PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Electrical Protection Relay Application

PTS 13.31.01

October 2017

© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.

PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.

The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS..................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES ............................................................................................... 8
2.0 BASIS OF ELECTRICAL PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY ................................................... 9
2.1 REGULATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS ...................................................................... 9
2.2 MAINTAINABILITY AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY ............................................................. 9
2.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL............................................................................ 9
2.4 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY....................................................................... 10
2.5 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION COORDINATION STUDY ...................................................... 10
2.6 RELAY DATABASE REPOSITORY .................................................................................... 11
2.7 STUDY PHASES ............................................................................................................. 12
3.0 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ............................................................ 13
3.1 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HV CABLES ..................................................................... 13
3.2 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR OVERHEAD LINES ........................................................... 14
3.3 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HV/LV TRANSFORMERS ................................................. 17
3.4 EQUIPMENT PROTECTION SCHEMES -PROTECTION OF HV/HV TRANSFORMERS ...... 19
3.5 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR INDUCTION MOTORS ..................................................... 24
3.6 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS .......... 28
3.7 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS .............................................. 29
3.8 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR GENERATORS ................................................................. 31
3.9 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR BUSBAR .......................................................................... 36
3.10 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HARMONIC FILTERS ....................................................... 36
3.11 PROTECTION ASSOCIATED DEVICES ............................................................................ 37
4.0 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM .................................................................. 41
4.1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DISTURBANCES........................................................................... 41
4.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ISLANDING.................................................................................. 43
5.0 PROTECTION SETTING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................ 44
5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 44
5.2 OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT RELAYS (ANSI 50, 51, 50N, 51N, 67, 67N) ........... 44
5.3 MOTOR THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAYS (ANSI 49) ........................................................ 47
5.4 DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS FOR TRANSFORMERS (ANSI 87) .............................................. 48
5.5 HIGH IMPEDANCE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAYS (ANSI 64) ................................ 48
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5.6 REVERSE POWER (ANSI 32) AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE (ANSI 46) RELAYS ................. 48
5.7 VOLTAGE (ANSI 27 AND 59) AND FREQUENCY (ANSI 81) RELAYS ............................... 49
6.0 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................... 50
6.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 50
6.2 TRIPPING SCHEMES ..................................................................................................... 50
6.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) REQUIREMENTS ..................................... 51
6.4 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION RELAYS ........................................ 53
6.5 EARTHING .................................................................................................................... 54
6.6 CONNECTION FOR PROTECTION TESTING ................................................................... 54
6.7 POWER SUPPLY FOR PROTECTION RELAYS ................................................................. 55
6.8 LABELLING.................................................................................................................... 55
6.9 WIRING ........................................................................................................................ 55
6.10 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND FUSES.................................................................. 56
6.11 SPECIFIC ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NUMERICAL RELAYS .............................. 56
7.0 BIBILIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX A: TYPICAL PROCESS FLOW IN PERFORMING REQUIRED PROTECTION
COORDINATION STUDY .................................................................................................. 61
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS provides the minimum technical requirements and recommendations on Electrical
Protection Relay and its applications.

This PTS is developed to ensure electrical protection system will be able to effectively
safeguard equipment, electrical system and personnel, incorporating industries best practises
and PETRONAS design and operating experiences.

The main objective of this PTS is to enhance the electrical equipment and system protection
in relation to operational safety, cost optimisation, power quality, system availability and
reliability. The functions required will be based on equipment selection, network
configuration and operational requirement.

1.1 SCOPE

This PTS covers the functional designs, applications and settings of the protection system.

This PTS is intended for use in oil refineries, gas processing plants, petrochemical plants,
onshore and offshore oil and gas production facilities, loading terminals and tank farms.

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Refer to PTS 00.01.03 for PTS Requirements, General Definition Of Terms, Abbreviations &
Reading Guide.

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

No Term Definition

1 Inverse definite Dependent-time relay with an operating time that is

minimum time relay inversely proportional to the input quantity and with a fixed
minimum time at a fixed multiple of the input.

