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TRAINING MATERIALS FOR IT PROFESSIONALS

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Object Oriented
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Programming in C#
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Student Workbook
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 Object-Oriented Programming in C#
Rev. 4.8.5
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Student Guide
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Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Companies, names and data used
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in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted. No part of this document may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose,
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without the express written permission of Object Innovations.

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Product and company names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their
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respective owners.
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™ is a trademark of Object Innovations.

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Authors: Robert J. Oberg, Howard Lee Harkness

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Special Thanks: Marianne Oberg, Sharman Staples, Paul Nahay

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Copyright ©2019 Object Innovations Enterprises, LLC. All rights reserved.

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Object Innovations
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877-558-7246
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www.objectinnovations.com
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Rev. 4.8.5 Copyright ©2019 Object Innovations Enterprises, LLC ii

All Rights Reserved
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 Table of Contents (Overview)
Chapter 1 Introduction to .NET
Chapter 2 First C# Programs
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Chapter 3 Data Types in C#
Chapter 4 Operators and Expressions
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Chapter 5 Control Structures

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Chapter 6 Object-Oriented Programming
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Chapter 7 Classes
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Chapter 8 More about Types

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Chapter 9 Methods, Properties and Operators

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Chapter 10 Characters and Strings
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Chapter 11 Arrays and Indexers

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Chapter 12 Inheritance
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Chapter 13 Virtual Methods and Polymorphism
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Chapter 14 Formatting and Conversion

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Chapter 15 Exceptions
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Chapter 16 Interfaces
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Chapter 17 .NET Interfaces and Collections

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Chapter 18 Delegates and Events

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Chapter 19 Introduction to Windows Forms

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Chapter 20 Newer Features in C#

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Appendix A Learning Resources

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Electronic File Supplements

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Supplement1.pdf Using Visual Studio 2019

Supplement2.pdf Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
Supplement3.pdf Unsafe Code and Pointers in C#

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All Rights Reserved
 Directory Structure

 The course software installs to the root directory

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C:\OIC\CSharp.
 Example programs for each chapter are in named
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subdirectories of chapter directories Chap01, Chap02, and so

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 The Labs directory contains one subdirectory for each lab,

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named after the lab number. Starter code is frequently
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supplied, and answers are provided in the chapter directories.

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 The CaseStudy directory contains a case study in multiple
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steps.
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 The Demos directory is provided for performing in-class

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demonstrations led by the instructor.

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 Supplementary course content is provided in PDF files in the

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Supplements directory. Code examples for the supplements
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are in directories Supp1, Supp2 and Supp3.

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 Table of Contents (Detailed)

Chapter 1 Introduction to .NET .................................................................................... 1

What Is .NET? .................................................................................................................... 3
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Libraries and Tools ............................................................................................................. 4
Application Models ............................................................................................................ 5
Managed Code .................................................................................................................... 6
.NET Programming in a Nutshell ....................................................................................... 7
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Visual Studio 2019.............................................................................................................. 8

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Visual Studio Sign In.......................................................................................................... 9
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Creating a Console Application........................................................................................ 10

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Configure Your New Project ............................................................................................ 12

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Program.cs Starter Code ................................................................................................... 13

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Using the Visual Studio Text Editor................................................................................. 14
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IntelliSense ....................................................................................................................... 15
Build the Project ............................................................................................................... 16
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Run the Project.................................................................................................................. 17
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Pausing the Output............................................................................................................ 18

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Visual C# and GUI Programs ........................................................................................... 19

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.NET Documentation ........................................................................................................ 20

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Summary ........................................................................................................................... 21
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Chapter 2 First C# Programs .......................................................................................... 23

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Hello, World ..................................................................................................................... 25

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Program Structure ............................................................................................................. 26

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Namespaces ...................................................................................................................... 29
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Exercise............................................................................................................................. 30
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Answer .............................................................................................................................. 31
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Variables ........................................................................................................................... 32
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Expressions ....................................................................................................................... 33
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Assignment ....................................................................................................................... 34
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Calculations Using C# ...................................................................................................... 35
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Sample Program................................................................................................................ 36
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More about Output in C# .................................................................................................. 37

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Input in C# ........................................................................................................................ 38
More about Classes........................................................................................................... 39
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InputWrapper Class .......................................................................................................... 40

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Echo Program ................................................................................................................... 41

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Using InputWrapper ......................................................................................................... 42

Multiple Files in Visual Studio......................................................................................... 43
The .NET Framework ....................................................................................................... 44
Lab 2 ................................................................................................................................. 46
Summary ........................................................................................................................... 47

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 Chapter 3 Data Types in C#............................................................................................. 51
Strong Typing ................................................................................................................... 53
Typing in C# ..................................................................................................................... 54
C# Types ........................................................................................................................... 55
Integer Types .................................................................................................................... 56
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Integer Type Range........................................................................................................... 57
Integer Literals.................................................................................................................. 58
Floating Point Types......................................................................................................... 59
Floating Point Literals ...................................................................................................... 60
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IEEE Standard for Floating Point ..................................................................................... 61

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Decimal Type.................................................................................................................... 62
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Decimal Literals................................................................................................................ 63
Character Type.................................................................................................................. 64
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Character Literals.............................................................................................................. 65
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string ................................................................................................................................. 66
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Escape Characters ............................................................................................................. 67

Boolean Type.................................................................................................................... 68
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Implicit Conversions......................................................................................................... 69
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Explicit Conversions......................................................................................................... 70
Conversions Example ....................................................................................................... 71
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Nullable Types.................................................................................................................. 72
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Lab 3 ................................................................................................................................. 73
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Summary ........................................................................................................................... 74
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Chapter 4 Operators and Expressions............................................................................ 77

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Operator Cardinality ......................................................................................................... 79

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Arithmetic Operators ........................................................................................................ 80
Multiplication ................................................................................................................... 81
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Division............................................................................................................................. 82
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Additive Operators............................................................................................................ 83
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Increment and Decrement................................................................................................. 84

Example: A Small Calculator .......................................................................................... 85
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Relational Operators ......................................................................................................... 86

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Conditional Logical Operators ......................................................................................... 87

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Short-Circuit Evaluation................................................................................................... 88
Ternary Conditional Operator........................................................................................... 90
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Bitwise Operators ............................................................................................................. 91

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Bitwise Logical Operators ................................................................................................ 92

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Bitwise Shift Operators..................................................................................................... 93

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Assignment Operators....................................................................................................... 94
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Expressions ....................................................................................................................... 95
Precedence ........................................................................................................................ 96
Associativity ..................................................................................................................... 97
Checking ........................................................................................................................... 98
Lab 4 ................................................................................................................................. 99
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 100

