6 looking inwards, analysing yourself

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 Unit 8 The music in us

Grammar the adverb just 8 Pronunciation expressions with just

THE ADVERB JUST a Work in pairs. Look at the phrases and discuss in what
situations would people say them. What was each phrase a
just + verb response to, do you think?
You’ve just spent a lot of time studying musical
styles. 1 Just a minute. I’ll get my coat.
just + preposition 2 Phew! Just in time.
He has been travelling around the world for 3 It’s OK. It’s just one of those things.
just under two years. 4 Thanks. That’s just the job.
just + noun 5 No, thanks. I’m just looking.
15
It’s just a question of habit. 6 Oh, I was just about to call you.
7 No, we’re just good friends.
For further information and practice, see
8 No particular reason. I just wondered.
page 170.
9 Yes, do bring some, just in case.
20 10 It just goes to show no one’s perfect.
5 Look at the grammar box. Find at least one
more example of each use of just in the
b 59 Listen to the conversations and compare your
answers. Then practise saying the phrases in Exercise 8a
text. Then answer the questions.
with the same pronunciation.
1 What is the position of just when the
25 word it adds meaning to is: c Work in pairs. Choose five of the phrases and make new
a a verb? short conversations using the phrases.
b a preposition?
c a noun? Speaking my life
2 In which sentences (from the article)
30 does just have the following meaning: 9 Work in groups. The list below contains the hundred most
a a little d exactly used words in pop song titles in the last 100 years (with
b simply e recently common words like the, to, I, you, my, don’t, etc. filtered
c only f right at the out). First check you know what the words mean. Then
moment follow this procedure.
35
6 Put just in the most appropriate place 1 Each person should think of five of their favourite pop
in these sentences. There is sometimes song titles (including any you know in English).
more than one possible answer. Work in 2 Check if the song titles contain one or more of these
pairs. Discuss the meaning of just in each words.
40 sentence. 3 Discuss what the most common themes are in the songs
that you thought of.
1 If you took the time to listen to Ry
Cooder, you’d definitely like him.
2 I’ve been listening to a live concert on ain’t  ​alone  ​angel  ​arms  ​around  ​away  ​baby  ​
the radio. bad  ​beautiful  ​believe  ​blue  ​boy  ​change  ​
3 It’s over five years since they performed
in New York. christmas  ​comes  ​crazy  ​cry  ​dance  ​days  ​dear  ​
4 Hearing her sing gives me goosebumps. dream  ​ever  ​everybody  ​everything  ​eyes  ​fall  ​
5 The concert is in an old theatre behind feel  ​fire  ​fool  ​forever  ​girl  ​gone  ​gonna  ​
the bank in the High Street.
6 If you like Stevie Wonder, I have goodbye  ​happy  ​heart  ​heaven  ​hey  ​hold  ​kiss  ​
the thing for you: a CD of his early la  ​lady  ​leave  ​life  ​light  ​lonely  ​love  ​lover  ​
recorded songs. mama  ​man  ​mind  ​mine  ​miss  ​moon  ​
moonlight  ​
7 I don’t listen to the lyrics; I like the
music. morning  ​mr  ​music  ​night  ​nobody  ​oh  ​people  ​
8 It’s an idea, but why don’t you try to play  ​please  ​rain  ​red  ​remember  ​river  ​rock  ​
get the tickets on eBay? roll  ​rose  ​sing  ​smile  ​somebody  ​something  ​
7 Complete these sentences with just in your song  ​soul  ​star  ​stay  ​stop  ​street  ​summer  ​sun  ​
own words. Then compare your sentences sweet  ​sweetheart  ​talk  ​tears  ​theme  ​
things  ​
with your partner.
think  ​tonight  ​town  ​true  ​walk  ​wanna  ​wish  ​
1 If you don’t mind, I’ll just …
woman  ​wonderful  ​world  ​young
2 Don’t worry. It’s just (a) …
3 My home is just …
4 I’ll call you back. I’m just …
5 I’ve just …
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 listening music therapy • idioms music • grammar purpose and result • speaking how to relax

8b Healing music
Listening
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 How do different types of music affect your
mood?
2 Think of examples of when you use music to
affect your mood (e.g. when driving a car).

2 60 Which of the following therapeutic benefits

do you think music has? Explain your reasons.
Then listen to a talk by a neuroscientist and say
which properties she mentions.
a relieving stress
b relieving pain
c helping sleep
d preventing heart disease
e increasing well-being
f improving memory
g helping with speech difficulties

dyslexia (n) /dɪsˈleksɪə/ a condition that makes it difficult

to read and write words correctly
stroke (n) /strəʊk/ interruption of blood flow to the
brain, causing loss of movement or speech

3 60 Work in pairs. Complete the notes. Then 5 Match the music idioms (1–6) with the correct
listen to the neuroscientist again and check your meaning (a–f).
answers.
1 You’ve changed your tune. You’ve always said
you don’t like foreign holidays.
1 Area of the brain activated by music:
2 Her talk about working unsociable hours
struck a chord with the audience of nurses.
2 The body releases endorphins to 3 It’s a mistake to plan what you are going to say
and produce at a job interview. Just play it by ear.
4 I don’t want to blow my own trumpet, but
actually, I think I did an excellent job.
3 The same parts of brain used to praocess 5 Sooner or later someone will find out that he
and cheated and he’ll have to face the music.
4 Music could help people with 6 In the end he did help us to clear up, but he
made a big song and dance about it.
and other
5 Gottfried Schlaug treated people who a accept the consequences
b give a different opinion from your original one
c seemed very relevant to
6 The results of Schlaug’s music therapy were d made a fuss or protested loudly
e shout about one’s achievements
7 Music therapy for dementia and memory loss f take things as they come
is important because 6 Think of examples of the following. Then work in
pairs and compare your ideas.
1 a person who likes to blow their own trumpet
Idioms music 2 a time when you (or someone you know) made
a mistake and had to face the music
4 Look at the idiom in bold from the talk. What do 3 something you read that really struck a chord
you think it means? with you
‘This news should be music to our ears.’ 4 a situation where it is best to play it by ear

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 Unit 8 The music in us

Grammar purpose and result 9 Work in pairs. Write three tips of your own about
learning English. Use expressions of purpose.
EXPRESSING PURPOSE Then share your ideas with the class.
to, in order (not) to, so as (not) to 10 Rewrite these sentences using a result clause with so
1 If you’re not having to strain in order to hear what
or such … that. Write two versions of each sentence
others are saying .
2 We clearly need to find a solution so as not to let it get
(one with so and one with such) where possible.
any worse. 1 The queue for taxis was very long. For that
for reason we decided to walk.
3 It’s used in hospitals now for the relief of* pain after an 2 I’ve worked there for over fifteen years. I really
operation. need to move on.
* or for relieving 3 I feel really nervous about this trip because I
so that / in order that have very little experience of travelling.
4 I’m not saying you should take up a musical instrument 4 She’s very determined. So I think she’s bound
so that you can hear people better at parties … to succeed.
EXPRESSING RESULT 5 I don’t think we’ll ever agree because there are
big differences between us.
so … that
6 He has a lot of good ideas. That’s why he never
Its power to relax us is so strong that it’s commonly used
in hospitals now.
knows which ones to develop.
such … that 11 Complete these sentences in your own words
The therapy produced such a dramatic improvement that using a clause with so or such. Then compare your
even sceptics were impressed. answers with your partner.
so much, so many, so little, so few …. that
There’s so much noise that it’s difficult to hear the person 1 … that I can’t stop listening to it.
right next to you. 2 … that I can’t wait to go there again.
3 … that I felt better almost immediately.
For further information and practice, see page 170.
4 … that I’ve decided to find out more about it.

7 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 12 Read this example of a musical therapy game for
elderly people. Explain what its purpose is and
1 What grammatical form follows: what results you could expect from it.
a to / in order to / so as to?
b for?
c so that?
In two teams, the group hears an extract of
2 Which sentence describes the function or use of
a thing? a well-known song from the past. The first
3 What type of words follow a) so and b) such in a team must try to name the song to win one
result clause? point. If they cannot name it, the other team
4 Do we use so or such when the word before the has the chance to answer. For an extra point,
noun is much, many, little or few? the team which has named the song can sing
8 Use the words in brackets to rewrite the clauses or say the next line in the song.
expressing purpose.

When pronouncing words in a new language, we Speaking my life

often use sounds that are similar to those in our own
language 1 because we don’t want to sound silly 13 What do you do to: a) relieve stress; b) feel better
(so as). But 2 if we want to pronounce (order) the when you’re down; c) generally relax; or d) help
new sounds properly, we must overcome this fear. yourself remember things? Discuss with a partner
Here are a few ideas 3 so that you can improve (for) and try to use expressions of purpose and result in
your pronunciation. your answers.
First, try to get the sounds right from the very
I get so stressed by my work sometimes that I can’t
beginning 4 because otherwise you will develop
think about anything else. I find the best thing to get it
(avoid) bad habits. Secondly, exaggerate the sounds
off my mind is just to chat and joke with friends.
of the new language 5 because then you get (so that)
as close to native pronunciation as you can. Thirdly,
sing songs in the target language 6 because it will
help you lose (to) your inhibitions.

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 reading Bob Marley • critical thinking identifying key points • word focus hit • speaking a charity concert

8c One love
Critical thinking identifying key
points
4 Work in pairs. Identify in the text at least five key events
or factors in Bob Marley’s life that you think contributed
to making him the person he was and the superstar he
now is.

5 Work with another pair. Compare your ideas. Did you

identify the same key points? Is there one thing that
makes Bob Marley stand out as a pop artist? Does the
author think so?
Reading
1 Work in pairs. Think of four famous pop Word focus hit
artists. What do you know about them?
6 Look at this sentence from the review. What does the
Discuss these points with your partner.
word hit mean in this context?
• nationality/background
His first hit came when he was only eighteen years old.’
• type of music / names of songs
• other things they are known for 7 Look at the sentences using expressions with hit. Match
the expressions in bold with the correct definition (a–f).
2 Read the review. Then look at the headlines
about Bob Marley. Do you think the writer 1 The recruitment process is a bit hit and miss, I think: it
of the review agrees, partly agrees or doesn’t guarantee that we’re going to get good people.
disagrees with them? 2 They took a big hit when the stock market crashed.
3 The video game that you bought was a real hit with
Luis; he hasn’t stopped playing it.
THE MAN WHO BROUGHT
SOCIAL
1 3
4 I think you hit a nerve when you told Pedro that he
REGGAE TO THE
WORLD DISADVANTAGES needed to study harder. Did you see his expression?

2 MILLIONS IN THIRD INSPIRE 5 You hit the nail on the head there, Kirsten. Damien
really is just a kid in a grown-up’s body.
WORLD LOOK TO MARLEY 6 The joke he told didn’t really hit the right note with
MARLEY AS A HERO SONGS the audience. In fact, I think they were a bit offended.
4 MARLEY WAS a be appropriate d mention a sensitive point
AN ABSENT FATHER b a big success
c suffer a financial loss
e not consistently successful
f sum up something exactly
5 NEW FILM REVEALS 6 SINGER WHO
SPREAD 8 Make sentences of your own using two of the expressions
MUCH ABOUT REGGAE MESSAGE OF from Exercise 7. Then read the sentences to your partner
STAR’S LIFE HARMONY missing out the phrase with hit. Can your partner guess
which phrase is missing?

3 Find words in the review with the

following meanings. Speaking my life

1 someone who rescues or saves people 9 Work in groups. In 1976, Bob Marley organized a concert
(para 1) for peace called ‘Smile Jamaica’. You are going to organize
2 sections of film or a short film (para 2) a charity concert to raise money for children in poverty.
3 a poor, neglected area of a city, often Decide on the following elements.
with high crime (para 3) • the name and venue
4 a person who doesn’t fit in to a group • what age group you want to attract
(para 3) • which artists you will invite to perform
5 taken from your home or homeland • how it will raise money
(para 5) • how you will link the event to the theme of children in
6 suffering from lack of money (para 6) poverty
7 different sides in a dispute (para 6)
8 in a state of great happiness (para 7)

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 Unit 8 The music in us

61

Why is Bob Marley such an important figure in popular Marley’s duty was first and foremost to music and its power
music? Globally, perhaps only Elvis, the Beatles and to effect change.
Michael Jackson are bigger names. Marley was not the Shortly after his marriage to Rita Anderson in 1966, Marley
first person to introduce reggae to a wider audience became a Rastafarian, a faith that champions the right 40
5 outside the West Indies, but he remains the only global of black Africans taken into slavery in the West Indies to
reggae superstar. Yet, unlike the artists above, Marley return one day to Africa. So while themes of social injustice
and his music represent more than just great pop. and hardship in the shanty towns of Kingston, Jamaica
Indeed, in many developing countries, he is celebrated characterize early songs like Trenchtown Rock and I Shot
as some kind of saviour, a symbol of hope. To the Sheriff, it is the theme of a displaced people that is 45
10 understand why this is, one needs to know more about dominant in later songs: Exodus and Redemption Song.
the man and his background.
But whether the songs deal with injustice or with
This is where the documentary, Marley, fascinates, dislocation, they still contain the sentiments of unity and
even if it does not provide all the answers. Containing love that run through all his work. Marley himself maintained
a lot of previously unseen footage – interviews, that, ‘People want to listen to a message. This could be 50
15 performances, recording sessions – the film provides passed through me or anybody. I am not a leader, but
an insight into the mind and motivation of a musician a messenger.’ This is too modest. Marley experienced
whose life was cut tragically short: Marley died of genuine hardship and even put his life on the line for justice.
cancer in 1981 aged 36. In 1976, he took great risks to organize a free concert in
Born in a poor ghetto of Kingston, Jamaica, Marley his home town of Kingston called ‘Smile Jamaica’. The 55
20 had a passion for music and began recording at a concert was intended to unite the warring political factions
young age, his first hit coming when he was only in Jamaica, but while preparing for it, he was the victim of
eighteen. His difficult environment instilled in him an assassination attempt that left him wounded.
a keen sense of social justice, which came to be A heartfelt message and an appeal to people in hardship
expressed in his music. His mixed race origins taught are certainly a key to Marley’s enduring status as a 60
25 him what it felt like to be an outsider: his father was a songwriter. But what really strikes you watching this film is
white Jamaican who worked as a British marine officer; the magic of his performances. The music sounds as fresh
his mother a black Jamaican who married at eighteen. as it was when it was first recorded and Marley himself is
His father was rarely present, travelling as he did for his lost in it, living each note as he spins and jumps ecstatically
work, and died when Bob was only ten years old. Did around the stage. 65
30 this absence have any bearing on Marley’s behaviour Even after two and a half hours of this documentary, you
towards his own children, of whom there were eleven still feel there are many unanswered questions about the
in all? In the film, his daughter, Cedella, talks about her man who became the first Third World superstar. But isn’t
difficulty in getting her father to notice her. But neither that the nature of great people who die young? They leave
she, nor any others in the family, has a bad word to us wanting more. Kevin Macdonald’s Marley is in selected 70
35 say about him. There is no sense that he did not have cinemas from 3rd May.
time for them; simply that he was prioritizing, because

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 real life your favourite music • speaking skill responding to questions •
pronunciation intonation to express uncertainty

8d Desert Island Discs

Real life your favourite music 4 Work in pairs. Think of three questions to ask your
partner about their life (e.g. about their choice of
1 Work in pairs. Read the description of a popular career, their favourite things, their hobbies, their
radio show in the UK. Do you have a similar lifestyle). Try to make questions that really make
programme in your country? What is it? Discuss your partner think. Then answer each question
with your partner. using one of the phrases in the box.
Do you think your parents influenced your choice of
Desert Island Discs is a radio
programme that has been
career?
running on BBC radio since
1942. Each week a guest is 5 Pronunciation intonation to express
interviewed about their life. uncertainty
The basis of the show is that
the guest is ‘invited’ to be a castaway on a desert a 63 We often use a ‘wavering’ intonation –
island. They are allowed to take with them eight rising and falling in the same phrase or sentence
pieces of music, a book and one luxury item. During – to express uncertainty. Listen to the phrases in
the programme they talk about their life and the the box and notice the rise and fall of the speaker’s
reasons for their choices of music. intonation. Then practise saying the phrases.

2 62 Listen to a ‘castaway’ talking about himself b 64 Say these phrases with a ‘wavering’
and answer the questions. intonation. Then listen and check.
1 What is this man’s job? 1 perhaps
2 In what way has he been successful? 2 maybe
3 What kind of music is the record he chooses 3 I’m not sure
and why does he choose it? 4 I can’t say

3 Speaking skill responding to questions 6 Work in pairs. You are going to act out a Desert
Island Discs interview. Follow these steps.
62 Look at the expressions for responding to • Write down some details about yourself so that
questions. Then listen to the castaway again and the ‘interviewer’ has some information to work
answer the questions. with. Include your job and education, interests
a What questions does the interviewer ask? and personal achievements.
b Which phrases does Frank Steel use in his • Exchange notes with your partner and each
answers? prepare questions to ask each other.
• Think of two records you would like to take to
RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS a desert island and your reasons for choosing
That’s a good / an interesting question. them. Also think of one luxury item.
I’ve never really thought about it. • Act out the interviews, taking it in turns to play
It’s not something I’ve often thought about. the parts of interviewer and castaway.
I don’t really look at it like that.
I honestly don’t know. 7 Did you find out anything interesting or new
I couldn’t tell you really. about your partner?
That’s difficult to say.
Frankly, I’ve no idea.

100 THEMES OF SONGS HOW TO RELAX A CHARITY CONCERT YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC
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 writing a description • writing skill parallel structures Unit 8 The music in us

8e Fado
Writing a description
1 Work in pairs. Describe a traditional form of
music in your country to your partner, giving
a few details: its style, its themes, its history, its
popular appeal now.

2 Read the description of Fado, a traditional

style of music from Portugal, and answer the
questions.
1 How would you sum up what this style of
music is? THE FADO OF LISBON by Jay Rowsell
2 With whom is it popular? People say about Fado that either you’ll love it or
you’ll hate it. One thing is certain: you can’t ignore it.
3 Look at the elements of a description and find an It has been compared to the ‘blues’, because the songs
example of each one in the text. are sad, but with Fado the intensity of the emotion is
1 It uses powerful adjectives. greater, piercing the listener’s body like a knife. Like the
2 It describes feelings. blues, Fado songs tell of pain and hardship, but unlike
3 It tries to convey an atmosphere. the blues, the songs focus on the pain of separation: of
4 It uses similes. being separated from either a loved one or your home,
5 The author speaks to his audience as one of or something you can never regain. Perhaps that is not
them. surprising when you consider that Portugal is a country
with a long tradition of sailors and voyagers.
4 Writing skill parallel structures When I first saw a fadista perform in a dimly lit café
one sultry evening in Lisbon twenty years ago, I was
a Look at the sentences from the description. ignorant both of the Fado music tradition and of the
Notice how the words that follow the phrases in Portuguese language. But that didn’t matter, because
bold balance. For example, in 1, either and or are the sheer drama of the music told its own story. In
followed by a pronoun + verb. What parallel those days, Fado was a style of music that was known
structures are used in the other sentences (2–4)? only in Portugal and a few of its former colonies: Brazil,
1 … either you’ll love it or you’ll hate it. Angola and Mozambique. Now, with the help of stars
2 Like the blues, Fado songs tell of … , like Mariza, it has an international following. Mariza
but unlike the blues, the songs focus on … has broadened Fado’s appeal by fusing it with other
3 … of being separated from either a loved one musical traditions – Spanish flamenco and Brazilian
or your home, or something you can never jazz, for example – and by touring the world with her
regain. music. But to hear traditional Fado, you should go
4 Mariza has broadened Fado’s appeal by where its roots are – the Alfama district of Lisbon. You
fusing it with other musical traditions … and may hate it, but I suspect you will love it.
by touring the world with her music.
5 Write a description of a traditional type of music or
b Rewrite these sentences using parallel structures. music and dance. Write 150–200 words and include
1 Mariza is young, talented and she has lots of the following details.
energy.
• information about the history of this tradition
Mariza is young, talented and energetic.
• a description of how it is performed, what its
2 She sings both traditional songs and she sings appeal is and the feelings it arouses
more modern songs. • where you can still find it being performed
3 You can either book in advance or it’s
possible to pay on the door. 6 Exchange descriptions with your partner. Use these
4 You can spend hours wandering around the questions to check your descriptions.
old town, visiting cafés and you can listen to • Does the description give a sense of the
live music. atmosphere?
5 The music fuses traditional Spanish folk • Does it include strong descriptive language?
music and there are elements of north African • Does it speak to the reader personally?
music. • Does it use parallel structures correctly?
• Would you want to listen to this kind of music?

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 8f A biopic

Musicians walk the beach in

Jamaica, West Indies.

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 Unit 8 The music in us

Before you watch 5 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to 0.55) again.
Answer the questions.
1 Work in pairs or groups. Each pair/group
1 What aspect of Marley’s life did Kevin Macdonald
takes a different quotation (a–f) by the singer
feel had not been covered yet?
Bob Marley and discuss what it means. Then
2 How does he describe the way we react to his
explain your quotation to the rest of the class.
music?
a ‘Just because you are happy it does not 3 What does he hope the film will achieve?
mean that the day is perfect but that you
have looked beyond its imperfections.’ 6 8.1 Watch the second part of the video (0.56 to
b ‘The truth is, everyone is going to hurt you. 1.51). Underline the adjectives and expressions Kevin
You just got to find the ones worth suffering Macdonald uses when he describes Bob Marley’s life.
for.’
touching   fascinating   ​ extraordinary   ​
c ‘Some people feel the rain. Others just get
tough   ​rags to riches   ​family troubles   ​
wet.’
racial issues   personal suffering   ​ crime   ​
d ‘Love the life you live. Live the life you
violence   ​ gangsters   ​
political activity   ​
amazing
love.’
e ‘The day you stop racing is the day you win
the race.’ 7 8.1 Watch the third part of the video (1.52 to the
f ‘Better to die fighting for freedom than be a end). Complete the sentences about Bob Marley.
prisoner all the days of your life.’ 1 The first thing people like about him is that he is
.
2 Key vocabulary 2 More significantly he is very .
3 He tries to offer people in hardship some
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used .
in the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
4 Because he’s lived through tough times himself,
1 The people were so poor that they were you .
dressed in rags rather than proper clothes. 5 He’s the most listened to artist because his
2 It was a great privilege to meet the Prime message is .
Minister and speak with her about our 6 The things he sings about are things we can all
concerns. .
3 Although they took a big cut in salary, the
employees found solace in the fact that they
still had jobs.
After you watch
4 Being famous has benefits, but there are also
many tribulations to deal with in not being
8 Vocabulary in context
able to live a normal life. a 8.2 Watch the clips from the video. Complete the
5 They are an oppressed group: not allowed collocations. Then discuss your answers.
proper housing and ignored by the rest of
society. b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
compare your sentences with a partner.
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with
these definitions. 1 … music doesn’t really appeal …
2 When I …, I took on more than I bargained for.
a comfort or consolation 3 … went through a difficult time when …
b treated very badly and discriminated against
c honour 9 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
d pieces of old cloth, often torn 1 What situations can you think of where music
e troubles or suffering brings people together?
3 Work in pairs. If you were going to interview 2 What examples can you think of in your own
the director of a documentary about a famous culture?
musician’s life, what questions would you ask? 10 Work in groups. Think of a famous person to make
Write three key questions. Then compare your a documentary about. Decide what you want to
questions with another pair. include in your documentary and what message you
want to communicate. Then present your ideas to the
While you watch class. Think about these areas:

4 8.1 Watch the interview with Kevin • who you will interview
Macdonald, the director of Marley, and compare • where you will film the documentary
your questions from Exercise 3 with the ones • how you will present the information – through
the interviewer asks. narration or interviews

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 Unit 8 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article. Then complete the article with 4 Complete the text about music. Use one word in
clauses of purpose and result. each space.

2 What three things did the 1971 Concert for I’m still an 1 musician, but I hope to
Bangladesh achieve? be professional one day. I play piano, and also the
2
guitar – never electric. I write my own
songs, both the music and the 3 .
I’m basically a 4 artist, but when I play
5
(at local music venues) then I get a
band together. I don’t want to blow my own
6
but I think I am a naturally-
7
musician. Whether that means I’ll
make a living out of it is another question.

5 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Discuss the difference

between these pairs of words.
1 sing and hum 5 a busker and an
2 gig and concert amateur musician
3 song and tune 6 title and lyrics
4 pop and folk music 7 chord and note

I CAN
talk about music

The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 was the first large use music idioms
concert organized 1 help victims of a disaster.
It was staged at Madison Square Garden in New York
and the organizers, George Harrison and Ravi Shankar,
Real life
were 2 well-known that it attracted an audience 6 Read the conversation and complete the responses
of 40,000 people and raised over US$250,000. Further to the questions.
income was gained from the live album of the concert A: How often do you actively listen to music each
that was then made. The money was used 3 the day?
relief of the refugee crisis following the war and the B: I’ve never really 1 about it. Um …
cyclone that hit the country in 1970, and was passed to probably three or four times a day, I
the charity UNICEF 4 that they could distribute 2
think.
it to where it was most needed. Other famous music A: Do you use music when doing certain things,
artists of the day, such as Bob Dylan, Billy Preston and like doing housework or working at your
Eric Clapton, also performed so 5 to ensure as computer?
wide an audience as possible for the music. B: That’s an 3 question. I guess I do
But the wider aim of the Concert for Bangladesh often listen to music when I’m working.
wasn’t to raise money. The organizers felt people were A: And does it help you work: make you more
not aware enough of Bangladesh and its problems. productive?
Ravi Shankar later said that in this sense the response B: I couldn’t 4 you really. I suspect
to the concert had been amazing. It also proved to be that it’s more of a distraction, actually.
the start of a new movement in benefit concerts. Under A: How do you think you would feel without
fifteen years later, Live Aid, a response to the Ethiopian music in your life?
famine, was staged in London and Philadelphia, B: That’s difficult to 5 . I imagine it
attracting a global TV audience of almost two billion. would be less fun, but I 6 don’t
know.
3 ❯❯ MB Read the last paragraph of the article 7 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Act out a similar
again. Put the word just in an appropriate place in conversation by asking each other the questions in
each sentence. Then compare answers with your Exercise 6.
partner. Explain what just means in each case.
I CAN
I CAN
talk about (my favourite) music and why I like it
use purpose and result clauses accurately
give myself time to think when responding to
use the adverb just with different meanings difficult questions

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 Unit 9 Window on the past
The Stones of Stenness,
Orkney, Scotland

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo. How old do you think these stones are and
what was their purpose?
106 Dear little daughter
2 65 Listen to an archaeologist talking about these stones.
What personal letters Make notes about the stones (age, location, purpose, who built
reveal about our past them, etc.).

108 The story of Martin 3 65 What objects did archaeologists find that helped them
Guerre understand more about the stones? Listen again and check.

The story of an unusual 4 Use these words related to discovery to complete the summary.
crime in medieval France
clues   ​deduced   ​determine   ​find out   ​evidence   ​
110 Diamond shipwreck indicated   ​uncovered
A story of hidden treasure
Archaeologists say it’s not what you find that matters, but
and mystery on the
what you 1 . They couldn’t 2
Namibian coast
the purpose of these stones until they 3 other
objects that gave them valuable 4 . The rich soil
114 Collecting the past 5
that this was a wealthy farming community,
A video about how while pieces of flint and glass were 6 of a trading
Chinese people are society. From this the archaeologists 7 that the
preserving their cultural stones were monuments of great cultural importance.
heritage
5 Work in pairs. What ancient historical sites or monuments are
there in your country? What do these sites tell you about the
people who built them?

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 reading a father’s letter • wordbuilding verb + preposition • grammar linking words •
speaking an important past event

9a Dear little daughter

Reading Wordbuilding verb + preposition
1 Do you keep any of these things from your WORDBUILDING verb + preposition
past? Do you ever look back at them? What do Certain (non-phrasal) verbs have a preposition between
they tell you about your past? them and their object.
• letters • old photos to prepare for (a meeting), to focus on (the job)
• diaries • old schoolwork For further practice, see Workbook page 75.

2 Read the article and letter. What made Dubois

write the letter and what hopes does he express 4 Look at the wordbuilding box. Find the prepositions
in it? used with these verbs in the article and letter.
3 Read the article again. Answer the questions. a relate b wait c shrink d believe
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages 5 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.
of letters as historical documents?
2 What do we know about Dubois’ own 1 He is suffering exhaustion.
education? 2 Do you approve the new building?
3 What does the letter tell us about: 3 Who will benefit these changes?
a Dubois’ view of America? 4 I need to reflect it before I answer.
b Dubois’ view of England/Europe? 5 She didn’t participate the game.
c how life will be different for Yolande? 6 The book is aimed an older audience.
d Dubois’ expectations of his daughter?

Dear Little Daughter: 15

I have waited for you to get well settled

before writing. By this time, I hope some of
the strangeness has worn off and that my
little girl is working hard and regularly.
Of course, everything is new and unusual. 20
You miss the newness and smartness of
America. Gradually, however, you are
going to sense the beauty of the old world:
its calm and eternity and you will grow to
love it. … 25

Dear Little Daughter

Don’t shrink from new experiences
and custom. Take the cold bath bravely.
Enter into the spirit of your big bed-room.
Enjoy what is and not pine for what is
66 not. Read some good, heavy, serious books 30
Of all the types of historical document – maps, interviews, legal records, just for discipline: Take yourself in hand
photographs, newspaper cuttings – perhaps the most engaging is the and master yourself. Make yourself do
letter. Although letters don’t always represent mainstream views, owing to unpleasant things, so as to gain the upper
their personal nature, they often provide a fascinating window on people’s hand of your soul.
5 values and behaviour. Moreover, the subject matter is generally something
we can easily relate to – love, advice, gratitude, disappointment. This is Above all remember: your father loves you 35

an extract from a letter written by the American sociologist and civil and believes in you and expects you to be a
rights activist, W.E.B. Dubois, in October 1914. He wrote it following wonderful woman.
his daughter’s departure for boarding school in England. Dubois, who
I shall write each week and expect a
10 was the first African-American to get a PhD from Harvard University,
valued education highly and was concerned because Yolande, thirteen at weekly letter from you.
the time, wasn’t doing well at school. As well as having poor marks, she Lovingly yours, 40
seemed unmotivated. So he decided to send her to a liberal private school
in England, Bedales, and soon after she left, he sent her this advice. Papa
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 Unit 9 Window on the past

Grammar linking words 3 Dubois did not see his daughter again for two
years because he had such a busy schedule.
LINKING WORDS a Owing to … b Since …
4 Dubois went off travelling himself when
linking word + clause
Yolande and her mother returned to America.
and, after, although, as, because, but, since, when, while,
when a Following … b … . Soon afterwards …
Although letters do not always represent mainstream
views, they often provide a fascinating …
9 Read this informal letter. Link the sentences, as
Dubois was concerned because Yolande was not doing
indicated by the words in brackets. Sometimes you
well at school. will need to rewrite the sentences.
linking word + -ing form or noun
after, as well as, despite, in addition to, in spite of,
Dear Jana
on account of, because of, as a result of
As well as having poor marks, she seemed unmotivated. Thanks for your letter and news. I was very
linking word + noun / noun phrase glad to hear that you’re well. 1 (contrast) I was
following, owing to really disappointed to read about Nathan’s job.
He wrote it following his daughter’s departure … I do hope he’s able to find another one soon.
linking word + new sentence
It would be great if you could visit us here.
afterwards, consequently, however, moreover,
The weather’s quite cold at the moment.
nevertheless, subsequently, what’s more, yet
… window on people’s values and behaviour. Moreover,
2
(contrast) It’s often sunny and there’s so much
their subject is generally something we can easily relate to. to see. Berlin has some fantastic museums
and galleries. 3 (addition) It has some amazing
For further information and practice, see page 172. shops. It’s also just a great place to walk
around. 4 (reason) It’s not heavily populated –
6 Look at the grammar box. Which linking words in unlike London, which always feels too crowded
the box have the following functions? and hectic. 5 (addition) There are loads of
interesting places to eat and drink.
a to contrast ideas
b to make an additional point If you don’t make it here, I’ll probably come
c to state a reason or result back to England in the summer. 6 (sequence)
d to show the sequence of events My exams are at the end of May. I’ve made
some good friends here. 7 (contrast) I really
7 Complete the sentences with these linking words. miss my old friends. Anyway, have a think
There are three extra words. about it. 8 (sequence) Write and let me know.
Much love
after   ​although   ​and also   ​as well as   ​
despite   ​
following   ​moreover   ​on account of   ​ since Harriet

1 having many friends at her new

school, she still missed home.
2 Being at boarding school helped her to focus on
her work taught her independence. Speaking my life
3 She gave up playing sports at school
getting injured too often. 10 Work in groups. You are going to talk about a past
4 She liked her fellow classmates. , event using linking words. Follow these steps:
they liked her. • Each choose an event to talk about from the list
5 leaving university, she returned below; think about how you will integrate the
home to plan her next step. linking words into your story.
6 there were no jobs she wanted to • Give each other three different linking words to
do, she decided instead to train as a lawyer. use in a story.
• Take turns to tell your stories.
8 Rewrite the sentences in two ways using the
words given so they have the same meaning. a a time in your childhood (even a short period)
when you lived away from home
1 War broke out in Europe shortly after Yolande b the story behind an old (family) photo
arrived, but her mother decided to visit her c a letter that had a big impact on you
there anyway. d an event you recorded in a personal diary
a Despite … b … . However …
2 The letter shows that he was a concerned father
and also reveals that he was quite strict.
a In addition to … b … as well as …

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 vocabulary crime and punishment • listening an unusual crime • grammar present and perfect participles •
speaking a case of fraud

9b The story of Martin Guerre

Vocabulary crime and 4 67 Listen to an interview with a historian.
Make notes about the following points.
punishment
1 what this historian is particularly interested in
1 Work in pairs. Look at these common crimes. and why
Discuss what each one is and try to agree on an 2 who these characters are in the story
order of seriousness. a Martin Guerre c Arnaud du Tilh
b Bertrande d Pierre
assault   ​burglary   ​dangerous driving   ​fraud   ​ 3 why Martin Guerre left his home and family
possession of drugs   ​theft   ​trespassing   ​ 4 what Bertrande’s attitude to Arnaud was
vandalism 5 what happened to Martin Guerre in the end

2 Put these steps in the criminal justice process in 5 67 Look at the events in the story. Put them in
the correct order. What is the next step if a person order. Then listen to the interview again and check
is found to be not guilty of a crime? your answers.

a They are found (to be) guilty or not guilty. a Martin’s uncle, Pierre, took Arnaud to court to
b They are sentenced or they are acquitted. prove he was an impostor.
c The case is heard or they go on trial. b Martin was wounded in battle and lost his leg.
d Someone is accused of the crime. c Martin got married and had a son.
e They go (or are taken) to court. d Martin appeared in the high court and told the
f They appeal against the conviction. true story.
g A crime is committed. 1 e Martin escaped to Spain and joined the Spanish
h They are arrested and charged with the crime army.
f Arnaud arrived in Artigat, saying he was
Martin to claim the family estate.
Listening g Arnaud lost the case but appealed against the
decision.
3 Look at the photo and caption. What kind of
h Martin was caught stealing from his father’s
crimes (from Exercise 1) do you think were
grain store.
common here in medieval times?

A medieval town, Collonges,

south-west France

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 Unit 9 Window on the past

Grammar present and perfect 10 There are certain participles that act almost as
fixed expressions. Look at this example from
participles the story about Martin Guerre and answer the
questions.
PRESENT and PERFECT PARTICIPLES
Present participle
‘Given that Martin’s father had already died,
1 We look out for that kind of unusual story, hoping that the house and land now legally belonged to his
it will give a better idea of … eldest son.’
2 Fearing a severe punishment, he fled over the border to 1 What does given that mean?
Spain.
2 Does the clause with given that give the main
3 Bertrande was left at home, not knowing what had
happened to her husband.
idea or extra information?
3 Are the subjects of each clause the same or
Perfect participle
different?
4 Having spent some time doing various jobs, he
eventually joined the Spanish army. 11 Look at the participle expressions in bold and
5 Perhaps, having waited so long, she was just glad to
match the two halves of each sentence.
have someone to support her again.
1 Assuming (that) there are no travel delays,
For further information and practice, see page 172.
2 Provided (that) everyone else is happy,
3 Compared to most cities,
6 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 4 Considering (that) she’s only eleven,
5 Given that he has such a strong interest in
1 What is the subject of each participle? history,
2 Does the participle clause in each sentence 6 Seen from the doctors’ point of view,
describe the main event or a secondary event?
3 Do the perfect participle clauses describe an a Vancouver offers lots of outdoor activities.
event that happened before or after the other b we can have something to eat before the
event? show.
c her performance on the piano was amazing.
7 Rewrite the sentences (1–5) from the grammar box. d the drug has a lot of advantages.
Replace the participle clause with because, after or e I don’t mind being in charge of the project.
and + subject + verb. f I think a book about ancient maps would be a
great gift.
8 Read the sentences. There are two ideas in each
sentence. Decide which idea should be the 12 Write new subordinate clauses for sentences
secondary idea. Then rewrite the sentences using a–f from Exercise 11. Use a different participle
participle clauses. expression from clauses 1–6 in each case. Then
1 Clara focuses on historical events that are compare sentences with your partner.
unusual and examines them in great detail. Considering it has such a wet climate, Vancouver
2 Martin got married very young and then had a offers a lot of outdoor activities.
son when he was 21.
3 He was wounded in battle while he was fighting
for the Spanish army.
Speaking my life
4 Arnaud came to the village because he hoped to 13 Work in pairs.
inherit Martin’s estate.
5 Martin’s uncle suspected that Arnaud was an Student A: Turn to page 153.
impostor and took him to court. Student B: Turn to page 155.
6 After Arnaud lost the first case he appealed and
took the case to a higher court. Read the stories and put participle clauses into
them where indicated (P). Then tell the story
9 Work in pairs. Discuss how to complete these to your partner. Ask each other questions and
sentences using participles and the verb in brackets. discuss what you think of these crimes.
1 He didn’t tell his parents, … (fear)
14 Talk about a crime that appeared in the news
2 … , she decided that New Zealand was the place
recently in your country. Explain what happened
she most wanted to live. (travel)
and why this made an impact on you.
3 I called the police, … (think)
4 I burnt my hand … (try) 15 Are you (or anyone you know) good at
5 … , he concluded that his friend must have impersonating other people’s voices? If you
forgotten their arrangement. (wait) could impersonate someone else’s voice
6 They sold all their possessions – their house, perfectly, who would you choose and why?
their car, their furniture, … (decide)

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 reading hidden treasure • critical thinking unanswered questions • word focus board • speaking historical irony

9c Diamond shipwreck
Reading
1 Look at the map showing shipping routes in the 16th
century from Portugal to the East. Answer the questions.
1 Why did ships make these voyages?
2 What dangers did sailors face on a voyage like this?