2 Protection system Complete arrangement of protection equipment, including

current transformers, voltage transformers, communication
links wiring, trip circuit, etc. to achieve a certain protection
function.

3 Relay characteristic Electrical input quantity that characterises the relay

performance in terms of current versus time, i.e. SI or EI
curve.

4 Relay operating time The time interval from the occurrence of a specified input
condition into a relay until its operation.
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No Term Definition

5 Relay operation The condition attained by a relay when it performs its

designated function.

6 Relay pickup The condition attained by a relay when its input quantity
reaches the relay setting.

7 Relay reset The condition attained by a relay when it returns to its initial
condition.

8 Relay setting The threshold value of the input at which the relay shall
operate.
Table 1.1 Specific Definition of Terms

1.2.3 Specific Abbreviations

No Abbreviation Description

1 AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

2 CB Circuit Breaker

3 CT Current Transformer

4 VT Voltage Transformer

5 EF Earth Fault

6 HV High Voltage

7 IDMT Inverse Definite Minimum Time

8 LV Low Voltage

9 OC Overcurrent

10 OLTC On Load Tap Changer

11 PLC Power Line Carrier

12 RTD Resistance Temperature Detector

13 SI Standard Inverse Curve

14 EI Extremely Inverse Curve

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No Abbreviation Description

15 CBCT Core Balance Current Transformer

16 NER Neutral Earthing Resistor

17 UCP Unit Control Panel

Table 1.2 Specific Abbreviations

1.2.4 ANSI Codes

No ANSI Codes Description

1 26OT Transformer oil temperature element

2 26WT Transformer winding temperature element

3 21 Distance protection

4 25 Synchro-check

5 27 Undervoltage protection

6 32 Reverse power protection

7 40 Field failure protection

8 46 Phase unbalance protection

9 49 Thermal overload protection

10 49S/51LR* Stall protection during starting and running protection

11 50 Instantaneous overcurrent protection

12 50N* Instantaneous earth fault protection

13 51 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) overcurrent

protection

14 51N* IDMT earth fault protection

15 51S* Time dependent sensitive earth fault protection

16 51G* Standby earth fault protection

17 51V Voltage restrained overcurrent protection

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No ANSI Codes Description

18 58 Diode failure protection

19 59 Overvoltage protection

20 63 Buchholz relay

21 64 Restricted earth fault protection

22 67 Directional overcurrent protection

23 67N* Directional earth fault protection

24 74 Trip circuit supervision

25 79 Delayed three-phase auto-reclose

26 81 Underfrequency and overfrequency protection

29 86 Lockout relay

30 87 Differential protection

31 94 Tripping or Trip Free relay. Specific functions as per below:

32 94B* Buchholz alarm and trip protection

* NOTE: The additional letters are not part of the ANSI code

Table 1.3 ANSI Codes

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 13.31.01 (October 2017) replaces PTS 13.31.01 (October 2014).
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2.0 BASIS OF ELECTRICAL PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

2.1 REGULATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS

2.1.1 This PTS shall satisfy all statutory requirements of the national and/or local authorities of the
country e.g. Malaysian Electricity Supply Act 447 and latest Electricity Regulations is applicable
in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah while Electricity Ordinance is applicable in Sarawak.
2.1.2 The development of this PTS is based on the publications of the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA). Specific publications of these Standards are referenced in this
PTS where necessary.
2.1.3 For engineering design, the national standards of the country in which the installation will be
located shall be utilised in-lieu of IEC if they are more stringent.
2.1.4 Electrical equipment and materials shall comply with the relevant PTS specifications, which in
turn shall be considered as supplementary to IEC equipment standards.
2.1.5 The engineering design shall follow the following merit order:

i. National Standards

ii. PTS

iii. International Standards (IEC, IEEE and NFPA)

2.1.6 In the event of contradiction between these requirements, the most stringent one prevail,
provided the statutory obligations in the country of installation are satisfied.