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 Chapter 5 Control Structures........................................................................................ 103
If Test.............................................................................................................................. 105
Blocks ............................................................................................................................. 106
Loops .............................................................................................................................. 107
while Loop ...................................................................................................................... 108
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do/while Loops ............................................................................................................... 109
for Loops......................................................................................................................... 110
ForUp Example............................................................................................................... 111
ForDown Example .......................................................................................................... 112
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Arrays.............................................................................................................................. 113
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Fibonacci Example ......................................................................................................... 114
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foreach Loop ................................................................................................................... 115

break................................................................................................................................ 116
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continue........................................................................................................................... 117
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goto ................................................................................................................................. 118

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Structured Programming................................................................................................. 119

Structured Search Example............................................................................................. 120
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Multiple Methods............................................................................................................ 121
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switch .............................................................................................................................. 123

switch in C# and C/C++ ................................................................................................. 124
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Lab 5 ............................................................................................................................... 125

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 126

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Chapter 6 Object-Oriented Programming ................................................................... 129

Objects ............................................................................................................................ 131
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Objects in the Real World............................................................................................... 132

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Object Models................................................................................................................. 133
Reusable Software Components ..................................................................................... 134
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Objects in Software......................................................................................................... 135

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State and Behavior .......................................................................................................... 136

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Abstraction...................................................................................................................... 137
Encapsulation.................................................................................................................. 138
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Classes ............................................................................................................................ 139

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Inheritance Concept ........................................................................................................ 140

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Inheritance Example ....................................................................................................... 141

Relationships among Classes.......................................................................................... 142
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Polymorphism................................................................................................................. 143
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design............................................................................. 145

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Use Cases........................................................................................................................ 146

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CRC Cards and UML ..................................................................................................... 147

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 148

Chapter 7 Classes............................................................................................................ 149
Classes as Structured Data.............................................................................................. 151
Classes and Objects ........................................................................................................ 152
References....................................................................................................................... 153

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 Instantiating and Using an Object................................................................................... 154
Assigning Object References.......................................................................................... 155
Garbage Collection ......................................................................................................... 156
Sample Program.............................................................................................................. 157
Methods .......................................................................................................................... 158
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Method Syntax Example................................................................................................. 159
Public and Private ........................................................................................................... 160
Abstraction...................................................................................................................... 162
Encapsulation.................................................................................................................. 163
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Initialization.................................................................................................................... 164
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Initialization with Constructors ...................................................................................... 165
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Default Constructor......................................................................................................... 167

this................................................................................................................................... 168
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TestAccount Sample Program ........................................................................................ 169

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Static Fields and Methods............................................................................................... 171

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Static Methods ................................................................................................................ 172

Sample Program.............................................................................................................. 173
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Static Constructor ........................................................................................................... 174
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Constant and Readonly Fields ........................................................................................ 175

Lab 7 ............................................................................................................................... 176
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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 177

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Chapter 8 More about Types......................................................................................... 181

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Overview of Types in C#................................................................................................ 183

Structures ........................................................................................................................ 184
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Uninitialized Variables ................................................................................................... 185

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Test Program................................................................................................................... 186
Copying a Structure ........................................................................................................ 187
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Hotel.cs ........................................................................................................................... 188

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HotelCopy.cs................................................................................................................... 189
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Results of Hotel Copy..................................................................................................... 190
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Classes and Structs ......................................................................................................... 191

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Enumeration Types ......................................................................................................... 192

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Enumeration Types Examples ........................................................................................ 193

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Reference Types ............................................................................................................. 194

Class Types ..................................................................................................................... 195
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object............................................................................................................................... 196
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string ............................................................................................................................... 197

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Arrays.............................................................................................................................. 198
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Default Values ................................................................................................................ 199

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Boxing and Unboxing..................................................................................................... 201

Implicitly Typed Variables ............................................................................................. 202
Implicitly Typed Variables – Example........................................................................... 203
Lab 8 ............................................................................................................................... 204
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 205

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 Chapter 9 Methods, Properties, and Operators .......................................................... 207
Static and Instance Methods ........................................................................................... 209
Method Parameters ......................................................................................................... 210
No “Freestanding” Functions in C#................................................................................ 211
Classes with All Static Methods ..................................................................................... 212
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Parameter Passing ........................................................................................................... 213
Parameter Terminology .................................................................................................. 214
Value Parameters ............................................................................................................ 215
Reference Parameters ..................................................................................................... 216
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Output Parameters........................................................................................................... 219

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Structure Parameters ....................................................................................................... 220
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Class Parameters ............................................................................................................. 221

Method Overloading ....................................................................................................... 222
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Lab 9A ............................................................................................................................ 224

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Modifiers as Part of the Signature .................................................................................. 225

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Variable Length Parameter Lists .................................................................................... 226

Properties ........................................................................................................................ 227
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Properties Examples ....................................................................................................... 228
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Auto-Implemented Properties......................................................................................... 231

Auto-Implemented Property Example ............................................................................ 232
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Lab 9B............................................................................................................................. 233

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Operator Overloading ..................................................................................................... 234

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Sample Program.............................................................................................................. 237
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Operator Overloading in the Class Library .................................................................... 238

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 239

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Chapter 10 Characters and Strings .............................................................................. 243
Characters ....................................................................................................................... 245
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Sample Program.............................................................................................................. 246

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Character Codes.............................................................................................................. 247

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ASCII and Unicode......................................................................................................... 248

Escape Sequences ........................................................................................................... 249
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Strings ............................................................................................................................. 250

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String Class ..................................................................................................................... 251

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String Literals and Initialization ..................................................................................... 252

Concatenation ................................................................................................................. 253
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Index ............................................................................................................................... 254

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Relational Operators ....................................................................................................... 255

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String Equality ................................................................................................................ 256

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String Comparisons......................................................................................................... 257

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String Comparison .......................................................................................................... 258

String Input ..................................................................................................................... 260
String Methods and Properties........................................................................................ 261
StringBuilder Class ......................................................................................................... 263
StringBuilder Equality .................................................................................................... 265
Command Line Arguments............................................................................................. 266

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 Command Line Arguments in the IDE ........................................................................... 267
Command Loops............................................................................................................. 268
Splitting a String ............................................................................................................. 269
Lab 10 ............................................................................................................................. 270
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 271
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Chapter 11 Arrays and Indexers................................................................................... 275
Arrays.............................................................................................................................. 277
One Dimensional Arrays ................................................................................................ 278
System.Array .................................................................................................................. 279
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Sample Program.............................................................................................................. 280