2 Read the article about the voyage of one of these ships.

Summarize the main events. What happened to the
ship and crew on its voyage? Why was this ironic?

3 Read the article again. Choose the word (a–c) that does
NOT fit in each sentence, according to the text. Word focus board
1 Among the objects on the Bom Jesus were … and … .
a spices b weapons c treasure 7 What does this expression with board from the
2 The ships themselves were … . article (line 30) mean? Discuss the meanings
a up-to-date b well-built c much travelled of the other phrases with board.
3 This part of the Namibian coast is very … . She had on board a fortune in gold and ivory …
a unwelcoming b hot c unpopulated
1 The new design is great. They’ve clearly
4 If anyone survived the shipwreck, they would
listened to their customers and taken their
certainly have been … .
views on board.
a injured b tired c cold
2 I changed the plug, but it still doesn’t
5 The striking thing about the diamonds in this area is
work. Well, back to the drawing board!
how … they are.
3 We’ll need some food, but don’t go
a big b easy to find c numerous
overboard – just a few snacks is fine.
6 The voyage of the Bom Jesus ended in disaster
4 The deal was completely above board. The
because it was unable to resist the strong … .
agent always takes ten per cent of the profit.
a tides b currents c winds
5 The government is raising taxes not just on
4 Find words in the article with the following meanings. big houses but across the board.
1 incredible (para 1) 8 Think of examples of the following. Then
2 extremely beautiful (para 1) work in pairs and tell your partner.
3 good at their job (para 3)
1 a time when a plan didn’t work and you
4 incomplete (para 4)
had to go back to the drawing board
5 piece (para 4)
2 a time when someone you know went
6 depressing and unwelcoming (para 5)
overboard in organizing a special occasion
3 a time when you had to take different
Critical thinking unanswered people’s views on board
questions
5 It’s important to analyse what articles say; it’s also
Speaking my life

important to think about what they haven’t said. Look 9 Work in groups. You are each going to read
at the areas below. Do you have any questions about two historical facts. Then ask each other to
them that the article did not answer? guess what the irony of each situation was.
• the treasure from the ship Student A: Read the facts on page 153.
• the geologist who found it
Student B: Read the facts on page 154.
• the wreck of the ship
• the sailors’ bodies Student C: Read the facts on page 155.
• the diamonds
10 Think about a subject you know a lot
6 Work in pairs. Ask each other your questions from about. Prepare to talk about a specific point
Exercise 5. Did the article give any clues at all to the of interest in this subject. Then work in
answers or not? Summarize what we know and don’t pairs. Describe the point to your partner.
know about this event. Your partner should ask questions to get
clarification or confirmation about it.

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 Unit 9 Window on the past

68

This remarkable story would have been lost And the sailors? ‘In a storm, getting ashore
forever if a company geologist had not made an would have been just about impossible,’ says the
astonishing discovery in 2008 in the beach sands archaeologist Dieter Noli. ‘On the other hand,
of Namibia. While he was working in the area, he if the weather had calmed, the ship might have 50
5 came across a copper ingot. The ingot was the drifted ashore.’ And then what? This is one of the
type traded for spices in the East Indies in the most inhospitable places on Earth, an uninhabited
sixteenth century. Archaeologists would later find wasteland of sand and scrub. It was winter. Any
a staggering 22 tons of these ingots beneath the survivors would have been wet, freezing and
sand, as well as cannons, swords, ivory, muskets, exhausted. No ship was likely to pass, since they 55
10 chain mail and exquisite gold coins bearing the were far away from the trade routes. As for getting
coat of arms of King João III of Portugal. From this back to Portugal – they might as well have been
evidence, historians have pieced together the shipwrecked on Mars.
following story. Yet, in spite of its bleak environment, this place
One bright spring day in 1533, the great held an extraordinary secret. It was a 60
15 ships of the Portuguese India fleet sailed desert rich in high-quality diamonds;
grandly down the Tagus River and out so rich, in fact, that in the 1900s,
into the Atlantic, flags flying. These the explorer Ernst Reuning made
ships were the pride of Portugal, a bet with a companion about
off on a fifteen-month mission to how long it would take to fill a 65
20 bring back pepper and spices from tin cup with gems found in the
distant places such as Goa, Cochin sand. The job took ten minutes.
and Zanzibar, places that were Over many centuries, millions
familiar ports of call thanks to of diamonds had been washed
Portuguese navigating skills. down to the shore from deposits 70
25 The ships were strong and capable; in the mountains far inland. Only
two of them were brand-new and the hardest gems, some weighing
owned by the king himself. One was the hundreds of carats, survived the
Bom Jesus, captained by Dom Francisco journey. They spilled into the Atlantic
de Noronha and carrying 300 crew, soldiers at the river’s mouth and were washed up 75
30 and merchants. She had on board a fortune in the coast, carried by the same cold current that
gold and ivory to trade at a spice port on the coast would one day sweep the Bom Jesus to its end.
of India. None of the sailors of the Bom Jesus ever returned
But four months after its departure from Lisbon, home. They died somewhere near this mysterious
the fleet was struck and scattered by a huge storm. coast, unaware that beneath their feet were more 80
35 Details are sketchy, because the fleet commander’s than a hundred million carats of diamonds. They had
report has been lost. All we know is that it no idea of the irony of it. They had set off on a great
mentioned that the Bom Jesus had disappeared journey in search of riches, and now here they were,
in wild weather somewhere off the Cape of Good on a shore of unimaginable wealth.
Hope. We can guess what happened next: the
40 ship was caught in powerful winds and currents carat (n) /ˈkærət/ a unit of weight for precious stones 1
carat = 200 milligrams
and driven helplessly northwards for hundreds of
fleet (n) /fliːt/ a group of ships
miles. Somewhere near the Namib Desert, it struck
ingot (n) /ˈɪŋgət/ a bar of a precious metal such as gold or
rocks 150 metres from shore. The blow broke off
copper
a big chunk of the ship’s stern, spilling tons of
musket (n) /ˈmʌskɪt/ an old-fashioned rifle
45 copper ingots into the sea and sending the Bom
stern (n) /stɜːn/ the rear end of a ship
Jesus down.

D amond
Shipwreck
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 real life checking, confirming and clarifying • pronunciation silent letters

9d I’ll give you an example

Real life checking, confirming
and clarifying
1 Look at the photo. Describe the weather you see.
2 69 Listen to two friends discussing a book
about the weather. Answer the questions.
1 What is the subject of the history book Fixing
the Sky?
2 How have people traditionally tried to do this?
3 How have they tried to do this more recently?
4 What probably happened as a result of the
cloud-seeding experiment?
5 What point is the author of the book trying to
make?

CHECKING, CONFIRMING and CLARIFYING

Checking and confirming
So, are you saying (that) …
So, am I right in thinking that … ?
What do you mean by … ?
Would you mind just going over that again?
If I understand correctly, you’re saying that … 4 69 Listen to the conversation again and check
Let me get this straight. …* your answers in Exercise 3.
Perhaps I’m missing something, but …
Clarifying 5 Pronunciation silent letters
What I’m saying is …
The point is that … a 70 Look at the words from the conversation
What I meant (by that) was … and underline the letters that are not pronounced.
In other words, … Then listen and check.
That’s to say, …
I’ll give you an example … fascinating   ​chemicals   ​straight   ​doubt   ​
* more informal wrong   ​technology   ​know   ​guess

3 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions for b 71 Practise saying the words in Exercise 5a.
checking, confirming and clarifying. Choose an Then practise pronouncing these other words. The
appropriate phrase to complete each sentence. silent letters have been underlined for you. Listen
and check.
1 ‘control the weather’?
2 It describes the kind of things people have asthma   ​castle   ​chaos   ​disguise   ​
traditionally done to get the weather they want environment   ​kneel   ​muscle   ​plumber   ​
– , things like praying for psychology   ​receipt   ​sandwich   ​sign   ​subtle
sunshine …
3 What kind of experiments? 6 Work in pairs. You are going to talk about an
. In the 1950s … historical event which was affected by weather.
4 But when people did these
experiments, they didn’t see it as interfering Student A: Turn to page 155.
with nature. Student B: Turn to page 155.
5 Hang on, .
6 the government Look at the summary of the article and prepare
experimented with making rain …? to speak about it. Then explain the story. Your
7 But actually, that it could partner should check their understanding and
be quite useful technology now? ask for clarification if they do not understand
8 We should also be aware of the history of these something. Use the expressions for checking,
techniques. , we shouldn’t confirming and clarifying to help you.
just jump into things.

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 writing describing a past event • writing skill sequencing events Unit 9 Window on the past

9e Krakatoa
Writing describing a past event 3 Writing skill sequencing events
1 Look at the photo. What kind of island is this? Do a Work in pairs. How does the writer sequence
you know any others like it? the different facts surrounding the eruption of
Krakatoa? Put these events in the order they
2 Work in pairs. Read the short historical account appear in the text.
about Krakatoa and answer the questions. Then
a events following the eruption of 1883
discuss your answers with your partner.
b the events leading up to the eruption of 1883
1 What were the immediate effects of the c the eruption itself
eruption of Krakatoa?
2 What were the long-term effects and how was b Read the account again and find time phrases
this unusual? about the past which correspond to each of the
present time phrases (a–d).

In 1883, the volcano on the island

of Krakatoa erupted with
such force that the explosion sent ash six kilometres
Present
a up to now
b in recent months
Past
1
2
into the atmosphere and could be heard 160 c next year 3
kilometres away. Until then, few people had heard of d nowadays 4
Krakatoa. It was just a small island passed by ships c Complete the sentences with the correct time
as they crossed the straits between Java and Sumatra. phrases. Use the words given.
The eruption took place on Monday 27th August,
Viewed from Viewed from a point in
causing the deaths of thousands of people on
the present the past
neighbouring islands, and destroying two-thirds
of Krakatoa itself. But the long-term climate effects some days ago They had met
were just as dramatic. In the preceding months 1
.
the volcano had already been active, discharging (earlier)
huge quantities of ash into the sky and blocking
tomorrow There were further eruptions
out the sun for miles around. However, during the 2
. (following)
main eruption the ash went so high that it reached
the upper atmosphere and was blown right around at the moment No one was living on Krakatoa
the world on the trade winds. The following 3
. (time)
year, scientists recorded a 1.2°C drop in global
yesterday Loud noises were heard
temperatures and these did not return to normal 4
. (previous)
levels until some years later.
from now on Krakatoa became famous
Unusual global weather patterns continued in the 5
. (then)
years following the eruption of Krakatoa. Nebraska,
in the USA, suffered an extraordinary winter in 4 Write about an event that happened in your
1888, when temperatures dropped 18 degrees in town or region. Use the ideas below to help you.
three minutes and 125 cm of snow fell in 36 hours Describe the events leading up to the main event,
– extraordinary in those days, when 60 cm was the the main event and what happened afterwards.
average for a whole year. Write approximately 200 words.
• an extreme weather event
• the visit of an important person
• a sporting event or festival
• a special music event or festival

5 Exchange accounts with your partner. Use these

questions to check your accounts.
• Is the sequence of events clear?
• Are the facts presented objectively?
• Are arguments supported by clear evidence?
• Have the correct time phrases been used?

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 9f Collecting the past

A print of China’s first emperor,

Qin Shi Huan

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 Unit 9 Window on the past

Before you watch 5 9.1 Watch the second part of the video (1.07
to the end) again. Answer the questions.
1 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
1 Who is competing for these objects?
1 What do you think this object is and why is it 2 What is happening to the price of this kind of
important? item?
2 What kind of objects do you like to look at in 3 Where has the world seen this phenomenon
museums? Are they from your own country or happen?
from other countries? 4 What kind of items were bought as the
3 Do you or your parents own any historical or phenomenon evolved?
old objects? What are they? 5 What are the two reasons people buy?

2 Key vocabulary 6 Complete the summary about Chinese collectors.

Use one word in each space.
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in There is an increasing number of private Chinese
the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
collectors who would like to 1
1 I bought these chairs at an auction. The starting objects that have ended up overseas. So they buy
price was $20 and I got them for $25. up pieces at 2 all over the world
2 There was a table for sale with the chairs, and bring them back to China. Often it is one
which I wanted too, but someone bid $120 and Chinese wealthy person 3 against
I didn’t want to pay more than $100. another to buy the piece and so prices have risen
3 They ruled Egypt for six generations, but considerably. But dealers say there is also a market
their dynasty ended when the last king died for more 4 pieces which people buy
childless. either as an 5 or to help preserve their
4 It is an ancient book with some beautiful country’s 6 .
illustrations and calligraphy.
5 The Greek government would like the statues
in the British museum to be repatriated.
After you watch
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these 7 Vocabulary in context
definitions.
a 9.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
a a line of kings/queens or rulers from the same the correct meaning of the words and phrases.
family
b sent back to their original country b Complete these sentences in your own words.
c offered to pay a certain amount for something Then compare your sentences with a partner.
d decorative handwriting 1 The price of … has soared in the last few years.
e a sale where people compete against each other 2 … is one of a new breed of …
to buy things 3 … smashed the record for …

8 Work in pairs. Watch the video again with the

While you watch sound turned off and try to supply the narration,
3 9.1 Watch the video. Who is collecting objects taking turns to speak.
like the one in the photo and why?
9 Work in groups. Think of three important objects
4 9.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to in your country (monuments, works of art,
1.06) again. Choose the correct options to complete artefacts in a museum, etc.) that best reflect your
the table. country’s heritage. Describe them to your group
and explain why they are significant.
1 Period of objects in exhibition: Qing dynasty /
Ming dynasty embroidered (adj) /ɪmˈbrɔɪdəd/ decorated with patterns
or images sewn onto it
2 Owner of objects: Chinese state / private finery (n) /ˈfain(ə)ri/ expensive and beautiful objects
collector scroll (n) /skrəul/ a roll of paper with writing on it
3 Where items were bought: foreign auctions /
foreign antique shops

4 Location of exhibition: a train station /

a shopping mall

5 Value of collection: US$ 25 million / US$ 100

million

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 Unit 9 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article about a historical discovery. Then 4 Complete the conversation. Use verbs to describe
choose the correct options to complete the article. the criminal justice process.

2 Read the article again. Answer the questions. A: Did you hear that Stefania 1 the
local newspaper to court last week?
1 Why did historians think children in the B: No. What crime had they 2 ?
Middle Ages had no childhood? A: She 3 them of using one of her
2 What new evidence did the archaeologists find photos without permission.
and how did they find it? B: And what happened? Were they 4
guilty?
A: Yes, they were ordered to pay compensation,
but they’ve 5 against the ruling.

5 Put these verbs into five groups according to the

preposition that usually follows them. What is the
preposition in each group?

accuse   ​adjust   ​aim   ​approve   ​belong   ​
believe   ​benefit   ​participate   ​reflect   ​relate   ​
rely   ​specialize   ​suffer
Historians used to think that children in the Middle
Ages didn’t have much of a childhood, 1 compared /
comparing to children today. 2 As well as / What’s
6 ❯❯ MB Write sentences that are true for you or
more, some historians even claimed that parents 700
your family/friends using the verb + preposition
years ago did not form any emotional attachment
combinations in Exercise 5.
to their children. 3 Referring / Having referred to the I CAN
adult-like representation of children in paintings of
talk about crime and court proceedings
the time, they said that children were treated like
little adults 4 and / being sent out to work at a young use the correct preposition after certain verbs
age. They also assumed that 5 since / because of life
expectancy was much shorter, this was a logical thing
for parents to do.
Real life
6
However, / Even though a recent archaeological 7 Complete the comments for checking, confirming or
dig on the banks of the River Thames in London has clarifying information. Use one word in each space.
uncovered new evidence, 7 painting / having painted
a different picture of childhood in the Middle
1 If I understand , you’re saying
Ages. 8 Using / Having used metal detectors, the
there’s no difference between …
archaeologists found various miniature objects like
2 Perhaps I’m something, but aren’t
chairs and guns and 9 put / after having put them all
the police supposed to … ?
together, came to the conclusion that they must be
3 Am I right thinking that your
children’s toys. 10 Assuming / Assumed that they are
country is … ?
right, we can conclude, 11 although / in spite of earlier
4 Let me get this . The last time you
historians’ claims, that children in this period had
ate …
time for playing 12 in addition / as well as working.
5 What do you mean ‘a substantial
amount of …’?
6 Would you mind just going what
3 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Find linking words or you said about … again?
phrases in the article that do the following:
8 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Complete the endings of
1 contrast an idea the sentences in Exercise 7 with ideas of your own.
2 add a point Then use them to have short conversations. Use
3 state a reason these responses to help you.
4 show a sequence of events
What I’m saying is …   ​The point is that …   ​
What grammatical form follows each linking word
What I meant (by that) was …   ​
or phrase?
In other words, …   ​That’s to say …
I CAN
use linking words to connect ideas I CAN
use participles in subordinate clauses ask for confirmation and clarification

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 Unit 10 Social living

People celebrating the

annual Mexican festival,
Cinco de Mayo, Denver, USA

F E AT U R E S 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and caption. What festivals or

public holidays in your country celebrate particular groups or
118 A co-operative communities? What form do the celebrations take? Discuss.
society 2 72 Listen to an extract from a radio programme talking
How ant society works about ethnic communities. Answer the questions.
1 Which cities are mentioned and what large ethnic
120 The power of play populations do they have?
Why playing is important 2 What do the communities have in common, apart from the
one in London?
122 Living free? 3 What values define Alejandra’s ethnic community?
The Hadza people of
3 72 Listen to the radio programme again. Which adjectives
Tanzania
are used with these words to talk about communities?
126 Initiation with ants groups   ​migrants   ​immigrant community   ​family   ​values   ​
A video about an unusual community   ​gatherings   ​heritage
initiation ceremony in
Brazil 4 Look at the questions and discuss with your partner.
1 Is there a strong sense of community where you live? What
kind of social gatherings take place, e.g. street parties,
meals with friends, dances?
2 Do you think it’s confusing to have two cultures like
Alejandra, or is it a positive thing? Why?

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 reading ant society • grammar adverbs and adverbial phrases • vocabulary and speaking being a good member of society

10a A co-operative society

Reading 2 Read the article. Which adjectives best describe ants

Photo 12/ Alamy Stock Photo

and ant society? Why?
1 Look at the picture and
humorous quotes from co-operative   ​creative   ​cruel   ​efficient
the animated film Antz.
Discuss the questions. 3 Answer these questions. Then read the article again
1 What do the quotes and check your answers.
tell you about ants? 1 What environment do ants not like to live in?
2 What else do you 2 Why have ants done so well?
know about ants (diet, 3 Within each ant colony, what are the most
habitat, predators, etc.)? common jobs?
When you’re the middle child in 4 What two examples does the writer give of ants
a family of five million, you don’t get sending ‘messages’?
any attention. 5 How do ants defeat larger animals in a fight?
6 What is the writer implying about people in line
I wasn’t cut out to be a worker. My whole life, 40–41?
I’ve never been able to lift more than ten times
my body weight. 4 What other animals do you know that live in groups
or ‘societies’? How do they help each other?

A CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY
73
Ants number approximately ten thousand trillion communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones,
worldwide. Each individual ant weighs almost chemical signals emitted by individuals and picked up
nothing, but together they weigh about the same by the group. Each species produces just ten to twenty
as all of mankind. They are also ubiquitous, such signals. For example, a foraging ant leaves a 25
5 thriving everywhere except on icy mountain peaks pheromone trail that leads others straight to where the
and around the Poles. No one knows precisely how food is. When an individual ant comes under attack or
many species there are, but it is estimated to be is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to alert the
over 20,000. For an animal of its size, ants have colony, which then mobilizes fast as a defence unit.
been incredibly successful and this success is
In fact, in the art of war, ants are probably unrivalled. 30
10 largely due to the fact that, socially, they are such
They are completely fearless and will take on bigger
sophisticated creatures.
predators readily, attacking in large groups and
In colonies that vary in size from a few hundred to overwhelming their target. They are so committed to
tens of millions, each ant plays a clearly defined the common good of the colony that workers regularly
role: there is a queen or queens whose job it is to sacrifice their own lives to help defeat the enemy. 35
15 reproduce, and some fertile males who die shortly
Behaving in this unselfish and community-minded
after mating with the queen. The rest are sterile
way, these little creatures have flourished on Earth for
females who make up the main population of workers
more than 140 million years. And because they think
(nest builders and food gatherers) and soldiers, all
as one, they have a collective intelligence greater than
beavering away in an organized manner.
the sum of its individual parts. Unfortunately, this is not 40
20 How they achieve this level of organization is even something you can always say of people.
more amazing. Where we use sound and sight to

beaver away (v) /ˈbiːvə(r) əˈweɪ/ to work hard and busily

at something
colony (n) /ˈkɒləni/ a group of ants that nest together
forage (v) /ˈfɒrɪdʒ/ search for food
sterile (adj) /ˈsteraɪl/ not capable of reproducing
ubiquitous (adj) /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ found everywhere

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 Unit 10 Social living

Grammar adverbs and 4 Many brown ants don’t work at all, with 72 per
cent being inactive half the time. (hard)
adverbial phrases 5 Different species of ant vary. (physical /
enormous)
ADVERBS and ADVERBIAL PHRASES 6 Ants do not act towards each other. (necessary /
Photo 12/ Alamy Stock Photo

1 No one is entirely sure how many species there are. friendly)

2 Workers regularly sacrifice their own lives to help 7 Some species of ants attack other ant colonies.
defeat the enemy. (surprising / aggressive)
3 They will take on bigger predators readily.
4 Ants have been incredibly successful. 9 Write three sentences about your own social group
5 Socially, they are such sophisticated creatures. (e.g. friends or family). Use these adverbs/adverbial
6 In the art of war, ants are probably unrivalled. phrases (or your own choice) in each sentence.
7 Unfortunately, this is not something you can always say
of people. fast   ​financially   ​
generally   ​healthily   ​
highly   ​
8 The colony then mobilizes fast. in a relaxed way   ​incredibly   ​interestingly   ​
9 … all beavering away in an organized manner.
late   ​socially   ​
For further information and practice, see page 174.

Vocabulary being a good

5 Look at the sentences in the grammar box. Answer
the questions. member of society
1 Which adverbs qualify: a) verbs or verb 10 Choose the correct option to complete the
phrases; b) adjectives; or c) the whole sentence? collocations. Then think of an action as an example
2 What type is each adverb or adverbial phrase: of each collocation.
manner, probability, degree, frequency, 1 act / play a part in society
viewpoint or comment? Using local shops and facilities, chatting to local
3 Which other position in the phrase or sentence people.
could each adverb have without changing the 2 do / make your bit for the community
meaning? If none, say ‘none’. 3 bring / lend a helping hand to your neighbours
4 What is unusual about the words fast and 4 keep / take responsibility for your environment
organized in sentences 8 and 9? 5 take / show concern for others who are less
6 Find at least four more adverbs in the article on fortunate
page 118. Discuss their type, form and position. 6 give / have a say in decisions that affect you

7 Transform these adjectives into adverbs or Speaking my life

adverbial phrases. Then complete the sentences.
11 Work in pairs. Look at the statements from an
colourful   ​general   ​lively   ​slow   ​
straight   ​ international citizenship survey. Add two more
technical   ​ statements of your own using adverbs. Then rank
them in order of importance.
1 I’ll repeat the instructions
so that there’s no confusion.
2 She tells stories and the To play a full part in society,
children love it.
3 , it’s not illegal to fly a
a good citizen:
drone in the park.
4 Let me get to the point. 1 should always vote in elections.
5 I don’t post messages on 2 should obey laws and regulations
social media. unquestioningly.
6 The room was large and
3 should be actively involved in clubs and
painted.
community organizations.
8 Transform the adjectives in brackets into adverbs 4 should spend some of their free time helping
or adverbial phrases. Then put them in the correct people who are financially or physically less
place in these sentences. well-off.
1 Ants have a developed social system. (high) 5 should take responsibility for keeping their
2 An ant can lift objects as much as twenty times local environment clean and safe.
its own body weight. (easy) 6 …
3 A worker ant doesn’t live – on average fifty 7 …
days. (long)

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 listening the importance of play • vocabulary having fun • grammar negative adverbials and inversion •
pronunciation sentence stress • speaking social games

10b The power of play

Listening 6 A lot of the time, our minds

and we find ourselves thinking about
1 Work in pairs. Match the games in list A with the things in the past.
categories in list B. Then think of other examples for 7 But when we’re engaged in play, … we
each category. Discuss which games are: ourselves in the present.
a) the most social b) the most international 8 Play doesn’t have to be a specific activity;
c) the most enjoyable d) ones you play yourself it’s also a of mind.
A B
1 Minecraft a outdoor games Vocabulary having fun
2 sudoku b board games
3 basketball c team sports 5 Complete the expressions with these
4 frisbee d party games prepositions. Discuss what you think each
5 chess e puzzles expression means.
6 charades f computer/video games
about   ​against   ​of   ​on   ​
on   ​out of
2 Look at the photo and in sixty seconds, list as many
benefits of this kind of play as you can. Then compare 1 Try to see the funny side it.
your list with another pair. At least you didn’t lose any money.
2 I love watching TV quizzes and seeing
3 74 Listen to a podcast about the importance of play. contestants pit their wits
Note down the four main benefits that the speaker each other.
mentions. 3 They played a joke him by
swapping his jacket with Gino’s which
4 74 Try to complete these expressions that the was identical but two sizes smaller.
speaker uses in the podcast. Then listen again and 4 Don’t tell me the answer. It takes the fun
check. doing the crossword.
1 Play seems more like a to indulge in 5 Shop owners love making a play
when we have spare time. words. My local bike shop is
2 Play increases our ability to solve problems and to called ‘Cycloanalysts’.
think outside the . 6 I had a great evening with Eman. We had
3 Laughter improves blood circulation and increases such a laugh the old days.
the body’s to disease.
4 With play, there’s just a shared feeling of enjoyment
6 Work in pairs. Describe a time when
someone:
and of letting .
5 Play has the power to break down • played a joke on you
between people. • didn’t see the funny side of something
• made a funny play on words

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 Unit 10 Social living

Grammar negative adverbials and sounds like him too. (Not only)
7 We don’t really go out dancing at all
inversion anymore. (hardly ever)
8 You couldn’t find such a spectacular view
NEGATIVE ADVERBIALS and INVERSION anywhere else in America. (Nowhere else
seldom, rarely, hardly ever in America)
1 In fact, we seldom think of play as something necessary.
barely, scarcely, hardly
10 Complete the text about being playful as an
2 In many ways, it scarcely matters what kind of play it is. adult using these words. Then compare your
3 In casual play, there’s hardly any formality. answers with a partner.
Inverted negative adverbials*
do   ​hardly   ​never   ​not   ​only   ​seldom   ​
4 No sooner have we started to relax than our minds also
begin to think differently. should   ​when   ​will   ​you   ​
5 Not only does it relieve tension, studies have also shown that
laughter improves blood circulation. Children are naturally playful. They
1 seldom worry about the reactions of
Other inverted negative adverbials include:
Barely/Scarcely/Hardly … when/before; others. Only 2 we reach adulthood
Under no circumstances …; In no way …;
3
we become self-conscious about
Only when / Only if / Only by …; Never …; Little … what others think and stop playing so much.
* We use inversion in slightly more formal speech or writing. Sadly, some adults 4 play any
games at all. But it’s 5 too late to
For further information and practice, see page 174. develop your playful side. Begin by setting
aside time to play. Then think of something that
you’d like to do. On no account 6
7 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions.
you feel under pressure – just pick a game you
1 What is the position of the adverbs in sentences 1–3? used to play as a child. And then just enjoy
2 How would you express the same idea in sentences it. 7 by letting go 8
2 and 3 using almost instead of the adverbs in bold? you experience the benefits of play. If you
3 What do you notice about the word order in keep doing this, 9 only will
sentences 4 and 5? 10
enjoy it, you will find the more
4 How would you write sentences 4 and 5 without you play, the more you will laugh.
inversion (use as soon as and not only)?
5 What effect does inverting the word order like this
have on each sentence?
Speaking my life

11 Work in groups of eight and play this game.

8 Pronunciation sentence stress Follow the steps below. Discuss if you think
this game is a good ‘social’ game.
a 75 Listen to the sentences in the grammar box.
Which of the words in bold are stressed? 1 One person makes up a sentence, ideally
an unusual one, using an adverbial from
b 76 Work in pairs. Underline the words you expect the grammar box.
to be stressed in these sentences. Then listen and check. 2 They whisper the sentence to the person
1 In no way was I surprised. next to them only once. That person
2 But I hardly know her! whispers the sentence they think they
3 We rarely see each other now. heard to the next person and so on until it
4 Not only is it cheap, it’s also delicious. reaches the last person.
3 The last person then says aloud the
9 Rewrite the sentences using the negative adverbials in sentence they think they heard. Has the
brackets. When the adverbial is at the beginning of the original sentence changed in any way?
sentence, you will need to use inversion.
12 Your group is going to present a good or bad
1 As soon as we had set out on our walk, it started to game. Follow these steps.
rain. (No sooner)
2 Sorry, I haven’t really had a minute to think about it. 1 Make a list of games you’ve played that
(barely) are good (or bad!) for social relationships
3 It is only possible to access the bank’s website by (e.g. Monopoly, Twister).
using a special card reader. (Only by using) 2 Describe and explain any game your
4 You mustn’t mention this to her under any partners do not know.
circumstances. (Under no circumstances) 3 List the benefits (or shortcomings) of each
5 We hardly ever went out in the evenings, because it game.
was so expensive. (Only very rarely) 4 Present the most (or least) social game to
6 He doesn’t only look like George Clooney; he the rest of the class.

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 reading the Hadza of Tanzania • critical thinking reading between the lines • word focus free •
speaking feeling free

10c Living free?

Reading
1 What is meant by the term hunter-gatherer? How is
a hunter-gather’s life different from a farmer’s?

2 Work in pairs. Look at the map. In what kind of

places do hunter-gatherers still live today?

3 Read the article and say which statement best

summarizes what the author thinks about the
Hadza way of life.
a It’s a good life but not practical for us
nowadays.
b It’s a way of life that guarantees both health
and harmony in society. 7 Work in groups. Compare your answers from
c It’s a sustainable way of life that we ought to Exercise 6, referring to the parts of the article that
imitate. support your view. Did you agree or not?

4 Read the article again quickly. Find out which of Word focus free
these things the Hadza have, and which things
they do not have. Then compare answers with 8 Look at this quote from the article. What does it
your partner. tell you about the Hadza?
• working animals • a government There are many things to envy about the Hadza –
• enemies • their own strict principally, what free spirits they appear to be.
• sufficient food routines
• basic tools • a difficult 9 Work in pairs. Look at these other expressions
• a lot of free time environment using free and discuss what each one means.

5 Work in pairs. Explain what these phrases from 1 Feel free to make yourself a cup of coffee.
the article mean. 2 Did you really think he wouldn’t want to be
paid for his help? There’s no such thing as a
1 Agriculture’s rise, however, came at a price free lunch, you know.
(para 2) 3 It was supposed to be a civilized debate but the
2 social divisions between haves and have nots chair lost control and it became a free-for-all.
(para 2) 4 They were very particular about the text, but
3 they have scarcely left a footprint on the land they gave us a free hand with the design.
(para 3) 5 Although there was a lot of evidence to suggest
4 the Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land he was guilty, he got off scot-free.
(para 5)
5 what was once their exclusive territory (para 5) 10 Choose two of the following and talk about them
6 Their entire life is one insanely committed from your own experience.
camping trip. (para 6) • a discussion that became a free-for-all
• a time you were given a free hand in a task
Critical thinking reading • a time you got off scot-free
• someone who is a free spirit
between the lines
6 Sometimes in articles, an author’s views are not Speaking my life
explicitly stated and have to be inferred. Underline
the sentences in the article that help you to infer 11 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
the answers to these questions. 1 What aspects of the Hadza lifestyle appeal to
1 Does the author admire the Hadza and their you? Which don’t appeal?
way of life? 2 In which area(s) of your life do you feel ‘free’?
2 Does the author have particular views about In which area(s) would you like to have more
what should happen to the land the Hadza live freedom?
on?

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 Unit 10 Social living

77

The Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania live a life that has The chief reason the Hadza have been able to maintain this
not changed much in 10,000 years. They have no crops, no lifestyle is that their homeland is not an inviting place. The soil
livestock, no permanent shelters. In spite of long exposure to is poor, fresh water is scarce and the bugs can be intolerable.
nearby communities who farm both crops and animals, the For tens of thousands of years, it seems no one else wanted
5 Hadza have maintained a nomadic, foraging lifestyle. to live here. Recently, however, the pressure of a rising 45

The spread of agriculture is linked to the growth of population. population has brought a flood of people into Hadza lands.
First villages formed, then cities, then nations. In a relatively The fact that the Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land
brief period, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle disappeared in all but has, in a way, hurt them, as the region is generally viewed by
a few places. Agriculture’s rise, however, came at a price: social outsiders as an unused place badly in need of development.
10 divisions between haves and have nots, the spread of disease, Up to now, the Hadza, who are by nature peaceful, have 50

famines and even war. Professor Jared Diamond of UCLA simply moved on rather than fight for the land. But now there
has called the adoption of agriculture ‘the worst mistake in is nowhere else to go and they are being forced to share what
human history’ – a mistake, he says, from which we have never was once their exclusive territory.
recovered. Looking at people like the There are many things to envy

Living
free?
15 Hadza, you can see why he came to about the Hadza – principally, 55
this conclusion. They do not engage what free spirits they appear to
in warfare. They are too few and be. Free from schedules, jobs,
too spread out to be threatened by bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, laws,
infectious disease. And they have no social duties and money. Free
20 history of famine because their diet is to grab food and run shirtless 60
more varied and adaptable than that through the bush. But who of us
of most of the world’s citizens. could live like them? Their entire
The Hadza also have hardly any life is one insanely committed
possessions. The things they camping trip. It’s incredibly risky.
25 own – a cooking pot, a water Medical help is far away. One bad fall from a tree, one bite 65

container, an axe – can be from a snake, and you’re dead. Women give birth in the bush
wrapped in a blanket and carried over a shoulder. They enjoy and nearly half of all children do not make it to the age of
an extraordinary amount of leisure time, because their ‘work’ fifteen. They have to cope with extreme heat and swarming
– gathering food – takes only four to six hours a day. Hadza tsetse flies. The fact is that it’s too late for us to go back to
30 women gather berries and baobab fruit and dig for tubers. a Hadza lifestyle. Of greater concern is that soon it may be 70

Men collect honey and hunt. They will eat almost anything impossible for them to remain in it.
they can kill, from small birds to zebras. What is more,
in the thousands of years they have followed this lifestyle,
they have scarcely left a footprint on the land.
35 There are no official leaders in Hadza society. No Hadza adult
has authority over any other and none accumulates personal
wealth. Nor are there social obligations – no birthdays,
no public holidays, no anniversaries. People sleep when
they want, generally staying up late at night and dozing
40 opportunistically during the heat of the day.

doze (v) /dəʊz/ to sleep lightly

intolerable (adj) /ɪnˈtɒlərəb(ə)l/ unbearable, can’t be endured
tuber (n) /ˈtjuːbə(r)/ an edible part of the stem of a plant (like
a potato)

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 real life making conversation • speaking skill showing interest • pronunciation intonation and elision

10d Showing interest

Real life making conversation SHOWING INTEREST
Showing interest
1 Work in pairs. Discuss which of the following
points are characteristic of a good listener. I got a ‘B’ for my essay. ➞ Really?
I’m going to Spain next
a trying to predict what you will hear
month. ➞ Are you?
b waiting before giving your view I’ve got to go to London
c asking questions / check understanding tomorrow. ➞ Have you? Why’s that?
d relating what you hear to your experience Lovely concert. ➞ Yes, it was, wasn’t it?
e maintaining eye contact The weather doesn’t look
f showing appreciation great. ➞ No, it doesn’t, does it?
g keeping the conversation moving He’s quit his job. ➞ He hasn’t, has he?
I’ll give you a call some
2 Are you a good listener? Which of the points in time. ➞ Yes, please do. / Yes,
Exercise 1 are you good or bad at doing? do please.

3 78 You are going to hear two conversations Responding naturally

between university students. Listen and answer Do you fancy a drink? ➞ I’d love to, but …
the questions for each conversation. I can’t make this evening. ➞ Oh, that’s a shame.
What are you doing
1 What does each female speaker want?
here? ➞ Working.
2 How does her friend respond to this? Are you going to the ➞ I expect/hope/think/
conference? suppose so. / I’m afraid
4 Speaking skill showing interest so.
Will the shop still be ➞ I don’t think so. / I’m
78 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions for open? afraid not. / I doubt it.
showing interest. Which phrases did the speakers I’ve got a cold coming. ➞ Me too.
use to show interest and respond to each of these I can’t wait for the
statements and questions? Then listen again and holidays. ➞ Me neither.
check your answers.
1 Fancy a game of tennis this afternoon?
2 Why? What are you doing? 5 Pronunciation intonation and elision
3 I need to get an essay in … a 79 Listen to the intonation in the first six short
4 I’m really enjoying it, actually. responses in the box. Does it rise or fall? Which
5 Great party, last night. pattern shows interest (I), which surprise (S) and
6 That’s not your job, is it? which agreement (A)?
7 You couldn’t lend me a hand with it later, could
you? b Work in pairs. Practise saying the responses in the
8 I’ve got to wait in this afternoon … same way.
9 I’m always missing things in lectures.
10 I’ll send you the link. c 80 Listen to how these phrases are
pronounced. Notice which sounds are elided.
Then practise saying them with your partner.
1 I’m afraid not.
2 I suppose so.
3 I expect so.
4 I hope so.
5 I doubt it.
6 I’d love to.

6 Work in pairs. Have similar conversations to show

interest and respond. Follow this structure:
Student A: Suggest doing something with Student B.
Student B: Explain that you have another
commitment.
Student A: Show interest and get more information
about this.