2.2 MAINTAINABILITY AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY

2.2.1 The design life and obsolescene of the protection devices shall be minimum 10 years,
assuming routine maintenance as per Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
recommendations are carried out. Nevertheless, priority consideration shall be given to
maintenance interval in accordance to any national electricity regulations e.g. Malaysian
Electricity Regulation requires 2-year interval for relay calibration, or at interval agreed by the
regulatory body.
2.2.2 Under all operating conditions, PTS 18.52.05-Electrical Safety Rules shall apply with respect to
electrical safety.

2.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL

Contractors and Manufacturers shall implement quality management systems in accordance

with ISO 9001:2008 by providing a certified true copy of the Certificate.
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2.4 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

2.4.1 The overall philosophy of electrical protection is to ensure a robust and safe protection system
for electrical installations is developed in accordance with PTS 13.00.01.
2.4.2 The primary objectives of such system are as follows:

i. Automatic fault identification and initiation for isolations of the affected circuit
with minimum disruption to plant operations;

ii. Early fault condition identification and fast control action to prevent or minimise
equipment damage;

iii. Ascertain any other abnormal conditions that would be detrimental to personnel
safety and perform mitigation by design (e.g. earth leakage of faulted equipment);

iv. Avoid nuisance trips.

2.4.3 In order to achieve the above primary objectives, protection system shall be design as follows:

i. Redundancy –by having an independent secondary protection system for

identification and isolation as a back-up to the primary protection system at the
same zone of protection..

ii. Steady operation during system transient caused by motor starting, transformer
inrush as well as short time overload etc.

iii. Minimising possibility of inherent and dormant fault in protection systems by

design - e.g. use of trip circuit supervision, self-diagnostics functions etc.

iv. Operation capability for the full range of anticipated system fault levels.

v. Ensuring system stability and personnel safety by clearing the fault within critical
fault clearing times.

vi. A single relay can be used for two separate main protection functions, e.g.
differential and restricted earth fault protections

2.5 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION COORDINATION STUDY

2.5.1 The main objective of the study are:

i. To achieve proper coordination of the overcurrent and earth fault relays;

ii. To achieve fast isolation of the affected circuit in order to protect equipment and
personnel.
2.5.2 The process flow chart for protection coordination study is shown in Appendix A – Figure A.1.
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2.5.3 The protection coordination report shall consist of the followings:

i. System description and normal operating modes that the setting have been
generated;

ii. Analysis of short circuit study to specify minimum and maximum short circuit
current;

iii. Analyse various operating scenarios as per requirement;

iv. Tabulated settings of the individual devices;

v. Time Current Curves (TCC) coordination of the protective devices;

vi. Transformer inrush and motor starting currents;

vii. Generator decrement curves, etc. plotted in graphical form.

2.5.4 Under abnormal and/or worst case condition such as reduce number of generators running
during plant turnaround that would generate less short circuit current, appropriate
adjustment of protection setting shall be carried out to ensure the protection is still working
under such environment.
2.5.5 Transient stability studies shall be performed to analyse and verify dynamic performance of
the system to ensure adequacy of protection settings so as to ensure successful system
recovery after fault clearance where applicable. For example, plant with in-house generation
would require the study to be performed to establish the suitability of the motor
reacceleration employed.
2.5.6 For interconnection with public utility, protection requirement shall be co-ordinated and
agreed by both Owner and public utility.
2.5.7 Fault criteria and system operating modes for the system studies shall be subjected to Owner’s
agreement.
2.5.8 For the green field project, the report shall contain as minimum, the detail protection
philosophy applied (e.g circuit breaker interlocking, inter tripping) in the simulation together
with tabulated result (e.g. TCC, setting etc.) and recommendation.
2.5.9 On the other hand, for brown field project, the report shall contain as minimum the
verification of protection philosophy applied, simulation results & analysis and
recommendations.
2.5.10 The format shall include an electronic database wherever possible.