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Random Number Generation .......................................................................................... 281
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Next Methods.................................................................................................................. 282

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Jagged Arrays ................................................................................................................. 283

Rectangular Arrays ......................................................................................................... 284
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Arrays as Collections ...................................................................................................... 285
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Bank Case Study: Step 1................................................................................................. 287

Account Class ................................................................................................................. 289
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Bank Class ...................................................................................................................... 292
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TestBank Class ............................................................................................................... 295

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Atm Class........................................................................................................................ 297

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Running the Case Study.................................................................................................. 299

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Indexers........................................................................................................................... 301
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ColorIndex Example Program ........................................................................................ 303

Using the Indexer............................................................................................................ 304
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Lab 11 ............................................................................................................................. 305

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 306
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Chapter 12 Inheritance .................................................................................................. 309

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Inheritance Fundamentals ............................................................................................... 311

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Inheritance in C#............................................................................................................. 312

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Single Inheritance ........................................................................................................... 313

Root Class – Object ........................................................................................................ 314
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Access Control................................................................................................................ 315
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Public Class Accessibility............................................................................................... 316

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Internal Class Accessibility ............................................................................................ 317

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Member Accessibility ..................................................................................................... 318

Member Accessibility Qualifiers .................................................................................... 319
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Member Accessibility Example...................................................................................... 320

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Method Hiding................................................................................................................ 321

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Method Hiding and Overriding ...................................................................................... 322

Example: Method Hiding................................................................................................ 323
Initialization.................................................................................................................... 324
Initialization Fundamentals ............................................................................................ 325
Initialization Fundamentals Example ............................................................................. 326
Default Constructor......................................................................................................... 327

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 Overloaded Constructors ................................................................................................ 328
Example: Overloaded Constructors ................................................................................ 329
Invoking Base Class Constructors .................................................................................. 330
Base Class Initialization Example .................................................................................. 331
Bank Case Study: Step 2................................................................................................. 332
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Bank Case Study Analysis.............................................................................................. 333
Account........................................................................................................................... 334
CheckingAccount............................................................................................................ 335
SavingsAccount .............................................................................................................. 337
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TestAccount .................................................................................................................... 339

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Running the Case Study.................................................................................................. 340
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Lab 12 ............................................................................................................................. 341

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 342
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Chapter 13 Virtual Methods and Polymorphism ........................................................ 345

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Introduction to Polymorphism ........................................................................................ 347
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Abstract and Sealed Classes ........................................................................................... 348

Virtual Methods and Dynamic Binding.......................................................................... 349
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Type Conversions in Inheritance .................................................................................... 350
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Converting Down the Hierarchy..................................................................................... 351

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Converting Up the Hierarchy.......................................................................................... 352

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Virtual Methods .............................................................................................................. 353

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Virtual Method Example ................................................................................................ 354

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Virtual Method Cost ....................................................................................................... 355

Method Overriding ......................................................................................................... 356
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The Fragile Base Class Problem..................................................................................... 357

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override Keyword ........................................................................................................... 358
Polymorphism................................................................................................................. 359
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Polymorphism Using “Type Tags”................................................................................. 360

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Polymorphism Using Virtual .......................................................................................... 361

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Polymorphism Example.................................................................................................. 362
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Abstract Classes.............................................................................................................. 366

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Keyword: abstract .......................................................................................................... 367

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Sealed Classes................................................................................................................. 368

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Heterogeneous Collections ............................................................................................. 369

Heterogeneous Collections Example .............................................................................. 370
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Bank Case Study: Step 3................................................................................................. 371

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Case Study Classes ......................................................................................................... 372

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Run the Case Study......................................................................................................... 374

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Account........................................................................................................................... 375
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CheckingAccount, SavingsAccount ............................................................................... 376

Bank and Atm ................................................................................................................. 377
TestBank ......................................................................................................................... 378
Lab 13 ............................................................................................................................. 379
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 380

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 Chapter 14 Formatting and Conversion....................................................................... 383
Introduction to Formatting.............................................................................................. 385
ToString .......................................................................................................................... 386
ToString in Your Own Class .......................................................................................... 387
Using Placeholders ......................................................................................................... 389
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Format Strings................................................................................................................. 390
Simple Placeholders........................................................................................................ 391
Controlling Width ........................................................................................................... 392
Format String .................................................................................................................. 393
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Currency.......................................................................................................................... 394
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Currency Format Example.............................................................................................. 395
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String.Format .................................................................................................................. 396

PadLeft and PadRight ..................................................................................................... 397
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Bank Case Study: Step 4................................................................................................. 399

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Type Conversions ........................................................................................................... 400

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Conversion of Built-In Types ......................................................................................... 401

Conversion of User-Defined Types ................................................................................ 402
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User Defined Conversions: Example.............................................................................. 404
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Lab 14 ............................................................................................................................. 406

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 407
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Chapter 15 Exceptions.................................................................................................... 409

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Introduction to Exceptions.............................................................................................. 411

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Exception Fundamentals................................................................................................. 412

.NET Exception Handling............................................................................................... 413
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Exception Flow of Control ............................................................................................. 414

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Context and Stack Unwinding ........................................................................................ 415
Exception Example ......................................................................................................... 416
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System.Exception ........................................................................................................... 419

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User-Defined Exception Classes .................................................................................... 420

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User Exception Example ................................................................................................ 421

Structured Exception Handling....................................................................................... 424
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Finally Block................................................................................................................... 425

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Bank Case Study: Step 5................................................................................................. 427

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Inner Exceptions ............................................................................................................. 428

Checked Integer Arithmetic............................................................................................ 429
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Example Program ........................................................................................................... 430

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Lab 15 ............................................................................................................................. 431

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 432

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Chapter 16 Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 435

Introduction..................................................................................................................... 437
Interfaces in C#............................................................................................................... 439
Interface Inheritance ....................................................................................................... 440
Programming with Interfaces.......................................................................................... 441
Implementing Interfaces ................................................................................................. 442

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 Using an Interface........................................................................................................... 444
Demo: SmallInterface .................................................................................................... 445
Dynamic Use of Interfaces ............................................................................................. 446
Demo: TryInterfaces ...................................................................................................... 447
is Operator....................................................................................................................... 448
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as Operator...................................................................................................................... 449
Bank Case Study: Step 6................................................................................................. 450
Common Interfaces in Case Study –IAccount................................................................ 451
Apparent Redundancy..................................................................................................... 452
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IStatement ....................................................................................................................... 453

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IStatement Methods ........................................................................................................ 454
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IChecking........................................................................................................................ 455
ISavings .......................................................................................................................... 456
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The Implementation........................................................................................................ 457