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 writing a discursive essay • writing skill referring to evidence Unit 10 Social living

10e A good start in life

Writing a discursive essay
1 Look at the items (a–h). Choose the four items
Is social background
that you think most help people to achieve an important factor in
professional success in life. success in life?
a wealthy parents It is generally thought that to have a good chance of
b a strong work ethic succeeding in life, you need certain social advantages: wealthy
c good social connections parents, a high social status and a good-quality education.
d supportive friends or community There is truth in this, but it is
e ambitious parents not the whole story. I would
f good education argue that provided a child
g high social status has the basic necessities of life
h something else? – food, clothes, a warm bed,
2 Work in groups. Discuss your answers from parental love and care – then
Exercise 1. Does social background (e.g. their prospects are determined
upbringing, education, parents’ jobs) play a only by their own opinion of
big part in determining a child’s prospects in what is possible. And that
life? opinion can be changed.
A recent study in Baltimore,
3 Read the essay and answer the questions. USA, where children were
interviewed about their
1 What is the main argument?
prospects, supports this view.
2 What evidence is it based on?
Their ambitions reflected their
3 Are you convinced by the argument?
own experience. Those from high-income families wanted
Why? / Why not?
to be lawyers or doctors, the typical professions of their
parents’ friends. Those from poorer backgrounds hoped to be
4 Writing skill referring to evidence professional sports people or music artists, because those were
a Work in pairs. Look at this sentence from the the people who had succeeded in their communities. However,
essay and discuss how the meaning would they expected to become electricians or hairdressers. The
be affected if you replaced the phrase in bold children from higher-income families performed well at school,
with each of the phrases below. because they could see the connection between good grades
and realizing their professional ambitions, while the children
This suggests that children’s prospects are from poorer backgrounds performed much worse.
connected to their expectations. This suggests that children’s prospects are connected to their
1 This demonstrates that expectations. As long as children have only modest ambitions,
2 This illustrates the fact that they will see no benefit in working hard at school and, as a
3 From this we can infer that result, will not succeed. In summary, we can say that some
4 This implies that people always start life worse off than others, but where they
5 This indicates that end up is a question of what they believe is possible.
6 This points to (+ -ing)
7 This proves that 5 Work in pairs and discuss what you think is the answer to
8 This shows that this question: Does it help students if parents pay for their
b Complete these sentences in your own words. university education? Then write an essay of 200–250
words on the topic. Use the evidence on page 190, if
1 Their excellent exam results prove that … necessary.
2 The fact that no one passed the exam
points to the exam … 6 Exchange essays with your partner. Use these questions
3 From the age of the paper we can infer to check each other’s essays.
that the documents … • Is the main argument clear?
4 His popularity with the students • Is the essay well structured?
illustrates the fact that … • What conclusions does the essay draw from the
5 The high quality of her writing indicates evidence?
that she … • Is the main argument outlined at the beginning and
end of the essay?

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 10f Initiation with ants

Sateré-Mawé boy during the Festival of

Parintins, Tupinambarana Island, Brazil

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 Unit 10 Social living

Before you watch While you watch

1 Work in pairs. Look at the definition of initiation. 4 10.1 Watch the video and check your answers
Then think of an example of a ceremony for these from Exercise 2.
occasions (a–f).
5 10.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to
0.51) again. Complete the table about the initiation
initiation (n) /ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ a ceremony or task that ritual.
gives a person formal admission or acceptance into a club,
organization, community or family 1 The signal for the start of the initiation:

a being born 2 Length of ritual:

b passing from childhood into adulthood 3 Age of participants:
c marriage
4 Animal used in ritual:
d entering a college or school
e joining a gang 5 Purpose of ritual:
f joining a professional group or club 6 Number of times participant must perform
ritual:
2 Look at the photo. What part do you think ants
play in this initiation ceremony, where boys pass
from childhood to adulthood? 6 10.1 Watch the second part of the video (0.52
to the end) again. Answer the questions.
3 Key vocabulary 1 How powerful is the sting of these ants?
2 How is it possible to place the ants in the
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in
gloves without being stung?
the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
3 Why don’t the ants escape from the gloves?
1 Bee keepers wear special suits to protect 4 What is the purpose of the dance?
themselves from being stung. 5 What happens after the gloves are removed?
2 The black mamba snake has a deadly venom in 6 How does the new initiate, Ted, react to his
its bite. ordeal?
3 Lions are carnivores. They don’t eat plants or
vegetables at all. 7 What does the chief say about the wider purpose
4 He booked an emergency appointment at the of this ritual? Do you agree with him? Why? /
dentist because he was in agony. Why not?
5 It’s a gruelling journey by road – at least seven
hours over rough tracks. After you watch
6 I was really fascinated by the Japanese ritual of
tea-making. 8 Vocabulary in context
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 3a with these a 10.2 Watch the clips from the video. Choose
definitions. the correct meaning of the words and phrases.
a poison
b very difficult and tiring
b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
work in pairs and compare your sentences.
c pricked or wounded by a poisonous plant or
animal 1 I think my prospects of getting a job in …
d great pain or suffering 2 My … was completely unfazed by …
e actions (often religious) done in a specific order 3 I didn’t enjoy … because I had to endure …
f meat-eaters
9 Choose one of the initiation ceremonies from
Exercise 1 and think about how you would
describe one or more of the rituals that take place
during this ceremony. Make notes if you need to.

10 Work in groups. Take turns to describe your

ceremonies. What do the rituals symbolize? What
are the most difficult things to do in front of peers?

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 Unit 10 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the interview about a National Marine Park in 4 Complete the descriptions. You have been given
Mexico. What was the key to saving the coral reef? the first letter.
1 We’re lucky. Our community has a r
cultural heritage. There are quite a few different
e groups; most are second or third
g migrants who all play their
p in society. People s
concern for one another and are always ready to
l a helping hand.
2 I don’t have a big e family, so we
don’t have big family g . But we
are a close-k family and we always
have a good l when we get together.
I = Interviewer, E = Environmentalist
I: Cabo Pulmo National Marine Park is a great example of
5 ❯❯ MB Give a similar description of your own
community and family.
citizens acting to effect change (1 concerted). Was the
main purpose of this project to protect the coral reef? 6 ❯❯ MB Look at the idioms in bold. Which idioms
E: Absolutely. The reef was deteriorating (2 fast). We express positive ideas? Which negative? And
needed to save it. which could be either? Give reasons.
I: And did you get the help of the government?
E: Yes. It was they who set up the conservation area. 1 The discussion became a free-for-all.
Basically, by campaigning, we managed to get fishing 2 Knowing the answers takes the fun out of it.
banned (3 hard). After all the intensive fishing of the 3 My parents gave me a completely free hand in
last 25 years, any fish were left (4 hard). And they’re an choice of school.
important part of the fragile ecosystem that supports 4 He’s always playing jokes on people.
the coral. 5 She saw the funny side of it.
I: And has that changed? 6 He got off scot-free.
E: Yes. The project has been successful (5 incredible).
I CAN
Stocks of fish have risen by 450 per cent. It’s a real
talk about family and community life
victory for the environment and the community.
I: So can you relax now that you’ve won the battle? use idioms about humour and idioms with free
E: No, we can’t relax! There’s a new proposal to build
an enormous tourist complex with hotels and shops
right next to the marine park (6 sadly). So we finished Real life
one campaign and we had to begin another. We’re 7 Match these responses with the statements and
negotiating with the developers to reach a solution questions (1–6). There are two responses for each
(7 currently). The negotiations are being conducted statement or question.
(8 friendly), but if they fail, we’re very worried about
the negative impact on the marine park. Yes, please do.   ​Definitely.   ​
Working, mostly.   ​
Yes, it was, wasn’t it?   ​Thanks, I’d appreciate it.   ​
2 Transform the adjectives (1–8) in the interview into Really?   ​That’s a shame.   ​Me neither.   ​
adverbs or adverbial phrases. Then put them in Not much.   ​ You enjoyed it, did you?   ​Have you?   ​
the correct place in each sentence. What about?   ​I hope so.

3 ❯❯ MB Rewrite these sentences using the words 1 I’m afraid I can’t make it to the party on Friday.
given. Then discuss how the new sentences differ 2 Are you going to visit Eva when you’re in Perth?
in meaning. 3 What are you doing these days?
4 Great show.
1 No, we can’t relax!
5 I’ll let you know as soon as I hear any news.
In no way !
6 I’ve got a meeting with the mayor on Friday.
2 We finished one campaign and we had to begin
another. 8 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Act out the conversations in
No sooner . Exercise 7. Add one or two more lines to continue
each conversation.
I CAN
use adverbs and adverbial forms correctly I CAN
use inversion with negative adverbials for emphasis use short responses in conversation and show interest

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 Unit 11 Reason and emotion

Tribal boy: beauty in

simplicity, India

F E AT U R E S 1 81 Look at the photo and describe the boy’s feelings. Then

listen to a photographer who specializes in photographing
130 Emotional people and compare your answer.
intelligence 2 81 Work in pairs. What does the photographer say about
Training people to the following things? Then listen again and check your
recognize feelings answers.
1 the ingredients of a good photo
132 Thinking fast and 2 the types of emotion that work in photos
slow 3 photographing children
Rational and irrational
thinking
3 Look at the adjectives for describing emotions. Put two
adjectives under each heading. Which word in each pair has
134 Who’s working for the stronger meaning?
who? astonished   ​content   ​cross   ​ecstatic   ​livid   ​low   ​
Artificial intelligence in the miserable   ​petrified   ​scared   ​taken aback
future
Anger  Fear  Surprise  Happiness  Sadness
138 Madeline the robot
4 Choose two of the adjectives from Exercise 3 and talk about
tamer the last time or a memorable time when you felt this emotion.
A video about bringing I was really cross when I turned up for a concert the other week and
humans and robots closer they told me it had been cancelled. They offered me a refund, but they
together should have contacted people beforehand!

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 reading understanding emotions • vocabulary feelings • grammar unreal past forms • speaking modern life

11a Emotional intelligence

Reading Vocabulary feelings
1 What do you think emotional intelligence means? 3 The expression on edge (line 6) was used to
How might it be helpful in life? describe people who feel tense in the modern
world. Match the expressions in bold in the
2 Read the extract from an article about emotional sentences (1–6) with the feelings they describe.
intelligence. Are these sentences true (T), false (F)
or is the information not given in the article (NG)? confused and disorganized   ​exhausted   ​
1 The author says EI training is mainly useful for optimistic   ​sad   ​very happy   ​very surprised
people in stressful jobs.
2 EI training helps people to know which 1 Don’t worry about Paolo. He’s just a bit down
emotions they should listen to. after failing his driving test.
3 Our level of emotional intelligence is 2 I think I sent you the wrong document. Sorry.
determined by our childhood experiences. I’m all over the place today.
4 It is not only negative emotions that can 3 They are very upbeat about their prospects of
influence key decisions. winning.
5 We can learn to control and prevent the micro- 4 I can’t come out tonight. I’ve been travelling all
expressions we make. day and I’m completely done in.
6 The writer says that EI training will enable you 5 I was speechless when she said it wouldn’t
to read others’ micro-expressions. work. It was her idea in the first place!
6 A: Did he like his present?
B: Yes, he was thrilled to bits with it.

82
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Your IQ, or intellectual intelligence, will get you through emotions better. You can control negative feelings:
exams, into university and also help you solve all sorts of gloomy predictions (‘I know I’m going to mess this
problems in your working life. But it is your emotional up’) and nagging regrets (‘If only I had done more
intelligence (EI) that will help manage the stress in those preparation’). You can also learn to recognize when 25
5 situations. So, if you are someone who often feels anxious stress, anger or excitement might be influencing an
and on edge in the modern world – and a lot of people important decision.
increasingly do – and wish you were more in control of EI training will also reveal what emotions you betray
things, perhaps it’s time you looked into EI training. to others non-verbally through what are called micro-
Put simply, EI training is about learning to understand expressions. These are unconscious facial expressions 30
10 your feelings and to distinguish constructive emotions that appear for only a fraction of a second and express
from harmful ones. In this way, you get to know when to a concealed emotion or an emotion that has been too
follow your head and when to follow your gut feeling. rapidly processed. For example, if you wish someone
At the same time, you develop a better understanding of would stop talking to you because you are bored, you
how others feel, which in turn helps communication and might look away momentarily. Even if you did not 35
15 relationship-building. want to send this signal of boredom, the other person
Our attitude to our emotions – whether we are sensitive will almost certainly pick up on it. Understanding these
to them, or whether we would just as soon they remained micro-expressions is very useful for managing
unexplored – is often formed in the early part of our lives. relationships. Supposing you were in a negotiation, for
The first step in EI training is to make people aware of example, and were trying to decide whether to trust 40

20 what this attitude to their emotions is. Once you are more the other person; an ability to read such signals could
aware of your attitude, you can begin to manage your be invaluable.
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 Unit 11   Reason and emotion

4 Work in pairs. Talk about times when you last had each of the 8 Complete the statements from a
feelings in Exercise 3. survey on emotional intelligence
using the correct form of these verbs.
When I didn’t get the job I applied for, it was obviously disappointing,
but I tried to stay upbeat about it. be   ​can / show   ​find   ​not / get   ​
not / talk   ​teach   ​
Grammar unreal past forms
1 I’d just as soon people
UNREAL PAST FORMS to me openly
would rather / would just as soon about their feelings. I find it
1 We would just as soon they remained unexplored. awkward.
I wish / if only 2 I wish I so
2 You wish you were more in control of things. irritated when small things go
3 If only I had done more preparation. wrong.
4 You wish someone would stop talking to you. 3 I wish I more
it’s (high) time enthusiasm when people tell me
5 It’s time you looked into EI training. their good news.
Supposing / What if 4 Supposing I
6 Supposing you were in a negotiation, for example … very excited about something. I
it very hard
For further information and practice, see page 176. to hide my feelings.
5 I often think I understand
5 Look at the grammar box. Match each sentence with these my feelings when really
definitions (a–f). Then say what tense or verb form is used in I don’t. I wish someone
each sentence. me how to
recognize my true feelings.
a a wish about a past situation
b a wish for someone to do or stop doing something 9 Read the statements in Exercise 8
c a wish about a present situation again. Decide if each is true, partly
d a description of an imaginary situation true or false for you. Then work in
e a statement of what needs to be done now pairs and discuss your answers.
f a preference for what someone/something should do

6 Write these sentences in full, using unreal past forms. Speaking my life

1 It’s high time / he / sort out / his life. 10 Work in groups. Discuss the list of
2 I wish / I / not / have to / commute to work every day. things that irritate people about
3 If only / I / listen / to his advice, none of this would have modern life. Think of two more
happened. things each and explain why they
4 I’d rather / you / show / me the letter before / you / send / it. irritate you. Agree on the two you
5 Modern life is too hectic. I wish / people / just / slow down / find most irritating.
a bit. It really annoys me when people jump
6 It’s time we / leave. / In fact, I wish / we / leave a while ago. queues. Supposing someone did the
7 Complete this funny story by putting the verbs in the correct same to them? I bet they’d be the first to
form. complain.

A sales representative, an admin assistant and a manager are

walking to lunch when they find an old oil lamp. ‘Supposing 1 being stuck in traffic
we 1 (rub) it?’ says the sales rep. ‘Do you 2 waiting for things to download on the
think a Genie 2 (come out)?’ ‘I’d rather you computer
3
(do) it,’ says the manager, ‘I’ve just washed
3 receiving unwanted sales and
my hands.’ So the sales rep rubs the lamp and a Genie comes out
marketing calls from companies
and says, ‘Tell me what you wish.’ The sales rep says, ‘I wish
I4 (lie) on a beach in the Bahamas.’ Puff! And 4 people who talk loudly on their mobile
she vanishes. ‘Me next!’ says the admin clerk. ‘I wish the love phones in public places
of my life 5 (take) me off to the Far East for
5 people pushing in front of you in a
a wonderful adventure.’ Puff! And he too disappears. ‘Now it’s
queue (on foot or in a car)
time that you 6 (make) your wish,’ says the
Genie to the manager. And the manager says, ‘I want those two 6 parents who embarrass you by thinking
back in the office straight after lunch.’ they are fashionable

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 listening irrational thinking • wordbuilding and pronunciation heteronyms • grammar conditionals and
inversion • speaking mind games

11b Thinking fast and slow

4 84 Listen to the second part of the lecture. Note
the following things.
1 the answers to the questions in Exercise 3
2 what Kahneman concluded about the way our
brains work

5 84 Match the questions (1–3) in Exercise 3 with

what it tells us about the way we think (a–c). Then
listen to the second part of the lecture again and
check your answers.
a that we carry a lot of preconceptions about the
world with us
b that we are not logical when it comes to taking
Coloured MRI scan of risks
brain pathways c that we can be influenced in our thinking by
irrelevant information

Listening 6 Have you taken any financial decisions that

weren’t based on a rational calculation? What
1 Work in pairs. Discuss these situations. Would you were they? Did they work out for you?
follow your first instinct? Or would you take your
time before you came to a decision?
Wordbuilding heteronyms
1 deciding whether to rent a nice flat you have
seen (it’s the first one you have looked at) WORDBUILDING heteronyms
2 expressing something in English that you are There are some words in English ending -ate that have
not sure of the same form as an adjective and as a verb. We use
3 giving money to someone collecting for a pronunciation to distinguish between them.
charity in the street deliberate: verb /dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/; adjective /dɪˈlɪb(ə)rət/
4 deciding what to wear to a party For further practice, see Workbook page 91.
5 giving your opinion in a debate

2 83 Listen to the first part of a lecture about

psychologist Daniel Kahneman. Answer the 7 Pronunciation heteronyms
questions. a 85 Work in pairs. Look at the sentences. Which
1 What area has his research focused on? words in bold are verbs and which are adjectives?
2 What prize did Kahneman win in 2002? Decide where the stress falls in each word. Then
3 What method did he use in his research? listen and check.

3 Look at the three questions the lecturer puts on the 1 a Was that a deliberate mistake?
screen. You have one minute to answer them. Then b Don’t deliberate for too long.
discuss your answers with your partner. 2 a We need to separate my books from yours.
b That’s a separate issue.
3 a He couldn’t articulate what he meant.
1 Roughly how many United Nations states are African? b He’s very articulate.
4 a I have a duplicate copy.
2 Linda is a single 31-year-old, bright and concerned b Let’s not duplicate the work.
with issues of social justice. Which statement is more 5 a That’s an interesting idea. Can you elaborate?
probable? a) Linda works in a bank, b) Linda is a b The dress has a very elaborate design.
feminist and works for a bank.
b Write two sentences using words from Exercise
3a You can either have £500 for certain, or have a 50% 7a. Then ask your partner to read them using the
chance of winning £1,000. Which would you choose? correct stress pattern.

3b You can either lose £500 for certain, or have a 50%

chance of losing £1,000. Which would you choose?

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 Unit 11   Reason and emotion

Grammar conditionals and 10 Complete these texts with one word or contraction
in each space. Then work in pairs. Discuss what
inversion you would do in each situation described.
CONDITIONALS and INVERSION A: We all like to think that we 1 do
First conditional
the right thing if we 2 faced with a
1 If you just look at the screen, you’ll see three examples. moral dilemma. But no one really knows until
it happens. For example, if you 3
Second conditional
2 If we were more aware of this influence, we would
a wallet in the street, you’d 4 it
make better decisions. to the police, right? But 5 you
6
find a blank envelope with £150
Third and mixed conditionals
3 If someone had already said the temperature was 82°F,
cash in it, what then?
your answer would have been a higher number. B: Two weeks ago I was standing in a bus
4 If you had read Kahneman’s book, you would be more queue when a cyclist lost control of his bike.
aware of these influences.
If I 7 not jumped out of the
Inverted conditionals way, he would 8 hit me. But
5 Should you get* the answers wrong, you won’t be there was also an old lady behind me who
alone.
I did nothing to protect. Luckily, he missed
6 Were someone to offer you the chance to win £500 for
her. 9 he hit her, I hate to think
certain, you’d probably take it.
7 Were the same question to be presented as a logical
what the consequences 10 have
formula, few would make this mistake.
11
. You’re probably thinking that
8 Were it not for System One, we would make better
12
such a thing to happen to you,
decisions. you’d definitely not just think of yourself. But
9 Had the regulators been more aware of irrational can you be sure?
thinking, the banking crisis probably wouldn’t have
happened. 11 Write about decisions you have made in your life
*If you should get = if you by chance get using these sentence stems.

For further information and practice, see page 176. 1 Were it not for my parents, I …
2 Had it not been so expensive, I …
3 Were I not such a … person, I think I would …
8 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 4 I would have become a … , …
5 Had I not been so young at the time, …
a Which sentences refer to i) real situations; ii)
hypothetical situations? 12 Work in pairs. Take turns to read one of your
b How has the word order been ‘inverted’ in the sentences from Exercise 11. Your partner should
inverted conditional sentences? What word has ask follow-up questions to get more information.
been left out?
c What does the expression were it not for mean?
What type of word follows it? Speaking my life
d Do you think inverted conditionals are more or 13 Work in pairs. Look at these Kahneman puzzles,
less formal than non-inverted ones? but take no more than 30 seconds to answer each
9 Rewrite these conditional sentences using an one. Then check the answers on page 155. What do
appropriate inverted conditional form. you think the point of each puzzle is?

1 If anyone should ask, please don’t tell them it 1 A bat and ball cost $1.10. The bat costs one
was me who told you. dollar more than the ball. How much does the
2 If I had thought about it for longer, I think I bat cost?
would have got the answer right. 2 Imagine that you bought a $30 ticket to see a
3 They wouldn’t be in this situation now if they play. As you enter the theatre, you discover
had taken my advice. you’ve lost the ticket. The theatre keeps no
4 If you took the job, I am sure you wouldn’t record of purchases. How likely are you to pay
regret it. another $30 to see the play?
5 I’d probably make fewer bad decisions if I 14 Think of one of the most difficult decisions you
analysed the part my emotions played. have had to make. Describe it to your partner.
6 I hope you will feel able to call me and ask if Think about:
you need any help.
• what you had to decide
• how you came to a decision
• how big a part your emotions played in this
• whether, on reflection, you made the right
decision

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 reading artificial intelligence • critical thinking analysing structure • word focus beyond •
speaking technology and occupations

11c Who’s working for who?

Reading Word focus beyond
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 7 Look at this expression with beyond from the
article. What does it mean? Then complete
1 How reliant are you on machines in your work or
the other expressions with beyond using the
studies?
words given.
2 Think of an everyday object (e.g. a car, a newspaper).
How much of the work that goes into creating it is ‘Such subtlety was beyond it.’ (line 22)
done by machines?
3 What jobs can you imagine being done by machines doubt   ​a joke   ​me   ​means   ​
(robots or computers) in the future? recognition   ​the call of duty   

2 Read the article and make brief notes on the following. 1 I couldn’t believe it when I went back ten
Then compare notes with your partner. years later. The city had changed beyond
• Sarah O’Connor’s story .
• what Sarah’s story tells us 2 AI is beyond one of
• what other jobs are done by machines and people the most significant areas of technology
these days in the 21st century.
3 It’s completely beyond
3 Read the article again. Answer the questions. how they manage to
make create such intelligent machines.
1 How did Sarah O’Connor feel her job would be
4 I had to take a serious look at my
affected by intelligent machines?
lifestyle, because I was living beyond my
2 What human ability was ‘Emma’ incapable of?
and my debts were
3 When do experts in artificial intelligence believe
growing.
machines will replace humans?
5 I was prepared to accept a few days
4 When does ‘Technological unemployment’ occur and
delay, but I’ve now been waiting two
where has it not yet occurred?
weeks for the delivery. It’s got beyond
5 What does ‘machine learning’ mean?
.
6 Why are ‘crowdworking’ jobs done by people rather
6 Staying on a little to help them out is one
than machines?
thing, but working until 10 p.m. is beyond
4 Find words or expressions in the article that mean the .
following:
8 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about
1 in danger (para 1) something that:
2 was lacking (para 2)
1 has changed beyond recognition
3 delicacy or sensitivity (para 2)
2 is beyond your means
4 out of date and of no use (para 3)
3 seems beyond the call of duty
5 repetitive and boring (para 5)
4 is beyond a joke
6 strange or out of the ordinary (para 5)

Critical thinking analysing structure Speaking my life

9 Work in pairs. How could robots help

5 Discursive articles, like this one, discuss problems and in these areas? Which tasks in these
solutions. Answer the questions.
occupations do you think they should not
1 What problem did the article set out to deal with at be allowed to do? Give reasons.
the beginning of the article?
• police work • public transport
2 What possible solution did the article find or propose?
• healthcare • legal work
3 What were the problems with this solution?
• childcare • teaching
4 How did the article conclude: with a different solution
or a different problem? 10 How could robots help in your job or
studies? Discuss with your partner.
6 Work in pairs. Compare your answers from Exercise 5.
Refer to the article to show where you found the answers.
Did you think this was an effective structure? Why? /
Why not?

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 Unit 11   Reason and emotion

WHO’S WORKING FOR WHO?

86
An increasing number of people are feeling that their jobs are, For many employees this could be a great advantage.
if not already, then soon to be, under threat from intelligent Machines could take over the boring parts of the
computers or robots. Financial Times journalist Sarah O’Connor work, leaving the employees more time to be creative. 35
did not really think she was one, but decided anyway to pit Or so the logic goes. Unfortunately, there are three
5 her writing skills against the artificial intelligence of a piece of fundamental problems with this idea. The first is what is
software called ‘Emma’, created by the tech company Stealth. called ‘technological unemployment’, which means that
Sarah was fairly sure that her artificial intelligence (AI) rival technology might well replace jobs faster than we can
would be quicker than her, but at the same time felt confident create new types of job. Technology has already largely 40
that she would be able to produce a better-crafted report replaced people in manufacturing. If it does the same
10 than Emma. The subject they had to write about was the official in the services sector – banks, restaurants, shops – no
UK employment statistics which had been released some one has really worked out what all the employees
hours earlier. The judge, as with all stories submitted to the will do. The second is ‘machine learning’, the idea that
newspaper, was the paper’s editor. machines can learn to do tasks for which they have not 45
been specifically programmed. When this happens,
Sarah was right about Emma’s speed: the program produced
machines and not people begin to determine the
15 the story in about twelve minutes, a third of the time it took
future of employment. This is already the case in stock
Sarah. Emma also included all the right facts, gave relevant
market trading, where over three quarters of trades are
context and even ventured an opinion: that the UK economy
now done by machines which have ‘learned’ the most 50
would see a period of growth. Where Emma fell short was
effective strategies.
in the area which actually separates accurate reporting from
20 good reporting: the program was unable to make a distinction The third is ‘crowdwork’, boring tasks that machines are
between significant facts and facts that readers would find not good at but can be done by an army of independent
interesting. Such subtlety was beyond it. human workers from their home computers. Rather than
being creative high-end jobs, these are monotonous, 55
From a job security point of view, this seems reassuring.
extremely low-paid jobs which often involve checking the
It tells us what most people who work in the field of artificial
work done by computers, for example, checking online
25 intelligence will freely admit: that AI is intelligent but not
reviews for inappropriate content, or scanning medical
intelligent enough to make humans obsolete just yet. But it
photos for brown dots that could indicate a disease.
also tells us that there are more and more parts of our work
The bizarre thing about this fast-growing sector is that 60
that can and will be done by machines in future. Sarah doesn’t
people are doing work you would expect a machine to
actually need to do all the collecting and synthesizing of data to
do. And that perhaps is the real question about AI in the
30 produce such a report. She could let Emma do it and then edit
future: will you be one of those lucky enough to have
it and polish the information to make a more interesting piece
machines working for you, or will you be working for them?
of journalism.

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 real life recognizing feelings • pronunciation adjectives ending in -ed

11d You look concerned

Real life recognizing feelings RECOGNIZING FEELINGS
Recognizing feelings
1 Work in pairs. Which of these statements, if any,
You look a little puzzled/surprised/troubled.
applies to you? Which could you apply to other
You seem a bit distracted/worried.
people you know? Give reasons. Is there anything I can do?
a I try to be sensitive to other people’s feelings. Did I say something funny?
b I’m quite guarded in my emotions. Did I say something to upset you?
c I’m not very good at reading others’ feelings. Expressing feelings
d I wear my heart on my sleeve. I’m really excited/confused/annoyed about …
e I often get into misunderstandings. Sorry if I seem a bit distracted. It’s just that …
f I think too much about what others are Misunderstandings
thinking. Sorry, perhaps that sounded a bit abrupt.
Sorry, that came out wrong.
2 87 Listen to three conversations. Answer the Don’t get me wrong …
questions. I didn’t mean to be rude / sound ungrateful …
I’m OK. I’m just a bit tired/frustrated/upset …
1 What is the relationship between each pair of Sorry, I hope I didn’t offend you.
speakers (colleagues, family, friends, etc.)?
2 What is the subject of each conversation?
5 Pronunciation adjectives ending in -ed
3 87 Listen again. What feelings do the speakers
express? How does the other person show a 88 Work in pairs. How are these adjectives
sensitivity to these feelings? Complete the table. pronounced? Listen and check.
Speaker’s feeling Comment by other speaker annoyed   ​confused   ​embarrassed   ​distracted   ​
1 Felipe: … Jennie: You … fine. frustrated   ​offended   ​preoccupied   ​puzzled   ​
Is there … do? shocked   ​troubled   ​worried
2 Ohoud: … Lewis: You look … .
I didn’t … you. b What rules can you make about the pronunciation
3 Megumi: … Paola: Don’t get … – I wasn’t of adjectives ending -ed?
… you. I’m really … you.
c 89 Look at these words which are exceptions
to the rules of -ed endings. How do you think they
4 Look at the expressions for describing feelings and are pronounced? Listen and check.
misunderstandings. Which expression(s) would
you use if: busied   ​naked   ​readied   ​rugged   ​sacred   ​

1 you wanted to offer help to someone?

2 someone had a concerned expression? 6 Work in pairs. Have short conversations using the
3 someone had offered help and you had adjectives in Exercise 5a and the expressions for
forgotten to thank them? describing feelings and misunderstandings. Try
4 someone was laughing when you were to keep each conversation going for at least four
speaking? lines.
A: Are you OK? You look a bit annoyed.
B: Oh, sorry, I’m just a bit frustrated by …

7 Act out a conversation based on one of these

situations with your partner. Use expressions for
describing feelings and misunderstandings.
• a friend who is worried because they have
mislaid some money
• a colleague who annoys you by being very
late for a meeting; it turns out they had an
emergency at home
• a friend who is very excited about getting a job
interview with a company which you think is
terrible to work for

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 writing an email message • writing skill avoiding misunderstandings Unit 11   Reason and emotion

11e Don’t get me wrong

Writing an email message C
Thanks for your suggestions, but we’re going
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. to stick to the original plan.

1 It’s said that up to forty per cent of all emails

are misinterpreted in some way. Why do you D
think this happens? Fergus can’t come with us to the races next
2 When was the last time you had a week and everyone else seems to have made
misunderstanding in an email exchange with other arrangements already. Would you like
someone? What happened? to come?

2 Read the extract from a business communications

forum and compare your ideas from Exercise 1. E
Thanks for the email asking for my ‘oppnion’.
Personally, I think the blue curtains look nicer.
It’s very easy to be misunderstood in an email.
That’s because people generally treat an email like
a face-to-face conversation, where exchanges can F
be short and to the point. But of course they are I know you’re very busy, but could you
not the same. In face-to-face conversations, we are reply to the email I sent two days ago? The
able to communicate feelings with gestures, facial deadline for a decision is today.
expressions and tone of voice, as well as words.
In email writing, both the writer and reader 4 Writing skill avoiding misunderstandings
must imagine the tone. So if the reader is
feeling sensitive, he or she might take offence Rewrite each email extract to make it clear in tone
and more polite. Use the phrases below in your
at something intended to be a joke. Or when the
emails.
writer tries to express urgency about something,
the reader might misinterpret this as impatience Please don’t take this the wrong way, (but) …
or anger when really it’s nothing of the kind. I don’t want to pressure you.
It took me rather/slightly by surprise.
I do/really appreciate your help with this.
3 Read the extracts from emails (A–F) which caused Without wanting to be rude …
misunderstandings. Match the emails with how
I’m joking, of course.
it was interpreted by the reader (1–6). Would you
It would be great if you could.
have interpreted it in the same way? Why? / Why
I am not offended though.
not?
1 You have ignored my wishes. 5 You work for a company which publishes books.
2 You are inviting me as a last option. A colleague has told you that your department,
3 You think I can’t spell. foreign dictionaries, is going to be closed down.
4 You think I’m always slow to get things done. Write an email to your boss to find out:
5 You think my ideas are worthless.
6 You think I’m ignoring you. • why the decision has been taken
• if he had anything to do with it
• what is going to happen to the employees in
A your department
Thanks. I got your report. I honestly didn’t
expect to see it until the end of the month.
6 Exchange emails with your partner. Use these
questions to check your emails.

B • Is the email clear in its purpose?

Thanks for letting me know about Jessica’s • Does it contain any mistakes (grammar or
farewell party next Saturday. I hoped you spelling)?
were going to change the day of the party to • Is the tone clear and polite, i.e. it cannot be
one I could manage, but never mind. misinterpreted?

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 11f Madeline the robot tamer

‘Mimus’ is a robot featured in the Design Museum 2017,

as part of the Fear and Love: Reactions to a Complex
World exhibition, London.

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 Unit 11   Reason and emotion

Before you watch 6 11.1 Watch the second part of the video (2.20
to the end) again. Then answer the questions.
1 Work in pairs. Look at the list (a–e) of machines
1 What kind of experience between robot and
and programs that are ‘intelligent’, i.e. they make
human is Madeline trying to create?
decisions for themselves. Which do you find
2 Why would people who’ve seen industrial
useful and which do you find annoying?
robots be surprised at Mimus?
a a parking sensor on a car 3 Madeline describes two sides to the project:
b a warning system in a car that tells you when one is working at the computer ten hours a day.
you are not wearing a seatbelt What is the other?
c an automatic spelling checker on a computer 4 Why did Madeline say it was important
d speech recognition systems (e.g. in a car) to experiment with and ‘misuse’ existing
technologies?
2 Look at the photo. What kind of robot is this – 5 Who does she hope to inspire to be more
domestic, industrial, a toy? What kind of things do interested in robots?
you think it can do?

3 Key vocabulary After you watch

a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 7 Vocabulary in context
the video. Guess the meaning of the words.
a 11.2 Watch the clips from the video.
1 We’re going to open-source the computer Complete the collocations.
program so anyone can modify it.
2 The reason that the iPad has been so successful b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
is that the way we interact with it is intuitive. work in pairs and compare your sentences.
3 Our new flat is great – a bit dark, but with a
1 I don’t know what’s going to happen with my
few tweaks to the lighting it’ll be perfect.
job. The ideal scenario would be …
4 I’m always amazed at how well deaf people
2 … is a company/organization that’s always
can communicate with a few simple gestures.
trying to push the boundaries of technology.
5 We work on the premise that the customer is
3 An example of when everything came together
always right.
for me was when …
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 3a with these 8 Which of these adjectives best describes your
definitions.
reaction to Mimus and what you saw in the video?
a you act without thinking about it Give reasons.
b movements or signs made with the hands
c assumption beautiful    ​negative   ​positive   ​predictable   ​
d make available for everyone to see and adapt scary   ​touching   ​weird
e small adjustments
9 Work in pairs. Think about robots you have seen in
While you watch films or in documentaries. Answer the questions.
1 What was the job of these robots?
4 11.1 Watch the video. What has Madeline 2 Did the film give a positive or negative image
programmed this robot to be able to do? Why has of robots? In what way?
she done this? 3 How likely is it that this kind of robot will
5 11.1 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to become common in the future?
2.19) again. Complete the summary. You have been
Roy Batty: AF archive/Alamy Stock Photo

given the first letter.

R2D2: © Zak Hussein/Getty Images

Madeline says humans and robots 1 n

each other. We must find a win-win situation
where robots don’t 2 r humans, but
3
e the possibilities of what we can
do. A global community of researchers, designers
and 4 a is trying to rethink what
robots do, putting 5 p at the centre.
Madeline is working with an ABB robot that can
move at 6 s metres per second and dry docks (npl) /draɪ dɒks/ an area next to the sea where
lift 300 hundred kilos. She used 7 c ships can be repaired on dry land
and special software to help it ‘see’ so then people gripper (n) /ˈɡrɪpə(r)/ a tool for holding something very firmly
could use 8 g to communicate with it. spot weld (v) /spɒt weld/ to fuse two pieces of metal together

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 Unit 11 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar I CAN
talk about hypothetical or ‘unreal’ situations in the
1 Complete the article by putting the verbs in the present/future using the past tense (unreal past)
correct form. Note that the 7th and 8th verbs are
use inversion in conditional sentences
examples of inversion in conditional sentences.

2 Answer these questions about the article. Vocabulary

1 What is the problem with this type of test?
2 What information are we least likely to give 4 Choose the correct option to complete the
away? sentences about feelings.
1 I’m not panicking. I just feel a bit on edge /
a bit down.
2 I wasn’t just cross. I was absolutely all over the
place / livid.
3 Was I surprised? Well, I was a bit done in /
taken aback.
4 I felt thrilled to bits / upbeat when I got the job.
It’s what I’ve always dreamed of.
5 Don’t be speechless / down. Second place is a
fantastic achievement.
6 I hate heights. I was absolutely petrified /
scared that I would fall.

5 ❯❯ MB Make sentences with the words that you

didn’t underline in Exercise 4.
Look at these statements from a test of emotional
I CAN
intelligence and choose one of the following answers:
talk about feelings
certainly true, probably true, probably untrue
or certainly untrue.
1 I’d rather not (give) my Real life
opinion if it risks offending someone.
2 I’d rather others (tell) me the 6 Work in pairs. Read the situations and complete
truth even if it is sometimes painful. the phrases that recognize other people’s feelings.
3 I wish I (can) control some of
1 The other person is looking anxious.
my bad habits, but I can’t.
concerned. Are you OK?
4 I wish people (not / ask) me
2 The other person is laughing and you don’t
personal questions.
understand why.
5 If I (have) to list my main
Sorry. Did I ?
strengths, I’d have no trouble thinking of them.
6 Unless someone (praise) my
3 You are aware that what you said was quite direct.
work, I am not happy with it. Sorry, perhaps that a bit
7 (I / be asked) to do something .
unethical, I would refuse. 4 You want to decline an offer politely.
I don’t mean to , but I think
Now ask yourself: ‘Did you answer them honestly?’ The
I can manage.
answer is probably ‘not altogether’.
5 The other person looks a little hurt by what you said.
8 (you / be instructed) to be as
Sorry, I hope I .
honest as possible before you started, your responses
6 You said something that you didn’t intend to say.
might have been more truthful, but only a little.
Why is this? Like other personality tests, the problem
Sorry, that came .
with measuring emotional intelligence is that it relies 7 ❯❯ MB Act out a short conversation where there’s
on the respondent a) knowing their own feelings, been a misunderstanding. Use this situation or
and b) being truthful in their responses. Most of us your own ideas.
are inclined to give untruthful responses about our
weaknesses, because we would just as soon other You borrowed your friend’s laptop and now
people 9 (not / know) them. you’ve left it at someone else’s flat. They speak to
you about it.