2.6 RELAY DATABASE REPOSITORY

Protection system database shall be documented and kept in hardcopies and digital copies for
easy references. The digital copies shall be kept in a database system with authorised access
and control.
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2.7 STUDY PHASES

2.7.1 The requirement of protection coordination studies depends on the phases of the project.
During Front End Loading (FEL) 1, FEL 2, and FEL 3, the study may not be required. However,
protection philosophy shall be developed in FEL 3.
2.7.2 Specific protection schematics, wiring diagrams, coordination diagrams, setting reports and
associated narratives shall be developed in detail design phase and aligned with OEM
recommendation.
2.7.3 For plant under operations, the study requires involvement of operation personnel to ensure
the effectiveness of input data and parameters.
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3.0 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

3.1 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HV CABLES

3.1.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection requirement of HV cables:

Item Single plain feeder Parallel plain feeder

Standard Drawing D13.92.025 D13.92.024

Voltage HV HV

Upstream Switchgear Circuit breaker Circuit breaker

Downstream
Switchgear Circuit breaker Circuit breaker

Upstream Protection  51 – IDMT overcurrent  51

protection
 51N
 51N
 87
 87 (Optional – shall be
considered if fast fault
clearance is required)

Downstream None  87 (Option - integrated with 51/51N)

Protection
Additional protection if downstream
bus-section normally closed.a

 67

 67N

Inter-trip requirement  Intertrip after initial trip from

upstream lockout relay to OPEN
downstream CB.

 Downstream lockout relay to be of

the high burden type to prevent
spurious operation.

 Indication light: Amber for local fault

aNormally closed bus section will require protection scheme on the bus section as well

Table 3.1 Protection Features of HV cable

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3.1.2 Differential protection

Differential protection requirement shall either:

i. three-phase pilot wire protection operating on the circulating current principle
ii. Or current differential relay using optic fibre. (see 3.4.3)

3.2 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR OVERHEAD LINES

3.2.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection features of overhead lines:

Item Feeder for Voltages <60 kV Feeder for Voltages  60 kV

Standard
D13.92.030
Drawing

Switchgear Circuit breaker

Protection  Main: 87 (current differential protection) - with built-in auto-reclose and

synchro-check features, as necessary.

 Back-up: 21 (distance protection) and 51/51N (IDMT overcurrent)

 Main: 87 (current differential protection) - with built-in auto-reclose and

synchro-check features, as necessary.

 Back-up: 21 (distance protection) and 51/51N (IDMT overcurrent)

Auto-Reclose Built-in feature or independent relay

Relay

Synchro-Check Optional Built-in feature or independent relay

Relay

Trip circuit Provided Independent relay

supervision

Initiation of  87 (current differential protection)

auto-reclose

Lockout of auto-  87 - within the reclaim time Any protection relay operation
reclose within the reclaim time

Intertrip signals Not required Required (via PLC or optical fibre)

Meters Ammeter and MW meter may be A, MW, MVAr and kWh meters may
omitted if numerical relays are used be omitted if numerical relays are
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unless this is an operational used. An alternative is the use of a

requirement. digital power meter.
Table 3.2 Protection Features of overhead lines

3.2.2 Protection of HV overhead lines

Protection for HV Overhead lines shall be as follows:

i. Current differential protection shall be the main protection.

Distance protection and IDMT overcurrent shall be the back-up protection. The relays shall
perform the following functions:

i. trip the CB for a line fault and lockout the auto-reclose scheme following an
unsuccessful auto-reclose;

ii. Trip the CB for a line fault when the auto-reclose scheme is not in service.

These relays shall be coordinated with the other downstream IDMT overcurrent and earth
fault protection, where applicable

3.2.3 Auto-reclose relays for distribution systems

The source end of a distribution overhead line feeder shall be provided with a delayed single-
shot three-phase auto-recloser with optional synchro-check facilities. The auto-reclose
function shall be provided by either a dedicated relay or as part of a numerical relay
incorporating protection and control functions.

When the auto-reclose scheme is in service, the current differential protection shall perform
as follows:

i. either trip the circuit breaker instantaneously, or trip the circuit breaker after a
short time delay of between 150 ms and 200 ms to allow clearance of faults
outside the line by downstream fuses or reclosers;

ii. initiate an auto-reclose of the CB after a dead time.

The instantaneous protection shall be inhibited after its initial operation to allow for operation
of the IDMT protection.

