INTRODUCTION Let us consider an irregular plane lamina of area A, whose centre of gravity is at distance x from the reference Y-axis and at a distance y from reference X-axis (Figure 9.1). y, oO x Figure 9.1 Irregular plane lamina. Moment of area about the y-axis = first moment of area. If the first moment of area is multiplied by the perpendicular distance x, it gives Ax? known as the second moment of area or moment of inertia, 207/ALCHANICH NWA! 20K CLEMENTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ABD Ht Moment of inertia about yanis, J, =A Ay? Moment of inertia about y axis, |, Least and greatest moment of Inortia ane figure about x-axis and y-axis. IT, is preater than 7 Ned the least moment of inertig,” 7, and 7, are the moment of inertia of a an then 7, is known as the greatest moment of inertia and 7, is The unit of moment of inertia is mm or m4. Radius of gyration (k) It is the distance froin the given axis where the whole ar plane figure is assumed to be concentrated so as not to alter the moment of inertia about the given axis. For example, the moment of inertia about axis 1-1 (F 1=Ae ofa and hence Figure 9.2. Radius of That is, and k= gyration k. PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM This theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane figure about an axis /,_, parallel to the centroidal axis /,_, is equal to sum of moment of inertia about centroidal axis, i.e. J, and the product of area of the plane figure and square of the distance between the two axes. Proof: Let us considera plane figure of total area A - a meet Figure 9.3 Illustration of parallel axis as shown in Figure 9.3. i T, be the poner afinerta {heore for niorient of inesia about an about the x-axis and /,_, the moment of inertia about ‘axis parallel to x-x axis. 1-1 axis. Let us choose an elemental strip of area da at a distance y from the centroidal axis. Moment of inertia of the strip about x-x axis = da-y? Moment of inertia of the total area about the xx axis Moment of inertia of the strip about 1=1 axii Moment of inertia of the total area about 1-1 axis 14 = Eda(y? + y? + 2yF) M4 = Eday? + Eda ¥? + 2F(Eday) As the distance of C.G. of whole area from the centroidal axis = 0, i.e. y = 0, we get Nay=T+ ayMOMENT OF INERTIA 200 Similarly the moment oF Wertht about wn wxly Fwy shown In Fyre 9.4 fe given by Lym Taye 2 y \IZIZIZIZZIZEZITDIZETEDIEEETOOO Figure 9.4 Iilustration of parallol axis thooram for momont of Inortia about an axis parallol to yy axis, PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM This theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane figure about an axis which is perpendicular to the plane of the figure is equal to sum of moment of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axes. Proof: Let.us consider an irregular figure of tol elemental strip of area da at a dis Then, area A as shown in Figure 9.5. Let us choose an ance.x from y-axis, y from x-axis and r from z-axis, respectively. Raxteyt 2 das: 4 ) y Figure 9.5 Illustration of perpendicular axis theorem.p ENGINEERING MECHANICS NGINEERING AN! 210 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL # daxy? Moment of inertia of the StriP about x-axis atone Leta! Moment of inertia of the whole are aout the cat Monnens ornament of inertia of He SIP LMU DT gat Moment of inertia of the whole art about y-axis = Moment of inertia of the stip about Z-ARI82 00 1 a womrent of inertia of the whole aren about Z8 xis = = Eda(x? + 9") = Edax? + Eda-y? That is, NT FIGURES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF IMPORTA! Rectangle Let us consider a rectangular lamina determined (Figure 9.6). Now consi centroidal x-x axis. The moment of inerti: ‘Moment of inertia of the whole figure al nd depth d whose moment of inertia is to be dy at a distance y from the bdyxy. of breadth b ai fer an elemental strip of area b ‘a of the strip about the x—x axis = \bout the x-x axis an = fb ex? ‘That is, ‘ Similarly, Figure 9.6 Rectangular lamina. Triangle Let us consider a triangular lamina of bi 3 Mi ase b and depth d she in Fi i an elemental strip of area b, x dy which is at a ae y nee ABe Sih naeaeesees Using the property of similar triangles, i orMOMENT OF INERTIA 211 Figure 9,7. Triangular lamina, (a= yb a Area of the sttip = J C » Moment of inertia of the strip about AB = dyxy? dy _ by’ =by Moment of inertia of the whole area about AB, too, pdb y Ban = [para fy pray Moment of inertia about x-¥ axis is given by T+ Ay? ie, Typ-A) B ef 2 3 abd tna( 4a) ba 2 2 3 __ db? Therefore, the moment of inertia of the triangle about the SE aia ae~ ING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 212 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEFI Circle Derive an expression of mm Let us consider a rent of inertia of a circle about its diametrical axis, far lamina of radius R as shown in Figure 9.8, . F 4 i v : y Figure 9.8 Circular