I CAN
3 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. What are the three different
forms that follow the word ‘wish’ in English? recognize other people’s feelings in a conversation
and respond appropriately
Which are used in the article?

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 Unit 12 Mother nature
A hiker looks out over Lake
Ringedalsvatnet, Norway.

F E AT U R E S 1 Look at the photo and describe what you see. What is your
favourite high point and view? What can you see from there?
142 The why of where
2 90 Listen to three people describing the landscape where
The importance of geo- they live. Answer the questions.
literacy
1 Where is each person from and what kind of landscape
144 Nature close up surrounds them?
2 What reason(s) did each person give for the landscape
Observing small events in being special to them?
nature 3 Which speaker is describing the landscape in the photo?
146 Rise of the urban 3 90 Listen to the speakers again. Write the adjectives that
animal are used to describe these features of landscapes.
How wildlife are moving 1   sky   ​vegetation   ​landscape
into our cities
2   scenery   ​hillsides   ​mountains
150 Three years and
6,000 miles on a 3   farmland   ​valleys   ​terrain
horse
A video about a journey of 4 Work in groups. Think of examples of the following in your
self discovery country and tell the rest of the group.
• a landscape that you associate with a particular period in
your life
• the most dramatic scenery you have seen
• something you consider to be a blot on the landscape

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 reading geo-literacy • wordbuilding adverb + adjective collocations •
grammar approximation and vague language • speaking natural and man-made features

12a The why of where

Reading 2 Work in pairs. Make a list of all the
reasons you can think of for why
1 Work in pairs. Answer the geography quiz questions (1–6). geography is important.
Then check your answers on page 190. Did any of the
answers surprise you? Why? 3 Read the extract from an interview about
geo-literacy. What reasons does the
1 Which country’s flag has a white star and crescent moon interviewee give for why geo-literacy is
on a green background? important? Were these reasons similar to
a Qatar b Nigeria c Pakistan yours?
2 Which country has the most billionaires per head of the
population? 4 Read the interview again and answer the
a Monaco b USA c Kuwait questions.
3 Which country has the greatest number of active
1 What does being geo-literate enable a
volcanoes?
person to do?
a Nicaragua b Japan c Indonesia
2 Why didn’t northern Africa experience
4 Which is the most abundant gas in the Earth’s
its normal rainfall in the 1970s and
atmosphere?
80s?
a carbon dioxide b nitrogen c oxygen
3 How do you think people in the
5 Which of these is the oldest city?
northern hemisphere felt about what
a Aleppo, Syria b Beijing, China c Varanasi, India
was happening in Africa?
6 Which of these land types covers the largest part of
4 How could an understanding of urban
Africa?
planning be of practical use to us?
a grassland b desert c rainforest
5 What mistake do some people who are
not informed make about India?
91

The Why of Where Geo-literacy explained

Q What is ‘geo-literacy’? Q Can you give us an example? 15

Geo-literacy is basically an understanding of how our I can give you dozens of examples – how long have you got? I’ll give you three very
world and the Earth’s systems work. It’s a newish term different ones, just to give you an idea of the scope and importance of this. Back
but not necessarily a new concept. in the 1970s and 80s we saw the appalling consequences of drought in the Sahel
region of Africa, which killed hundreds of thousands of people and left a million
5 Q Why is it important?
or so dependent on food aid. In the northern hemisphere, we threw up our hands 20
For people who don’t have this understanding – no and asked, ‘What can we do?’ But what we didn’t realize at the time was that
mental map of the Earth’s surface and the distribution our own pollution in the north, all the stuff we were pumping into the air from
of people across it – the world is kind of confusing. It’s factories and aerosols, had contributed to this drought by changing the climate.
just a mixture of unrelated physical phenomena and By cooling the air over Europe and the Atlantic, it had forced the tropical rains that
10 more or less random human activity – political, cultural usually fall in this part of Africa further south. 25
and economic. Geo-literacy gives you the ability to use Another example would be an understanding of how cities are organized, with
geographic knowledge to make connections between residential and commercial areas and so on. If, for example, workplaces are far
things and to understand how changes in nature and from homes, then that has an impact on transport and on quality of life in general.
how our own actions affect us all. That kind of awareness helps to inform our life choices.
And lastly, there’s cultural understanding. 30
Someone not geo-literate might be inclined
to think of Indians as just one homogenous
group. And when they met an Indian
might make an inappropriate remark like
‘Do you speak Indian?’ or something, not 35
knowing that India is actually an ethnically,
geographically and economically diverse
country with over fifteen different recognized
languages.

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 Unit 12   Mother nature

5 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 8 Look at the grammar box. Answer these questions.
1 Can you think of any other examples where 1 Which words, expressions or suffixes make
being geo-literate could be useful? another word less precise and which are less
2 What aspects of geography would you like precise words themselves?
to know more about? How do you think this 2 Which words, expressions or suffixes are more
might help you in your future? informal or conversational, do you think?

9 92 Work in pairs. Read the text and discuss what

Wordbuilding adverb + expressions of approximation could go in each space.
adjective collocations Then listen, compare and write what you hear.

WORDBUILDING adverb + adjective collocations 1

five years ago, I took a trip to
We often use adverb + adjective collocations to describe Madagascar to photograph the landscape. A guy
places and communities. I met at a party (he was a journalist 2 )
ethnically diverse, politically aware
had told me that it had the most wonderful scenery.
For further practice, see Workbook page 99. Normally, I spend six months 3
researching a place before I go there, but in this
case, I only spent 4 a week reading
6 Cross out the adverb in each group that does not about it. Not long after, feeling 5
collocate so well with the adjective that follows. unprepared, I threw my 6 into a bag
1 ethnically / physically / politically active and left for Madagascar. During the trip, I must have
2 economically / industrially / internationally taken 7 2,000 pictures, some of them
advanced a bit amateur 8 , but a lot of high-
3 geographically / politically correct quality ones too. The landscape is incredibly varied.
4 internationally / socially famous It’s 9 like a different country in each
5 environmentally / visually friendly region – desert, marshes, rainforest, sandy beaches.
6 culturally / musically / socially gifted Incredible! And all of this is home to 10
7 geographically / industrially / physically remote 200,000 different species of plants and animals.
8 culturally / intellectually / politically rich

7 Work in pairs. Think of people, communities or

places that fit the collocations in Exercise 6.
10 Complete these statements using your own ideas
and an expression from the grammar box. Then
15
The city I live in is very culturally rich. compare answers with your partner.
1 The outside of my house/apartment is a
Grammar approximation and colour.
vague language 2 I can walk
before I begin to feel tired.
kilometres

20 APPROXIMATION and VAGUE LANGUAGE 3 The landscape near us is .

4 From where I live it’s
Numbers
It killed hundreds of thousands of people.
kilometres to the sea.
It left a million or so people dependent on food aid. 5 My town has grown at a
I can give you dozens of examples. rate. Today people live there.
25 … with over fifteen different recognized languages … 6 At weekends I do like
Also: around/about/roughly, as many as, up to, some, .
under, -odd
With adjectives (+ noun) Speaking my life
It’s a newish term but not a new concept.
The world is kind of confusing. 11 Work in groups. Each person should describe
30 … and more or less random human activity … a natural geographical feature (e.g. a mountain
Vague words range, a coastline) and a man-made ‘system’ (e.g.
… all the stuff we were pumping out into the air … an underground railway, a business park, a leisure
… with residential and commercial areas and so on. park) that they know. Use the questions below
… might make an inappropriate remark or something, when planning what to say. Ask each other follow-
35
For further information and practice, see page 178. up questions about the features and places.
• Where is it and what does it consist of?
• What makes this thing special or important?
• How do people interact with this place or thing?

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 listening Basho’s journey • idioms adjective collocations • grammar would • speaking and writing events in nature

12b Nature close up

Listening
1 The Japanese poet, Basho, is famous for An old silent pond …
his haiku poems about nature. Look at the A frog jumps into the pond,
poem and say what the form of a haiku is:
how many lines, how many syllables per splash! Silence again.
line and how many syllables in total.
Basho
2 93 Listen to an extract from a radio
interview with a biographer of Basho.
Answer the questions.
1 What kind of writing does the
biographer normally do?
2 When did Basho live?
3 Why did Basho make his long journey
across Japan?
4 What did Basho’s poetry make her
realize?

3 93 Work in pairs. What did the

biographer say about each of these things?
Discuss with your partner, then listen
again and check.
1 a particular flower
2 the spray from a waterfall
3 a floating leaf
4 a frog
5 an old military fort

Idioms adjective
collocations
4 Look at the expression from the interview.
Does ‘crystal clear’ mean extremely clear
or moderately clear?
‘… the reflection of a floating leaf in a
crystal clear stream …’

5 Look at these other expressions

which have an intense meaning. In all 6 Work in pairs. Match the collocations in Exercise 5 with the
cases except two, the first word does things they commonly describe.
the intensifying. Underline the two
expressions where the second word a baby   ​a car   ​a cave   ​a child   ​dinner   ​eyes   ​
intensifies. ground/earth   ​old bread   ​a parent   ​reactions   
a towel   ​a winter’s day   ​
bone dry rock hard
brand new scared stiff bone dry: ground/earth
fast asleep sopping wet
freezing cold stone cold 7 Choose three of the collocations from Exercise 5 and put
lightning quick wide open them into sentences that describe situations from your own
pitch black worried sick experience. Then work in pairs and compare your ideas.
Once on holiday in France, we went out for a long walk. But we
got lost on the way home and had to find our way back in the
dark. It was pitch black and I was worried sick that we’d never
get home.

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 Unit 12   Mother nature

Grammar would 11 Use expressions with would to write sentences

about each of the following topics. Use the
WOULD sentence openers below to help you. Then
1 Q: Could you tell us a bit more? A: I’d love to.
share your ideas with the class.
2 I’d imagine that’s the sort of thing you usually write about. • going for long walks
3 He wouldn’t allow his celebrity to distract him from his real • reading poetry
interests.
• how easy it is to enjoy nature in your area
4 He decided that he would escape in search of a more
peaceful existence. 1 When I was younger …
5 He would stop and observe ‘nature’s modest dramas’. 2 If I had (had) more …
6 It wouldn’t really have worked if I had made that the focus 3 I promised myself …
of a travel guide.
7 Would you give us an example?
Speaking and writing my life
For further information and practice, see page 178.
12 Work in pairs. Choose one of the tasks below.
8 Look at the grammar box and match the sentences to • Think of two more examples of ‘nature’s
the following uses of would. modest dramas’: small things that strike
you as interesting or beautiful.
a to make a polite request • Take a photo of ‘nature close up’ and bring
b to describe a hypothetical situation in a conditional it to the next class. Describe this to your
sentence partner and explain why you chose it.
c to respond to a request or invitation
d to report an intention, expectation or decision 13 Choose one of your ideas from Exercise 11 and
e to describe a habitual action in the past try to put it into the form of a haiku. Follow
f to indicate a person or thing’s refusal to do the rules of a haiku from Exercise 1.
something
g to express an opinion or hope less forcefully

9 Work in pairs. Discuss why would is used in these

sentences.
1 My mother would sit on a bench reading while we
played.
2 The key wouldn’t fit in the door.
3 He promised me he wouldn’t say a word.
4 I’m afraid that’d be difficult for us.
5 It’s up to you, I’d say.
6 I would have come earlier, but I had to finish some
work.
7 Would you mind giving me a hand to move this
table?

10 Complete the conversations using expressions with

would and the words in brackets.
1 A: How about a drink this evening?
B: Yes, . (great)
2 A: Do you think Olivia will want to come to the film?
B: No, I so. It’s not her type of
film. (thought)
3 A: I had to take the bus to work because the car
this morning. (start)
B: You should have called me. I
you a lift in my car. (given)
4 A: I wish I’d asked you for your help.
B: I do too, but I distinctly remember you saying
OK on your own. (be)
5 A: Do you know this area well, then?
B: Yes. I used to come here with my parents. We
on long walks in the hills.
(go)

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 reading wildlife in our cities • critical thinking different perspectives • word focus move •
speaking the animal and human worlds

12c Rise of the urban animal

Reading 7 What conclusion does the author make about the
trend?
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 What animals do you see in a typical day? Word focus move
Where do you see them?
2 Which are wild and which are tame or 8 Look at this sentence from the article (line 24–26).
domesticated? What does the expression in bold mean?
3 What animals do you associate with cities? And where small animals have moved in,
some of their predators have followed.
2 The article on page 147 is about the rising number
of animals living in cities. 9 Complete the sentences with the verb move with
a Give three possible reasons for this trend. these prepositions. Then check the meaning of
b Match these urban animal names with the each ‘move’ phrase with your partner.
pictures. Then try to pronounce each name.
around   ​in   ​off   ​on   ​on   ​out   ​over   ​to
boar   ​coyote   ​falcon   ​fox   ​pigeon
1 Why have you moved the furniture
? I liked it the way it was before.
2 That documentary about refugee children was
very upsetting. It moved me tears.
3 The house is empty. The last tenants moved
three weeks ago.
4 It’s six months since George split up with his
girlfriend, but he still thinks about her all the
time. He really needs to move .
5 Sorry, would you mind moving so
I can sit down here?
6 Get a move , will you? We’re
going to be late.
7 I haven’t found a flat yet, but Natasha said
I can move with her while I’m
looking.
3 Read the article. Compare the reasons you gave in 8 I shouted ‘Wait a moment’ as the car moved
Exercise 2 with the ones given in the article. Is this , but the driver didn’t hear me.
a trend that we can stop?
10 Choose two of the expressions from Exercise 9 and
4 What facts did you learn about these animals (1–6) make sentences about your own experience. Then
and how their behaviour has changed? Read the work in pairs and compare your sentences.
article again and make notes.
1 peregrine falcons 4 ants Speaking my life
2 wild coyotes 5 mountain lions
3 foxes 6 bears
11 Work in groups. Discuss what you think could be
done, if anything, about the following problems.
Then share your ideas with the class.
Critical thinking different • animals’ native habitats being lost because of
perspectives human (especially urban) development
• urban animals which are a danger to humans
5 Summarize what the article says about animals • animals, e.g. tigers, which are in danger of
living in cities as seen from these perspectives: extinction because of human activity
a a historical perspective • the hunting of animals (e.g. elephants and
b an environmental perspective rhinos), for valuable body parts (e.g. tusks and
c a safety perspective horns)
d the perspective of animal welfare
12 Do you have any of the problems in Exercise 11 in
6 Considering the perspectives in Exercise 5, is the your country?
trend of more animals moving to cities a) positive,
b) negative or c) neither positive or negative?

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 Unit 12   Mother nature

A mountain lion, Hollywood, USA

THE RISE OF THE

URBAN ANIMAL
94
There are now more peregrine falcons per square kilometre But if they are less scared of us, should we be any less scared of
in New York City than anywhere else on Earth. In northern them? Certainly not, according to wildlife ecologist, Stan Gehrt,
Mumbai, an estimated 35 leopards roam freely in Sanjay who says that when predators lose their instinctive fear of humans,
Gandhi National Park. Suburban Chicago is home to over they actually become more likely to attack us. He urges anyone 40
5 2,000 wild coyotes; some have even been seen hanging who sees a large wild cat or coyote to shout or throw stones. To
around the international airport. In Berlin, wild boars forage for ensure our own safety, he says, we must establish our authority
food in people’s gardens and raise families in local woods. In over these animals, because they are ‘not going to go away’.
Los Angeles, mountain lions tiptoe invisibly past tourists in the Fortunately, incidents of urban animals attacking residents are
Hollywood hills. And walking the streets of London in the early relatively rare, though attacks on domestic pets are common. 45
10 hours of the morning, you are as likely to see an urban fox as a Co-habitation with humans has caused other adaptations in
domestic cat. animal behaviour. Some have even started to take on human traits,
Rodents and insects, such as ants, have long been city- like the coyotes in Chicago, who were spotted waiting at a traffic
dwellers, living in sewers or under pavements and feeding light before crossing the road. Bears around Lake Tahoe in the
on our discarded food. But there is now a trend for bigger United States feed so well on discarded food all year round that 50
15 animals, many of them carnivores, taking up residence in our they no longer need to hibernate in winter.
towns and cities. ‘I grew up in London,’ says Tristan Donovan, But is this a case of animals evolving to meet the demands of a
one of many ecologists studying the phenomenon, ‘and it new environment or just a case of certain animals having the right
didn’t seem like there were that many foxes around when personality to suit the circumstances? Gehrt thinks it might be the
I was a kid. And that made me wonder: is this happening latter. What he has observed is that animals which are naturally 55
20 everywhere?’ The answer is yes. But the real question is why? cautious or neophobic (afraid of new things) tend to do much
It seems the main attraction for these creatures is the better in cities than those which are bold. So, not so much a case
abundance of food in cities. Seagulls have come inland to of fortune favouring the brave, as you would expect, but fortune
scavenge from land-fill sites and foxes have abandoned the favouring the timid.
countryside in favour of back alleys and rubbish bins. And City life is not for everyone and some animals will never adjust to 60
25 where small animals have moved in, some of their predators it. But for those that have, it is time that we began to view them
have followed. Peregrine falcons sit high up on New York’s as one of us. As Seth Magle of Chicago’s zoo puts it, ‘We started
skyscrapers and watch the pigeons below, waiting to swoop from this narrative in which the city is an evil landscape that chews
on any which venture into the open. up the landscape and leaves nothing behind. But the reality is that
There are other factors too. Urban sprawl and climate change we’re not going to stop urbanizing the planet, so how do we turn 65
30 have meant that animals’ native habitats are shrinking or cities into something good, something positive for wildlife?’
disappearing. The mountain lions of Hollywood, who in the
wild typically roam an area of around 1,000 square kilometres,
hibernate (v) /ˈhaɪbə(r)neɪt/ (of animals) go to sleep for the winter
are limited there to a mere 65 square kilometres. At the same sewer (n) /ˈsuːə(r)/ underground channels for carrying waste water away
time, the animals feel less wary of their human neighbours swoop (v) /swuːp/ dive down towards something from above
35 than in the past and with good reason, because animal urban sprawl /ˈɜː(r)bən sprɔːl/ the spreading of cities onto undeveloped land
hunting is far less popular.

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 real life a debate • speaking skill interrupting • pronunciation intonation in interruptions

12d A blot on the landscape

Real life a debate b 95 Look at the expressions for interrupting.

Then listen to the extract from the meeting again.
1 Work in pairs. Look at these facts about five of the Underline the phrases that the speakers used to
world’s most congested cities and guess which cities interrupt and prevent interruptions.
they are. Then check your answers on page 190.
INTERRUPTING
1 This capital is the noisiest city in South America
and also one of the most congested. Interrupting
Sorry, can I just interrupt you there?
2 The longest traffic jam ever recorded was on
Can I just say something in answer to that?
the way to this Asian capital in 2010. It lasted
No, hang on a minute …
for twelve days. No, I’m sorry. I have to stop you there …
3 This European capital, called the ‘Paris of the Yes, but …
East’, is Europe’s most congested city. Preventing interruptions
4 In 2016, this was the world’s third most Sorry, can I just finish what I was saying?
congested city and the only Asian capital Just a moment, please …
without a metro. OK, you can make your point in a moment.
5 This North American city is the world’s most You’ve had a chance to speak. Can I just have my say?
congested and also has the highest ‘commuter
pain’ (stress, lost time and ill health).
4 Pronunciation intonation in interruptions
2 Think of two ways traffic congestion could be
reduced in big cities. a 96 It is important when interrupting or
preventing interruptions not to sound aggressive.
3 Speaking skill interrupting Listen to how the phrases in the box are
pronounced with a firm but gentle tone.
a 95 Listen to an extract from a local meeting
about traffic congestion in a city. Answer the b Work in pairs. Practise saying the phrases to each
questions. other. Tell your partner if their tone sounds too
hard or unfriendly.
1 What two ideas to reduce traffic congestion are
presented? 5 Work in groups. Use the ideas you discussed
2 What are the three aspects of the first idea that in Exercise 2 and prepare to participate in a
they discuss/debate? debate. Think about the main issues and possible
a the of the zone objections or concerns. Take the roles of Chair
b what the will be and the participants at the meeting. Use the
c who will be expressions in the box to help with interruptions.

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 writing a letter to a newspaper • writing skill persuasive language Unit 12   Mother nature

12e To the editor

Writing a letter to a newspaper 4 Writing skill persuasive language
1 What subjects do you feel strongly enough about a Match the persuasive techniques (1–6) with the
to write a letter to a newspaper or post a comment extracts from the letter (a–f).
online? What kind of subjects do people usually 1 making strong claims/statements
write comments about? 2 using short, clear sentences
3 appealing to shared experiences
2 Read the letter to a newspaper. Answer the
4 telling a personal story
questions.
5 giving a view of what the future could be like
1 What situation prompted the person to write this 6 using emotive words
letter?
a So whether we are in the street, our office or
2 Why, according to the writer, is nothing being
our local park, we will be aware …
done about this problem?
b I used to drive my big SUV into the city each
3 What solution does the writer propose?
day …
c Unless we are all going … to walk around
To the editor: wearing pollution masks, a solution must be
found.
I was shocked to read in today’s edition (13th May)
d … there is no political will to regulate private
that over 1,500 people in our city now die each year
cars and commercial vehicles.
from problems directly related to air pollution. You
e We desperately need more air pollution
would think that would be a wake-up call for the
displays …
government to prioritize public health, but it won’t
f The problem is public awareness.
be because there is no political will to regulate
private cars and commercial vehicles. b Choose two (different) persuasive techniques
from Exercise 4a (1–6). Use the techniques to
Economic arguments always win over
write two sentences on one of the subjects you
environmental ones and none of the solutions to
discussed in Exercise 1.
the problem are economically attractive: restricting
(or even banning) cars and lorries from the city; 5 A newspaper has published an article criticizing
taxing people who pollute; redesigning the city to a company for building a wind farm in an area of
reduce the need for transport. But there must be a natural beauty. Work in pairs. Brainstorm a list of
point where people’s health wins over economics. pros and cons of wind farms.
Because unless we are all going to live in sealed
apartments and walk around wearing pollution 6 Write a letter to the editor expressing your views
masks, a solution must be found. about the situation in Exercise 5. Look at the tips
in Exercise 3 to help you.
The problem is public awareness. People only act
when they understand the source of a problem 7 Exchange letters with your partner. Use these
and how bad it is. I used to drive my big SUV questions to check your letters.
into the city each day – until a friend gave me • Does the letter refer to the article it is
an air pollution monitor. And that was that. responding to?
We desperately need more air pollution displays • Is it brief and to the point?
in public places so that everyone can see the levels • Does it use persuasive techniques?
of pollution. So whether we are in the street, our • Did you find the letter persuasive?
office or our local park, we will be aware of the risk
to our health. And when the risks are high, people
will act.

3 Use this checklist. Does the letter follow these tips?

• Respond the same day or the next
• Give details of the article that you are
responding to
• Be brief and to the point
• Take a strong position (state your points boldly)
• Use humour, where possible, rather than anger

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES EVENTS IN NATURE THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 149
my life A LETTER TO A NEWSPAPER

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 12f Three years and 6,000 miles
on a horse

Horseman on the Mongolian Steppe

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 Unit 12   Mother nature

Before you watch 5 12.1 Try to complete these phrases that

Tim Cope used. Then watch the video again and
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. check your answers
a How many miles could you comfortably walk in 1 ‘My idea was to ride through …, learning
a day (1 mile = 1.6 km)? to look at the world a nomad’s
b How many miles could you comfortably ride on .’
a bike or horse in a day? 2 ‘… within five days my world had come
c Roughly how fast (miles per day) is travelling crashing . The horses were
6,000 miles in three and a half years? stolen.’
3 ‘Life on the Steppe without a horse is
2 Key vocabulary like being on the without a
.’
a Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 4 ‘And there’s this Mongol saying that ‘If
the video. Guess the meaning and pronunciation of you ever have to rush in life,
the words. .’
1 I am very sensitive to the weather. It dictates my 5 ‘And that was the point for me
moods. on this trip.’
2 She sailed around the world in a yacht measuring 6 ‘… time’s more measured by the
thirty metres in length. and of the sun, the
3 There’s a saying in English: ‘No man is an seasons, …’
island’.
4 He fell ten metres from the roof to the ground, After you watch
but, miraculously, he didn’t break a single bone.
5 I guess I’ve had quite a nomadic life. I’ve never 6 Vocabulary in context
really lived anywhere for more than a couple of
years. a 12.2 Watch the clips from the video.
6 I think we must be cursed. The motorway is Complete the collocations. Then discuss your
closed, the bus has been delayed and the trains answers.
aren’t running.
b Complete the sentences in your own words.
b Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these Then work in pairs and compare your sentences.
definitions. 1 Did you get to … when you were on holiday?
a moving from place to place, without a fixed home 2 Once you have … , there’s no turning back.
b a sailing boat 3 You need to let go of … Otherwise, …
c suffering bad luck all the time
7 How do you think this trip changed Tim
d influences or decides
Cope’s life?
e amazingly
f a proverb or common piece of wisdom 8 Work in pairs. You are going to plan a life-
changing journey. Discuss the following points.
While you watch Then present your ideas to the class.
• What will be the ‘theme’ of your journey?
3 12.1 Look at these topics. Watch the short video
• What transport will you use (a single or
with the sound turned off. Then discuss with your
multiple means)?
partner what you saw about each topic.
• What is the scope (e.g. different countries)
• the landscape • the people and distance of your journey?
• the weather • the animals • How much time will you attempt to complete
this trip in?
4 12.1 Read the questions. Watch the video again, • How will you record your experiences?
this time with the sound turned up. Then discuss the
answers with your partner.
1 What inspired Tim Cope to make this trip?
2 What did he want to achieve by making the trip?
3 What was the obstacle to achieving this?
4 Why were his horses stolen and how did he get
them back?
5 How did this event change his attitude to his
trip?
6 How long had he originally planned to travel for?

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 Unit 12 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Look at the photo. Where do you think this is? 4 Complete this description of a landscape. Use
What is the man doing? Read the article and check these words.
your answer.
hilly   ​lush   ​monotonous   ​rich   ​sparse
2 Use these words to approximate the expressions in
italics (1–6) in the article. We drove for hours through the desert: a flat,
1 -ish 3 dozens of 5 kind of
1
landscape with 2
2 a bit 4 or so 6 roughly vegetation. Then quite suddenly it changed and
became more 3 . As we drove over
3 ❯❯ MB Underline all the places where would one hilltop we came into a 4 green
(or the abbreviated form ‘d) is used in the article. valley with 5 farmland and a wide
Then explain to your partner why would is used river at the bottom.
in each case.
5 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Complete the adjective
collocations. Then think of examples of things each
phrase could describe.
1 bone dry and wet
2 completely fearless and scared
3 wide awake and asleep
4 boiling hot and cold
5 dazzlingly bright and black
6 utterly unconcerned and worried

I CAN
describe features of a landscape
Iceland has some of the most unspoilt, dramatic
use adjective collocations
scenery anywhere on Earth, and you’d think, some
of the most unchanging. But that’s where you’d be
mistaken, because it’s actually very dynamic. Nowhere Real life
is this more evident than on the Westman Islands,
a small archipelago of fifteen volcanic islands 1 ten 6 Put the words in brackets in the correct place in
kilometres south of the main island. In the last 2 fifty the sentences to make polite but firm phrases for
years, they’ve seen huge changes. One, Surtsey, rose interrupting and preventing interruptions.
out of the sea in 1963 after a volcanic eruption,
1 Could I interrupt you there? (just)
while Heimaey, the only inhabited island, grew by 2.1
2 Can I just say something to that? (in answer)
kilometres after its volcano erupted in 1973.
3 I’m sorry. I need to stop you. (there)
I visited the islands last year because I’d heard about 4 Can I finish what I was saying? (just)
their extraordinary puffin population. These 3 small 5 OK. You can make your point. (in a moment)
black and white birds with unmistakable faces perch 6 A moment, please. (just)
in their thousands on the cliffs and steep grassy
slopes above the sea. I went to photograph them and 7 ❯❯ MB Work in pairs. Explain to each other
each day I was there, locals came to practise their what you think is most important when learning
traditional art of ‘sky fishing’. Using large nets on English. Try to interrupt when the other person is
long poles – 4 like butterfly nets – the hunters would speaking and prevent interruptions when you are
stalk the puffins, dangerously close to the cliff’s edge, speaking.
and just at the moment they took flight, they’d sweep
I CAN
them up in their nets. 5 Puffins were caught in this way
each time. It was an incredible sight and I would have interrupt politely and prevent interruptions
asked to try it myself, but I felt sorry for the puffins!
The risk doesn’t deter local hunters (at least, none of
the ones I talked to would admit to feeling afraid)
because puffin meat is a staple food for them. The
meat itself is odd – it tastes 6 fishy – but locals love it.

I CAN
use approximate language
use would appropriately in different situations

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 Communication activities

UNIT 1c Exercise 11, page 14 UNIT 4d Exercise 6, page 52

Group A Student A
1 misgiving (n) /mɪsˈgɪvɪŋ/ doubt or apprehension A typical coffee shop selling fresh coffee produces
about something over two tonnes of waste coffee grounds each year.
2 spurn (v) /spɜːn/ reject Your idea is to use these coffee grounds to grow
3 zany (adj) /ˈzeɪni/ eccentric and unconventional, mushrooms, which you can then sell to shops and
even a little crazy supermarkets. Currently, cafés throw away the used
Example: coffee grounds into the general waste. By using them
If the word was ‘immortal’, a true definition could be: to grow mushrooms, you would be a) recycling the
‘Immortal means living forever, never dying. So we say, waste coffee and b) reducing the cost of the compost
for example, “the immortal words of Shakespeare” or you need to grow your mushrooms.
“Shakespeare has achieved immortal fame”.’
A false definition could be: ‘Immortal means behaving UNIT 6c Exercise 9, page 74
in a way which is not right. So we say, for example, Student A
“Earning that much money when others earn very
You are a marketing manager. Your company has
little is immortal.”’
developed a face cream for women in their 40s. It
moisturizes the skin, protects against the sun, and
UNIT 2c Exercise 10, page 26 helps to prevent wrinkles forming.

Quiz
Because women in their 40s are keen to remain looking
young, you want the advertisements to feature a single
young model in her 30s who is fair-skinned and very
beautiful: a universally recognizable image of beauty.
How would you feel in the following situations? It will also encourage men to buy the product for their
Read the questions and answer A, B or C for each wives. Beauty sells, as far as you are concerned.
one. Then look at the key on page 190 to find out
what your comfort zone is. Discuss if you agree UNIT 9b Exercise 13, page 109
with the answers. Student A
A comfortable and keen on the idea Rewrite the sentences marked ‘P’ as sentences with a
B a little uncomfortable, but willing to try participle clause. Then tell the story to your partner.
C uncomfortable and reluctant to do it
In 1925 Hungarian-born Victor Lustig read an article
1 At a Karaoke club, a friend forces you to go on stage to which said that the Eiffel Tower was in need of repairs
sing Frank Sinatra’s ‘My Way’. and that the city of Paris lacked the funds to maintain it.
2 You are asked to give a 45-minute talk about your (P) After he had created some fake government
organization to a group of 250 pre-university students documents to show he was responsible for selling the
next month. tower, he then looked for some buyers.
3 A famous person you admire is sitting near you on a Having created ... he then looked ...
train reading a book. You would love to speak to them
(P) He claimed that it was a secret that the government
and get their autograph.
was going to sell the metal from the tower and he
4 A friend, who is a cycling fanatic, has invited you to go
persuaded two scrap metal dealers to pay him $100,000
on a cycling holiday with them in the mountains.
5 A group of your friends has organized an adventure each to give them the contract to dismantle the tower.
weekend, involving canoeing in white water rapids, (P) Lustig took the money and then returned to the
rock climbing and caving in underground caves. United States.
6 You are asked if you would mind being filmed at (P) He continued a career as a fraudster and even
work by a TV crew who are making a fly-on-the-wall cheated the famous gangster Al Capone out of money.
documentary about your organization.
7 You are unexpectedly offered a promotion to a job with UNIT 9c Exercise 9, page 110
more pay, but also much more responsibility and less Student A
security (you will be judged by your results). Read the facts. The underlined words give a clue,
8 Your next-door neighbour’s daughter practises the if needed.
violin for two hours every evening and the sound is
1 Fact: Alfred Nobel was the man after whom
very distracting. You need to speak to them directly
the Nobel peace prize was named, but he also
about it.
invented …
Irony: He was also the inventor of dynamite.
2 Fact: Jim Fixx, the author of The Complete Book of
Running, was the man who popularized jogging as
a way to get healthy exercise. But at the age of 52,
while out jogging …
Irony: He had a heart attack and died.

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 Communication activities

UNIT 1c Exercise 11, page 14 UNIT 7c Exercise 10, page 86

Group B
1 howl (v) /haʊl/ let out a long cry like a dog or wolf
2 jaded (adj) /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/ bored with something, lacking
Security survey
enthusiasm 1 Do you know all your neighbours and do you talk to
3 reprieve (n) /rɪˈpriːv/ a delay in a punishment them about questions of security?
Example: 2 Have you recorded the make and serial number of all
If the word was ‘immortal’, a true definition could be: your valuable electronic items?
3 Do you leave any lights on in your house when you
‘Immortal means living forever, never dying. So we
are away? Do you take any other precautions?
say, for example, “the immortal words of Shakespeare”
4 Do you keep any personal information – addresses,
or “Shakespeare has achieved immortal fame”.’
bank details, passwords – on your phone?
A false definition could be: ‘Immortal means behaving 5 Do you keep spare keys for your car and house with a
in a way which is not right. So we say, for example, trusted neighbour?
“Earning that much money when others earn very 6 Do you always lock your car, both when you’re driving
little is immortal.”’ and when you leave it?
7 Do you have secure locks on all your windows and
UNIT 3d Exercise 8, page 40 doors and an alarm system fitted to your house?
8 Do you have different passwords for email, bank,
By Francesca online shops, etc. and do you change them at least
Martelli: A children’s once every three months?
carousel powered by 9 Do you use passwords with a mixture of characters
wind and solar power. (upper case and lower case), numbers and symbols?
The carousel will 10 Do you ever use your computer or phone on public
(unprotected) networks?
have little carriages 11 How many of your personal details do you think
in the shape of are known by a) the government and b) commercial
historic cars made over the decades by the organizations?
city’s car manufacturer. Francesca hopes 12 Do you keep a list of emergency numbers that you
the project can be part-funded by the car could call in the event of a breach of security?
manufacturer.
UNIT 7d Exercise 6, page 88
Group A
By Rana
Why do stars twinkle? The traditional answer is that
Suweilah: A
the light from them is disturbed by movement of air in
giant LED our own atmosphere. If that is true, why don’t planets
screen mounted twinkle too? Now some scientists think the real reason
on a black must be to do with the distance (planets are much
granite wall nearer) and that there is something getting in the way.
(granite being What that ‘something’ is no one knows yet.
the rock found in the nearby mountains).
In front of the wall will be a large paved UNIT 9c Exercise 9, page 110
area, where people can skate or play games, Student B
with seating around it. The screen will show Read the facts. The underlined words give a clue,
video footage of construction workers in if needed.
the 1950s, building skyscrapers in the city 1 Fact: Henry VIII of England (1492–1547) had six
centre. wives because he desperately wanted a son and
strong male successor. But his successor ...
Irony: Edward, his only son, was a weak child and
UNIT 4d Exercise 6, page 52 he died when he was fifteen, being King for only
Student B six years; his greatest successor was his daughter,
Your idea is to make it easier for people to scrap their Elizabeth I, who ruled for 45 years.
old cars. Currently, the owner has to pay a scrap metal 2 Fact: Einstein had one of the most brilliant
dealer £100 to collect the old car from their house. You minds of the twentieth century. Yet when he was
would offer to collect people’s scrap cars for free. You seventeen, he …
will then a) try to recycle as many parts as possible Irony: He failed his university entrance exam.
before b) taking it to the scrap metal dealer to get
money for the remaining metal or parts.