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SavingsAccount .............................................................................................................. 458

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The Client ....................................................................................................................... 459

Resolving Ambiguity...................................................................................................... 461
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Access Modifier.............................................................................................................. 462
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Explicit Interfaces Test Program .................................................................................... 463

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 464
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Chapter 17 .NET Interfaces and Collections................................................................ 465

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Overview......................................................................................................................... 467
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Collections ...................................................................................................................... 468

ArrayList Example.......................................................................................................... 469
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Count and Capacity......................................................................................................... 470

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foreach Loop ................................................................................................................... 471
Array Notation ................................................................................................................ 472
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Adding to the List ........................................................................................................... 473

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Remove Method.............................................................................................................. 474

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RemoveAt Method.......................................................................................................... 475
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Collection Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 476

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IEnumerable and IEnumerator........................................................................................ 477

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IEnumerable and IEnumerator Demo: AccountList........................................................ 478

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ICollection ...................................................................................................................... 479

IList................................................................................................................................. 480
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A Collection of User-Defined Objects............................................................................ 481

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Duplicate Objects............................................................................................................ 482

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A Correction to AccountList (Step 1)............................................................................. 483

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Bank Case Study: Step 7................................................................................................. 484

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Copy Semantics and ICloneable ..................................................................................... 485

Copy Semantics in C#..................................................................................................... 486
Shallow Copy and Deep Copy........................................................................................ 487
Example Program ........................................................................................................... 488
Reference Copy............................................................................................................... 489
Memberwise Clone ......................................................................................................... 490

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 Using ICloneable ............................................................................................................ 491
Comparing Objects ......................................................................................................... 492
Sorting an Array.............................................................................................................. 493
Anatomy of Array.Sort ................................................................................................... 494
Using the is Operator ...................................................................................................... 495
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The Use of Dynamic Type Checking ............................................................................. 496
Implementing IComparable ............................................................................................ 497
Running the Program ...................................................................................................... 498
Complete Solution .......................................................................................................... 499
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Lab 17A .......................................................................................................................... 500

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Writing Generic Code..................................................................................................... 501
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Using a Class of object ................................................................................................... 502

Generic Types ................................................................................................................. 503
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Generic Syntax in C#...................................................................................................... 504

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Generic Example............................................................................................................. 505

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Generic Client Code........................................................................................................ 506

System.Collections.Generic............................................................................................ 507
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Lab 17B........................................................................................................................... 508
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Object Initializers............................................................................................................ 509

Collection Initializers...................................................................................................... 510
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Anonymous Types .......................................................................................................... 511

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 512

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Chapter 18 Delegates and Events .................................................................................. 517

Overview of Delegates and Events................................................................................. 519
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Callbacks and Delegates ................................................................................................. 520

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Usage of Delegates ......................................................................................................... 521
Declaring a Delegate....................................................................................................... 522
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Defining a Method .......................................................................................................... 523

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Creating a Delegate Object ............................................................................................. 524

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Calling a Delegate........................................................................................................... 525
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A Random Array............................................................................................................. 526

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Anonymous Methods...................................................................................................... 527

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Combining Delegate Objects .......................................................................................... 528

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Account.cs....................................................................................................................... 529
DelegateAccount.cs ........................................................................................................ 530
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Lambda Expressions ....................................................................................................... 531

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Named Method ............................................................................................................... 532

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Anonymous Method ....................................................................................................... 533

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Lambda Expression Example ......................................................................................... 534

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Events.............................................................................................................................. 535
Events in C# and .NET ................................................................................................... 536
Client Side Event Code................................................................................................... 538
Chat Room Example ....................................................................................................... 539
Lab 18 ............................................................................................................................. 540
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 541

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 Chapter 19 Introduction to Windows Forms ............................................................. 543
Creating a Windows Forms App .................................................................................... 545
Partial Classes ................................................................................................................. 550
Windows Forms Event Handling.................................................................................... 551
Add Events for a Control ................................................................................................ 552
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Events Documentation.................................................................................................... 553
Closing a Form................................................................................................................ 554
ListBox Control .............................................................................................................. 555
ListBox Example ............................................................................................................ 556
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Lab 19 ............................................................................................................................. 557

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Summary ......................................................................................................................... 558
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Chapter 20 Newer Features in C# ............................................................................... 563

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dynamic Type.................................................................................................................. 565

Runtime Error Example .................................................................................................. 566
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dynamic versus object..................................................................................................... 567
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Behavior of object........................................................................................................... 568

Behavior of dynamic....................................................................................................... 569
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Named Arguments .......................................................................................................... 570
ep

Optional Arguments........................................................................................................ 571

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Book Class ...................................................................................................................... 572

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Using Optional Arguments ............................................................................................. 573

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Variance in Generic Interfaces ....................................................................................... 574

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Covariance Example ....................................................................................................... 575

Variance with IComparer<T>......................................................................................... 576
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Interfaces with Variance Support ................................................................................... 577

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Contravariance Example................................................................................................. 578
Asynchronous Programs in C# 5.0 ................................................................................. 579
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Task and Task<TResult>................................................................................................ 580

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Aysnc Methods ............................................................................................................... 581

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Async Example ............................................................................................................... 582

Synchronous Call............................................................................................................ 583
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Async Call....................................................................................................................... 584

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Threading ........................................................................................................................ 585

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New Features in C# 6.0................................................................................................... 586

Null-Conditional Operator.............................................................................................. 587
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Composite Format String................................................................................................ 588

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Interpolated Strings......................................................................................................... 589

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New Features in C# 7.0................................................................................................... 590

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Tuples.............................................................................................................................. 591
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Nullable Reference Types............................................................................................... 592

Nullable Reference Example Program ........................................................................... 593
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 594
Appendix A Learning Resources .............................................................................. 595

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 CSharp Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Introduction to .NET
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Introduction to .NET

Objectives
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After completing this unit you will be able to:
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 Give a high-level overview of .NET.

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 Outline the architectural components of .NET.

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 Describe the essentials of creating and running a

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program in the .NET environment.

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AT
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 Build and run a simple C# program.

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 Use Visual Studio 2019 as an effective environment

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for creating C# programs.
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 Use the .NET documentation.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

What Is .NET?

 .NET is Microsoft's software platform for building

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applications for many environments.
 Originally proprietary and restricted to Microsoft Windows,
U

.NET is now open source and cross-platform.

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 .NET applications can be built using multiple

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languages.
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 C# and Visual Basic are object-oriented languages.

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 F# is a functional language which also supports object-
ep
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oriented and imperative programming.