The dead time from the initiation of the auto-reclose until the auto-reclose attempt shall be
adjustable. The time setting shall be adequate to allow downstream undervoltage protection
to operate if required.

The auto-reclose attempt shall be permitted for the following conditions:

i. CB closing spring is charged;

ii. busbars are live and the line is dead as checked by an optional synchro-check relay
with voltage check feature.
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An auto-reclose attempt shall initiate an adjustable reclaim timer. The reclaim time shall be
set slower than the operating time of the feeder IDMT overcurrentfor the minimum fault
current. Within the reclaim time:

i. If the fault recurs, it shall be cleared by the applicable IDMT.

ii. Operation of the feeder IDMT protection shall result in tripping of its CB and
lockout of the auto reclose scheme.

Auto-reclose shall not be initiated for the following conditions:

i. tripping following manual closing of the feeder CB to prevent closing on to a

bolted fault;

ii. for a three-phase overcurrent trip

The Auto-reclose scheme shall be provided with an operation indicator and operation counter
with facilities to lockout after a set number of operations. The auto-reclose initiation, attempt
and lockout shall trigger the appropriate alarms and annunciations. The scheme shall be
equipped with an in/out control to switch the auto-reclose scheme in and out as necessary.

A synchro-check protection shall be utilised if embedded generation is connected in the

distribution system.

3.2.4 Auto-reclose relays for interconnected and transmission systems

For systems that are interconnected or with voltages of not less than 60 kV, each end of the
overhead line feeder shall be provided with a delayed single-shot three-phase auto-reclose
relay with synchro-check facilities. The auto-reclose function shall be provided by either a
dedicated relay or as part of a numerical relay incorporating protection and control functions.

The current differential protection shall trip the circuit breaker without any further delay and
initiate a delayed auto-reclose attempt. The auto-reclose shall be initiated by the distance and
directional earth fault protections for internal line faults when the auto-reclose scheme is in
service.

The dead time from the initiation of the auto-reclose until the auto-reclose attempt shall be
adjustable. The time setting shall be adequate:

i. to allow downstream undervoltage protection to operate if required.

ii. to ensure de-ionisation of the affected area in order to prevent fault restrike
occurs.

The auto-reclose attempt shall be permitted for the following conditions:

i. CB closing spring is charged

ii. Live bus – dead line check, i.e. the busbars are live and the line is dead, as checked
by a synchro-check relay with a voltage check feature at one end of the line.
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iii. Check by a synchro-check relay at the other end of the line to ensure that both
the busbars and line are live, in-phase and within acceptable voltage and phase
angle limits.

An auto-reclose attempt shall initiate an adjustable reclaim timer. The reclaim time shall be
set slower than any time delayed operation of the distance relay. If the fault recurs within the
reclaim time, subsequent operation of the distance or directional earth fault protection within
the reclaim time shall result in tripping of its CB and lockout of the auto-reclose scheme.

Auto-reclose shall not be initiated for the following conditions:

i. tripping following manual closing of the feeder CB to prevent closing onto a bolted
fault;

ii. three-phase fault.

The Auto-reclose scheme shall be provided with an operation indicator and operation counter
with facilities to lockout after a set number of operations. The auto-reclose initiation, attempt
and lockout shall trigger the appropriate alarms and annunciations.

The instantaneous protection shall be inhibited after its initial operation to allow operation of
the IDMT protection.

A synchro-check protection should be considered if the facility has in-house power generation
which can be operated in parallel with the transmission system.

3.3 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HV/LV TRANSFORMERS

3.3.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection requirement of HV/LV transformers

Item Fused Contactor Circuit Breaker HV Fuses for RMUs

Vector group Dyn

Standard Drawing D13.92.020 D13.92.021 Nil

Secondary Solidly earth

Neutral

HV Switchgear Fused contactor with CB Switch

striker pin mechanism

LV Switchgear 1. Switch (Load break and fault make) or

2. CB for remote control or transfer scheme

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Item Fused Contactor Circuit Breaker HV Fuses for RMUs

HV Protection  Fuses  50 – for primary 1. Expulsion fuse

winding faults. cut-outs.
 51 – for secondary side
faults  51 – for secondary To ensure that fault
side faults level is within breaking
 51N – Primary winding capacity of dropout
earth faults; with core  51N – Primary fuse.
balance CTs. winding earth
faults; with core OR
balance CTs.
2. Ring main unit fuses
with striker pin
mechanism

LV Protection 51G using neutral CT. Trips HV contactor or CB.