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 Communication activities

UNIT 4d Exercise 6, page 52 UNIT 9c Exercise 9, page 110

Student C Student C
It is very annoying to return home in the evening and Read these facts. The underlined words give a clue.
find the postman has been unable to deliver a package
1 Fact: In the US civil war, General John Sedgwick
because no one was at home. Your idea is to provide an
said to his soldiers, ‘Don’t worry. The enemy
evening redelivery service for parcels and big letters.
couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance.’
Currently, if no one is at home, the package is returned
However, …
to a depot on the outskirts of town, which people
Irony: He was shot by an enemy bullet.
have to visit in person to collect their post. Using your
2 Fact: Alexander Bell worked hard at creating new
system, people would pay an annual fee for you to
inventions. He came up with the telephone, for
collect these packages and redeliver them at a more
example. But he refused to have one in his own
convenient time.
study because …
Irony: He said that it got in the way of his work.
UNIT 6c Exercise 9, page 74
Student B UNIT 9d Exercise 6, page 112
You are a sales manager. Your company has developed Student A
a face cream for women in their 40s. It moisturizes the
Studies have shown that high temperatures can have
skin, protects against the sun, and helps to prevent
the effect of making people more aggressive. Many
wrinkles forming.
of the riots and violent protests that have taken place
You think that women don’t want to see an impossibly
in the northern hemisphere in the past 60 years have
beautiful model in the advertisements, but women that
occurred in warm or hot weather. In the UK, summer
they can identify with: that are average, with some
riots took place in 1981 and 2011. In France, the student
wrinkles and blemishes, and that represent diverse
riots of 1968 took place in May, and the particularly
ethnic backgrounds. You think you could even use
hot summer of 1967 sparked a series of protests across
members of the public in the advertisements.
the USA. The worst of these was the five-day riot in
Detroit which resulted in 7,300 arrests, and property
UNIT 7d Exercise 6, page 88 damage of $60 million.
Group B
Why do people yawn? People yawn not to show they UNIT 9d Exercise 6, page 112
are sleepy, but to try and stay awake. Research says Student B
that people yawn to cool the brain so it can operate
The Stradivarius is the world’s most famous violin
better. That explains why others yawn when they see
because it produces a quality of sound that no other
us yawning. It is part of ancient behaviour that helps
violinmaker has managed to create. For years,
groups to stay awake and be alert to danger.
musicians and scientists have suggested different
reasons for what makes these instruments so special:
UNIT 9b Exercise 13, page 109 the varnish that Stradivari used, the shape of the violin.
Student B But recently, two scientists, Henri Grissino-Mayer and
Rewrite the sentences marked ‘P’ as sentences with a Lloyd Burckle have said that the secret is in the quality
participle clause. Then tell the story to your partner. of the wood that Stradivari used. They claim that
Frank Abagnale is one of the most famous impostors the drop in temperatures during the period that the
in recent history. In the 1960s he ran away from home violins were made (17th and 18th centuries), known
after his parents split up. as the Little Ice Age, changed the nature of the wood
(P) After he ran out of money, he began a career as an in the trees and produced a wood for violins that was
impostor and pretended to be a lawyer, an airline pilot exceptional and has not been seen since.
and a college professor in order to make money and
live an extravagant lifestyle. UNIT 11b Exercise 13, page 133
Having run out of money, he began ... 1 The bat costs $1.05. If you got the puzzle wrong
(P) Since he had no qualifications for any of these jobs, (most people say $1.00), don’t be discouraged – so
he created fake certificates. did more than 50 per cent of students at Harvard,
(P) What’s more, he used false identities and cashed MIT and Princeton. $1.00 is the intuitive, but
over $2.5 million dollars with fake cheques before the incorrect answer.
age of 21. 2 Most answer yes, but according to probability it
Despite his criminal activity, he was a charming and should be an equal number of yes and no. The
charismatic character and his story was made into a point of the first puzzle is a lesson to stop and
film, Catch Me If You Can, in 2002. think before giving a quick answer. The point of
(P) He was finally arrested and sentenced to twelve the second puzzle is that we are influenced by
years in prison, but spent very little time in jail, more than just simple logic. We already have the
because instead he spent most of his sentence helping disappointment of losing $30, but we don’t want
the FBI to catch similar criminals. the added disappointment of not seeing the show.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 1
Time phrases We use the present continuous to describe:
There are particular time words and phrases that we • an action in progress at the time of speaking
often use with each different tense. I’m just finishing some work – I’ll call you back later.
• an action around the time of speaking
Tense Time phrases
Laura’s looking for a new job.
present simple often, never, every week/ • a current trend
I often read books about month/year, nowadays, More and more people are doing voluntary work.
history. generally
• a situation which happens regularly and is
present continuous now, at the moment, while, irritating, especially with the adverb always
I’m currently working in currently, this week/ My boss is always asking me to stay late after work.
South America. summer/year
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about:
past simple three days ago, a few years
I saw Jack three days ago, last week, at the time, • an action that started in the past and is still
ago. in (+ year), once, when continuing
I’ve been waiting here for over an hour.
past continuous while, at the time
I once visited Berlin. I was • an action that was repeated in the past and
living in Germany at the continues to be repeated now
time. We’ve been going to that theatre for over ten years.

present perfect simple just, recently, so far, in • a continuous past action that has an effect on the
recent years, over the last present
I’ve recently started to
two years, how long, for, I’m hot because I’ve been running.
learn to play the piano.
since (2010 / I left school), We use the past continuous to describe an action that
already, yet, ever, never was the background to another more important event
present perfect how long, for, just, in the past. The background action may continue after
continuous recently, since (2010 / I the more important event, or be interrupted by it.
I’m quite fit because I’ve left school), for some time She was working as a teacher when her book was
been working out a lot published.
recently. We don’t normally use the past continuous to describe
past perfect simple and already, before that / the repeated past actions. Use past simple, used to or would.
continuous 1990s, up to then, prior to When I was ten, I used to play football almost
the 1990s every day. (not I was playing)
They asked me to dinner
but I’d already eaten. We use the past perfect continuous to talk about:
will, going to, present next week, in three days / • something that was in progress up to a point in
continuous (for future) in three days’ time, soon, the past
In the long term, I believe in the long term, from now She’d been hoping to move abroad for years when the
the plans will fail. on, on Friday offer came.

Note that some time words and phrases can be used • an action that was repeated up to a point in the
with more than one tense. past
I was four when Nelson Mandela was released from We’d been complaining about the problem for days
prison. but nobody wanted to help us.
The Prime Minister will make an announcement when We use the future continuous to describe:
she arrives back in the country.
I lived in Mexico City for five years. • something we expect to be happening at a
I’ve been living in Mexico City for five years. particular time in the future
This time next week, we’ll be lying on the beach!
Exercises 1, 2 and 3
• something we expect to be repeated around a
The continuous aspect particular time in the future
We use the continuous aspect to describe actions that I don’t work on Thursday evenings any more, so I’ll be
happen over a period of time. They are often temporary coming to football practice every week.
or incomplete, and in some cases are repeated. We don’t We also use the future continuous to make a guess or
normally use the continuous aspect with stative verbs prediction about an action in progress now.
(e.g. belong, prefer and seem). Colin will probably be driving to work now.
Does this jacket belong to you? (not Is this jacket
belonging to you?) Exercises 4, 5 and 6

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 Exercises 2 More and more young people are staying in
education for longer.
1 Choose the correct time word or phrase(s) to a The situation described is changing.
complete the sentences. Sometimes two words or b The situation described hasn’t changed
phrases are correct. for a long time.
1 People often / at the time / sometimes like to read 3 I didn’t go to the cinema because I was
on trains and buses on their way to work. studying.
2 My home town has completely changed when / a I was studying at one particular time.
since / for I was a little girl. b I was studying every day.
3 He’s moving house next month / soon / recently. 4 They’ve been living in Russia for six years.
4 Henry bought a flat when he was thirty-five. a They still live in Russia.
He’d been living with his parents already / up to b They don’t live in Russia any more.
then / in the long term.
5 The course is going to start late last week / next 5 Jennifer will be working from home on
week / before that. Thursday afternoon.
6 The two companies are currently / recently / soon a She does this every Thursday.
trying to negotiate a deal. b I’m just talking about Thursday this week.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the 5 Choose the correct words to complete the
verbs in brackets. Use the time phrases to help. sentences.

1 So you’re learning Japanese! How long 1 I can’t meet you at the same time next week as
it? (you / study) I ’ll be doing / ’ll do an exam.
2 She a new computer when 2 My sister is always / had always been
the sales start in two days’ time. (buy) borrowing my clothes without asking me!
3 Finding a secure job harder 3 More and more people were / are becoming
for young people in recent years. (become) vegetarians these days.
4 The film already when they 4 He hasn’t been / wasn’t attending his lessons
arrived at the cinema. (start) for the last few months.
5 I at the moment so I’ll have 5 They had been / have been driving for hours
to call you back. (drive) when they decided to stop for a break.
6 She found somebody’s wallet on the pavement 6 Sorry, I was having / have been having a shower
while she to work. (walk) when you called me.
7 A: Has Tina woken up yet?
3 Complete the text with these words and phrases. B: No, she is still / has still been sleeping.
8 A: Why are you so dirty?
currently   ​from now on   ​in the long term   ​ B: I’ve been cleaning / cleaned out the garage.
nowadays   ​recently   ​up till then
6 Complete the conversation with the correct form
My son is 1 doing a project at of the verbs in brackets. Use a continuous form
school about changes in the last seventy years. when possible.
I couldn’t answer his questions, so I suggested that
A: What’s all that noise? Is that the workmen?
he ask his grandparents. 2 , my
B: Yes. They 1 (build) a new
son had just been using the internet. Afterwards I
community centre at the end of our road.
started to think about it more. 3 ,
A: How long 2 they it
we get most of our information from the
for? (do)
internet, not from speaking to other people.
B: For six months. They said it would be finished
4
, I’ve been doing some DIY
by now, but I think they 3 still
at home and I always search the internet for
on it this time next year! (work)
instructions. We don’t ask other people for advice as
But we need something like that here.
much as we used to. 5 , I think
I4 (live) on this street for
we’ll lose a lot of knowledge if we carry on like
ten years but I only say hello to a few people
this. 6 , I’m going to encourage
I5 (know) since I first
my children to talk to their grandparents as much
moved here.
as possible.
A: Well, more and more people
4 Read the sentences. Then choose the correct
6
(move) to big cities so
explanation (a or b) for each one. you’re less likely to know your neighbours.
The other day I 7 (walk)
1 Joe’s always calling me to talk about his girlfriend. down my street and I saw a neighbour on his
a I enjoy his phone calls. way to work. I said hello but he was in such a
b I find his phone calls annoying. rush that he just walked past me!

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2
Perfect forms Passive forms
Perfect verb forms link two periods of time. We use We form the passive with a form of the verb be + the
them to look back at an event that has an impact on a past participle of the verb.
later time. They can be used in the active or passive.
We can form the passive in any tense, although we do
We use the present perfect simple to describe: not normally use it with present perfect continuous
and past perfect continuous.
• a completed event or action that might be repeated
Over 10,000 calls are made to the police every day.
or continued and has a present connection
Three cars were stolen in our neighbourhood last week.
Carlo has broken his arm and won’t be able to come to
(past simple)
work for a week. (= Carlo can’t come to work now
A new hospital is being built near here.
because of his broken arm.)
When I opened the parcel, I saw that contents had been
• a situation or state that started in the past and is damaged.
not finished The safety rules were being explained to us when the
I’ve always loved working as a doctor. (= I still love fire alarm went off.
it now.) The diamond has been kept locked away for fifty years.
We don’t use the present perfect with a finished time The passive can be used with modal verbs, and there
period. We use the past simple instead. are also gerund and infinitive forms.
We had a really good time last night. (not We’ve had) The work should be completed by next week.
I hate being woken up in the middle of the night.
We use the present perfect continuous to describe: She hopes to be promoted this year.
• a continuous completed action that has a present In informal English, we also form the passive with
connection get instead of be. We don’t normally use get in present
Sara has been studying all day so she’s really tired. perfect simple or future perfect simple passives, and
(= She’s tired now because she studied for so long.) we only use it to describe actions, not states.
• an event or action that started in the past and is Sorry I’m late – I got delayed in the traffic.
not finished What time does lunch get served in the canteen?
We’ve been living here for five years. (= We still When we use the active form of a verb, the focus of
live here.) the sentence is on the ‘agent’ – the person or thing
We don’t use the continuous aspect with stative verbs. that does an action. When we use the passive form,
I’ve owned my car for ten years so I think it’s time to the object of the active sentence becomes the subject
buy a new one. (not I’ve been owning) and the focus changes.
object
We use the past perfect simple (had + past participle): A team of authors wrote this book. (focus on agent)
subject
• to describe a completed action before another This book was written by a team of authors. (focus on
action in the past ‘this book’)
By the time we got to the station, the train had
already left. We often use the passive:

• in a narrative, to talk about an action that • when the agent is obvious, unknown or not
happened before the main events of a story important
I’d always wanted to visit Australia, so when I saw Your essays will be returned to you next month.
the competition in the newspaper, I decided to enter. Because of the snow, drivers were asked to avoid all
unnecessary journeys.
There is a past perfect continuous form (had +
been + -ing): • when we are following a series of actions that
They’d been searching for gold for six months before happen to the same subject
they found any. La Gioconda is one of the most famous paintings in the
world. It was painted in the 16th century by Leonardo
We use the future perfect simple (will + have + past da Vinci and has been displayed in the Louvre museum
participle) to describe a completed event or action at in Paris since 1797.
a point in the future. We also use the passive when we want to give
Call me at six thirty – I’ll have finished work by then. extra emphasis to the agent. We do this by using
There is a future perfect continuous form (will + the passive, and putting the agent at the end of the
have been + -ing): sentence (after the preposition by).
I’ll have been learning to play tennis for a year in May. The child was rescued by the fire service.

Exercises 1, 2 and 3 Exercises 4, 5 and 6

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 Exercises 4 The manager has cancelled the football match
because the pitch is flooded.
1 Correct the mistake in each sentence. The football match because
the pitch is flooded.
1 I was a hairdresser since 2005.
2 He hasn’t been on holiday last year. 5 The speaker will give the lecture in French.
3 We don’t need to go to the station because her The lecture in French.
train won’t be arrived yet. 6 The other guests had eaten all the food by the
4 I’ve been having this car for a long time. time we arrived.
5 She couldn’t pay for our coffees because she’d All the food by the time we
leave her wallet at home. arrived.
6 I’m wearing glasses since I was child.
7 Last week was the first time I saw Marion since 7 You need to pass the written theory test first.
we were students. The written theory test first.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct perfect 5 Complete the conversation with the active or
form of the verb in brackets. passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use get
where possible.
1 I’m really hungry! I since
this morning. (not eat) A: Did you see that documentary about
2 We didn’t want to watch the film because we dangerous jobs? I never 1
already it. (see) (know) cutting down trees was so dangerous!
3 How long at this company? Every year, a lot of loggers – they’re the people
(you work) who cut down trees – 2
4 I think by the year 2050, a lot of animals (kill) by falling trees or by the equipment they
extinct. (become) are using.
5 I Ella for two years. (know) B: I wonder if they 3 (tell)
6 She arrived late but luckily the lesson about the dangers before they start working.
yet. (not start) A: Well, I expect they must know. But why does
anyone choose to do it if it’s so dangerous?!
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the B: Maybe they 4 (like) working
verbs in brackets. Sometimes you do NOT need a outdoors and they 5 (pay)
perfect form. well. Which other jobs were mentioned?
I1 (live) on a boat for fifteen A: Fishermen! Especially the ones that fish for
years now, and I love it. Before moving to London, crabs. Apparently, crabs can only
I2 (not live) on a boat before,
6
(catch) during winter in
so when I first 3 (tell) people places like Alaska. So the water is really cold
about my plan to live on the River Thames, they and people can die from hypothermia if they
thought I was crazy. When I arrived in London,
7
(hit) by heavy equipment
I realized I 4 (cannot) afford and fall into the water. They said that they
a normal flat, so I decided to buy a boat, and I
8
(earn) a lot of money, but
5
(be) here ever since. The I’m happy working in an office!
best thing about living like this is that you see 6 Rewrite the sentences using the passive to
a different side to London – one that’s closer to emphasize the agent.
nature. However, I don’t have much storage space
so I 6 (be able to) buy a lot 1 A teenager from our street broke into our car.
of things since I moved here. In fact, I’m hoping .
that by the end of this year, I 7 2 Dr Taylor can’t see you today.
(save) enough money to buy a bigger boat. today.
4 Rewrite the sentences using the passive. 3 Astronomers have discovered a new planet.

1 The prime minister announced the tax increase.
The tax increase by the 4 A fast food company is going to buy the old
prime minister. cinema.

2 The local council are building a new bridge.
A new bridge by the local 5 He got lost because the app on his phone didn’t
council. give him the right directions.
He got lost because .
3 You must finish this report by the end of the day.
This report by the end of 6 Our actions are destroying the environment.
the day. 

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 3
Qualifiers We use not particularly before like, enjoy and hope to
give them the opposite meaning.
We use qualifiers such as quite, pretty and rather to
We didn’t particularly like what she cooked for us.
make adjectives and verbs less strong.
(= We disliked what she cooked for us.)
Qualifier + adjective We also use slightly, a little, a bit and rather after verbs
We use quite, pretty and fairly before adjectives to to mean ‘a bit’.
make them less strong. We use them with both I’m going off rock music slightly now that I’m getting
positive and negative adjectives, but it is most older.
common to use them with positive adjectives. He annoys me a little with his constant moaning.
It’s a fairly interesting city to visit, but I wouldn’t She cooks a bit but her husband usually prepares
spend more than a day there. the meals.
I thought the film was quite good, but not great.
Exercises 2 and 3
When we use quite with a/an + adjective + noun, we
normally place it before the article. Intensifying adverbs
We had quite a good trip but the weather was We use intensifying adverbs before adjectives to make
disappointing. them stronger.
We also use quite in the phrases ‘quite a lot’ and ‘quite When I got my exam result, I felt extremely relieved.
a few’ to talk about an amount or number when we The choice of intensifying adverb depends on
want to be vague. whether the adjective is gradable or ungradable. Most
Rather has a similar meaning to quite, but it is slightly adjectives, e.g. cold, surprising, are gradable. This
stronger. We can place it before the indefinite article, means we can make them stronger or weaker with
like quite, or after it. adverbs like very, a bit, incredibly, really or extremely.
I waited rather a long time for the bus to arrive. I’m a bit / very / extremely cold.
There’s a rather nice restaurant by the river. The new flats they’re building look incredibly small.
We use not very and not particularly before adjectives Other adjectives, e.g. freezing, amazing are ungradable.
to give them the opposite meaning. We cannot make them stronger or weaker in this
It wasn’t very difficult. (= It was easy.) way. Adjectives like freezing, essential and amazing
They weren’t particularly impressed. (= They were already contain the idea of ‘very’ in their meaning.
unimpressed.) We use absolutely, really and utterly with ungradable
adjectives.
Exercise 1 It’s very cold today. = It’s freezing today. (freezing =
very cold)
Qualifier + verb
I like Jann’s new house, but it’s got an absolutely tiny
We use quite before the verbs like, enjoy, understand garden.
and agree. We often use quite to mean ‘a bit’:
I quite enjoyed the film. (= But I’ve seen much better Ungradable adjectives can also be ‘absolute’
films.) adjectives. Adjectives like this do not have a
comparative or superlative form, e.g. right, wrong,
We can use quite before the verbs understand and agree unique and true. With absolute adjectives, we use the
to mean ‘completely’. intensifying adverbs completely, entirely and totally.
I quite agree with you. (= I completely agree.) I’m not going to pay them until all the work is totally
He didn’t quite understand what to do. (= He didn’t finished.
completely understand.)
We can use the adverb quite with ungradable
However, we also use quite + verb when we are adjectives, including absolute adjectives. When we do
disagreeing with someone or to show surprise. In this, the meaning is ‘very’.
this case it doesn’t change the meaning or strength of I’m quite interested in that period of history. (quite =
the verb. a bit)
A: I thought the food here wouldn’t be very good but I think this painting is quite stunning. (quite = really)
actually it’s OK.
B: Yes, I’m quite enjoying it. (= I’m enjoying it.) Often, the choice of adverb and adjective combination
A: I really don’t like this kind of music? is a question of collocation. For example, we prefer to
B: Really? I quite like it. (= I like it.) say ‘absolutely freezing’ rather than ‘utterly freezing’,
even though both are grammatically correct. There
We use rather in this way before the verbs like, enjoy are also some exceptions, for example, we sometimes
and hope. say very/really different (even though ‘different’ is an
Our hotel had received very bad reviews online, but we absolute adjective).
rather enjoyed it.
Exercises 4, 5 and 6

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 Exercises 4 Correct the mistake in each sentence. Not all the
sentences contain an error.
1 Choose the correct option to complete the 1 It’s very freezing outside today.
sentences. In one case, both options are correct.
2 This room is incredibly small.
1 The food in that restaurant wasn’t very good / 3 I was utterly surprised to see Matt at the party
was quite good. I won’t be going there again. last night.
2 There’s quite a / a quite big queue in that shop. 4 I found the exam really difficult.
Let’s go somewhere else. 5 It’s absolutely important that you listen to the
3 This car is quite / isn’t particularly cheap. safety instructions.
We should buy it. 6 We’ve just watched an extremely amazing film!
4 It was a fairly / fairly a difficult test. 7 You’re utterly right. We needed to turn left after
5 She’s had rather a / a rather relaxing day. the traffic lights.
6 He’d had pretty a / a pretty tiring day so he
decided to go straight home. 5 Complete the sentences with these adjectives.

2 Read the sentences. Then choose the best cold   ​exhausted   ​freezing   ​small   ​stunning   ​

explanation (a–b) for each one. stylish   ​tiny   ​tired

1 I quite agree with what you’re saying. 1 You should put a coat on. It’s absolutely
a I agree with everything. outside.
b I only agree with a few things. 2 Silvia’s extremely and wants to
2 It was freezing this morning but the weather’s stay at home and rest.
improving a little now. 3 That’s a very necklace you’re
a The weather is much better now. wearing. It looks great on you.
b The weather is slightly better now. 4 Our hotel room is absolutely ! I’m
going to ask for a bigger one.
3 Martina: I hate this kind of music. 5 It was a very winter and most of
Isabella: Really? I quite like it. the plants died.
a Isabella only likes this kind of music a little. 6 The views from the tower are quite
b Isabella enjoys this kind of music. . You should take a camera when
4 I don’t particularly enjoy this kind of food. you go.
a I dislike this kind of food. 7 I felt utterly yesterday after our
b I sometimes enjoy this kind of food. long run.
8 They’ve just bought a very flat in
5 I rather hoped that the party would be the city centre. They don’t have much space for
cancelled because I’m so tired. furniture.
a This was my wish.
b I only hoped this a little bit. 6 Choose the best options to complete the
conversation.
3 Complete the texts with the qualifiers given.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible. A: How was your weekend?
B: Not great. We were flat hunting! It was 1 very /
fairly   ​not particularly   ​quite   ​rather absolutely frustrating because the estate agent
made the flats sound 2 really / very amazing but
I grew up in the countryside in Poland. I suppose it when we looked at them, they weren’t what
was 1 a nice place to grow up – there we’d been promised.
weren’t many people in the village but I had a A: Oh no! How many flats did you look at?
2
big group of friends and we always B: Five. The first two were in a nice area but were
played a lot outside. But it was 3 3
utterly / incredibly small! I just couldn’t live
exciting and I used to dream about living in a big in them! Then we saw another small flat in the
city. But now I live in one, I think I’d 4 town centre but it was on a 4 very / totally busy
enjoy living in the countryside again! road, and I didn’t like that. The fourth flat was
in an 5 extremely / absolutely terrible state! We’d
not very   ​pretty   ​slightly have to do a lot of work on it.
A: So what about the fifth one?
My home town is a 5 big place, B: It was great – new and modern, in a lovely
but it’s not huge. It’s very close to London neighbourhood. And it has a(n) 6 incredibly /
but this means the facilities are 6 very huge garden.
limited because most people go to London for A: But …
entertainment and shopping. It’s 7 B: Well, it was 7 completely / extremely expensive,
cheap to live there, because it’s so close to the city. so we can’t really afford it.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 4
Future probability Note that when we use ‘there’s a good chance that’,
the future event isn’t necessarily something good.
Modal verbs There’s a good chance that it will rain later.
We use the modal verbs may, could, might to say Exercises 1, 2 and 3
that something is possible in the future (about a
50% chance). Past modals
In the future, we may/might/could find solutions To talk about past obligation we use had to. We
to many environmental problems. cannot use must to refer to past obligation.
We can add the adverb well after may/could/might Yesterday, I had to be at work at 7 a.m.
to make the event sound more probable. For negative past obligation we use couldn’t, wasn’t/
Driverless cars may/could/might well become weren’t allowed to.
available sooner than people expect. We couldn’t leave the room during the exam.
To say that it is possible that something will not Women in the USA were not allowed to vote until
happen in the future, we use may not or might not. 1920.
They may/might not be able to fix the problem. To talk about a lack of necessity in the past, we use
We use should or shouldn’t to say that something is needn’t have + past participle or didn’t need to + infinitive.
probable in the future (about a 70% chance). This means the action happened but wasn’t necessary.
We should arrive before 7 p.m. if there is no traffic. I needn’t have gone to the meeting.
You didn’t need to cook dinner.
We don’t use should to talk about something bad that
we think will happen. We can use didn’t need to or didn’t have to, but not
I think climate change will be a disaster for many needn’t have, when the unnecessary action in the past
countries. (not I think climate change should be) didn’t occur.
We went by train so we didn’t need to find somewhere
Adverbs to park.
We use perhaps and maybe to say something is possible
Exercise 4
(a 50% chance). We normally put perhaps and maybe
before the subject. To speculate on past events (to make deductions or
Perhaps/Maybe the weather will improve tomorrow. guesses about them), we use must have, might/may/
could have and can’t/couldn’t have + past participle.
We use probably (not) to say something is probable Luke must have had to stay late at work – he’s
(a 70% chance). We normally put probably between normally home by now. (= I think it’s probable that
will and the main verb. he had to stay late at work.)
Shin will probably arrive late again. I may/might/could have got a few questions wrong
We use almost certainly (not) when we are almost in the exam. (= I think it’s possible that I got a few
certain that something will happen (a 90% chance). questions wrong.)
We put almost certainly between will and the main verb. They can’t have got lost – they’ve been here lots of
There will almost certainly be an election this year. times! (= I think it isn’t probable that they got lost.)
A: Did Joan just drive by? B: No, it couldn’t have
Adjective phrases been her. She drives a much bigger car.
We use the adjectives possible, probable, likely and We also use could have when we know that something
unlikely in the structure it’s + adjective + that + clause. didn’t happen but we want to say it was possible.
It’s possible that we will create colonies on Mars this Why were you so careless? You could have been killed!
century. (about 50% certainty)
Unfortunately, it’s probable/likely that there will be We use should(n’t) have + past participle when:
a delay with your order. (about 70% certainty) • we think something was advisable but didn’t
In my opinion, it’s unlikely that the new plans will happen, or was inadvisable but did happen
cut traffic in the city centre. (about 20% certainty) You should have called me as soon as you knew you
We also use likely and unlikely with a subject and to + were going to be late.
infinitive. I shouldn’t have gone to the job interview in a T-shirt.
The journey is likely to take over ten hours. • we expect that something happened in the past,
The work is unlikely to be finished today. but we’re not sure if it did
Noun phrases Luca’s train should have arrived by now.
We use some noun phrases + be + (that) + clause to say We use ought to have + past participle when we think
something is probable in the future (a 70% chance). something was advisable but didn’t happen. It is
The likelihood is that he will leave the company. more formal than should have.
The chances are (that) they’ll offer me a promotion. We ought to have booked seats.
There’s a good chance (that) our team will win.
Exercises 5 and 6

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 Exercises 4 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
Sometimes both options are possible.
1 Choose the correct option to complete the 1 I was late to work this morning because I had
sentences.
to / must stop for petrol.
1 Matt said he might / will / is likely to come to the 2 They didn’t have to / weren’t allowed to pay to
football game with us tonight but he’s not sure. enter the museum because it was free.
2 We probably won’t / won’t probably / maybe won’t 3 Thank you for the flowers! You didn’t have to
know the results of the election till tomorrow. buy / needn’t have bought me anything!
3 In ten years, we couldn’t / may not / shouldn’t 4 I needn’t have worn / didn’t need to wear this
be using smartphones any more. jumper. It’s so hot today!
4 It’s likely / possible / probably that the heating 5 We didn’t have to / weren’t allowed to speak
system will have to be replaced soon. It’s during the exam.
broken down three times already this month. 6 She didn’t need to go / needn’t have gone to work
5 Philip and Ruth might / should / could be here so she spent the day relaxing in her garden.
at 8.00 p.m. They set off at 7.30 p.m. and the
journey takes half an hour. 5 Complete the conversation with these modal forms.
6 There’s almost certainly / maybe / a good chance
could have   ​couldn’t have   ​might not have   ​
that your flight will be delayed.
must have   ​should have   ​shouldn’t have
2 Rewrite the sentences so they have the same
meaning. Use the words in brackets. A: I’m so tired! Some friends came for dinner
last night. I spent all day cooking, and then
1 It’s very probable that our train will be late they didn’t leave until 2 a.m.! It’s my fault –
today. (chance) I1 invited them to come
 today. during the week. It’s better to invite friends
2 He might well not come to our party this round at the weekend.
evening. (probably) B: Oh dear! You 2 just got a
 this evening. takeaway!
A: Oh, I 3 done that! But you
3 In the future we might all be driving electric know, I’m sure I 4 spent an
cars. (perhaps) hour just cutting up vegetables!
 in the future. B: You should buy a food processor. I’ve got
4 Space travel will probably be a lot cheaper in one that cuts up vegetables really quickly.
the future. (likely) I5 lent it to you!
 in the future. A: It’s a good thing you didn’t. You
6
ever got it back from me!
5 The government might raise interest rates this
year. (possible) 6 Complete the conversations with must, can(’t),
 this year. could(n’t), might(n’t), should(n’t) and ought (not) and
the correct form of these verbs. You don’t need to
3 Complete the text with these words and phrases. use all the modal forms.
almost certainly   ​certainly   ​chances   ​could   ​
buy   ​drive   ​eat   ​leave   ​open   ​see
possible   ​should   ​unlikely
1 Maia to work. Her car is
Air pollution causes millions of premature still outside her house.
deaths throughout the world every year, and this
number will 1 increase in the future. 2 I have a stomach ache. I
As a result, we 2 start to see more so much food earlier!
interesting solutions for this problem. One idea to 3 Oh no! We’ve missed our train. I told you we
deal with pollution is Daan Roosegaarde’s ‘Smog the house earlier!
Free Tower’ – a tower that sucks in polluted air
and blows out clean air. Roosegaarde believes 4 I thought I just saw Steve, but I
that in the future, towers like this 3 somebody who looks like
be used to improve the air quality in polluted him because Steve’s on holiday in Peru.
cities. Roosegaarde says it’s 4 to 5 I can’t remember where I got this dress.
build ‘Smog Free Towers’ the size of buildings, for I it from that new shop on
an even bigger impact. Although the towers are the High Street.
5
to solve the problem of air pollution
completely, the 6 are that we will 6 The bank by now. It’s 9.15
need to develop many innovative ideas to keep and it opens at 8.30.
pollution under control.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5
Emphatic structures Avoiding repetition
We use various sentence structures to make a sentence We can use synonyms, e.g. loss – defeat, or words such
more emphatic or to give emphasis to a certain part of as one, that, it, so and ellipsis (leaving out words) to
a sentence. avoid repetition.
Cleft sentences one, that, it, so
A cleft sentence emphasizes a particular part of a We use one in place of a singular countable noun and
sentence by splitting it into two parts. There are two ones in place of a plural countable noun.
patterns. Which top do you prefer? The blue one or the red one?
Here are your shoes. Are these the ones you wanted?
We use it + be + emphasized phrase + that to
emphasize the subject, object or an adverbial phrase. When we use an adjective before one, we always use
The information we want to emphasize comes at the the indefinite article or another determiner.
beginning of the sentence, after be. A: This hotel’s great! B: I know! And just think that
In Thailand, the beaches are the most popular places you wanted to book that cheap one!
to visit. → In Thailand, it’s the beaches that are the
We always add an adjective when we use ones after
most popular places to visit. (emphasizing subject)
numbers or determiners.
I most want to see Mexico City. → It’s Mexico City A: Did you bring any biscuits? B: Yes, I brought some
that I most want to see. (emphasizing object) chocolate ones and some plain ones.
Most people go to Greece in summer. → It’s in
We use that to replace a phrase, clause or sentence.
summer that most people go to Greece. (emphasizing
A: Ask Juan to come at 8 o’clock. B: I’ve already asked
adverbial phrase)
him that. (that = ‘to come at 8 o’clock’)
Note that we can use a relative pronoun instead of A: Why don’t we get a takeaway tonight? B: That’s a
‘that’. great idea. (that = ‘get a takeaway’)
It’s Jenny that/who I want to see.
We use it to replace a noun phrase.
We use what or the thing (that) + subject + verb + be Has anyone seen my bag? It’s not where I left it.
to emphasize a subject, object, a clause with that or a
We use so after verbs like say, think, hope and expect to
clause with a wh- word. The information we want to
replace a clause, especially a short answer.
emphasize comes at the end of the sentence, after be.
A: Is it going to rain today?
I hate airports most. → The thing that I hate most is B: I think so. (so = ‘it’s going to rain today’)
airports. (emphasizing the object)
Exercise 4
We need to decide which dates we can travel on. →
What we need to decide is which dates we can travel Ellipsis
on. (emphasizing a wh- clause)
Sometimes we omit words to avoid repetition, when
I hope that our train isn’t delayed. → What I hope is the context is clear which words we have omitted. We
that our train isn’t delayed. (emphasizing a clause can omit words:
with that)
• when we have two verbs together, and the second
We can also emphasize a whole clause with what + verb is a to + infinitive form. In this case, we can
subject + verb + to do + be + (to) + infinitive. omit everything after to.
My country needs to invest in tourism. → What my A: Why don’t we just book a beach holiday? B: I don’t
country needs to do is (to) invest in tourism. want to [book a beach holiday]. I hate the beach!
Exercises 1 and 2 • after verbs and phrases like hope, suppose and be
afraid, when what comes after is negative. In this
do, does, did in affirmative sentences case, we omit everything apart from not.
We can add a form of do to affirmative sentences to A: Do you think we’re going to miss the flight? B: I
add emphasis. We always stress the form of do. hope not. (= I hope that we don’t miss the flight.)
We hope you enjoy your stay with us. → We do hope We can also omit a whole clause after a subject and
you enjoy your stay with us. auxiliary or modal verb.
We don’t add do when a sentence already contains an I’ve never been to Asia, and most of my friends haven’t
auxiliary (be or have) or a modal verb. In this case, we either. (= Most of my friends haven’t been to Asia.)
just stress the auxiliary to add emphasis. Most of my friends can speak Spanish, but I can’t.
We have enjoyed our trip. When the clause that we are replacing contains a verb
The train service can be rather unreliable. in the present or past simple, we use a form of do.
He is rude sometimes. (We use the full form, not the Magda wanted to spend the day hiking but we didn’t.
contraction.) (= We didn’t want to spend the day hiking.)
Exercise 3 Exercise 5

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 Exercises 4 Choose the correct (a–c) option to replace the
underlined parts of the sentences.
1 Rewrite the sentences to emphasize the underlined 1 Shall we go to the restaurant by the sea or the
word or phrase.
restaurant near the castle?
1 Francis called Ben last night. a that  b the one  c it
It  .
2 A: Is the film festival starting this weekend?
2 I’d like more free time not money. B: Yeah, I think the film festival is starting this
It  . weekend.
a it  b that  c so
3 She doesn’t like the way her manager speaks
to her. 3 A: I had to wake up at 4 a.m. to get to the
It  . airport on time.
B: Waking up at 4 a.m. must have been hard!
4 The hotel we stayed in was expensive but the
a so  b that  c one
flights cost us the most.
The hotel we stayed in was expensive, but it 4 A: The suitcases you bought are too small!
 . B: They were the biggest suitcases they had in
the shop!
5 The report is going to focus on the reasons why
a ones  b one  c it
the project failed.
It  . 5 A: What time does the tourist office open?
B: I think the tourist office opens at 9 a.m.
6 The students find out their results in January.
a one  b that  c it
It  .
6 A: Will there be a lot of people at the meeting?
2 Rewrite the sentences to emphasize the underlined B: I expect there will be a lot of people at the
phrases. meeting.
1 In winter I hate the cold weather. a it  b so  c ones
The thing that  .
5 Find six phrases in the email that can be deleted to
2 We forgot to lock our front door. avoid repetition.
What  .
Hi Alex
3 I loved being able to relax on a beach.
The thing that  . How’s it going? Samira and I arrived on Koh Chang
island a week ago and it’s amazing! We’d thought
4 She liked the film’s ending the most.
What  . about going to one of the busier islands but we
decided not to go to one of the busier islands. And
5 The airline won’t refund our tickets.
The thing that  . I’m glad because it’s perfect here! On the day we
arrived we’d arranged to go on a jungle hike but in
6 You’re now going to see a summary of the
research. the end we couldn’t go on a jungle hike because it
What  . was raining! It’s been sunny and hot since then – I’ve
just felt like relaxing on a beach and Sally has felt
3 Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences to
make them more emphatic, using a form of do. like relaxing on a beach too! But now I’m getting
When it is not possible to add a form of do, circle bored. Tomorrow I’d like to go elephant trekking
the word that needs to be stressed. but Samira doesn’t want to go elephant trekking.
1 I thought the tourist office would be a bit more I think she’s a bit scared! So instead we’re going to
helpful. visit a waterfall, and go snorkelling with a group
2 These snakes will bite you if they get the of friends we’ve made. They’ve all been snorkelling
chance. before but I haven’t been snorkelling before. (Have
3 She seemed to be ignoring everything the tour you?) I’m really looking forward to it! Sally thinks
guide was saying. we should stay longer on the island. I’d like to stay
4 They have already paid for their meal. longer on the island too, but there are so many
other places to see!
5 They offered to exchange the faulty item, but Hope to see you when we get back.
she wanted a refund.
Renata
6 She works in a bank, doesn’t she?