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 .NET Standard is a base set of APIs common to all

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.NET platforms.
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 There are multiple implementations of .NET

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supporting.NET Standard. Each implementation can

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support additional APIs specific to the OS on which it

C
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runs.
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 .NET Framework is the original implementation of .NET
n
Pr

supporting server and desktop applications on Windows. As

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of version 4.5 it supports .NET Standard.

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 .NET Core is designed for server and cloud applications. It

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runs on Windows, macOS and Linux.

d

 Xamarin/Mono supports apps running on mobile devices.

 Universal Windows Platform (UWP) supports touch-enabled
apps running on various Windows platforms.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Libraries and Tools

 Microsoft and third parties provide many libraries to

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extend .NET.
 Many libraries are furnished through NuGet packages.
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 NuGet is a package manager specifically designed for .NET.
ut
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 Microsoft and third parties provide many libraries to

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extend .NET.
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 Visual Studio is a full-featured IDE running on

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Windows for building all types of .NET applications.

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 Visual Studio for Mac runs on Mac computers.

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 It can be used for building iOS and macOS apps as well as

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Android and Windows apps with Xamarin.

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 It can also be used for ASP.NET Core apps and services.
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 Visual Studio Code is a lightweight code editor

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available for Windows, macOS and Linux.

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 It comes with built in support for JavaScript and extensions
n
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for many languages, including C#, C++, Java, Python, PHP,

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and others.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Application Models

 Web applications and services

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 ASP.NET supports web applications on Windows
 ASP.NET Core is cross-platform, targeting Windows,
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macOS and Linux
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 Mobile applications
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 Cross-platform targeting iOS, Android and Windows
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 Desktop
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 Windows desktop applications using Windows Forms or

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Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).

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 Mac desktop applications

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 Microservices -- a design pattern in which apps are

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composed of small, independent modules.

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 Docker containers combine microservices into single

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deployable units.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Managed Code

 Compilers for .NET languages generate common

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intermediate language (CIL).
 A CIL program does not run directly on hardware
U
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but on a virtual machine, called a runtime.

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 .NET runtimes include:

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 Common Language Runtime (CLR) for .NET Framework.

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 Core Common Language Runtime (CoreCLR) for .NET

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Core.
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 Mono runtime for Xamarin iOS and Android and Mono

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desktop.
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 .NET Native for UWP.

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 A runtime provides various services such as
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automatic memory management, type safety, and so

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 CSharp Chapter 1

.NET Programming in a Nutshell

1. Write your program in a high-level .NET language, such as C#.

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2. Compile your program into CIL.
3. Run your CIL program, which will launch a runtime such as
U
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CLR or CoreCLR to execute your CIL, using its just-in-time

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compiler to translate your program to native code as it executes.

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 In this course we will use the .NET Framework.

riz

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 Programs will compile into .EXE files that will run in the
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CLR.
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 We will look at a simple example of a C# program,

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and run it under .NET.

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// SimpleCalc.cs
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//
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// This program does a simple calculation:
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// calculate area of a rectangle

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using System;
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public class SimpleCalc

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{
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static void Main()

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{
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int width = 20;

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int height = 5;
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int area;
d

area = width * height;

Console.WriteLine("area = {0}", area);
}
}

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Visual Studio 2019

 While it is possible to write C# programs using any

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text editor, and compile them with the command-line
compiler, it is very tedious to program that way.
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 An IDE makes the process of writing software much

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easier.
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 An IDE provides convenience items, such as a syntax-

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highlighting editor.
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 An IDE reduces the tedium of keeping track of

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configurations, environment settings and file organizations.

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 You may use Visual Studio 2019 throughout this

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course to create and compile your C# programs.
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 Visual Studio 2019 is discussed in more detail in

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Appendix A.
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 In this course you may use any version of VS 2019,

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including the free Visual Studio 2019 Community.

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 Although it is easy to create and run .NET Core
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Pr

programs using Visual Studio, in this course we will

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use .NET Framework.

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 We are using .NET Framework 4.7.2, which supports .NET

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Standard, and comes bundled with Visual Studio 2019.

 Hence our programs will run on any .NET implementation,
including .NET Core.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Visual Studio Sign In

 When you first bring up Visual Studio on a new

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device, you will be invited to sign in.
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 Sign in with any Microsoft ID.

 By doing so you will synchronize your settings among
devices and connect to online developer services.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Creating a Console Application

 We will now create a simple console application using

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Visual Studio.
 Our program is the simple calculator whose code we showed
U

earlier.
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1. From the Visual Studio start page click on "Create a new

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project". This will bring up the New Project dialog. (You can
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also use the menu File | New | Project when the main Visual
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Studio window is open.)

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Creating a Console App (Cont'd)

2. Choose Console App (.NET Framework) with language C#.

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3. Click Next.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Configure Your New Project

4. In the Project name field, type SimpleCalcVs and for Location

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browse to C:\OIC\CSharp\Demos. Leave Solution name as
SimpleCalcVs. Leave unchecked "Place solution and project in
the same directory." 1 For Framework select .NET Framework
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4.7.2.
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5. Click Create.
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1
Examples in later chapters may place project and solution in the same directory.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Program.cs Starter Code

 There will be a number of starter files. The key file is

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Program.cs, which will be shown, ready to edit.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Using the Visual Studio Text Editor

 The file Program.cs will be open in the Visual Studio

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text editor. Replace the starter code with the
highlighted code shown below:
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using System;
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using System.Collections.Generic;
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using System.Linq;
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using System.Text;
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using System.Threading.Tasks;
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public class SimpleCalc

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AT
{
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static void Main()

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{
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int width = 20;

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int height = 5;
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int area;
n

area = width * height;

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Console.WriteLine("area = {0}", area);

N
D

}
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}
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 Notice that the starter code provided several using

tio

statements. The only one that is needed is for the System

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namespace.
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 Unneeded ones can be removed by right-clicking over the
oh
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using area and selecting Remove ... from the context menu.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

IntelliSense

 A powerful feature of Visual Studio is IntelliSense.

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 IntelliSense will automatically pop up a list box allowing you
to easily insert language elements directly into your code.
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 For now, don’t actually add another WriteLine() statement.

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We’ll see the effect of the extra statement shortly.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Build the Project

 Building a project means compiling the individual

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source files and linking them together with any
library files to create an IL executable .EXE file.
U

 To make it easier to build, add the Build toolbar (if it

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is not already present) by a right-click over the

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toolbar area. Check Build.