Buchholz Alarm Applicable for conservator type

and Trip

Oil/Winding Required
Temp. Alarm

Pressure Relief Required

Trip

Low Oil Level Applicable for conservator type

Alarm
Table 3.3 Protection Features of HV/LV transformers
For transformer fault i.e. Buccholz trip, pressure and temperature protection, both upstream
and downstream breaker should be tripped for transformer isolation.

3.3.2 Magnetising inrush current for HV/LV and HV/HV transformers

The relay shall have facilities to detect transformer magnetising inrush currents during
energisation of the transformer under normal conditions. It shall capable to detect or filter
second harmonic component during this condition.

3.3.3 Transformers with HV fused contactors

The short-circuit protection for primary winding faults shall be provided by HV fuse and the
IDMT overcurrent relay shall protect against secondary winding faults. The earth fault
protection for primary winding shall be connected to a core balance CT, and the secondary
standby earth fault relay with a neutral CT connection shall provide protection against LV
earth faults which shall trip the HV contactor.
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All the protection functions shall be coordinated to ensure fuse-link will always operates to
clear the faults exceeding the maximum breaking capacity of the contactor. The primary
winding earth fault relay may require a short time delay to achieve this coordination. The
instantaneous primary overcurrent protection shall be disabled to prevent contactor to
operate beyond its breaking capacity.

3.3.4 Transformer with HV circuit breaker

The short-circuit protection for primary winding faults shall be provided by instantaneous
relay and the IDMT overcurrent relay shall protect against secondary winding faults and LV
fault. The earth fault protection for primary winding shall be connected to a core balance CT,
and the secondary standby earth fault relay with a neutral CT connection shall provide
protection against LV earth faults which shall trip the HV and LV circuit breakers.

3.3.5 Transformer with HV fuses

HV/LV transformers can be connected to an overhead line system or to cable ring main
systems through expulsion fuse cut-outs or HV fused ring main units respectively. Dropout
fuses usually have limited short-circuit ratings. The fuse-link shall capable of interrupting the
maximum system fault level.

3.3.6 Cast Resin Transformers (Dry Type) HV/LV

The protection of this type of transformer shall also include thermal detection with an alarm
and trip function in the form of embedded RTD sensors in the low voltage windings.

3.4 EQUIPMENT PROTECTION SCHEMES -PROTECTION OF HV/HV TRANSFORMERS

3.4.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection features of HV/HV transformer protection.

HV/HV Transformers With Short HV/HV Transformers

Item Primary Connection With Long Primary
Connection

Length of Connection  250 m > 250 m

Standard Drawing D 13.92.022 D 13.92.023

Secondary Neutral Earthed through neutral earthing resistor

Switchgear Circuit breakers for both primary and secondary windings

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HV/HV Transformers With Short HV/HV Transformers

Item Primary Connection With Long Primary
Connection

Primary Winding  87 - Zone of protection includes  87 - Zone of protection

Protection cables includes cables

 Need for inrush

stability and
intertripping/destabilisi
ng features

 50 – for primary winding faults only

 51 – for secondary winding and downstream busbar short-

circuit faults

 51N – for primary winding earth faults; Core Balance CTs.

Secondary Winding  64
Protection
 51/51N – provided at the secondary breaker for downstream
busbar fault protection. It does not protect the tansformer
secondary winding.

As an option, 51/51N protection function within differential

relay may be activated.

In case of paralleled operation of transformers at secondary bus,

directional OC/EF protection will be required.

 51G – Neutral CT.