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 6
Phrasal verbs offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, start, tend,
threaten, want, would like, would love, would prefer
There are some verbs that are often followed by
I need to finish my work before I go to the gym.
prepositions, and the preposition doesn’t change the
meaning of the verb. • v
 erb + object + to + infinitive: ask, get, help, need,
It is believed that chess originally comes from India. require, tell, urge, warn
I asked Luke to lend me his bike.
Other verb + preposition combinations have an
idiomatic meaning. You cannot predict the meaning • v
 erb (+ object) + infinitive: help, let and make
from the individual meanings of the verb and the (Sometimes we do not include the object.)
particle. They made me do a medical test before I could enter
Can you look after my bag for a minute? (look after = the race.
take care of)
• v
 erb + -ing: adore, avoid, begin, can’t help, can’t
Verb + adverb combinations almost always have an stand, consider, continue, describe, enjoy, fancy, finish,
idiomatic meaning. imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise,
I had to give up tennis after I injured my elbow. (give recommend, risk, spend (time/money), start, suggest
up = stop doing) I avoid running on hard surfaces as it hurts my knees.
Verb + adverb • v
 erb + preposition + -ing: e.g. carry on, worry
Verb + adverb combinations can be transitive or about, succeed in
intransitive. Intransitive phrasal verbs do not have an Do you worry about injuring your body?
object. • v
 erb + object + preposition + -ing: e.g. discourage
She grew up in Los Angeles. from, prevent from
Transitive phrasal verbs are separable phrasal verbs. Injuries prevented her from competing.
We can put the object after the adverb or before it, Verb + -ing or to + infinitive
with no difference in meaning.
After start and continue, we can use the -ing form or
Can you turn the radio down? = Can you turn down
to + infinitive, with no difference in meaning. Some
the radio?
verbs change their meaning depending on whether
However, when the object is a pronoun, we always we use the -ing form or to + infinitive.
put it before the adverb. I’m starting a new job soon, which will mean earning
Can you call me back later? (not: Can you call back a lot more money. (mean + -ing = involve)
me later?) I meant to go to the supermarket but I forgot. (mean +
to + infinitive = intend)
Verb + preposition
Verb + preposition combinations always have an Mia regrets not doing more sports when she was
object. They are inseparable phrasal verbs. We younger. (regret + -ing = feel sorry about something)
always put the object, including pronouns, after the I regret to inform you I have decided to cancel my
preposition. membership. (regret + to + infinitive = feel sorry that
It took two months for me to get over the injury. = It you have to tell someone about a situation)
took me two months to get over it. Do you remember playing football here? (remember
+ -ing = have memories of an earlier event)
Verb + adverb + preposition Did you remember to call the doctor? (remember +
Three-part phrasal verbs are made up of a verb + to + infinitive = not forget to do something)
adverb + preposition. We always put an object after
the preposition. She stopped running when her foot started to hurt.
He doesn’t get on with some of his colleagues at work. (stop + -ing = finish doing an action)
She stopped to drink some water. (stop + to +
A small number of three-part phrasal verbs take two infinitive = finish an action to do another action)
objects. We put the first object after the verb, and the
second object after the preposition. I tried training late in the evening but I didn’t like it.
I’ve decided to take you up on the job offer. (try + -ing = do something to see what happens)
I tried to call you but your phone was switched off.
Exercises 1, 2 and 3 (try + to + infinitive = make an effort)

Verb patterns I’ve never forgotten swimming in the lake at

midnight. (forget + -ing = not having a memory of
When we use two verbs together in a sentence, the
doing something in the past)
form of the second verb depends on the first verb.
Sorry, I forgot to bring your present. (forget + to +
• v
 erb + to + infinitive: (can/can’t) afford, agree, infinitive = not remember to do something)
allow, arrange, ask, begin, choose, continue, decide,
Exercises 4, 5 and 6
expect, fail, help*, hope, intend, learn, manage, need,

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 Exercises 5 Complete the second sentences so they mean the
same as the first sentences. Use the correct form of
1 Correct the mistake in each sentence. the verbs in brackets.
1 Please pay back me the money you owe as soon 1 Stefan doesn’t play squash any more because of
as you can. his injury. (stop)
2 At 8.34 a.m., took the plane off. Stefan because of his
3 He’s been looking his phone for all morning injury.
but he hasn’t found it yet.
2 He said, ‘I won’t be late for the meeting.’
4 If you’re not watching the TV, can you turn off
(promise)
it please?
He late for the
5 His teacher won’t put up his bad behaviour
meeting.
with any longer.
6 They let in Adam on the plans for the surprise 3 I don’t want to put you off doing the race, but
birthday party. it’s very demanding. (discourage)
I , but it’s very
2 Choose the correct option to complete the demanding.
sentences. Sometimes both options are correct.
4 They said they really wanted us to decide by
1 His cousin is an expert in cars so he turned to the end of the week. (urge)
him / turned him to for advice. They by the end of
2 They arranged the meeting for tomorrow but the week.
now they’ve decided to put it off / put off it.
3 She takes after her father / takes her father after. 5 Julia allowed me to borrow her racing bike
4 They’ve fallen out their neighbours with / fallen while she was away. (let)
out with their neighbours because of the party. Julia while she was
5 I told them to come over / come over our house at away.
around 9 p.m. 6 Are you sad now that you don’t live by the sea?
6 You should throw away these old clothes / throw (miss)
these old clothes away if you never wear them. Do by the sea?
7 I hadn’t seen Michele for years but I
ran into her / ran her into yesterday at the shops. 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
8 Can you fill this form in / fill in this form now? the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Add an
object if necessary.
3 Match the phrasal verbs in Exercise 2 with these
meanings (a–h). ask   ​decide   ​help   ​make   ​start   ​stop   ​
think about
a be similar to an older relative
b complete
A: Guess what? I’ve 1 (do) a
c delay (postpone)
marathon!
d have a serious argument with
B: Wow! Where are you going to do it?
e meet somebody by chance
A: In Berlin. It’s in September but I’ve
f put into the rubbish bin (dispose of) 2
(train) already. I even have
g visit somebody in their home
a personal trainer. She 3
h ask for support or help
(exercise) really hard for an hour every day!
4 Choose the correct verb form to complete the B: I’m not exercising at all these days.
sentences. A: I thought you went to the gym every morning.
B: No, I’ve 4 (go). It just wasn’t
1 Would you consider doing / to do a yoga course? 5
(get) fit.
2 I told him to wait / wait for me outside the gym. A: You should come and train with me! I often
3 He tried ringing / to ring the door bell but go running outdoors with my trainer. I could
no one answered. 6
(work) with you, too.
4 The world champion has failed finishing / to B: Thanks, that’d be great.
finish the race. A: Have you ever 7 (do) a
5 We need to hurry up! I’m worried about miss / marathon?
missing our train. B: I think I should start exercising again regularly
6 She regretted not wearing / to wear a warmer before thinking about races!
jacket. It was quite cold outside.
7 Rita made me wake / to wake up early to go for
a run.
8 I remember to watch / watching this cartoon
when I was a child. I used to love it!

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 7
Passive reporting verbs We can also make a noun phrase with the -ing form of
a verb. In formal contexts, we often use a possessive
We sometimes use verbs such as believe, confirm,
form before the -ing form.
expect, know, report, say, think and understand in the
We had to reorganize the meeting because they arrived
passive to report feelings, beliefs, opinions and
late.
rumours, especially in journalism or other formal
We had to reorganize the meeting due to their arriving
contexts. We do this when we are not completely
late.
sure of the information we are giving or if we want
to distance ourselves personally from it. The passive We can also change an adjective into a noun.
form shows that the information has been said by I’ve been interested in photography for around ten
someone else or is something that people generally years. → My interest in photography started around
believe. ten years ago.
There are two patterns: We often need to add of after the noun phrase we
create from a noun or adjective.
• it + passive reporting verb + that
The building work will cost over $500,000. → The cost
It is believed that around twenty smartphones are
of the building work will be over $500,000.
sold every second.
• subject + passive reporting verb + to + infinitive Other types of nominalization
Over twenty smartphones are believed to be sold We can nominalize phrases beginning with wh- words
every second. (e.g. why, where, when, etc.).
We don’t know why the flight was delayed. → We
With the second pattern, we can also use perfect or
don’t know the reason for the delay.
continuous infinitive forms.
The singer is reported to have cancelled tonight’s Sometimes we use a noun that is not directly
concert because of illness. related to the verb or adjective in the phrase we are
XCom is reported to be working on a new laptop. nominalizing. This may be because there is no exact
equivalent noun, or because we want to vary the
We can also use the second pattern with there is/are/
vocabulary we use to avoid repetition.
was/were.
They found the painting in a disused cellar. → The
There are thought to be more than 7,000 languages
discovery of the painting was made in a disused cellar.
around the world.
(no direct noun equivalent of ‘find’)
We can use the reporting verb in different tenses. The
The temperature of the planet is increasing every year
tense of the verb does not always match the time of
because of pollution.
the event which is reported.
The rise in the temperature of the planet is caused
It is thought that the first ever mobile phone call was
by pollution. (‘rise’ instead of ‘increase’ to make
made in 1973. (= People have this belief now about
writing more varied)
an event that happened in the past.)
It was once believed that the earth is flat. (= People Uses of nominalization
had this belief in the past.) We often use nominalization to be more concise,
We can sometimes include the agent when using especially in writing. A nominalized form is often
passive reporting verbs. We usually do this when the shorter than using a verb or adjective.
agent is new or important information, for example if The place where we put each painting is very important.
we are comparing it to something or someone else. → The position of each painting is very important.
The painting is reported by some news channels to
have been destroyed in the robbery. (= by some, but We can also use nominalization to develop an
not by others) argument or description. A verb, adjective or even a
whole phrase can become a subject or object in the
Exercises 1 and 2 next sentence.
I studied Finance and Economics at the University
Nominalization of Berlin. My studies provided me with some crucial
We sometimes change part of a sentence into a noun. knowledge and allowed me to develop a number of
This is called nominalization. skills.

Verb or adjective nominalization Exercises 3 and 4

We can change an action into a noun by replacing the
action verb with its equivalent noun, e.g. complete →
completion, announce → announcement.
The camera costs $480. → The cost of the camera is
$480.

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 Exercises 6 For a long time, people thought that bad smells
caused diseases.
1 Read the pairs of sentences. Then choose the For a long time, bad smells
correct option to complete second sentence. diseases.
It diseases.
1 Lots of people are saying that the Prime
Minister has decided to resign. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct
It is / was said that the Prime Minister has nominalization of the underlined word or phrase.
taken the decision to resign.
1 I was disappointed with the bad service.
2 Most weather reports yesterday said it would My was due to the bad service.
be very hot today, but it was actually quite cool.
2 The company has decided to expand the
The weather is / was expected to be hot today,
business. This was good news.
but it was actually quite cool.
The company’s to expand the
3 Some newspapers are suggesting that the new business was good news.
smartphone will only cost $240.
3 The earthquake destroyed many buildings.
It is / is being suggested that the new
The earthquake led to the of
smartphone will only cost $240.
many buildings.
4 They told us to evacuate the building.
4 It was obvious that he was suitable for the job.
We were / are told to evacuate the building.
His for the job was obvious.
5 Many people believed that the company’s
5 We need to make more people aware of the
employees would receive compensation.
impact of car fumes on air quality.
It is / was believed that the company’s
We need to raise of the impact of
employees would receive compensation.
car fumes on air quality.
6 People know that there are only a few thousand
6 People have been shocked by how the airline
giant pandas left in the world.
has treated its passengers.
There are / were known to be only a few
People have been shocked by the airline’s
thousand giant pandas left in the world.
of its passengers.
2 Rewrite the sentences with passive reporting verbs 7 People should be warned about how dangerous
using both possible patterns. Use the underlined using a phone is while driving.
verb as the passive reporting verb. People should be warned about the
1 People say that the director is working on a of using a phone while driving.
new film.
The director on
4 Match the sentences (1–6 and a–f) to make
sentence pairs. Then complete the sentences (a–f)
a new film.
with these words. There are three extra words.
It on a new film.
2 We know that regular exercise is important. ability   ​
definition   ​
disinterest   ​
fear   ​ hobbies   ​
It important. location   ​person   ​truthfulness   ​validity
Regular exercise
important. 1 I’m trying to find out what this word means.
2 The audience didn’t seem very interested in the
3 The police claimed that the suspect was presentation.
carrying a gun. 3 Tom was scared of flying.
The suspect 4 Cathy liked playing tennis and football.
a gun. 5 Police still don’t know who robbed the bank.
It a gun. 6 The instructions described where we needed
4 We expect the guests will have arrived by to go.
12 p.m. a Their was also obvious to the
The guests speaker.
by 12 p.m. b But she only had time for these at
It by 12 p.m. the weekend.
5 People argue that the mobile phone has had c The of the conference was in the
a big impact on our social lives. city centre.
It on our social d They believe the they are looking
lives. for lives locally.
The mobile phone e His stopped him going abroad.
on our social lives. f Unfortunately, the online dictionary doesn’t
give a clear .

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8
The adverb just Expressing purpose and result
The adverb just has a variety of meanings and can Expressing purpose
appear in different positions in a sentence. To give the reason for doing something (purpose), we
use to, in order (not) to and so as (not) to + infinitive.
just + verb I use these scissors to cut my hair.
We use just with a verb to mean: They asked us to be quiet in order not to wake the
• ‘recently’ children.
The band has just announced its world tour dates. We use for to describe the function or use of a thing.
• ‘simply’ We can use for + noun or for + -ing.
You just need to fill in this form if you want to become This staircase is for access to the roof terrace.
a member. I’ve got a great app on my phone for learning new
vocabulary.
• ‘right at the moment’
They’re just queuing up to buy their tickets. They We can also use so that and in order that + clause
won’t be long. (subject + verb) to give the reason for doing
something. We often use can, could, will, would or
We use just before a main verb, and after an auxiliary should in the that clause.
verb, including modal verbs. They got up early so that they could go for a run.
Why don’t we just go out for dinner so we don’t have I’ve sent some directions to Mike in the New York office
to cook? in order that he can find his way here easily when he
It’s just stopped raining. comes.
You must just hold the jug still while I pour in the
water. Note that if the subject of the main clause and the
clause showing the purpose is different, we cannot
just + preposition/noun use to, in order to or so as to. Use so that or in order that
We also use just to mean: instead.

• ‘a little’ Exercise 3
They got to the concert hall just before the band came on. Expressing result
• ‘only’ We use so ... that and such … that to express the result
There were just twenty people at the show we went to of an action. We use:
last night. • so before an adjective
• ‘exactly’ Their music was so good that I decided to buy their
You look just like your brother in this photo. CD.

We put just before a noun or noun phrase, and before • such before a noun phrase
a preposition that it changes the meaning of. She hadn’t seen me for such a long time that she didn’t
We’ve got just two free tickets we can offer you. recognize me.
She left the restaurant just in time to catch the last Note that we use such before a noun phrase even if
train home. the noun phrase starts with an adjective.
Exercises 1 and 2 There has been such terrible weather that most flights
have been cancelled.
However, when the noun phrase begins with the
determiners much, many, little or few before a noun,
we use so rather than such.
They have so much money that they could afford to
buy whatever they wanted.
When a noun phrase starts with the indefinite article
(a/an), we can use an alternative pattern with so.
It was so nice a day that we decided to eat outside.
(= It was such a nice day that we decided to eat
outside.)
Exercises 4 and 5

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 Exercises 4 This site is very useful when you need to find
information about historical events. (for)
1 Choose the correct meaning of just in each sentence. This site is very useful
information about historical events.
1 I’m just finishing making dinner.
a right at the moment b recently 5 She wants to move house so that she doesn’t
live so far from her workplace. (order to)
2 This sounds just like an old Rolling Stones song. She wants to move house
a a little b exactly so far from her workplace.
3 This test was just too difficult for the students.
a simply b exactly 4 Complete the sentences with so or such.
4 They’ve just bought a new car. 1 It was cold outside that we decided to
a right at the moment b recently stay in.
2 The band has become famous that they
5 She’s eaten just a sandwich today so she’s can’t go anywhere without security.
really hungry. 3 There was good music at the festival
a only b recently that we’ve decided to again next year.
6 He arrived just after 6 p.m. 4 I’ve got much work to do that I think I’ll
a exactly b a little have to work at the weekend too.
5 The service was poor that Esme
2 Complete the sentences so they have the same complained to the restaurant owner.
meaning as the first sentences. Use just. 6 few people have bought tickets for the
concert that it will most likely be cancelled.
1 My new laptop cost $400 – that’s not a lot.
7 The band had a positive response to
My new laptop $400.
their song that they decided to record an
2 I’ve heard a great song. I heard it a few minutes album.
ago.
I a great song. 5 Complete the conversation with these phrases
and an appropriate word or phrase for showing
3 He has a bag that looks exactly the same as purpose or result.
mine.
He has a bag mine. I fall asleep
4 My manager is dealing with another client at it’s been hard to find time to study
the moment. She’ll call you back. I don’t fail it
My manager . She’ll call improve our IT skills
you back. I find it difficult to concentrate
5 You need to arrive on time at the station – that’s persuade him to do that
all you need to do.
You at the station. A: You seem a bit stressed today. Are you OK?
B: Yes. It’s just that I have a final test for my IT
6 It takes 1 hour 57 minutes to arrive at the course in a few days’ time! I really need to
nearest beach. revise 1 .
It hours to arrive at the A: Oh, why are you doing an IT course?
nearest beach. B: Our manager wants all of us to do a course
2
. I’ve learned
3 Complete the sentences using the word or words a lot but I have 3 little free time
in brackets so they have the same meaning as the
.
first sentences.
A: Maybe you should ask your manager to give
1 I called the doctor’s surgery because I wanted you some time off work to do the course.
to book an appointment. (order) B: Actually, we arranged a meeting
I called the doctor’s surgery 4
but he said it wasn’t
an appointment. possible.
A: Pity. What about the evenings after work?
2 We left home early because we didn’t want to
B: Yeah, I do have time then. But I’m 5 tired
be late for the show. (so)
on what I’m doing.
We left home early late for
A: I read recently that you should listen to
the show.
classical music while studying.
3 He paid for express postage because he wanted B: Interesting! I’ll try it tonight. I’ll just have
it to arrive on time. (order that) to be careful not to relax 6 much
He paid for express postage !
arrive on time.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9
Linking words Present and perfect participles
We use linking words to show the relationship between We use participle clauses to give extra information
ideas in a sentence or between sentences. Linking about something in a main clause. It is sometimes
words can be conjunctions, adverbs or prepositions. possible to add an object, adjective or adverb in a
participle clause, but we do not normally include
We use conjunctions to link two clauses together into
a subject. Participle clauses usually describe a
one sentence.
secondary event to the event in the main clause. The
We went to the cinema but all the tickets for the film
subject of a participle clause is the same as the subject
had been sold.
in the main clause.
Some conjunctions can go either at the beginning or
in the middle of a sentence. Present participle
Although it was a freezing cold day, we had great fun We form present participle clauses using the -ing form
exploring the city. of a verb. We use participle clauses to describe:
We had great fun exploring the city, although it was a • an event that happens at the same time as the
freezing cold day. event in the main clause
We use adverbs and adverbial phrases to link ideas. We Opening the front door of my house, I realized how
use an adverb in a separate sentence, or in a clause that cold it was outside.
has been linked to the previous one with a conjunction. • the reason for an event in the main clause
Lucy never replied to my letter. Afterwards, I found Not knowing the city well, I got lost several times.
out that she hadn’t received it.
Lucy never replied to my letter, but afterwards, I • the result of an action in the main clause
found out that she hadn’t received it. Everyone looked at me when I walked into the room,
making me feel anxious.
We use prepositions and prepositional phrases
before an -ing form or a noun phrase. We need to add the preposition by to describe how
After finishing work, I went outside for some fresh air. someone did something in a participle clause.
I arrived late because of the traffic. The thieves got in by breaking a window.
We often use a clause after a preposition or prepositional Exercise 4
phrase by adding ‘the fact that’ to the beginning of it.
I went out, despite the fact that I was so tired. Perfect participle and past participle
We use a perfect participle clause (having + past
We use linking words for different functions.
participle) to describe an event that happened before
conjunctions adverbs / prepositions / an event in the main clause.
adverbial prepositional Having won the cup final, the players ran over to the
phrases phrases crowd to celebrate.
Contrasting although, however, despite, in
We can also make participle clauses using the past
ideas but, even nevertheless spite of
participle of a verb. These often have a conditional
though, yet
meaning.
Making an and moreover, as well as, in
Cooked in the right way, aubergines can be delicious in
additional what’s more, addition to
all kinds of dishes. (= If they are cooked …)
point in addition
(without to) We don’t use a participle clause if it doesn’t refer to
Stating a as, because, consequently, because of, the subject of the main clause.
reason or since, so as a result as a result of, Reading a book, the cat jumped on the sofa and sat
result (without of)* on account of, next to me. (This makes it sound as though the cat
owing to** was reading a book.)
Showing after, when, afterwards, after,
the order or while subsequently following*** Fixed phrase participle clauses
sequence of Some participles clauses are like fixed phrases. Some
events common examples are:
* used to refer to the result, rather than the reason • assuming that (= If we assume that …)
** used with a noun phrase, not with an -ing form • provided that (= If and only if …)
*** used with a noun phrase, not with an -ing form • compared to/with
More formal linking words • considering that (= If we remember that …)
as a result of, consequently, following, however, in addition • given that (= If we remember that …)
to, moreover, nevertheless, on account of, owing to, • seen from the point of view of
subsequently, what’s more, yet Exercises 5 and 6
Exercises 1, 2 and 3

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 Exercises 4 Rewrite the sentence pairs as a single sentence.
Use participle clauses with the -ing form in the
1 Choose the correct linking word to complete first phrase. Make deletions or any other changes
the sentences. Sometimes there are two possible necessary.
answers.
1 She wasn’t very interested in the film. As a
1 The food in the restaurant was excellent. In result, she left early.
addition to / What’s more / Yet, the waiters were 
very friendly.
2 I read the contract. While I was doing this, I
2 Yet / Despite / Although your website claims
realized I had made a big mistake.
products are delivered within five days, I still

have not received my order after two weeks.
3 She was born in Greece, but subsequently / 3 I forgot my friend’s birthday. This made her
following / afterwards she moved to Australia. very angry.
4 The speaker is ill. We as well as / nevertheless / 
consequently have to cancel the talk. 4 They didn’t want to spend too much money.
5 We’re meeting him later today as well as / Because of this, they went on holiday nearby.
moreover / in addition to tomorrow. 
6 Since / Because of / As you failed the exam, you
will have to repeat the course next year. 5 I looked around the room. When I did this, I
noticed an old school friend in the corner.
2 Complete the text with these words. 

despite   ​however   ​
nevertheless   ​since   ​
while 6 He walked into the house with his shoes on.
Consequently, he left dirt all over the floor.
The story of how I met my husband is quite funny. 
One day 1 I was at work, I received
an email with a music file attached. I didn’t know
5 Complete the sentences with these phrases.
why I had received it. 2 , I listened compared   ​comparing   ​having compared   ​
to the music and I thought it was amazing, given   ​giving   ​having given
so I replied to the sender. We started to email
each other and one day he suggested meeting, 1 There is less traffic in the city
3
living hundreds of kilometres apart. to five years ago.
I wasn’t sure at first, and some of my friends told 2 that we don’t have much
me not to meet him 4 I didn’t really time, we should only visit one museum.
know him. 5 , I agreed. When we met, 3 the students’ results, we can
it was love at first sight. see that some had studied more than others.
3 Join the two phrases with these linking words. 4 all the prices earlier, we
knew which shop had the best deals.
as well as   ​even though   ​however   ​in spite of   ​ 5 There was a baby crying on the train the whole
moreover   ​on account of journey, me a headache.
6 in his final university
1 most people expected Martinez to become assignment, Juan could finally relax.
president / Sanchez won easily

6 Complete the text with participle clauses using
these verbs.
2 visiting our friends in New York / we also
spent some time in Boston assume   ​consider   ​hack   ​look   ​steal   ​use

1
that the number of traditional bank
3 our offices are closed on Monday / the holiday robberies has fallen in recent years, you may
 think banks are improving security. But in reality,
4 many motorists went out on the roads / the 2
at the facts, it seems that thieves
police’s warning to stay at home are using different methods. For example, in 2013,
 criminals carried out the biggest ever cybercrime,
3
into ATMs to steal millions of
5 the hotel is very conveniently located / it is
dollars. 4 the computers of a credit
very good value for money
card company, the thieves created fake bank cards

and used these cards to take cash out of hundreds
6 I don’t normally like classical music / I really of ATMs, 5 over $45 million.
enjoyed the concert 6
that cybercrime will continue to
 increase, banking security won’t get any easier.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 10
Adverbs and adverbial phrases We normally put adverbs of manner in end position.
She can speak Japanese really well.
Adverbs (e.g. quickly, unfortunately) and adverbial
phrases (e.g. later that day, in a polite way) qualify or The words friendly, likely, lonely and lovely and unlikely
change the meaning of another word or phrase in a are adjectives, not adverbs. We can sometimes use
sentence. They can qualify a verb / verb phrase, an them in the phrase in a … way to make an adverbial
adjective, an adverb or a sentence. phrase.
The ants quickly built a nest in the ground. The film finished in a very unlikely way.
It was an extremely large colony.
Some adverbs are irregular, and have the same form
The snow fell very heavily last night.
as the adjective, e.g. fast, hard, high, long, low, near,
Suddenly, the sky went dark and it started to rain.
early and late. Some other adjectives, e.g. many -ed
Types of adverb and adverbial phrase adjectives, also do not have adverb forms.
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of manner describe Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4
how somebody does something or how something
happens, e.g. quickly, with great skill Negative adverbials and inversion
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of probability say When we place an adverb or adverbial phrase that
how likely we think it is that something happened has a negative or restrictive meaning at the beginning
or will happen, e.g. probably, possibly of a sentence for emphasis, we invert the subject and
the auxiliary.
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of degree talk I’ve rarely received such poor service.
about the strength or intensity of something, e.g. Rarely have I received such poor service.
almost, extremely, rather
If there is no auxiliary, we add a form of do.
• frequency adverbs and adverbial phrases talk We only realized how sick she was later.
about how often something happens, e.g. rarely, Only later did we realize how sick she was.
from time to time, sometimes, often, always
After most negative adverbial phrases, we don’t need
• viewpoint adverbs and adverbial phrases limit the to use not in the main clause.
information or ideas in a sentence to a particular Under no circumstances can I be late for the interview.
perspective, e.g. on a personal level, in some cases (not Under no circumstances can’t I be late)
• comment adverbs and adverbial phrases express Types of negative adverbials
our point of view on information in a sentence,
We use inversion after:
e.g. surprisingly, interestingly
• the frequency adverbs never and other frequency
Adverb position adverbs and adverbial phrases meaning ‘not
We can put adverbs and adverbial phrases in three often’, e.g. seldom, rarely, hardly ever
places in a phrase or sentence:
• adverbs meaning ‘almost not’, or ‘not much’, e.g.
• front position, before the subject barely, scarcely, hardly, little
Unfortunately, they did not offer me the job.
• some adverbial phrases with only, e.g. only later,
• mid position, after auxiliary verbs (including only if …, only when …, only after … (I read your
modal verbs) and before the main verb letter), only by (doing this), not only (but/also …)
He always arrives late to work.
It’ll probably be a nicer day tomorrow. • negative and restrictive adverbial phrases with
no and not, e.g. no sooner (than …), under no
• end position (can be the end of the sentence, or the circumstances, in no way, at no time, nowhere else, not
end of the main clause) since, not until, not once
He explained the problem carefully.
I read French newspapers three times a week to • after little
improve my fluency. Note that we don’t invert a subject and auxiliary if it
We normally put comment and viewpoint adverbs in appears within the adverbial phrase.
front position. We can put frequency adverbs in front Only when did I read your letter …
position, if we want to emphasize them. (Note that Only when I read your letter …
we never put always in front position.) We normally use inversion in slightly more formal
Interestingly, it’s colder here than 100 years ago. speech or writing. However, there are some negative
Occasionally, I have lunch at a restaurant. adverbials that are common in informal speech.
We normally put frequency adverbs, adverbs of No way will you beat me at tennis this time!
degree and adverbs of probability in mid position. Exercises 5, 6 and 7
He always arrives late for work.
I almost fell down the stairs this morning.
They’ll probably move house soon.

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 Exercises 5 Choose the correct options to complete the
sentences.
1 Put the words in the correct order to make 1 Occasionally does he play / he plays video games
sentences.
with his friends.
1 buys / birthday / my / a present/ he / 2 Rarely arrive the buses / do the buses arrive on
rarely / for time here.
 3 Only if does it stop / it stops raining can we / we
can go out.
2 podcasts / loves / she / listening to /
4 At no time were the passengers / the passengers
absolutely
were offered compensation.

5 Only after we had complained / had we complained
3 was / the job / offered / luckily / I several times did our neighbours switch off / our
 neighbours switched off their loud music.
6 Not only have I won / I have won the national
4 should / in my opinion / the meeting /
tennis championship, have I / I have also
postpone / we
competed internationally.

7 Not once have they / they have called me.
5 what I said / was / by / slightly / he /
annoyed 6 Complete the text with these phrases.

no doubt   ​not only   ​only after   ​only by   ​
6 my email / won’t / she / respond to / rarely   ​under no circumstances
probably
 New research is showing that 1
7 go / didn’t / well / my / very / driving test does watching too much TV affect children’s
 brain development, but it also reduces how much
time they spend playing, interacting with others
2 Find examples of the following types of adverbs in and reading. 2 doing these
the sentences in Exercise 1. types of activities are children able to develop
essential skills which a TV can’t provide, argue
1 an adverb of manner
many experts. 3 do parents
2 an adverb of probability
think about the long-term effects of their children
3 two degree adverbs
sitting in front of a screen. They give the following
4 a frequency adverb
advice to parents: 4 your child
5 a viewpoint adverb
has finished their homework and had time to play
6 a comment adverb
should you let them watch TV. Research has also
3 Correct the mistake in each sentence. shown that electronic screens can affect sleep.
Sleep is essential for a child’s development so
1 Always he drinks a coffee in the morning. 5
should children spend time
2 They greeted me friendly. looking at screens in the hour before bedtime.
3 We arrived lately at the party. 6
many busy parents will not
4 I will help you if I certainly can. be happy to hear this.
5 He told me that his job isn’t very well going.
6 She fast drove to get to work on time. 7 Complete the sentences using these prompts.
4 Complete the conversation with these adverbs. little / she / know / did
no sooner / she / had
always   ​fortunately   ​late   ​probably   ​
no way / we / can / afford
quickly   ​really   
not until / we / will
A: I’m 1 glad I have a cat as a pet. rarely / we / have
My alarm clock didn’t go off this morning.
But 2 my cat woke me up instead! 1 to buy a house at the
B: She was 3 hungry! moment. They’re too expensive!
A: Yes! We 4 have breakfast at the 2 the government improves public
same time. transport, use our cars less.
B: Did you get to work 5 ? 3 what would happen to her
A: I had to get ready very 6 , but I that evening.
arrived at the office on time – thanks to my cat! 4 arrived at the hotel than
she had to set off again.
5 seen so much snow.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 11
Unreal past forms We can use imagine + past tense with the same
meaning as supposing.
We often use past tenses to talk about unreal
situations. The situations can be in the past, but also We also use supposing to and what if + present tense to
in the present or the future. talk about what might happen in the future.
Supposing it rains, will they cancel the concert?
would rather / would just as soon
We use would rather and would just as soon to express a In more formal contexts, we can use were instead of
preference for what someone or something should do. was when talking about hypothetical situations.
Supposing your boss were more supportive – would
We use would rather / would just as soon + infinitive you still want to change job?
when the subject doesn’t change.
I’d rather not talk about this now. Exercises 1, 2 and 3

We use would rather / would just as soon + subject + Conditionals and inversion
past form when the subject changes. We use the first conditional to talk about real
We’d rather you didn’t park your car here. situations in the present and future. We can use any
They’d just as soon the government spent the money logical form in the main clause (e.g. will, might, going
on something else. to or an imperative).
I wish / If only If you arrive at the restaurant first, get a table.
We use wish and if only to talk about imaginary We use the second conditional to talk about
situations that we would like to be true or to come hypothetical situations in the present and future. We
true. The meaning of wish and if only is the same, but form it with if + past tense + would/could.
if only is stronger. If my sister wasn’t visiting me this week, I would be
able to come and meet you.
We use wish / if only + past tense to talk about a
present situation that we would like to be different. We use the third conditional to talk about
I wish my flat was a bit bigger. hypothetical situations in the past. We form it with if
+ past perfect + would/could/might have
We use wish / if only + past perfect to talk about a past
If we had arrived at the cinema early, we would have
situation that we would like to be different.
got good seats. (= We didn’t arrive early. We didn’t
The flat we liked was sold yesterday. If only we’d
get good seats.)
called the owner straight away.
Mixed conditionals combine second and third
We use wish / if only + someone + would + infinitive
conditional forms.
when we would like someone to do or stop doing
If you were more organized, you wouldn’t have
something. We often use this structure to complain.
missed your flight. (= You aren’t organized
I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise.
(present). You missed your flight (past).)
it’s (high) time In second and third conditionals, we sometimes
We use it’s time + subject + past tense to talk about use the structure if it wasn’t/weren’t/hadn’t been for +
what needs to be done now. We often use it when we noun to mean ‘if this thing or situation didn’t exist or
are annoyed that something hasn’t happened yet. We hadn’t existed’.
add the adjective ‘high’ to make the statement stronger. If it hadn’t been for Tom, I would never have met Ella.
It’s time you got a haircut. If it weren’t for tourism, I wouldn’t have a job.
It’s high time you found a job.
Exercises 4 and 5
We can also use to + infinitive after it’s (high) time to
refer to the speaker and listener together. Inverted conditionals
It’s time to go. (= You and I should go now.) In second and third conditional sentences, we can
invert the subject and auxiliary in the if-clause and
supposing / what if
omit the word if. We do this in more formal contexts,
We use supposing or what if + past tense to talk about when the auxiliary in the second conditional is were,
an imaginary situation in the present or future. or in the third conditional, had.
We often use them in questions. Were he from a richer family, he would have more
Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do? opportunities.
A: I can’t come to dinner tonight. B: What if I gave Had we been warned about the delay, it would not have
you a lift? caused so many problems.
We use supposing and what if + past perfect to talk We can also use should + subject in first conditional
about an imaginary situation in the past. sentences in place of the if-clause.
Supposing you’d been born in a different country, Should you require any further information, please
would you still have the same personality? contact us.
Why didn’t you take your phone? What if I’d needed to
call you urgently? (= I didn’t need to call you.) Exercise 6

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 Exercises 4 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1 I would call you more often if I have time.
1 Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences. 2 If they’ll continue being so rude, we’re going to
1 She’d rather I didn’t / don’t come to the ask them to leave.
meeting. 3 If she bought fewer things, she’ll be able to
2 I wish I have / had time to take up a new hobby. save more money.
3 I’d rather not went / not go to the cinema 4 He won’t have got so wet yesterday if he’d
tonight. taken an umbrella.
4 He wishes he had been / was more careful the 5 I’d eat organic food if it would be cheaper.
day he crashed his car. 6 If you remembered your passport, we wouldn’t
5 If only the government would stop / stopped have had so many problems at the airport.
increasing taxes.
6 I think it’s time you move / moved out of your 5 Complete the conversation with the correct form
parents’ house. of the verbs in brackets.
7 What if you could / can visit any country in the A: I bought these great cups in the sales yesterday!
world? Where would you go? If you 1 (put) hot water in them,
8 A: I don’t feel like going to the cinema. they 2 (change) colour!
B: That’s fine – I’d just as soon watched / watch B: Do we need more cups?
a film at home. A: Er … no, not really. I 3 (not buy)
them if they 4 (not be) on sale.
2 Complete the second sentences so they mean the B: Hmm. And what else did you get?
same as the first. Use the words in brackets.
A: These black trousers. They’re quite tight. But
1 I think you should go home. You’ve been here I’m sure if I 5 (lose) some weight,
a long time. (time) they 6 (fit) me perfectly!
It . You’ve been here a B: But you already have four pairs of black
long time. trousers! You shouldn’t buy things if you
2 He’d like to earn more money. (wish) 7
(not need) them.
He more money. A: You’re right. I’m normally so careful with money.
3 Anna wants me to help her but I’d prefer her to B: Are you sure? If you 8 (be) that
ask someone else. (soon) careful with your money, then you
Anna wants me to help her but I 9
(not buy) all that stuff yesterday.
someone else. How about going out for some lunch now?
4 I should have stayed in touch with my school A: Sorry, I can’t really afford it.
friends. (only) B: You see? If you 10 (not spend) so
If with my school friends. much money yesterday, you 11
5 He wants to cook the meal instead of me. (be able to) come for lunch!
(rather)
He instead of me. 6 Complete the sentences with an appropriate
6 I’d like my colleagues to knock before entering inverted form of these verbs.
my office. (wish)
be (x2)    ​know   ​not arrive   ​sell   ​treat
I before entering my office.

3 Complete the email with what if, wish, it’s time, 1 anything missing
would rather or if only and the correct forms of the from your order, please contact us immediately.
words in brackets. 2 we it would take
you so long to complete the work, we would
Hi Helena not have hired you.
How are you? We have exams at the 3 the company their
moment and I’m really anxious. Sometimes I employees better, they wouldn’t have gone on
1
(I / not decide) to come to strike.
university! And my flatmates are so loud and 4 the minister more
untidy. I really 2 (they / not supportive of the government’s policies, he’d
make) so much noise at night. I think next year I have more chance of being elected.
3
(live) alone. My stress has been 5 Martin so late, the
affecting my studies so I think 4 meeting would have finished much earlier.
(I / speak) to a student counsellor. But 6 you the product
5
(it/not help) me – what would successfully, you will be paid commission.
I do? I 6 (we / live) closer to
each other. 7 (we / decide) to go
to the same university, I’m sure I’d be happier.

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 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 12
Approximation and vague language We use and so on and and that sort of thing to avoid
giving a list of other similar things, especially after
We often use approximate and vague language when
plural or uncountable nouns.
we do not need to give exact information or if we do
These valleys are full of bears, deer, wolves and so on.
not know it.
I really enjoy swimming, surfing, walking and that
Numbers sort of thing.
There are different ways to give an approximate We use or something to mean ‘or something similar’.
number. We use: We use it when what we’ve said is just an example or
• tens/dozens/hundreds/thousands/tens of thousands, we are not sure about it.
etc. + of + noun What’s wrong? Are you tired or something?
There were thousands of people at the protest. I think she works for a theatre or something.

• around, about and roughly + number, or number + Exercises 2 and 3

or so
We have around/about/roughly $50 to spend on a would
present. We use would (usually, especially in speech,
Twenty or so people went on the hike. (= twenty or contracted to ‘d) in a number of different ways. We
slightly more) use it:
• over (= more than), under (= less than), up to (= not • in conditionals, to describe a hypothetical situation
more than) + number I would ask for a pay rise if I were you.
Up to 30 million people are expected to vote in elections If you’d asked me, I would have helped you.
tomorrow. • to talk about the future in the past, e.g. to report an
• as many as (= not more than) and some intention, expectation or decision
(= approximately) + number when the number is The government promised they would protect the area.
high, unexpected or important • to describe a habitual action (but not a state) in the
Every year, some two million people visit this part of past
the world. When we were kids, we would always go camping in
• number + odd (= approximately) in informal, summer.
spoken contexts with numbers that can be divided • to indicate a person or thing’s refusal to do
by ten (e.g. 50, 100, 1,200, etc.) something in the past
I’ve been working here for 30-odd years now. Sorry I’m late – my car wouldn’t start so I had to find
Exercise 1 a taxi.
We also use would:
Adjectives
We use kind of, sort of and more or less before an • in polite requests
adjective to make it more approximate. Kind of and Would you call back later? I’m rather busy.
sort of are more informal. • in polite responses to a request or invitation
All the hotels on this road are more or less excellent. A: Can I get you a coffee? B: That would be great –
We add -ish to the end of an adjective to make it thanks.
approximate. This is most common in spoken English. • to express an opinion or hope less forcefully or in a
The leaves of this plant change to a purple-ish colour in more indirect way
autumn. I would think that the later train would be better.
We can also use -ish with hours of the day. (= I think …)
I’ll call you at 8-ish. I would have hoped that you’d finish by today.
(= I expected …)
Vague words
Exercises 4, 5 and 6
We use stuff instead of an uncountable or plural noun
when we don’t know or don’t need to say exactly
what something is.
It will be cold, so bring hats, gloves and stuff. (stuff =
things like that)
What’s this stuff all over my car? (stuff = substance)

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 Exercises 4 Which of the sentences have an incorrect use of
would? Correct the incorrect sentences.
1 Cross out the option which can’t be used to talk 1 If you would study harder, you’d do better in
about each number.
your courses.
1 3,150 people: thousands of people / up to 3,000 2 I couldn’t bring a copy of the document
people / 3,000-odd people because my printer wouldn’t work.
2 ten hours forty minutes: over ten hours / under 3 It would always be very cold in winter in the
ten hours / about ten hours old house where I grew up.
3 five years and ten days: as many as five years / 4 I think it would be a great concert tonight – I’m
roughly five years / over five years looking forward to it!
4 $105: 100-odd dollars / around 100 dollars / 5 Would you help me to take these boxes to my
hundreds of dollars car?
5 52 cars: about fifty cars / fifty cars or so / under 6 I would expect that most of the work on the
fifty cars house will be finished this month.