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 Then you can build the project by using one of the

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following:
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 Menu Build | Build Solution or toolbar button or

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keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Shift+B.
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 Menu Build | Build SimpleCalcVs or toolbar button (this

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just builds the project SimpleCalcVs)2.
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2
The two are the same in this case, because the solution has only one project, but some solutions have
multiple projects, and then there is a difference.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Run the Project

 You can run the program without the debugger by

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using one of the following:
 Menu Debug | Start Without Debugging
U
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 Toolbar button (This button is not provided by default;
ut

see Appendix A for how to add it to your Build toolbar.)

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riz

 Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + F5

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 You can run the program in the debugger by using

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AT
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one of the following:

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 Menu Debug | Start Debugging

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 Toolbar button
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 Keyboard shortcut F5.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Pausing the Output

 If you run the program in the debugger from Visual

EV
Studio, you will notice that the output window
automatically closes on program termination.
U

 To keep the window open, you may prompt the user

na

AL
ut

for some input.

ho

public class SimpleCalc

riz

U
{
ed

static void Main()

R

{
AT
ep

int width = 20;

int height = 5;
ro

int area;
d uc

area = width * height;

IO
tio

Console.WriteLine("area = {0}", area);

Console.WriteLine("Prese Enter to exit");
n

Console.ReadLine();
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}
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}
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 This program is saved as a Visual Studio solution in
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Chap01\SimpleCalcVs.
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 Remember that you can always make the console

Pr

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window stay open by running without the debugger

i

via Ctrl + F5.

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 CSharp Chapter 1

Visual C# and GUI Programs

 Microsoft’s implementation of the C# language,

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Visual C#, works very effectively in a GUI
environment.
U

 Using Windows Forms (available in .NET Framework but

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not .NET Core), it is easy to create Windows GUI programs
ut
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in C#.
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Example: See Chap01\SimpleCalcGui
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 We will discuss GUI programming using C# in

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Chapter 19.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

.NET Documentation

 .NET Framework documentation is available online.

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 It is now part of comprehensive Microsoft
documentation at
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https://docs.microsoft.com
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 Select .NET.
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 CSharp Chapter 1

Summary

 .NET is Microsoft's software platform for building

EV
applications for many environments.
 .NET applications can be built using multiple
U
na

languages, including C#.

AL
ut

 C# is an object-oriented language designed by Microsoft for

ho

.NET.
riz

U
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 .NET Standard is a base set of APIs common to all

R

AT
.NET platforms.
ep
ro

 There are multiple implementations of .NET

d

supporting .NET Standard, including the classical

uc

IO
tio

.NET Framework and the newer .NET Core.

n

 Visual Studio is a full-featured IDE running on

or

N
Windows for building all types of .NET applications.
D
is
tri

 With Visual Studio it is easy to create and run

C
bu

programs using C#.

tio

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n

 You can access extensive .NET Framework

Pr

documentation online.
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 CSharp Chapter 1
EV
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 CSharp Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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First C# Programs
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 CSharp Chapter 2

First C# Programs

Objectives
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After completing this unit you will be able to:
U

 Write a basic “Hello, World” program in C#.

na

AL
ut

 Compile and run C# programs in your local

ho

development environment.
riz

U
ed

 Describe the basic structure of C# programs.

R

AT
ep

 Describe how related C# classes can be grouped into

ro

namespaces.
d uc

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 Use variables and simple expressions in C# programs.
tio
n

 Write C# programs that can perform simple

or

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calculations.
D
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 Perform simple input and output in C#.

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C
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 Describe objects and classes in C#.

tio

O
n

 Use an input wrapper class to perform input in C#.

Pr

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Hello, World

 Whenever learning a new programming language, a

EV
good first step is to write and run a simple program
that will display a single line of text.
U

 Such a program demonstrates the basic structure of the

na

AL
language, including output.
ut
ho

 You must learn the pragmatics of compiling and running the

riz

U
program.
ed

 Here is “Hello, World” in C#:

R

AT
ep

 See Demos\Hello\Hello.cs, backed up in Chap02\Hello.

ro
d uc

// Hello.cs
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tio

class Hello
n

{
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public static int Main(string[] args)
D

{
is

System.Console.WriteLine(
tri

C
"Hello, World");
bu

return 0;
tio

}
O
n

}
Pr

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Program Structure
// Hello.cs
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class Hello
{
U

...
na

}
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ut

 Every C# program has at least one class.

ho
riz

 A class is the foundation of C#’s support for object-oriented

U
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programming.
R

AT
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 A class encapsulates data (represented by variables) and

ro

behavior (represented by methods).

d uc

 All of the code defining the class (its variables and methods)
IO
tio

will be contained between the curly braces.

n
or

 We will discuss classes in detail later.

N
D

 Note the comment at the beginning of the program.

is
tri

C
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 A line beginning with a double slash is present only for

tio

documentation purposes and is ignored by the compiler.

O
n

 C# files have the extension .cs.

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Program Structure (Cont’d)

// Hello.cs
EV
class Hello
{
U

public static int Main(string[] args)

na

{
AL
...
ut

return 0;
ho

}
riz

U
}
ed

 Every C# program has a distinguished class that has

R

AT
ep

a method whose name must be Main.

ro

 Note the capitalization!

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 The method should be public and static.

n

 An int exit code can be returned to the operating system. Use

or

N
void if you do not return an exit code.
D
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public static void Main(string[] args)

C
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 Command line arguments are passed as an array of strings.

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n

 You may omit the command line arguments.

Pr

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public static void Main()

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 The runtime will call this Main method – it is the entry point
te
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for the program.

 All of the code for the Main method will be between the
curly braces.

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Program Structure (Cont’d)

// Hello.cs
EV
class Hello
{
U

public static int Main(string[] args)

na

{
AL
System.Console.WriteLine(
ut

"Hello, World");
ho

return 0;
riz

U
}
ed

}
R

AT
 Every method in C# has one or more statements.
ep
ro

 A statement is terminated by a semicolon.

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 A statement may be spread out over several lines.
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 The Console class provides support for standard

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output and standard input.

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 The method WriteLine displays a string, followed by a new

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line.
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Namespaces

 Much of the standard functionality in C# is provided

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through many classes in the .NET Framework.
 Related classes are grouped into namespaces.
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 The fully-qualified name of a class is specified by the
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namespace, followed by a dot, followed by the class

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name.
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System.Console
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 A using statement allows a class to be referred to by

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its class name alone.

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// Hello2.cs
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using System;
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class Hello
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{
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public static void Main()

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bu

{
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Console.WriteLine("Hello, World");
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}
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}
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oh

 Note that in C# it is not necessary for the file name to

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be the same as the name of the class containing the

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Main method.
 This version of the program also illustrates a Main()
method with no command-line arguments and void
return type.