lamina. Let us choose a circular elemental strip of thickness de at distance x from the centre. Area of the strip = 27xdx. Moment of inertia about the z-z axis = 2me-dx-x? Moment of inertia about the z~z axis for whole circle [fone denon] oer a lo _20R* _ aR* 4 2 For the circular lamina, Semicircle Let us consider a semicircular lamina of radius R as shown in Figure 9.9. Moment of inertia of semicircle bout the diametrical axis AB = by 2&1 _ #8" 2ON MOMENT OF INERTIA 213 y Figure 9.9 Semicircular lamina. Typ = 1, +Ay? a HE (sa) 2 (3a ER‘ aR x16R? 8 2x9n7 or [, = 0.11R* Moment of inertia about the y-axis, rey Quarter Circle For a quarter circle of radius R as shown in Figure 9.10, > _0.11R* =0.055R* DJ WS nN 1 ‘ i y Figure 9.10 Quarter circle.214 RING AND ENGIN} EMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINE! PROBLEMS ON MOMENT OF INERTIA Steps to Solve Any Given Problem axes. Ifthe moment of inertia of the given Figure isto Oe cg 1. Identify the referen 4 about any given axis, then select that axis itself as the reference axis, In geno, P¥teq the symmetrical axis as the reference axis. If the figure is unsymmetrical, sy, al, scleay as the origin. * Select the tof bottom corner of the figure 2. Subdivide the compound figure into known of the sub-figures. 3. Write the tabular format as follows a geometric shapes and identity theo -entroig, ds nd enter the values. Reference table Comp. Area(A) x y Ax Ay Ae Ay? 7, ; 1 2 ee 5 6 7 8 — SA SAX BAy = EAC EAy? ames a where Col. 1 indicates the component or sub-figure number Col. 2 indicates the area of the sub-figure number Col. 3 indicates the centroidal distance of the sub-figure from the y-reference axis Col. 4 indicates the centroidal distance of the sub-figure from the x-reference axis Col. 5 indicates the product of cells of Col. 2 and Col. 3 Col. 6 indicates the product of cells of Col. 2 and Col. 4 Col. 7 indicates the product of cells of Col>3 and Col. 5 Col. 8 indicates the product of cells of Col. 4 and Col. 6 Col. 9 indicates the moment of inertia of the sub-figure about its individual centroidal x-axis Col. 10 indicates the moment of inertia of the sub-figure about its individual centroidal yeanis 4. Compute the centroidal values of the given figure as XAx ZAy TA aDAG 5. Compute the moment of inertia of the given compound figure on the x-reference axis using the parallel axis theorem, i.e. . and Nya Tay or 1 = ET, + ZAy? 6. Compute the moment of inertia of the given compound figure about its centroidal x-axis as -Ay? 1-1 AT 7. Compute the moment of inertia of the gi 0 the given compound fi y-reference axis using the parallel axis theorem : ae + Inge T+ Ax? 1,2 =2T,+EAeMOMENT OF INERTIA 216 8. Compute the moment of inertia of the given compound figure about its centroidal y-axis as Te ha-aP ample 9.1 Find the moment of inertia along the horizontal axis and vertical axis passi though the centroid ofa seetion shown in Figure 9, enn OM Veron ani passing y a Figure 9.11. Example 9.1 Solution The given figure is symmetrical about the y-axis. Therefore, the centroidal y-axis coincides with the reference y-axis. Hence ¥ = 0. Moment of inertia about the centroidal x-x axis qa or L,-Ay=T, 1g=T, +A Comp. Area (mm?) y Ay(mm3) Ay? (mmt) T, mm‘) T, (mm‘y 3 3 1. 400x50 75 +600+ 2 14,000,000 9.8 x 10° a ar = 20,000 = 700 = 14x 10° = 4.167 x 10° = 266,666,666.7 " 2. 50x600 75+ “ 11,250,000 4.219 x 10? one Eid =30,000 =375 1.25 x 108 =900x 10° = 6,250,000 1s 75x 200° 3 20x75 B 562,500 21,09 19% 20X75. 5x 200" = 15,000 = 7.03 x 106 _= 5,00,00,000 = 65,000 25.812 x 10° 1,404 x 10" 911.197 10° _ 322,916,666.7AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS soineeRING 216 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERIN 25,812 x10" = 397.108 mm a 65.000 a 1495 1070 mt aa ies 10! son x (397.108)? = 4.091 % 10? mnt oo ona symmetrical 2 axis, then Ana, o329,216,666.7 mm* Ang, When the oment of inertia iS ae Te eet of inertia of the unequal I- section about it i seit Determine the moment Example 9.2 as chown in Figure 9-12. y ' -—— 200mm ——I 5; 40 mm 300 mm ela < 10 mm y Figure 9.12 Example 9.2. T, (mm*) T, (a) Solution Comp. Area(mm?) — y(mm) ‘Ay (mm?) Ay? (mm*) 1. 200x10 1043004 > 63x 108 198x108 20040)? 02007 _ 12 2 = 2000 =315 = 16,666.67 _ = 6,666,666 2 300x10«10+ 2 asx 10 0798x108 102300 300x107 De oi 12 2 eS =225,00,000 = 25000 3 30x10 HS OASx105 75x10? 300 x10? 10x30) - 25 2 amd 7 = 25,000 22,25 00000 25x10 275x10% 22.541,666.67 _ 2919108MOMENT OF INERTIA 217 z= ZAy _ 11.25x10° Za 8000 1 =TtAyath 4+ EAy? = 22,541,666.67 + 2.75 x 108 = 297,541, 666.67 mm* q =1,_,-AY Fy? = 297,541,666.67 — 8000 x (140.625)? = 139,338,541. 67mm* Ans. A = 29,191,666.7 mm4 Ans. Example he Determine the moment of inertia of the section, shown in Figure 9.13, about its centroidal axes. Calculate the least radius of gyration for the section as well. 2 Se VTU (February 2003) = 140.625 mm . TIS 1120 mm—|