2 Complete the sentences with these words and 5 Match the phrases (a–f) with the underlined words
phrases. in the sentences (1–6).

and so on   ​-ish   ​or something   ​sort of   ​stuff   ​

a intended to​
up to
b is extremely kind​
c it might be true​
1 A: Is that the building? B: No – Lucy’s house is d please could​
a blue colour. e refused to​
2 50,000 are expected to watch f used to​
today’s match – that’s the maximum capacity 1 I would think that we could find a better price
of the stadium. elsewhere.
3 We need to go now. Put all that 2 He said he would be here tonight.
back in your bag.
4 Are you hungry? Do you want to stop for a 3 A: Can I help you with your suitcases?
sandwich ? B: That would be great.
5 Have you watched that new crime series? 4 Would you please turn down your music a
It’s not very original but it’s little?
interesting. 5 When I was a bit younger, I would go running
6 There’s a nice shop in the centre of the village five times a week.
that sells traditional clothes, shoes . 6 Sorry I’m late – my boss wouldn’t let me leave
until I’d finished a report!
3 Complete the second sentences so they mean the
same as the first. Use the words in brackets. 6 Rewrite the conversation so it’s more polite and
1 This lift can be used by no more than ten indirect by inserting would in six places. Make any
people at a time. (up) other necessary changes.
This lift can be used by at a A: Do you want any help?
time. B: Yes, please. Give me some information about
2 I sometimes find going to the gym a bit boring. the park.
(sort) A: What type of information do you want?
I sometimes find going to the gym B: Oh, about the wildlife and the plants and trees.
. It’s such a beautiful park.
3 Why don’t we go for a walk or do another A: Well, we have these brochures.
similar activity? (something) B: I want something more detailed.
Why don’t we go for a walk ? A: OK, how about one of these books?
4 He likes going to museums and galleries, the B: This one looks interesting. How much does it
theatre and other similar places. (thing) cost?
He likes going to museums and galleries, the A: It’s 30 euros.
theatre . B: Oh, I expected it to be a little cheaper…
5 We’ll need approximately two hours to resolve A: Well, I could give you a discount.
the problem. (so) B: That’s great, thanks.
We’ll need to resolve the A: OK, that’s 28 euros.
problem. B: Oh, er … I’ll take the brochures, thanks.
6 He only started the company last year but now
he has forty employees. (odd)
He only started the company last year but now
employees.

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Unit 1 What do these identifying characteristics B: Oh, hi David. Good to meet you. I’m Tara.
have in common? Well, identity really seems I’m an old school friend of Kate’s.
1 to be about the experiences that shape us. A: Oh, yeah – what school was that then?
Speaker 1 Take John, our ‘family man’. When his B: Langley Secondary. It wasn’t a great
I think the most valuable lesson I’ve learned children were born, he was working as a school, actually, but a few of us have kept
was when I was starting a business at the age carpet salesman. It was a secure job – not very in touch over the years.
of 25. I used to get very frustrated with my well paid – but it kept him and his family 4
business partner, a guy called Giles. We’d set comfortable. At one point he’d been intending A: Hey, I like your jacket.
up our own web design business and Giles to leave the company and start up his own B: Oh, thank you. I bought it in the sales
would always take ages making a first design business, but when he thought about it he yesterday. It was only £18.
to show the customer. He was trying to get realized that it would be a risk and also would A: £18? You wouldn’t know it – it looks
it perfect when actually, it didn’t need to be. take up too much of his time – time that he’d great. Do you like bargain-hunting, then?
When I told my dad about it – that it was rather spend with his two boys. B: Oh no. I like clothes, but I hate shopping
driving me crazy – he said, ‘Look, you can’t What about Jack? People call him a free spirit for them. I find it really stressful.
change other people; you can only change because he’s 44 and hasn’t settled down A: Me too. I always end up buying things
the way that you behave towards them.’ So, yet. He fell in love when he was 25, but the that aren’t right and have to take them
from then on I just tried to accept that Giles relationship ended and he hasn’t had another back.
was a perfectionist and to see it as a positive one since. He travels a lot and lives in different 5
thing. And since then we’ve got on much places, picking up bits and pieces of work as A: I’m supposed to have given up sweet
better. And that’s become a sort of guiding and when he can. He keeps saying that in a things, but I can’t stop eating this cake.
principle for me in life – not to try to change few years, he won’t be moving about anymore B: I know. It’s delicious, isn’t it?
other people. – that he’s had enough of that life – but A: Actually, it was my New Year’s
Speaker 2 actually he’s been saying that since he was 35. Resolution to stop eating things like this.
I think a good rule of thumb is: ‘Never get But I haven’t kept it. In fact, I don’t think
Anne works for a big legal firm. She’s
too attached to things.’ But it’s a lot easier I’ve ever kept a New Year’s Resolution.
quite a driven person. A few years ago, her
said than done and sometimes it takes a Have you?
flatmate introduced her to a new vegetarian
big event to make you realize how true B: No, I gave up making them years ago.
diet and it made her feel great and gave her
this is. Our house was flooded a few years 6
more energy. It also made her think about
ago and because my bedroom was on the A: Whereabouts are you from?
all the bad food she had eaten in her life,
ground floor, I lost a lot of my most valued B: I live in Lublin … in the east of Poland.
particularly at school, and so she joined
possessions: my laptop with all my photos A: Really? I don’t know Lublin.
a campaign to provide healthier food for
on it; my favourite books; all my shoes B: No, I don’t think many people have heard
school kids. It has attracted a lot of interest
were ruined and some of my best clothes of it.
and is now becoming a national movement.
too. But in fact, what mattered at the time A: So, what’s it like? Is it a good place to
So while there are many ingredients that go
was knowing that everyone was safe – my live?
into making us what we are, it seems that
parents and my little brother. We’ve actually B: Well, it depends. The suburbs aren’t very
what defines people first and foremost is
moved to a new house now, and it’s not interesting, but the old town is nice and
experience.
nearly as nice as the old one, but it doesn’t because it’s a university town, it gets quite
matter. You need to move on. Now, I always 4 lively at night.
make a point of not getting too attached to 1 I need peace and quiet to concentrate. 8
places or things. It’s just stuff. 2 They all came back from their canoeing
1 Do you normally eat here?
3 trip safe and sound. No one was injured,
2 What’s it like living in New York?
but most of them had a few aches and
How many times have you been asked 3 What sort of apartment have you got?
pains.
the question, 'So, what do you do?' when 4 How do you like the new building?
3 Try not to give a long talk. By and large,
you first meet someone? It’s the classic 5 Do you fancy a coffee or something?
it’s better to keep it short and sweet.
way in which people start a conversation
4 People come from far and wide to see 9
in order to form an idea of a person’s
Stonehenge. There are busloads of tourists Hello, everyone. First of all, can I extend a
identity, by trying to fit them into an easy-
coming to and fro all day. warm welcome from me and all the staff. My
to-understand category. But while some
5 You think my job is all fun and games, name’s Sarah Curtain, and I’m the Principal
people might like to define themselves by
but actually now and then we do some here at King’s College. I’m very happy to see,
their job – because it’s what they live for –
serious work too! once again, such a large and diverse range
actually for many people, their work is not
their identity, and the question can make 6 of nationalities at the college. This year we
you feel as if people are always judging you have over 60 different nationalities, speaking
1
by your position in society, or worse, by how 33 different languages. It’s that diversity and
A: Hi. Is it your first day at college too?
much you earn. international perspective that makes King’s
B: Yes, it is.
College a unique place to study.
There are of course other ways we identify A: How’s it going? Is it as you expected?
people. By their background: ‘Sally was B: It’s great, actually. I was a bit nervous I’m afraid I have to mention a few
brought up on a farm in Wales, not in before, but the teachers have been really administrative matters first, but then I’ll give
London like the rest of her friends.’ By welcoming. you some more general advice about how to
their values: ‘John’s a family man, really.’ 2 make the most of your time here.
Or by their hobbies or interests: ‘Frank’s a A: So, what do you do? So, immediately after this session, there will
keen photographer.’ Or sometimes by their B: I work for an IT company, sorting out be coffee in the Students' Union where you
character: ‘Jack’s a free spirit,’ or ‘Kate’s people’s computer systems. can meet and chat to staff and other students.
always the life and soul of the party.’ We A: Oh, really? How did you get into that? That’s from 11 to 12.30 p.m.
also define people by their beliefs: ‘Anne’s B: By accident. I got a temporary job with a
Course registration takes place on Monday
a campaigner for healthy eating.’ And yes, company selling laptops – one of those
morning. That is compulsory for everyone
sometimes too by their work: ‘Sarah’s a ‘no experience necessary’ ads – and then
to attend and it’ll be in the main university
medical researcher – she’s spent most of her they trained me in computer networks.
hall – this room – between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
life looking for cures for tropical diseases.’ 3
You must attend to officially register for the
A: Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m David.
courses you are going to do this year.

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 Audioscripts

Also during the next week, I’d ask those hunting – an art practised since the days of to try and contain it. Usually that means
of you who haven’t done so already, to Genghis Khan. finding a natural firebreak.
bring copies of all your documents to the Wrapped in warm clothes and fur hats to R: What’s that?
Admissions office – Room 301 – so that keep off the cold, eagle hunters can still be K: Something like a road, or an area of
we can keep them on file. So that’s all seen riding their small ponies across the rock, or perhaps some area of thinner
official documents – secondary education plains of western Mongolia, tracking foxes vegetation that the fire has to cross before
certificates, student visas, bank account and other small animals. An eagle hunter it continues on its path. When we’ve
details – to Room 301 by the end of next spends ten years with each bird, training located one, then we do our best to make
week. This applies to all overseas students, it – a task which requires great skill and sure it’s going to be effective by getting
that is everyone except those from the UK patience – and forming an intimate working anything that could catch fire out of
and the European Union. Even if you don’t relationship with it. They even share with the the way. Sometimes that means using
think you have all of these, please come and eagle the meat of the animals it kills. controlled burning. So, we actually start
see us anyway – that’s very important. For many hunters these days, eagle hunting another fire to make the firebreak wider.
Now, as for your orientation here at King’s is less an occupation and more a sport, but R: I see. And can I ask: what’s it like being
College, … nevertheless, it's still a tradition that they a woman in what’s traditionally a male
want to keep alive. profession?
10 K: That’s not an issue. The job involves
OK, everyone, I’d just like to say a few words
13 being trained to a certain standard and
about reading – something you’re going My grandfather was a forestry commissioner, you either make the grade or you don’t.
to be doing a lot of here. At the end of this which meant he was responsible for Those who come through it successfully
session, I’ll give you your reading list for this managing forests. I think he’d intended have a natural respect for each other. I
particular course. Your other tutors will do the originally to be a biologist, but then he got a met a few guys during my training who
same. There’ll be thirty or so books on each job looking after forests in Wales. He’s retired had a different attitude, but since then?
list, but please don’t think that means you now, but he’s still fascinated by trees and No. A smokejumper’s a smokejumper,
have to read every page of every book. There plants. I guess his job was a way of life for regardless of gender.
are three or four key books highlighted at the him because it occupied all his time and he
top of each list, which we do recommend that spent so much of his life living in or around 17
you read in full, but the others will mainly forests. Over the years, I’ve often thought C = Careers Advisor, K = Katy
be for reference – that’s to say, there’ll be one about working outdoors too, but I don’t C: OK, Katy, so can you tell me a bit about
or two chapters in them that are relevant to a think I’ll follow in his footsteps. yourself?
particular essay or piece of work. 14 K: Yes, of course. So, I’m 23 years old and I
live in south London. I was brought up
So, most importantly, when I give you the list, P = Presenter, K = Kerry, R = Reporter in France ‘til I was twelve – my mum’s
please don’t go out to the nearest bookshop P: We’d all like to jump into a fire, right? French – so I speak fluent French. I
and buy them all. If you do that, you’ll leave Er, I don’t think so, but that was how studied history at Liverpool University –
yourself no money for food or anything else. smokejumper Kerry Franklin explained that was a really good experience – and I
All these books are, in principle, available her career choice when she was graduated from there last June. Since then
in the library – some may be out on loan of interviewed by this programme. For those I’ve been looking for a job in journalism.
course when you want them. You’ll probably of you that don’t know, smokejumpers To be honest, the media is not an easy
want to buy some of the more important ones. are firefighters with parachutes who are sector to break into unless you have the
My advice to you is first to look at one of the dropped into inaccessible areas to tackle right contacts – and I don’t particularly.
internet booksellers and see if you can pick forest fires. Here’s what Kerry said when So, I decided that the best thing to do
up any second-hand or at least cheaper copies she spoke to one of our reporters earlier. was to get more work experience in the
there. There’s also a second-hand section in K: Women firefighters are well suited to meantime and currently that’s what I’m
the main university bookshop, where you this kind of work. We weigh on average doing – bits and pieces of office work so
might find what you’re looking for. around 70–80 kilos, so we’re the right that I can improve my general computer
What about strategies for reading? As I said weight for it. If you’re much heavier than and admin skills while I look for
at the beginning, you’ll have a big volume that, you descend too fast and you can get something more permanent.
of reading to do, so it’s important that you injured when you hit the ground. If you’re C: Yes, I think that’s very sensible.
get faster at it. Is there a secret to that? Well, a lot lighter and there’s a strong wind, Companies are always worried that
I’m afraid the answer is not really. What I you might be carried a long way from university graduates lack those basic
would say though is that the more you read, your intended landing point. skills. What kind of organization would
the faster you will get. So don’t worry too R: You mean like towards the centre of the you like to work for, ideally?
much if it seems like it’s taking ages at first – fire itself? K: Well, a news company, really – either
everyone feels that … K: Yeah, that’s been known to happen. But online, TV or radio, or print. That’s what
personal safety’s not the first thing on I’m working towards. But I’d be perfectly
Unit 2 your mind – in this kind of job you can’t happy to start at the bottom and then
wrap people in cotton wool. work my way up. You know, I really
11
R: No, I guess not. So, having landed near wouldn’t mind doing a basic job to start
The animal herders of western Mongolia the fire, what do you do then? ‘Cos I
have been called the last nomads. Their with – just so I could get my foot in the
imagine there’s no fire engine or fire door.
livelihood is the horses, goats and cattle hydrant nearby, so you can’t start putting
that travel with them, from which they get C: Well, I think that the fact that you did a
out the fire in a conventional way. history degree rather than one in media
their food, clothing and money to buy other K: No, that’s right. We’re like the first line of
goods. or journalism could be a positive thing.
attack before other crews get there. We get Employers are always looking for people
Among these nomadic peoples are Kazakhs. dropped in with tools – chainsaws, axes, with a slightly different background.
Increasingly, many Kazakhs are trying to chemicals for fighting fires; we’re given Have you done any blogging or written
make a better living by seeking new jobs or water pumps too, portable ones. But first anything that’s been published?
trades in the city, but there are some who the fire needs to be assessed to see how K: Yeah, I wrote a regular blog about
have maintained the traditional way of life, bad it is and how it’s going to develop – university life when I was in Liverpool.
living in tents in the summer and in small this information has to be relayed back to That was quite popular.
houses during the cold winters. Among their base as quickly as possible. Of course, if C: Mmm. Good. And what do you see as
customs, the most unusual, perhaps, is eagle it’s a bad fire, we’ve got to look for a way your strengths, Katy?

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K: Well, obviously, I think I write well – also average house size these days is half the 24
I’m good at spotting a story. I wrote size that it was in the 1920s and there are
A: Have you seen these pictures of the
something on my blog last year about good reasons for that, as we’ll hear. So,
artwork that’s being proposed for the
the problem of students getting into I’m very pleased to welcome architect
main square in the city centre?
debt, which got picked up by a local Jonas Wilfstrand, who specializes in the
B: No. Er, what is it?
newspaper. I guess I’m very focused and design of compact living spaces and
A: It’s a sculpture in the shape of an open
conscientious – once I start something, who’s going to talk us through this a bit.
book, and quotes and jokes by various
I follow it through. For example, in my Jonas, I’ve been looking at compact homes
famous local people appear on the page
current job I’ve spent the last two weeks on your website, and I must say some of
electronically.
helping to reorganize the office. I went in them are really stunning. The timber and
B: Oh, I see.
at the weekend because I wanted to finish glass vacation house with a built-in sauna
A: Yeah, the quotes change every few
the job before they took in a group of new struck me particularly. But it did make me
minutes. I think it’s rather clever. What do
interns. wonder: is this just a passing fashion or
you think?
C: OK. And what would you say are your is there something more behind the trend
B: Well, yeah, it looks quite fun, but I have
weaknesses? for smaller homes?
to say, I didn’t get the idea straightaway –
K: Um, well, I’m only 23, so I realize I’ve got J: Oh, no, there is definitely a trend for
not until you explained it. Personally, I’d
an awful lot to learn still. For example, smaller homes – in Britain, but also in
rather have something a bit more artistic,
when it comes to gathering information, I other Western countries. One reason
if you know what I mean. I’m also not
don’t have all the skills or resources of an is that in large cities we’re incredibly
convinced that it’ll stand the test of time.
older journalist. I have some experience short of space – it’s a really big problem
I imagine people will get bored of it pretty
of interviewing people – I know that the nowadays. The other thing is affordability.
quickly.
trick is to get them to tell their story, not A house or flat half the size should in
A: Oh, no. I disagree. I reckon people – both
the story that you want to hear – just not principle cost half the money – although
locals and visitors, that is – will really like
enough yet. In the past I had a tendency it doesn’t always work out that way. I
the fact that it tells you something about
to get carried away with my own ideas know it seems completely wrong, but
the city – in the sense that it features
sometimes. that’s the way it is now. Unfortunately, for
people that have been part of our history.
some people that can mean the difference
I don’t think you should underestimate
Unit 3 between having somewhere to live or not.
the value of the educational aspect.
P: And where did you get the inspiration for
18 B: Yeah, I see that and I’m all in favour of
your compact homes? Were they based on
Wherever I go, I always make a point of something that’s relevant, or rather that
something you’d seen?
looking up and taking in my surroundings, reflects our heritage, but I’m afraid it just
J: Yes – probably a lot of things I’d seen,
particularly the architecture. I’d recommend seems a bit ugly to me.
in fact. But one particular source of
anyone to do that; it’s very informative. By A: Well, for me, it’s very important that it’s
inspiration was a people called the
looking a little more closely, you learn a lot something interactive – not just a static
Dolgan who live in northern Russia.
about people and how they organize their artwork – because that’s more likely to
It’s absolutely freezing there – it can go
lives. In Hong Kong you can’t help looking attract people to the square. It’s fairly
as low as minus 40 degrees – so a small
up because almost all the buildings are at clear that’s what the artist is hoping,
living space is very practical. The Dolgan
least twenty or thirty storeys high. anyway.
houses are shaped a bit like a sugar cube
This photo was taken from the middle of an and they’re extremely basic – a single
Unit 4
apartment complex and two things strike room with two or three beds, a table
you immediately. The first is the density of and a stove. They’re constructed from 26
population here – it’s incredible! People live wooden frames and reindeer skins, which A woman who has been virtually blind
in tiny apartments, one on top of another, is a great insulator, and they sit on sled for the last six years has spoken about her
because the cost of renting is so high. Those runners, so that they can be pulled along happiness at being able to see again after
air-conditioning units sticking out from the by the reindeer. So, when the Dolgan need surgeons at Oxford’s John Radcliffe Hospital
windows also tell a story, ‘cos for most of the to move their reindeer to find new places inserted a tiny electronic chip into the back
year, Hong Kong is a really hot and humid for them to feed, they can literally move of her right eye. Within seconds of switching
place. Then, the other thing that strikes you house at the same time. It’s so simple. the device on, Rhian Lewis was able to see
about the buildings is that they’re such a They’ve made the best of available light and colour in a way that had been
mixture: old and new, smart and shabby. resources and just kept it very functional. impossible before. It’ll probably take months
I think you get that in any city, but here it I must say, I liked that. for Lewis to train her brain to see properly
somehow seems more marked. P: I guess small often means living more again but the early signs are extremely
Actually, when you see people out in the simply. positive; she can already distinguish nearby
streets you get a different impression – like J: Yes, I’ve seen some cabins in California objects like knives and forks on a table.
everyone seems to be doing pretty well – and of ten square metres – that’s about 25
times smaller than an average American Bionic body parts are a fast-developing
that’s because appearances are incredibly
home – where people had to reduce their technology which don’t have to be only
important for most Hong Kongers: looking
possessions to only what was absolutely for people with disabilities. New ear buds
your best, wearing designer fashions,
essential. But small doesn’t always equal developed by a company in San Francisco
carrying the latest phone. You see, a lot of
simple. The architect Gary Chang, who promise to help anyone hear better by
people come here to make money: bankers
is another person I’ve been strongly allowing the wearer to choose what sounds
and real estate developers and so on. It’s
influenced by, lives in an apartment to ignore and what to focus on. For example,
busy, it’s crowded, it’s competitive and
block in Hong Kong that’s only 32 square they can filter out the background noise in
frankly, it makes a lot of other big cities seem
metres. He’s rethought the concept of a busy restaurant or amplify surrounding
pretty sleepy. It’s not for everyone, but I
living space in a totally unique way sounds when you’re riding a bicycle. All this
found it completely addictive.
using a clever series of sliding walls and raises the question of whether it is likely that
21 moveable built-in units so that he can one day in the not so distant future, bionic
P = Presenter, J = Jonas Wilfstrand transform his small apartment into any body parts will actually be more efficient
P: Hello and welcome to Your Property. room he wants – a living room, a kitchen, than our own biological body parts.
Today we’re going to look at something a library, a bedroom. It’s quite amazing
completely different: small homes – really – there are 24 different rooms he can
extremely small homes, in fact. The make from just the one space.

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28 wealthy. Literary Digest predicted that it how people have shaped places and how
would never come into common use. places have shaped people.
P = Presenter, M = Martha Kay
P: I see, so in that sense, it’s about wants
P: Life must have been very different before 36
rather than needs. But what about all
the invention of certain things, but it’s 1 I do regret not stopping there.
those things that we really don’t need. I’m
not always so easy to imagine what it 2 She does travel a lot.
thinking of things like ...
was like. For example, if you’re in your 3 We do miss home sometimes.
teens or twenties, you might never 31 4 I did spend a lot of time at the beach.
have considered how people searched First of all, say in a few words what your
for information before the internet 37
product or service does, without using
existed. The electric light is another jargon, so that anyone could understand I = Interviewer, M = Maggie Richards
thing that we all take for granted. But it. Make clear what problem it solves and I: The idea of a mystery tour was made
how do such inventions come about? say why your solution is different from the famous by the Beatles’ ‘Magical Mystery
Is it necessity that drives innovation? competition. Lastly, you need to convince the Tour’ film in which the band head off
Or commercial profit? Or something other person that you are a good person to westwards out of London in an old bus
else? Here to discuss these questions is implement this idea, so explain your relevant in search of adventure. Since then, the
business historian, Martha Kay. Martha, background. idea of taking a journey to an unknown
we have so many things around us that destination has been taken up by coach
we needn’t have acquired – I mean, we 32 tour operators who offer ‘exciting’
could clearly live without them – so the Our idea is a phone app that makes locations and ‘top’ hotels, usually to
necessity argument is not the whole volunteering in the community easier. It’s parties of more elderly holiday-makers.
answer, is it? called Volunteer Planner. How does it work? But a London-based company called Secret
M: Hello, Evan. No, of course it isn’t. Basically, it’s an interactive diary that links Adventures is targeting a younger age
History’s full of inventions that people people who want to volunteer to charities group by adding a twist to the concept of
thought they didn’t need at the time. In who are looking for help. Why is that the mystery tour. They have developed a
1878, a British Parliamentary committee, necessary? Well, essentially the problem is number of travel experiences designed,
which had to comment on the usefulness that voluntary organizations always want in their words, ‘to generate a sense of
of Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone, people to commit to a regular time – like exploration and wonder’. Travel Book’s
said ‘… it is good enough for our once a week – so they miss out on all the own Maggie Richards went on one of the
transatlantic friends, but unworthy of the people who have time here and there and trips and talked to me afterwards about it.
attention of practical men.’ want to help, but can’t commit to anything So, Maggie, a magical experience or not?
P: Yes, well, they probably should have regular. So they never come forward. Of M: Absolutely. Definitely one I’d recommend.
been more open-minded. But in 1878 course, there are other apps that do meeting I: How much did you know about the
people didn’t need to have phones, did planning like Doodle and Timepal, but ours adventure before you left? How secret
they? You could conduct your daily is unique to this sector because it lists each was it?
business perfectly well without one. But volunteer’s qualifications and skills in a M: Basically, all we were told was that we’d
now it’s become a necessity – a need has separate database that organizations can meet in London and that we’d need a
been created, if you like. easily access. bicycle, a swimming costume and a dry
M: Well, I think people in the nineteenth We’re a team of IT experts with experience bag – oh, and also that the trip would be
century felt they had to find a way of working with charities, so we understand over two days.
to communicate at a distance more this sector well. So, what are we asking for? I: And did you know how far you’d have to
effectively; they just hadn’t envisaged Well, we’ve made a prototype and now we swim?
the telephone. Of course, there are some need some funding to bring it to market. M: Yeah, I did ask that – fifty metres. I
inventions which fill an urgent need – Honestly, we think it will revolutionize the thought about asking where we’d be
vaccines against particular diseases, for field of volunteering. swimming but then I decided not to.
instance. But most innovations aren’t I: No, I guess that would’ve spoiled the
like that. Entrepreneurs often come up Unit 5 surprise. So can you explain what the trip
with ideas to make our lives a little more consisted of?
convenient or comfortable and then, over 34 M: OK, so we all met up in Hackney in
time, we come to rely on them. Television Three people visit the same place and north London – eight of us and our
is a case in point. Remote shopping – each one leaves with a different story. guide, Madoc. And then we set off down
like mail-order, or these days internet One remembers a romantic evening in a the track next to the River Lea. It was a
shopping – is another. Time magazine cosy restaurant and a long walk through beautiful afternoon and the path was flat
in the 1960s said it wouldn’t catch on a beautifully lit city by night; another so it was easy cycling. And that gave
because, and I quote, ‘women like to get remembers an argument with an officious us the chance to chat and get to know
out of the house and to be able to change museum curator about the closing time of each other. Occasionally, Madoc would
their minds’. an art gallery; another remembers sitting give us a clue about the trip, like ‘Only
P: I’m sure they did – like to get out of and watching the world go by on a lazy, hot fifteen miles to go’ or ‘Is that our island?
the house, that is, and away from the afternoon in an elegant park. No, I don’t think so.’ It all added to
housework. It can’t have been easy. That Our travel experiences are influenced by so the anticipation. Then, as the sun was
certainly was a different era. many different factors: the circumstances setting, he told us to stop and put our
M: Another form of innovation is to take and state of mind in which we arrive; the bikes in the long grass and get ready to
something that’s at first expensive to people we happen to meet – an affable fellow swim. We packed our stuff into dry bags
produce and therefore exclusive to rich traveller or a wary local; the preconceptions and then got into the water. It wasn’t
people, and make it available to many. that we bring to each place we visit. The warm and a few people were screaming
There are quite a few things that we gift of a good travel writer is to capture and gasping – I know I was – but
now see as everyday necessities that the essence of a place in a way that we actually it felt really exhilarating to be
have come to us in this way – where can all identify with, so that it’s instantly heading off for the night with just your
an entrepreneur has found a way to recognizable not just superficially – in its swimming things and a dry bag. Madoc
produce something more cheaply, like grand architecture or lively cafés – but in the had gone ahead and by the time we
the mobile phone or the computer. way that a particular place feels and thinks. reached the island, a fire was burning.
Another example, in the 1890s, the motor Because the best travel writers aren’t really He cooked an amazing stew for supper
car was thought to be a luxury for the writing about travel, they’re writing about and we shared stories around the fire.

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I: Did you have tents? Unit 6 get my diet and nutrition right. That’s
M: No, we didn’t. We slept in the open, ultimately what would let me run in
but it was fine – it wasn’t cold. In the 42 relative comfort.
morning, we swam back and cycled to a W = Woman, R = Rashmi P: Comfort’s not a word I’d normally
café for breakfast. Then we caught a train W: How do you advise people to stay fit and associate with a 161-kilometre run, but
back into London. It was very strange healthy, Rashmi? anyway … What about injuries? This
arriving back in the busy city. It made R: You know, there’s so much contradictory must put intense strain on your body.
the whole thing seem as if it had been a information out there about how to keep B: I think the most important thing in any
magical dream – actually it had . in shape: whether you should watch your sport is to recognize when your body’s
I: Are the trips expensive? weight by controlling what you eat or by in pain. A lot of sports people try to go
M: Not at all. Well, it depends which one . exercising; what kind of exercise regime is through the pain. I’m not talking about
Some of the shorter ones are less than £40. best, and so on. I was reading a scientific when they’re in a really bad way, but
You could travel a long way and spend a journal just this morning saying that when they have a small muscle strain
lot more to create that kind of magic, but intensive exercise, like working out at the or pain in a joint – an ankle, for example
what Secret Adventures taught me was gym is actually less effective than gentle – they tend to take some painkillers
that you really don’t need to . exercise, like going for a walk regularly in or put on some kind of support and
(Based on a real Secret Adventures trip. Madoc the park. just carry on exercising . Because they feel
is a real character, but Maggie is a fictional W: Really? Why did it say that? they can’t afford to rest . But of course
character.) R: I think the idea is that if you do that’s completely wrong. Pain is your
really intensive exercise, then your body warning you to be careful – to stop,
38 body demands calorie compensation very often – because minor problems
1 A: You have to be careful not to get afterwards – in other words, you’re more will inevitably develop into more severe
overcharged in the local markets. likely to reward yourself with a bigger injuries. So that’s the first thing: to listen
B: Yes, I know that. snack at the end of the session. Whereas to your body.
2 A: Would you like to drive? if you just stretch your legs often or take P: Yes, but we all get aches and pains. Surely
B: No, I’d rather you did. regular gentle exercise, it doesn’t have the that shouldn’t discourage us from doing
same effect. exercise?
3 A: Did he take warm clothes with him?
W: So what do you do? You’re in pretty good B: Well, no, but if you do the right kind of
B: I hope so.
shape. preparation, which I’d really urge people
4 A: Do you mind travelling alone? R: Well, mainly I try not to obsess too much to do , you can avoid getting injuries
B: No, I actually prefer it. about my weight. I don’t go on diets and in the first place. I follow a method
5 A: Are there many good guidebooks I don’t weigh myself every day. I just developed by a sports physiologist, which
about this region? do active things that I enjoy. I’ve never is a series of stretches and gentle exercises
B: Yes, there are some excellent ones. been a fan of the gym, I have to say, and that strengthen the key muscles and
6 A: Did she enjoy visiting Russia? I never go for a run – I find it boring. The ligaments. It’s definitely prevented me
B: Yes, she loved it. kids keep me pretty active anyway. But from getting ankle sprains and helped
recently I’ve got into road cycling. Every with some of the other things I used to
40 couple of weeks a few of us go out for suffer from: lower back pain, runner’s
I think it’s a well-known fact that a lot of a ride in the countryside – forty or fifty knee and so on …
exposure to strong sun is a dangerous thing, kilometres. We often go up in the woods
particularly if you’re a person with fair skin. and hills around the South Downs. The
45
So these days people are generally more scenery’s beautiful and it’s a great way to 1 A: I heard Sarah came off her bicycle. Is
careful – they take precautions not to get enjoy nature and stay fit at the same time. she in a bad way?
sunburned. But I’m afraid it wasn’t always B: Luckily she didn’t break anything; she
like that. 44 was pretty shaken up though.
I have my clinic in Patong. It’s on the island P = Presenter, B = Ben Newborn 2 A: Is it true that Jack nearly cut his finger
of Phuket in Thailand – which you’ve heard P: … thanks for those comments, Lydia. off?
about, I’m sure: it’s famous for having I’d like to turn now to someone who B: Yes, he practically passed out when
beautiful beaches and consequently, we get a should know more about sports injuries he saw what he’d done. It was quite a
lot of tourists and sunseekers here. than most and that’s ultrarunner Ben deep cut, but he’s on the mend now, I
Newborn. Ben, before we get into the think.
A few years ago, I was in my clinic and a
question of injuries, can you just explain 3 A: You look a bit off colour. Are you
young man with red hair and very fair skin
for our listeners what ultrarunning is? feeling under the weather?
came in. His legs were the colour of his hair
B: Sure, basically ultrarunning is running
– like a lobster – and he was in great pain. B: No, I’m not ill. I’m just run down from
distances beyond a usual marathon
I applied some cream to his legs and then I working too much.
distance. So, it could mean running
wrapped them both in bandages from the 48
100 kilometres in a single day, or it
ankle to the thigh. I told him to stay out of
could involve running several C = Chair, S = Sophia, T = Tariq
the sun and to take it easy for a few days
marathons on consecutive days. C: Hello, everyone. Welcome to this
until the redness had disappeared. The
P: And how did you get into it? brainstorming session on promoting
following morning, I was walking to work
B: I was a runner anyway and I just wanted health and fitness among employees.
along the street by the beach. By chance, I
to take it to another level – to really test David Grant, our CEO, is very keen that
happened to glance down at the people on
myself physically and mentally. So in we, as a company, take some positive
the beach who were arranging their sunbeds
2008, I registered for the Ultra-Trail race action on this – not only because there’s
and parasols for a day of relaxing by the sea
in the Alps which requires runners to run also an obvious benefit in terms of
and there, to my amazement, was the same
161 kilometres around Mont Blanc. productivity and days lost through
man! He was lying stretched out on his back,
P: Didn’t you worry about doing yourself sickness, but because he genuinely
not in the shade, but in full sun with just his
real damage? believes it’ll make for a happier
swimming costume and his bandages on! It
B: Actually, I wasn’t so concerned about workplace. So, with that in mind, I’d like
was so crazy it was almost funny.
injuries. I was more worried about failure. to hear any ideas you have. Who’d like
And I knew that if I wanted to succeed to start? Yes, Sophia …
in overcoming exhaustion and the things S: Thank you. Yeah, well, as I see it, there
that can make you feel sick, I had to are probably two routes we could

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go down. One possibility is just to people seem to spend almost as much time boost sales. I was recently looking at a
encourage people to do simple things recording the experience as they do actually company that sells tea and their website
like walking to work or not spending watching or listening to what’s going on. gave you an interactive tour of the teas
such long periods at their computers, Does that detract from the experience itself? of China. It was great fun and very
that kind of thing. Or the other Some would argue that it does. I’m inclined educational: you wouldn’t believe the
alternative is to spend some serious to think that it’s a question of moderation – number of varieties and how much some
money on the problem – so, something as with any tool. It’s a good thing as long as of them cost. It’s a whole other world.
like installing a gym or a fitness centre you don’t let it take over your life.
on site that people can use in their
55
breaks, or after work. Having said that, I 53 P = Presenter, M = Martin Roddick
realize there may not be a budget for that P = Presenter, S = Sarah Palmer P: Hello and welcome to the Nature Today
kind of thing. P: We hear about companies being podcast. Today we’re going to look at
C: OK, thanks for that and … Yes, Tariq … customer-focused all the time these some new evidence about glowing blue
T: Yeah, for me the key is getting people to days, but a focus on your customer is waves, which are arguably one of the
enjoy exercise. If you offer activities that pointless if they’re not focused on you. most spectacular sights in nature. The tiny
people think are fun, then I think you’ll Sarah Palmer from the e-marketing blue lights dotted across the water make
get much better participation. consultancy firm ‘Excite’ is here to tell us it appear as if the sea is reflecting the
C: Such as …? how organizations can generate that kind light of the stars, but actually, the source
T: Such as team sports – football, basketball, of interest. Sarah … of this light is small sea creatures, called
that kind of thing – you could even have S: Thanks, Greg. Good marketing is an phytoplankton. And how they produce
competitions. Another idea could be ability to turn your customers into the strange blue light has been a mystery.
dance classes. Admittedly, a lot of people fans; in other words, making people so Until now, that is. Here’s Martin Roddick
may do these things anyway in their free passionate about what you do that they of the Oceanographic Institute.
time, but I bet there are a lot more who want to share it with others. These days, a M: Hello. Actually, there are thought
want to and never find the time. company has no hope of doing that unless to be a lot of sea creatures that are
C: Thanks, Tariq. I think those are interesting they use social media: not just to sell bioluminescent, in other words, that can
ideas. And what about the idea of group their products and services, but to really light up in the dark, but most of these
exercises in the mornings? The kind of involve people in what they’re doing. creatures tend to live in the deep ocean.
collective warm-up routine you used Basically, customers these days want to That’s because it’s dark in the deep
to see in companies fifty years ago. It’s know a company’s story, and they want to ocean and so the ability to light yourself
not a particularly original idea, I’ll grant learn something. And if you can provide up is useful for finding food or scaring
you, but it might be fun – and it would those things, and use social media to get away predators, or perhaps just lighting
definitely build team spirit. them to buy into your story, then you can your way as you move around. But the
S: Yeah, I think you have to be careful create a loyal following. You can catch bioluminescent creatures that cause this
there. People might think that you’re passing customers sometimes with pop- effect – the phytoplankton – live near the
trying to force them into some sort of up ads on the internet, but the creation of surface. And so that’s how we get this
exercise regime. You know, I know that a loyal following is a much more effective wonderful sight on beaches and in waves
isn’t the intention, but it might look that long-term strategy. in places like the Caribbean.
way. I think it’d be better to give people P: So, can you give us some examples of P: And how do they do it?
incentives to do things on their own, like organizations that use social media M: It seems that an electrical force in the
a ‘bike to work’ scheme, where you offer effectively, in the way that you’re phytoplankton’s body causes a chemical
to pay part of the cost of a new bicycle describing? reaction to take place, and that in turn
– I haven’t thought the details through S: Yes, our research into social media produces a blue light. The light is usually
exactly, but I think that kind of individual marketing has given us some great emitted in waves, so we can probably
incentive probably works much better. examples of best practice; a good one conclude that the electricity is generated
C: Yeah, I like that. The only problem I see is National Geographic. They actively by the motion of the water.
is that it wouldn’t be so easy to monitor encourage fan interaction: inviting users P: Thank you, Martin. And if you’d like to
how much they used the bike, but I guess to share travel stories, or to do surveys know more about this research, you can
that’s a risk you’d have to take. on how environmentally friendly their read details of the study on the OI website
lifestyle is, and then compare their at …
Unit 7 scores with their friends. You can enter
competitions, there are links to different Unit 8
51
causes you can support – like helping to 57
Have digital media changed the way people
protect elephants. Well, like a lot of buskers, I started busking
experience the world? Probably. They’ve
P: Mmm, that all sounds great, but where because I wanted to get more confidence
certainly changed the way we record and
does the actual selling come in? as a performer. It wasn’t about the money.
share those experiences with others. Never
S: Well, alongside that there are offers of I’m a singer-songwriter – I don’t have my
before has so much written information
discounts for magazine subscribers, own band, and it’s not easy to get gigs
been published and never before have so
coupons you can use for National as a solo artist. Also, I just really like live
many photos been taken and distributed.
Geographic products, that kind of thing. performance. I love it when you’re walking
Digital media – in the form of instant
P: OK. I see how this kind of fan-building down the street or in the underground and
messaging, blogs, social networking sites,
approach works for National Geographic, then completely unexpectedly, you hear
internet forums, online photo albums, online
because it has such a clear and worthy something amazing.
music and video – all of this has increased
mission – that’s the main reason for their
accessibility to other people’s experiences So, I went out busking when I was seventeen
success. But what about a company that’s
enormously. – just me and my acoustic guitar. Not in my
just trying to sell a regular product, like
But do digital media change the experience bathroom cleaner? There’s no real story or home town, because I really didn’t want
itself? That’s a more difficult question to mission, is there? people to recognize me, but in a nearby
answer. In a way, they do. If you go to a S: No, it’s really no different – the same town. It was pretty nerve-racking at first, to
concert or a festival or even a conference principles apply. Priority must be given be honest; and I think that came across in
these days, everyone’s busy recording and to educating or involving customers in my performance because I didn’t get much
sharing the experience as it happens: taking a way that’s fun. It doesn’t matter what attention or much money, for that matter. I
photos, sending texts or tweeting. In fact, you’re selling: customer engagement will think the first time I got about fifteen pounds