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Exercise

 Take a few minutes to add two more lines of code to

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your program.
 Print out the phrase “My name is XXXX” (use your own
U

name).
na

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ut

 Then print out “Goodbye.”

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 Save your file, compile the program, and run it.

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ed

 Your output should be something like this:

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Hello, World
ro

My name is Bob
d

Goodbye
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Answer
// Hello3.cs
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using System;
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class Hello
na

{
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public static void Main()
ut

{
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Console.WriteLine("Hello, World");
riz

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Console.WriteLine("My name is Bob");
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Console.WriteLine("Goodbye");
}
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}
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Variables

 In C#, you can define variables to hold data.

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 Variables represent storage locations in memory.
U

 In C#, variables are of a specific data type.

na

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ut

 Some common types are int for integers and double for
ho

floating point numbers.

riz

U
 You must declare variables before you can use them.
ed
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 A variable declaration reserves memory space for the
ep

variable and may optionally specify an initial value.

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d uc

int kilo = 1024; // reserves space and assigns

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// an intial value
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int mega; // reserves space but does

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// not initialize
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 If a variable is not initialized in its declaration, it should be

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assigned prior to being used.

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int kilo;
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kilo = 1024;
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// Now you may use kilo

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Expressions

 You can combine variables and constants (or

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“literals”) via operators to form expressions.
 Examples of operators include the standard
U
na

arithmetic operators:
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ut

+ addition
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- subtraction
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* multiplication
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/ division
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AT
 Here are some examples of expressions:
ep
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kilo * 1024
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(fahrenheit – 32) * 5 / 9
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3.1416 * radius * radius
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Assignment

 You can assign a value to a variable by using the =

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symbol.
 On the left hand side is a variable.
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 On the right hand side is an expression.
ut
ho

 The expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to the

riz

variable on the left.

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ed

 Assignment is a statement and must be terminated by a

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AT
semicolon.
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mega = kilo * 1024;

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celsius = (fahrenheit – 32) * 5 / 9;

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area = 3.1416 * radius * radius;
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 Note that the same variable can be used on both sides

or

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of an assignment statement.
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is

int item = 5;
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C
int total = 30;
bu

total = total + item;

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 The expression total + item evaluates to 35, using the old

Pr

value of total, and this value is assigned to total, creating a

PY
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new value.
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Calculations Using C#

 You can easily use C# to perform calculations by

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adding code to the Main method of a C# class.
 Declare whatever variables you need.
U
na

AL
 Create expressions and assign values to your variables.
ut
ho

 Print out the answer using Console.WriteLine().

riz

U
 You can easily perform labeled output, relying on two
ed

features of C#:
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AT
ep

 The operator + performs concatenation for string data.

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d

 There is an automatic, implicit conversion available that

uc

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converts numeric data to string data when required.
tio
n

 Hence this code ...

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int total = 35;

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System.Console.WriteLine("The total is " + total);

tri

C
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 ... will produce this output:

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The total is 35
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Sample Program

 This program will convert temperature from

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Fahrenheit to Celsius.
 See Convert\Step1.
U
na

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// Convert.cs - Step 1
ut

//
ho

// Program converts a hardcoded temperature in

riz

// Fahrenheit to Celsius
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using System;
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AT
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class Convert
ro

{
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public static void Main(string[] args)

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{
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int fahr = 86;

n

int celsius = (fahr - 32) * 5 / 9;

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Console.WriteLine("fahrenheit = " + fahr);

N
Console.WriteLine("celsius = " + celsius);
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}
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}
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 CSharp Chapter 2

More about Output in C#

 The Console class in the System namespace supports

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two simple methods for performing output:
 WriteLine() writes out a string followed by a new line.
U
na

AL
 Write() writes out just the string without the new line.
ut
ho

int x = 24;
riz

int y = 5;
U
int z = x * y;
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Console.Write("Product of " + x + " and " + y);

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AT
Console.WriteLine(" is " + z);
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Console.WriteLine("The product is {0}", z);

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 The output is all on one line:

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Product of 24 and 5 is 120

n

 A more convenient way to build up an output string

or

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D

is to use placeholders {0}, {1}, etc.

is
tri

 An equivalent way to do the output shown above is:

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bu
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Console.WriteLine("Product of {0} and {1} is {2}",

O
x, y, z);
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 The program OutputDemo illustrates the output operations

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just discussed.
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 Later in the course we will see how to control formatting of

d

output, and occasionally in examples we will throw in some

simple use of formatting.

Rev. 4.8.5 Copyright © 2019 Object Innovations Enterprises, LLC 37

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Input in C#

 Our first Convert program is not too useful, because

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the Fahrenheit temperature is hard-coded.
 To convert a different temperature, you would have to edit
U

the source file and recompile.

na

AL
ut

 What we really want to do is allow the user of the

ho

program to enter a value at runtime for the

riz

U
Fahrenheit temperature.
ed

 Although simple console input in C# is fairly easy, we

R

AT
ep

can make it even easier using object-oriented

ro

programming.
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 We can encapsulate or “wrap” the details of input in a class.
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 It will be easy to use the wrapper class.

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 CSharp Chapter 2

More about Classes

 Although we will discuss classes in more detail later,

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there is a little more you need to know now.
 A class can be thought of as a template for creating
U
na

objects.
AL
ut

 An object is an instance of a class.

ho
riz

 A class specifies data and behavior.

U
ed

 The data is different for each object instance.

R

AT
ep

 In C#, you instantiate a class by using the new

ro
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keyword.
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InputWrapper iw = new InputWrapper();

n

 This code creates the object instance iw of the

or

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InputWrapper class.
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 CSharp Chapter 2

InputWrapper Class

 The InputWrapper class “wraps” interactive input for

EV
several basic data types.
 The supported data types are int, double, decimal and
U

string.
na

AL
ut

 Methods getInt, getDouble, getDecimal and getString are

ho

provided.
riz

U
 A prompt string is passed as an input parameter.
ed
R

AT
 See files InputWrapper.cs in directory TestInputWrapper,
ep

which implements the class, and TestInputWrapper.cs,

ro

which tests the class.

d uc

IO
 Although the code is quite short, it is a little complex,
tio
n

involving a number of different methods from

or

N
different .NET Framework classes.
D
is

 However, you do not need to be familiar with the

tri

C
implementation of InputWrapper in order to use it.
bu
tio

 That is the beauty of “encapsulation”—complex functionality

O
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can be hidden by an easy-to-use interface.

Pr

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Echo Program

 We illustrate interactive input by a simple “echo”

EV
program.
 The program prompts the user for a name, and then prints out
U

a personalized greeting.
na

AL
ut

 See Echo.
ho
riz

 This directory has two files, each defining a class.

U
ed

 InputWrapper.cs defines the wrapper class. There is no

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AT
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Main method in this class.

ro

 EchoName.cs has a class Echo, with a Main method.

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// EchoName.cs
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//
n

// Prompts user to enter name and then

or

N
// prints out greeting using name
D
is

using System;
tri

C
bu

class Echo
tio

{
O
public static void Main(string[] args)
n
Pr

{
PY
InputWrapper iw = new InputWrapper();
oh

string name = iw.getString("Enter your name: ");

i bi

Console.WriteLine("Hello, " + name);

te

}
d

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Using InputWrapper

 The bolded statements illustrate how to use the

EV
InputWrapper class.
 Instantiate an InputWrapper object iw by using new.
U
na

AL
 Prompt to obtain input data by calling the appropriate
ut

getXXX method.
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Multiple Files in Visual Studio

 It is very easy to work with Visual Studio projects

EV
that have multiple files.
 As an example, open the Visual Studio solution that is
U
na

specified by the file Chap02\Echo\Echo.sln.

AL
ut

 A solution can contain one or more projects.

ho
riz

 In this case there is a single project file Echo.csproj.

U
ed

 You can see all the files in a solution through the

R

AT
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Solution Explorer.
ro
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 When you build the solution via the toolbar button ,

Pr

you will build all the projects in the solution.

PY
oh
i

 You can also build just the current project via the toolbar
bi
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button .
d

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 CSharp Chapter 2

The .NET Framework

 The .NET Framework has a very large class library

EV
(several thousand classes).
 To make all of this functionality more manageable,
U
na

the classes are partitioned into namespaces.

AL
ut

 The root namespace is System, which directly

ho
riz

contains many useful classes, among them:

U
ed

 Console provides access to standard input, output and error

R

AT
streams for I/O.
ep
ro

 Convert provides conversions among base data types.

d uc

 Math provides mathematical constants and functions.

IO
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 This courses uses .NET Framework 4.7.2, the latest

n
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released version of the .NET Framework at the time
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Visual Studio 2019 was released.

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 CSharp Chapter 2

The .NET Framework (Cont’d)

 Underneath System, there are other namespaces,

EV
among them:
 System.Data contains classes constituting the ADO.NET
U

architecture for accessing databases.

na

AL
ut

 System.Xml provides standards-based support for processing

ho

XML.
riz

U
 System.Drawing contains classes providing GDI+ graphics
ed

functionality.
R

AT
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 System.Windows.Forms provides support for creating

ro

applications with rich Windows-based interfaces.

d uc

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 System.Web provides support for browser/server
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communication.
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 System.IO provides support for reading and writing with
D

streams and files. Both synchronous and asynchronous I/O

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are supported.
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 System.Net provides support for several standard network

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protocols.
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 CSharp Chapter 2

Lab 2

C# Programs for Calculation

EV
In this lab you modify or implement several C# programs to
perform calculations. You need to perform input (through a
U
na

wrapper class), perform a calculation, and output the result. Do as

AL
ut

many of these exercises as time permits. If you have extra time, do

ho

some of the optional experiments suggested in some of the

riz

exercises, or make up some experiments on your own.

U
ed

Detailed instructions are contained in the Lab 2 write-up at the end

R

AT
of the chapter.
ep
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Suggested time: 30 minutes

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Summary

 Every C# application has a class with a method Main,

EV
which is the entry point into the application.
 The System class includes methods for performing
U
na

output, such as WriteLine.

AL
ut

 Expressions in C# are formed from literals, variables

ho
riz

and operators.
U
ed

 With the assignment statement, you can assign a

R

AT
value computed by an expression to a variable.
ep
ro

 Input in C# is a little more complicated than output,

d uc

but you can use a wrapper class that encapsulates the

IO
tio

required C# classes and presents a simple

n

programming interface.
or

N
 The .NET Framework has a large class library that is
D
is

partitioned into namespaces.

tri

C
bu
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O
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Pr

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 CSharp Chapter 2

Lab 2

C# Programs for Calculation

Introduction
EV
In this lab, you modify or implement several C# programs to perform
calculations. You need to perform input (through a wrapper class), perform a calculation,
U

and output the result. Do as many of these exercises as time permits. If you have extra
na

AL
time, do some of the optional experiments suggested in some of the exercises, or make up
some experiments on your own.
ut
ho

Suggested Time: 30 minutes

riz

U
Root Directory: OIC\CSharp
ed

Directories: Labs\Lab2\Convert (Exercise 1 work)

R

AT
ep

Chap02\Convert\Step1 (Backup of Exercise 1 starter files)

Chap02\Convert\Step2 (Answer to Exercise 1)
ro

Chap02\TestInputWrapper (InputWrapper class)

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Labs\Lab2 (Exercise 2 work)

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Chap02\Circle (Exercise 2 answer)
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Exercise 1. Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion

n
or

N
Examine the code of the starter program. Build and run. Notice that the
D

Fahrenheit temperature to be converted is hard-coded. Modify the program to prompt the

is

user for a Fahrenheit temperature, read in the value entered by the user, and print out the
tri

result. Make use of the wrapper class InputWrapper that was discussed in this chapter.
C
bu

The starter program uses int as the data type for temperatures. An optional
tio

experiment is to use double as the data type. Could you input the Fahrenheit temperature
O
n

as an int and calculate the Celsius temperature as a double?

Pr

PY
Exercise 2. Calculate the Area of a Circle
oh
i

Use Visual Studio to create an empty C# project Circle in the Lab2 folder. This
bi

will create the folder Circle. Add a new file Circle.cs to your project, where you will
te

place your program code.

d

Write a C# program to calculate the area of a circle. Prompt the user for the
radius, read in the value entered by the user, calculate the area of the circle, and print out
the result. For pi, use the approximation 3.1416. What is an appropriate data type to use
for radius and area?

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 CSharp Chapter 2

As an optional experiment, use the class Math (in the namespace System) for a
more accurate value of pi.

Another optional experiment is to capture the output data in a file. This is easy to
do at the command line, by using the > to “redirect” output to a file.
EV
Circle > output.txt

When using this technique, the prompts are written to the output file and not displayed on
the screen. Hence you need to know what to type! If you type “10” for the radius, your
U
na

output file should look like:

AL
ut

radius: Using, 3.1416, area = 314.16

ho

Using, Math.PI, area = 314.15926535897933

riz

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 CSharp Chapter 2
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U
na

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ut
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 EVU
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7400 E. Orchard Road, Suite 1450 N
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Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111

Ph: 303-302-5280
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www.ITCourseware.com
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9-08-00407-000-04-18-19