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and a cheese sandwich that someone threw and language. In other words, people with P: Crossroad Blues by John Etheridge. Your
into my guitar case. But I got better and it musical training have improved their brain’s taste in music is very wide – eclectic some
definitely helped my confidence. And then ability to distinguish not only musical but would say. How did that come about?
last Christmas-time when I was busking this also spoken sounds. F: That’s difficult to say. It wasn’t planned, if
guy approached me – a keyboard player who What are the implications of this? Well, I’m that’s what you mean. I just keep my ears
was already semi-professional and actually not saying you should take up a musical open for anything interesting, and I don’t
a very naturally-gifted musician – and he instrument so that you can hear people better confine myself to any particular source
asked if I’d like to work with him and write at parties … or so as to be a better linguist for that. It’s a question of staying curious,
songs together. And I thought, ‘Why not?’ – though that is an idea. What it means is I suppose.
And that’s how my career really got started. that we could use music to help people with
We play R&B mainly – he generally writes dyslexia or other language disorders. A Unit 9
the music and I write the lyrics – and neuroscientist at Harvard University, called 65
we perform the songs at gigs around the Gottfried Schlaug, has had amazing success Archaeologists like to say about the objects
country. We’ve actually just made our first using music therapy on people who were that they uncover: ‘It’s not what you find,
demo recording together and we’re touring unable to speak properly after suffering it’s what you find out.’ The 5,000-year old
next year in some quite decent venues. a stroke. Before the therapy, patients Stones of Stenness on the island of Orkney
So, fingers crossed. responded to questions with incoherent in the far north of Scotland stand on a grassy
sounds and phrases, but after being taught hill overlooking the sea and dominating the
59 to sing phrases or to speak in time to
1 A: Are you ready? landscape around them. They were clearly
the music, they were able to recite their built to impress and they do. Although their
B: Sure. Just a minute. I’ll get my coat. addresses, say their names and even sing
2 A: Thank goodness we’re nearly there. exact purpose can’t be determined from just
extracts of songs. The therapy produced such looking at them, other objects found near the
It’s starting to rain. a dramatic improvement that even sceptics
B: Phew! Just in time. site have given valuable clues.
were impressed.
3 A: I hope you’re not too disappointed The bones of domestic animals, the pieces of
Similar improvements have been recorded pottery, the ruins of smaller buildings made
about the museum being closed.
with patients with dementia and memory of stone rather than wood, which was more
B: It’s OK. It’s just one of those things.
loss. This news should be music to our ears, common at the time, and the fertile soil itself
4 A: Here. I’ve got a little screwdriver on
if you’ll forgive the pun, because illnesses – all these things indicate that this was a rich
my penknife.
like these are becoming a bigger and bigger farming community. Archaeologists have
B: Thanks. That’s just the job.
problem as we all live longer, and we clearly also come across volcanic glass and high-
5 A: Can I help you?
need to find a solution so as not to let it get quality flint tools that were transported from
B: No, thanks. I’m just looking.
any worse. other islands. These items are evidence that
6 A: Hi, Bea. Sorry I’m late.
B: Oh, I was just about to call you. 62 Orkney was on a trading route.
7 A: Is she your girlfriend? Consequently, they’ve concluded that this
P = Presenter, F = Frank Steel
B: No, we’re just good friends. was a wealthy civilization that had the time
P: Today’s castaway is a disc jockey who’s
8 A: Why do you ask if I know him? and the money to build monuments – rather
been hosting his own radio show for
B: No particular reason. I just wondered. like in ancient Egypt. Perhaps the Stones
over thirty years. Where most disc
9 A: Shall I bring some food for the train? had a religious significance, perhaps not.
jockeys come and go with the changing
B: Yes, do bring some, just in case. Either way, we can deduce that these were
of fashions in music, he has managed to
10 A: I couldn’t believe that he lost that monuments of great cultural importance that
maintain a loyal following of listeners
match. people travelled from far and wide to see.
over the last 35 years, and to attract new
B: It just goes to show no one’s perfect.
ones from each new generation. He is 67
60 Frank Steel. Frank, what’s the secret of
your continuing success? I = Interviewer, C = Clara
The study of how music affects the brain I: Why are you particularly interested in the
is still a work in progress, but exciting F: That’s a good question, but it isn’t
something I’ve often thought about. I story of Martin Guerre?
things are coming to light all the time. We C: Well, I belong to a group of historians
know that music activates many different don’t think it’s a secret really. I take an
interest in what’s happening now in who are interested in what’s called micro-
parts of the brain – that there’s no one history. We focus on small single events
centre that processes music. And we also the music world, and I look out for new
trends. People do that in other fields, in history, because we believe you can
know that music has the power to release learn more about a society from intensive
endorphins, which are the chemicals that like science or art. It’s just that with pop
music, you’re not supposed to stay trendy study of these events. The story of Martin
our bodies use to help us deal with stress or Guerre is a very strange one and we
pain. Endorphins are actually vital to our after you’re thirty. But I don’t agree with
that. micro-historians look out for that kind
well-being in general, because they produce of unusual story, hoping it’ll give us a
feelings of happiness or even elation. So P: So you still get excited by new music.
What, for you, makes a good record? better idea of what normal behaviour was
when we listen to music, we’re rewarded during a particular period in history.
with this boost of feel-good chemicals. F: I honestly don’t know. What makes a
particular piece of music move you is I: I see, that’s interesting. So, can you just
Its power to relax us is so strong that it’s summarize the story?
something that can’t really be described
commonly used in hospitals now to calm C: Yes, of course. Martin Guerre was a
or identified. I’d rather not think too
people before they undergo surgery or for French peasant who lived in a village
much about why I like a particular song
the relief of pain after an operation. called Artigat in the south-west of France
or record.
So that’s one area in which music can help P: And what’s your first record? – this was in the early sixteenth century.
people. Another is with people who have F: This is a song by John Etheridge, a blues He was the eldest son in a family of six
language difficulties. Imagine you’re at a and jazz guitarist. I think it was the first and he got married very young – in his
party and there’s so much noise that it’s blues record I ever heard and it opened teens in fact. At the age of 21, he and his
difficult to hear the person right next to up a whole new world to me. I also wife, Bertrande, had a baby son. But a few
you. Well, if you’re not having to strain in associate it with the summer of 1976, years later, he was caught stealing grain
order to hear what others are saying, the which was a really hot summer. I was from his father’s grain store. Fearing a
chances are that you are someone with supposed to be revising for exams, but I severe punishment (theft was considered
musical training; and that’s because we use spent most of my time lazing around in the worst type of crime in those days), he
the same parts of the brain to process music the park. It was too hot to work. fled over the border to Spain and having

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spent some time doing various jobs, he very likely – their experiment caused the essential part of our well-being and our social
eventually joined the Spanish army. In terrible floods that took place that year in interactions. I’ll try to explain why.
1557 he was wounded in battle and his the south-west of England. When we take a break and participate in some
leg had to be amputated. B: Hang on, let me get this straight. Are you light-hearted act of fun, we relieve feelings of
I: And his family? saying that the government experimented tension and we begin to relax. And no sooner
C: Yes, so in the meantime, Bertrande was with making rain and it caused a natural have we started to relax than our minds also
left at home not knowing what had disaster? begin to think differently – more creatively,
happened to her husband and unable to A: Pretty much, yes, though I doubt they more experimentally, more laterally, if you
remarry because no one knew if Martin meant to ... like. So, first of all, play is a brain stimulant: it
was dead or alive. Then one day – and B: That’s terrible. But actually, am I right increases our ability to solve problems and to
this is where the story becomes interesting in thinking that it could be quite useful think outside the box. Lots of tech companies
– one day, a man professing to be Martin technology now, you know, with climate like Google recognize this, providing play
Guerre appeared in the village to claim change and all that? spaces for their workers to use at work.
the family estate. Given that Martin’s A: Yes, and I guess that’s the author’s point:
Secondly, play is good for our health. Not
father had already died, the house and that we need to be looking at solutions
only does it relieve tension, studies have
land now legally belonged to his eldest like cloud-seeding, but that we should
also shown that laughter, which is a natural
son. also be aware of the history of such
product of play, improves blood circulation
I: So this wasn’t the real Martin Guerre? techniques. In other words, we shouldn’t
and increases the body’s resistance to disease.
C: No, the man was an impostor called just jump into things.
Arnaud de Tilh. Yet the incredible thing is Thirdly, play connects us. It’s a way of
that Bertrande and the rest of the family Unit 10 socializing without pressure, because the
accepted him as the real Martin Guerre. focus is not the social relationship itself but
72 the game. In most play – I’m not talking about
It was only Martin’s uncle, Pierre, who
was in charge of administering the estate, P = Presenter, A = Alejandra Sanchez organized, competitive sport here – there
who didn’t believe him. And he took the P: Did you know that Melbourne, aren’t high expectations on the players socially
case to court to prove that Arnaud was a Australia has the third biggest Greek and there’s hardly any formality either; just a
fraud. population of any city after Athens and shared feeling of enjoyment and of letting go.
I: Why did Bertrande do that? She must Thessaloniki? Or that London, England So play has the power to break down barriers
have known it wasn’t her husband. is now France’s sixth biggest city? In between people, to encourage empathy and to
C: We don’t really know. Perhaps, having Denver, Colorado, over a third of the improve communication.
waited so long, she was just glad to have population are Hispanic, mostly from Lastly, and this is particularly important, it
someone to support her again financially. Mexico. The majority of these ethnic keeps us in the present moment. The present
I: And what was the outcome of the case? groups – with the possible exception of is actually the only place where we can feel
C: Well, Arnaud lost the first case but he the French in London – aren’t made up real happiness. But we don’t spend enough
appealed and the case went to a higher of first-generation migrants, but second, time in the present. A lot of the time, our
court. He thought he had succeeded in third, fourth, even fifth generation. minds wander and we find ourselves thinking
persuading the judges that he was Martin So what’s it like to belong to a long- about things in the past, from which feelings
Guerre, until the real Martin Guerre, standing immigrant community? What of anger or regret can arise; or things in the
complete with wooden leg, appeared in are the implications for the individual future, from which feelings of anxiety can
the court and told his story. For Arnaud, and the community as a whole? I put arise. But when we’re engaged in play, we
the game was up and that was the end of this question to a resident of Denver, are usually so immersed in that activity that
his deception. Alejandra Sanchez. we lose ourselves in the present, which is the
A: My grandparents came here from Mexico place where, as several psychologists have
69 forty years ago as migrant workers, but noted, true pleasure is found.
A: I’ve just read a fascinating book called I’m an American citizen and I participate
Fixing the Sky about attempts by various fully in American life. I’m also Mexican- But what is the nature of this ‘play’ I’ve been
people in history to control the weather. Hispanic and with that comes certain talking about? Well, in many ways, it scarcely
B: What do you mean by ‘control the values, whether you are first or fourth matters what kind of play it is. It could be
weather’? Like stopping the rain? generation. The most important thing an organized game – like football or a board
A: Yes – or making it rain. It describes the for us is not the individual, it’s the game; it could be playing Frisbee casually
kind of things people have traditionally family. We grow up surrounded by in the park. But equally it could just be a
done to get the weather they want – that’s our extended family: our brothers, our playful conversation. Play doesn’t have to
to say, things like praying for sunshine or sisters, our cousins, our aunts and uncles. be a specific activity; it’s also a state of mind:
doing rain dances when there’s a drought They’re also our friends and without sharing a joke, making a play on words,
and their crops are failing. But then it goes them, we’re nothing. I think more than pointing out something absurd – generally
on to describe more recent experiments anything else, these deep-rooted values just seeing the funny side of things.
with artificial weather-changing make us a very close-knit community. 78
technology and actually, it becomes When we Hispanics come together at
Conversation 1
quite scary. social gatherings, we celebrate this part
A: Hi, Reka! Fancy a game of tennis this
B: What kind of experiments? of our heritage and treat each other as
afternoon?
A: I’ll give you an example. In the 1950s the family. You can see this spirit of harmony
B: Love to, but I can’t, I’m afraid.
government conducted a secret cloud- at the Cinco de Mayo festivities, which
A: Why? What are you doing?
seeding experiment. is a wonderful celebration of our rich
B: Working. I need to get an essay in by
B: Sorry, what’s that? heritage.
tomorrow afternoon.
A: Cloud seeding? It means putting
chemicals into clouds to make it rain. 74 A: Oh, that’s a shame. What are you writing
Among all the serious business of life – the about?
Silver iodide is one that’s commonly used.
daily news, the work responsibilities, the B: Social change in the first half of the
But the point is that when people did
forward planning, the everyday to-do list – twentieth century. I’m really enjoying it,
these experiments, they didn’t see it as
we often forget to play. In fact, we seldom actually.
interfering with nature – they seemed to
think of play as something necessary – it A: Are you?
have no idea that it might have unwanted
consequences. So, what happened – seems more like a luxury to indulge in when
though it’s not actually proven, but it’s we have spare time. But actually play is an

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 Audioscripts

B: Yeah, I am, because the changes in that he asked. These were taken from his book needs me to go to a meeting that I really
period were so huge, particularly for Thinking fast and slow. I’d like you now to don’t want – or need – to go to. It’s all lost
women. You can read it if you like when answer each one, but without thinking too time.
it’s finished. hard about it. Should you get them wrong, J: Is there anything I can do?
A: Yeah, I’d like to. you won’t be alone: most people do, so F: No, don’t worry. I’ll get over it! Thanks,
Conversation 2 please don’t worry. though.
C: Great party, last night. 84 Conversation 2
D: It was, wasn’t it? Trouble is, there’s loads L = Lewis, O = Ohoud
to clear up after it. The room we used is a Part 2
L: Hi, Ohoud, how are you doing? Mind if I
real mess. So, what did you get? The answer to the first
join you?
C: That’s not your job, is it? question is 53, but actually that’s not what’s
O: Hi, Lewis. No, of course not.
D: Yeah, I’m afraid so. Hey, you couldn’t interesting here. Kahneman says that what’s
L: How are you? You look a bit troubled.
lend me a hand with it later, could you? psychologically interesting is that if for some
O: No, I’m not troubled, really, I’m just a bit
C: Mmm, I expect so. Oh, actually, no, sorry reason you already had a high number in
distracted. I’m trying to make a card for
I can’t. I just remembered that I’ve got to your mind, you would give a higher number
my brother. It’s his thirtieth birthday. I
wait in this afternoon for a delivery. as an answer. So, for example, if someone
can’t seem to get it right.
D: Oh, have you? What kind of delivery? had just been talking with you about the
L: Can I have a look?
C: Oh, I ordered one of those digital voice weather and had said the temperature today
O: Sure. But it’s not finished yet. What do
recorders online. It’s to record lectures was 82 degrees Fahrenheit, your answer
you think?
with, so I can listen back to them to check to the Africa question would have been a
L: Er, what’s it supposed to be?
I haven’t missed anything. I’m always higher number than if you had been told it
O: It’s a person skateboarding in a
missing things in lectures. was 28 degrees Celsius today. The answer to
skateboard park – that’s his hobby. Oh
D: Yeah, me too. Sounds like a good idea. the second question is of course that neither
dear, I think I’d better start again. It’s not
Was it expensive? is statistically more probable. However, the
very obvious, is it?
C: No, not expensive at all. I think I got it for majority of people give the answer as 'b'.
L: Oh, sorry. I didn’t mean to offend you. I
around $18. I’ll send you the link. Were the same question presented as a logical
genuinely couldn’t make out what it was.
D: Yeah, please do. That’d be handy. formula, few would make this mistake. But
But that’s probably just me being stupid.
we are influenced by the plausible details,
I can see it now you say it. Perhaps it’ll be
Unit 11 preferring the human story to the hard
clearer when you add a bit of colour.
logic. What about the last one? Well, if we
81 Conversation 3
look at both questions together, logically,
What makes a good photo? The composition you should choose the same option in both P = Paola, M = Megumi
and the colour are very important, but 3a and 3b – that is to say, you should either P: Hi Megumi. I haven’t seen you for ages.
actually, it’s the emotions it expresses choose certainty or to take a risk. But it How are you? Jen said you’ve got a new
or evokes that are key. Elijah Walker, a seems that most of us take fewer risks when job with an American company in Tokyo.
photo editor at National Geographic, calls it there’s a chance of winning something, so M: Oh hi, Paola. Yes, that’s right. With
‘emotional gravity’ – when a picture packs we choose the £500 for certain. However, if Disney. I’m going to be in charge of
an emotional punch. Most often emotionally we are offered a chance to get out of a losing merchandise for Disney book characters,
powerful photos are ones of people, when situation, most of us will take the gamble, i.e. like Winnie the Pooh and Alice in
they reveal at one glance a moment of we’ll go for the fifty per cent chance of losing Wonderland and Pinocchio. I’m really
genuine joy or anger, sadness or surprise. £1,000. excited. Why are you smiling? Did I say
It doesn’t have to be an extreme emotion – something funny?
What Kahneman is trying to demonstrate
like looking utterly miserable or ecstatically P: Oh, sorry. Don’t get me wrong – I wasn’t
is that our intuition can be unreliable and
happy. More nuanced emotions can be laughing at you. I’m really happy for
irrational. He describes our brain as having
almost more effective in a way: a shy smile or you. It was just the idea of being in
two systems: System One, where we form
a look of calm pride. charge of all those cartoon characters – it
intuitive responses, and System Two, where
conjured up a funny mental image. But it
Kids are great to photograph, because they more conscious, deliberate thought occurs.
sounds amazing and a lot of fun. When
tend not to hide their emotions in the way The problem is that on many occasions, do you start?
that adults sometimes do. I love this one. System One is always trying to help System
This little boy looks so proud and pleased Two, often with imperfect information. And Unit 12
with himself as he brings his catch back from so the result can be imperfect. Were it not
a fishing trip. He’s obviously delighted to for System One, in other words, if we were 90
have brought lunch home for his family. The more aware of this influence, we would Speaker 1
appeal of the photo is that it reflects a simpler make better decisions, particularly financial I live in Azraq, east of Amman in Jordan.
kind of life with simpler pleasures. That was decisions. Indeed, some people say that had Officially the area is a desert, but not the
certainly in the mind of the photographer the financial regulators been more aware of desert of sand dunes and a blue, cloudless
who took it – he’s nostalgic for this old India irrational thinking, the banking crisis of 2008 sky that most people think of. It’s flat, rocky
and concerned about increasing urbanization. probably wouldn’t have happened. land with sparse vegetation. Some people
83 think it’s a bleak, monotonous landscape,
87 but for me it’s very beautiful. It is nature
Part 1 Conversation 1 untouched by man. Azraq itself is the site
Psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s study
J = Jennie, F = Felipe of an oasis. So all around the water are tall
of how we make certain judgements and
J: Hi, Felipe. How are you? grasses with some palm trees here and there
decisions won him the Nobel Prize in
F: Hi, Jennie. Yeah, I’m fine. You know ... and it attracts many birds.
Economics in 2002. What Kahneman found
J: You don’t seem that fine. Are you sure Speaker 2
was that what seemed like rational decisions
everything’s OK? My village, Tyssedal, is in a valley between
were often based on irrational thought
F: Sorry. I’m just a bit frustrated. Nothing a fjord and the mountains. This part of
processes. His research, which was based
seems to be working out today. I came Norway is famous for its dramatic scenery
on asking people certain questions, is key
in early to get some work done and I and we get a lot of hikers and tourists in the
to understanding how emotions can affect
couldn’t log into the system because summer, particularly to Trolltunga. It means
what should be otherwise logical decisions.
they’re doing some maintenance work. 'troll’s tongue' and it’s a piece of rock which
If you just look at the screen, you’ll see
Now Fran has just rung and said she juts out high over a lake. I love the contrasts
three examples of the type of questions that

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 Audioscripts

in the landscape here: glassy smooth lakes, about Basho that made you want to write D: Sorry, can I just say something in answer
wooded hillsides, snow-capped mountains. about him and his poems? to that? We had a similar scheme where I
It’s all on such a huge scale: as a person, it B: Yes, that’s a good question. The thing is, used to live and people who lived within
makes you feel kind of small, but it has a as a poet, one of Basho’s preoccupations the zone were exempted from paying the
very calming effect too. was observing nature. So, as he travelled charge.
Speaker 3 on foot through this part of Honshu – B: Yes, I think that’s absolutely right and
People associate Wales with rich farmland about 1,100 miles in all he travelled – he you can also give a discount to people
and lush green valleys, but where I live kept a kind of diary of the things he saw. who need to come into the centre for
in Blaenavon it’s rugged, hilly terrain. He would stop and observe what one their work so that it doesn’t discriminate
Blaenavon is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, writer called ‘nature’s modest dramas’, against them either. Otherwise you find
recognized for its importance in producing in other words, little details or events that a lot of people who really need their
coal and iron in the nineteenth century, in nature that pleased him: like the cars …
which is strange in a way, because in their brilliant colour of a particular flower, C: No, hang on, hang on a minute. If you
time these industrial sites were considered or the way sunlight catches the spray keep making exceptions for different
a blot on the landscape. The industry’s gone from a waterfall and makes a rainbow, groups of people, you’re going to end up
now and modern Blaenavon is nothing or the reflection of a floating leaf in a with a system that costs a lot of money
special, really. But what is special, at least for crystal clear stream, the splash of a frog and doesn’t bring much benefit. I think
those of us brought up here, is that shared as it jumps into the water … And then you have to be strict about this …
social history and sense of community. Those it struck me. There I was writing about D: Yes, but how much is the charge going to
things are deeply connected to the land, holidays and tours and hotels and so on, be? No one’s given us any …
because it was the coal and iron that gave and I wasn’t paying attention to all these C: Sorry, can I just finish what I was saying?
people their livelihood. beautiful little details around me – around The point is that unless you’re strict about
all of us. it, the scheme won’t bring in enough
92 I: Nature’s modest dramas. revenue to pay for itself, and so those who
Around five years ago, I took a trip to B: Exactly. It wouldn’t really have worked do pay will question the whole scheme.
Madagascar to photograph the landscape. if I had made that the focus of a travel
A guy I met at a party (he was a journalist guide, so I decided to write about Basho
or something) had told me that it had the and his poetry instead.
most wonderful scenery. Normally I spend I: And would you give us an example of
six months or so researching a place before one of the poems?
I go there, but in this case I only spent B: Yes, of course. They’re haikus – three-line
about a week reading about it. Not long poems of seventeen syllables, written
after, feeling kind of unprepared, I threw in plain and simple language, but at the
my stuff into a bag and left for Madagascar. same time profound. Each haiku is like a
During the trip I must have taken as polished stone. He wrote this one when he
many as 2,000 pictures, some of them a bit came across an old military fort, in ruins
amateurish but a lot of high quality ones and overgrown with grass and it upset
too. The landscape is incredibly varied. It’s him rather. He wrote: ‘Mound of summer
more or less like a different country in each grass / Are soldiers’ heroic deeds / Only
region – desert, marshes, rainforest, sandy dreams that pass?’
beaches. Incredible! And all of this is home
to over 200,000 different species of plants
95
and animals. A: OK, so we’d like to hear your views
about two possible ways of relieving
93 traffic congestion in the city centre.
I = Interviewer, B = Biographer Craig is just going to summarize the two
I: Sophie Huxter, I think you’re probably main proposals before we open up the
best known for writing travel guides, discussion. Craig …
but I understand you’ve been writing B: Thank you. The first proposal is a
recently about something rather different congestion charging scheme, that's to
– a Japanese poet called Matsuo Basho. say creating a zone in the centre of the
Could you tell us a bit more? city which vehicles have to pay a fixed
B: I’d love to, yes. Basically, I was on a trip charge to enter. The exact limits of the
to Japan, researching holidays there, and zone haven’t been defined yet, nor has the
I came across this eight-day walk – the exact amount of the charge. The second
‘Basho Tour’ – on the eastern side of the proposal involves simply banning all
main island, Honshu. Basho was a poet private cars from the centre and providing
who lived in seventeenth-century Japan. a park and ride bus service from various
He was actually quite well known in points on the outskirts of the city into the
his lifetime, but he wouldn’t allow his centre.
celebrity to distract him from his real A: Thanks, Craig. So now we’ll open the
interests and so, quite late in life, he discussion to the floor. Please try and keep
decided that he would escape in search your comments reasonably short so that
of a simpler and more peaceful existence. everyone gets a chance to have their say.
And at the age of 46, he set off on a C: Well, I don’t see how we can really
journey across the island of Honshu. That comment on the first proposal without
journey – which is what this tour is based knowing what the scope of the zone is
on – was the background to his great and how much it’s going to cost: those
collection of poems, Narrow Road to a Far are really key issues. I mean if it’s going
Province. to mean that local residents have to pay
I: But why didn’t you just write about the to get into the centre then that’s not
tour? I’d imagine that’s the sort of thing really fair, is it? I live in Charles Street
you normally write about. What was it which is …

189

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 Communication activities • Quiz answers

UNIT 2a Exercise 1, page 22 UNIT 12a Exercise 1, page 142

Answers to Geography quiz
SEA FACTS

1 Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is 1 Pakistan

covered by water. 2 Monaco: Number 1 in the world (3
2 About 50% of the world’s billionnaires, population 37,800)
population live in coastal regions. USA: Number 13 in the world (536
3 90% of the world’s goods are billionnaires, population 321 million)
transported by sea. Kuwait: Number 14 in the world (5
4 90% of the world’s animals live in billionnaires, population 3.2 million
the sea. people)
5 The average consumption of fish per 3 Japan (110 active)
person per year is 20 kg. Indonesia (76 active)
6 Fish is the main source of protein for Nicaragua (8 active)
1 billion people. 4 1 nitrogen (N2) 78.084%
7 The average time someone can hold 2 oxygen (O2) 20.9476%
their breath underwater is 30–40 3 argon (Ar) 0.934%
seconds. 4 carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.0314%
5 Aleppo (at least 6000BC)
UNIT 2c Exercise 11, page 26 Varanasi (1800BC)
Beijing (1045BC)
6 grassland (around 50%)
desert (25%)
Answers to quiz
rainforest (less than 12%)
Mostly ‘A’s: You feel confident with
new challenges and are happy to be
in the spotlight. That’s great, but be UNIT 12d Exercise 1, page 148
careful not to over-extend yourself. Answers
Mostly ‘B’s: You are careful, but want 1 Buenos Aires
to expand your comfort zone by doing 2 Beijing
things that challenge you. 3 Bucharest
4 Jakarta
Mostly ‘C’s: You are someone who
5 Mexico City
likes to stay well within their comfort
zone. That’s OK, but remember that Answers taken from a number of sources.
leaving your comfort zone now and Other sources may quote different figures or
then can be empowering. answers.

UNIT 10e Exercise 5, page 125

Does it help students if parents pay for
their university education?
A study from UC (University of California)
Merced into children paying for their
own university education versus parents
paying.
Established view was that if children take
jobs while studying, or build up debts, it
distracts them from their studies.
Findings:
1 The more parents pay, the worse
children’s academic results are plus
more time children spend on leisure
activities.
2 If parents pay, fewer children leave
university before graduating than if
children pay for their own education.

190

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CREDITS
Text: p106 ‘Brown is as pretty as white’, Letters of note, March 04, 2014. http://www.lettersofnote.com/; p118 Source: Quote from Antz (1998); p132 ‘Daniel
Kahneman: “We’re beautiful devices”’, by Oliver Burkeman, The Guardian, November 14, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/; p132 Source: Quotes from
‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ by Daniel Kahneman, Copyright © 2011; p15 ‘Shakespeare’s Coined Words Now Common Currency’, by Jennifer Vernon, National
Geographic, April 22, 2004. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/; p22 ‘Moken: Sea Gypsies of Myanmar’, by Jacques Ivanoff, National Geographic, April 2005.
ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p24 ‘Women Smokejumpers: Fighting Fires, Stereotypes’, by Hillary Mayell, National Geographic, August 08, 2003. http://news.
nationalgeographic.com/; p27 ‘Yosemite Climbing’, by Mark Jenkins, National Geographic, May 2011. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p75 ‘The Enigma
of Beauty’, by Cathy Newman, National Geographic. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/; p82 ‘The Science of Selfies: A Five-City Comparison’, by Cathy
Newman, National Geographic, February 26, 2014. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/; p87 ‘The hackers life – my weekend at Defcon’, by Lou Lesko, National
Geographic. http://ngablog.com/; p111 ‘Diamond Shipwreck’, by Roff Smith, National Geographic, October 2009. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p118
‘Army Ants: Inside the Ranks’, by Mark W. Moffett, National Geographic, August 2006. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p123 ‘The Hadza’, by Michael
Finkel, National Geographic, December 2009. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p135 ‘My Battle to Prove I Write Better Than an AI Robot Called “Emma”’,
by Sarah O’Connor, National Geographic, May 05, 2016. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/; p142 ‘What is Geo-literacy?’, National Geographic. https://www.
nationalgeographic.org/; p144 ‘On the Poet’s Trail’, by Howard Norman, National Geographic, February 2008. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/; p147 ‘How
Wild Animals Are Hacking Life in the City’, by Christine Dell’Amore, National Geographic, April 18, 2016. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/.
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Geographic Creative; 148 © Randy Olson/National Geographic Creative; 149 © Eric Kruszewski/National Geographic Creative; 150 © David Edwards/National
Geographic Creative; 152 © Mint Images - Frans Lanting/Getty Images.
Illustrations: 18, 76, 122 David Russell; 154 Laszlo Veres/Beehive Illustration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Life publishing team would like to thank the following teachers and students who provided invaluable and detailed feedback on the first edition:
Armik Adamians, Colombo Americano, Cali; Carlos Alberto Aguirre, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Anabel Aikin, La Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Coslada, Madrid;
Pamela Alvarez, Colegio Eccleston, Lanús; Manuel Antonio, CEL – Unicamp, São Paulo; Bob Ashcroft, Shonan Koka University; Linda Azzopardi, Clubclass; Éricka
Bauchwitz, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Paola Biancolini, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan; Laura Bottiglieri, Universidad Nacional de Salta; Richard
Brookes, Brookes Talen, Aalsmeer; Maria Cante, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Carmín Castillo, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Ana Laura Chacón, Universidad
Madero, Puebla; Somchao Chatnaridom, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani; Adrian Cini, British Study Centres, London; Andrew Clarke, Centre of
English Studies, Dublin; Mariano Cordoni, Centro Universitario de Idiomas, Buenos Aries; Monica Cuellar, Universidad La Gran Colombia; Jacqui Davis-Bowen, St
Giles International; Nuria Mendoza Dominguez, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid; Robin Duncan, ITC London; Christine Eade, Libera Università Internazionale degli
Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome; Leopoldo Pinzon Escobar, Universidad Catolica; Joanne Evans, Linguarama, Berlin; Juan David Figueroa, Colombo Americano,
Cali; Emmanuel Flores, Universidad del Valle de Puebla; Sally Fryer, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; Antonio David Berbel García, Escuela Oficial de Idiomas
de Almería; Lia Gargioni, Feltrinelli Secondary School, Milan; Roberta Giugni, Galileo Galilei Secondary School, Legnano; Monica Gomez, Universidad Pontificia
Bolivariana; Doctor Erwin Gonzales, Centro de Idiomas Universidad Nacional San Agustin; Ivonne Gonzalez, Universidad de La Sabana; J Gouman, Pieter Zandt
Scholengemeenschap, Kampen; Cherryll Harrison, UNINT, Rome; Lottie Harrison, International House Recoleta; Marjo Heij, CSG Prins Maurits, Middelharnis;
María del Pilar Hernández, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Luz Stella Hernandez, Universidad de La Sabana; Rogelio Herrera, Colombo Americano, Cali; Amy
Huang, Language Canada Taipei; Huang Huei-Jiun, Pu Tai Senior High School; Nelson Jaramillo, Colombo Americano, Cali; Jacek Kaczmarek, Xiehe YouDe High
School, Taipei; Thurgadevi Kalay, Kaplan, Singapore; Noreen Kane, Centre of English Studies, Dublin; Billy Kao, Jinwen University of Science and Technology;
Shih-Fan Kao, Jinwen University of Science and Technology, Taipei; Youmay Kao, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei; Fleur
Kelder, Vechtstede College, Weesp; Dr Sarinya Khattiya, Chiang Mai University; Lucy Khoo, Kaplan, Singapore; Karen Koh, Kaplan, Singapore; Susan Langerfeld,
Liceo Scientifico Statale Augusto Righi, Rome; Hilary Lawler, Centre of English Studies, Dublin; Eva Lendi, Kantonsschule Zürich Nord, Zürich; Evon Lo, Jinwen
University of Science and Technology; Peter Loftus, Centre of English Studies, Dublin; José Luiz, Inglês com Tecnologia, Cruzeiro; Christopher MacGuire, UC
Language Center; Eric Maher, Centre of English Studies, Dublin; Nick Malewski, ITC London; Claudia Maribell Loo, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Malcolm Marr,
ITC London; Graciela Martin, ICANA (Belgrano); Erik Meek, CS Vincent van Gogh, Assen,; Marlene Merkt, Kantonsschule Zürich Nord, Zürich; David Moran,
Qatar University, Doha; Rosella Morini, Feltrinelli Secondary School, Milan; Judith Mundell, Quarenghi Adult Learning Centre, Milan; Cinthya Nestor, Universidad
Madero, Puebla; Peter O’Connor, Musashino University, Tokyo; Cliona O’Neill, Trinity School, Rome; María José Colón Orellana, Escola Oficial d’Idiomes de
Terrassa, Barcelona; Viviana Ortega, Universidad Mayor, Santiago; Luc Peeters, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto; Sanja Brekalo Pelin, La Escuela Oficial de Idiomas
de Coslada, Madrid; Itzel Carolina Pérez, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Sutthima Peung, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin; Marina Pezzuoli,
Liceo Scientifico Amedeo Avogadro, Rome; Andrew Pharis, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya; Hugh Podmore, St Giles International; Carolina Porras, Universidad
de La Sabana; Brigit Portilla, Colombo Americano, Cali; Soudaben Pradeep, Kaplan; Judith Puertas, Colombo Americano, Cali; Takako Ramsden, Kyoto Sangyo
University, Kyoto; Sophie Rebel-Dijkstra, Aeres Hogeschool; Zita Reszler, Nottingham Language Academy, Nottingham; Sophia Rizzo, St Giles International;
Gloria Stella Quintero Riveros, Universidad Catolica; Cecilia Rosas, Euroidiomas; Eleonora Salas, IICANA Centro, Córdoba; Victoria Samaniego, La Escuela Oficial
de Idiomas de Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid; Jeanette Sandre, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Bruno Scafati, ARICANA; Anya Shaw, International House Belgrano;
Anne Smith, UNINT, Rome & University of Rome Tor Vergata; Suzannah Spencer-George, British Study Centres, Bournemouth; Students of Cultura Inglesa, São
Paulo; Makiko Takeda, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya; Jilly Taylor, British Study Centres, London; Juliana Trisno, Kaplan, Singapore; Ruey Miin Tsao, National
Cheng Kung University, Tainan City; Michelle Uitterhoeve, Vechtstede College, Weesp; Anna Maria Usai, Liceo Spallanzani, Rome; Carolina Valdiri, Colombo
Americano, Cali; Gina Vasquez, Colombo Americano, Cali; Andreas Vikran, NET School of English, Milan; Mimi Watts, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan;
Helen Ward, Oxford; Yvonne Wee, Kaplan Higher Education Academy, Singapore; Christopher Wood, Meijo University; Yanina Zagarrio, ARICANA

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