Buchholz alarm and trip

Oil/Winding temp. alarm

Pressure relief trip Shall be provided

OLTC Buchholz trip

Low oil level alarm

Primary winding
Shall be provided
intertrip/lockout

Secondary Winding
Shall be provided
intertrip/lockout
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HV/HV Transformers With Short HV/HV Transformers

Item Primary Connection With Long Primary
Connection

Ammeter May be omitted if numerical relays are used, unless required for
operational reasons.

Note: For parallel transformer feeders with normally close bus-tie, directional overcurrent shall be specified

Table 3.4 Protection Features of HV/HV transformer protection

3.4.2 Transformer differential protection

The transformer differential protection relays shall be of the multifunction numerical
microprocessor type with integral CT ratio compensation, vector group compensation and
integral high impedance type restricted earth fault protection, where specified.

The protected zone of the differential relay shall include connections between the
transformer and the switchgear. The relay shall be able to detect transformer magnetising
inrush currents during energisation of the transformer under normal conditions.

The operating characteristic of the bias protection shall ensure stability on any transformer
tap position under maximum through-fault conditions. The CTs design shall be based on the
requirement by the relay Manufacturer.

3.4.3 Current differential protection

A current differential protection shall be used for HV/HV transformers when the primary cable
connection is more than 250 m. The scheme shall include destabilising and inter-tripping
facilities that shall be used to ensure the tripping of both circuit breakers on the activation of
the transformer protection. Fibre optic cable shall be used for current comparison and
communication between relays at the two ends.

The protection shall be able to identify the fault type and provide visible indication of the
faulty phases. The protection shall also be capable of providing inter-tripping facility on
external trip signals with clear identification of such inter-tripping action. This shall not be
interpreted as operation of the differential element.

The relay shall be able to monitor the communication status between the two ends and
provide alarm and also block the operation of the relay in the event of communication failure.
The relay shall also have the facility of overcurrent and earth fault protection back-up during
communication failure. The communication requirements of the protection shall be clearly
identified and the compatibility of all the interface equipment shall be clearly established.

The above application comes with the following requirement:

i. Requirement for inrush stability feature because of the inclusion of the

transformer in the protection zone
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ii. Requirement for destabilising/intertripping to trip the remote circuit breaker for
other transformer protection relay operation

Alternatively, the following shall be considered:

i. Transformer differential relay. However, the design shall consider the increased
CT requirement and the risks of non-operation or mal-operation associated with
open-circuit because of the long length of connecting wires.

ii. Combination of current differential or pilot wire protection with a destabilising

feature for transformer faults and a differential protection for the transformer.

3.4.4 Restricted earth fault protection

Restricted earth fault relays shall be installed on star windings of HV/HV transformers
equipped with neutral earthing resistors. It may either be a standalone unit or integrated with
the transformer differential relay.

The protection based on high impedance principle shall include a voltage limiting device and
either an internal or external stabilising resistor, as necessary. Application of low impedance
differential protection is also acceptable. Other techniques, such as phase angle comparison,
shall not be used. Sensitivity shall be maintained when NER rating and transformer Full Load
Current are different.

Selecting an NER rating equal to the Full Load current of the transformer will inherently match
CT ratings. However, care needs to be taken to ensure the resulting earth fault levels are not
excessive, especially under parallel operating conditions.

3.4.5 Overcurrent and earth fault protection for all transformers

The IDMT overcurrent, earth fault and instantaneous overcurrent protection shall have a
selection of operating characteristics. The instantaneous relay shall be set to detect
transformer primary winding faults only. The IDMT overcurrent relay shall be the main
protection for secondary busbar faults and also the back-up protection to the IDMT relays for
the outgoing feeders. The primary winding earth fault protection shall be effected by a core
balance or residual current relay, set to achieve the minimum fault clearance time; it may be
either an IDMT or a definite time relay.

The standby earth fault relay shall trip both the transformer HV and LV circuit breakers. The
relay may be placed in the HV panel if the distance between the CT and the switchgear is
within 300 m. Otherwise, it can be located in the LV switchgear with a trip signal sent to the
HV CB.

3.4.6 Non-electrical alarms and trips

The transformer non-electrical alarms and trips shall be covered by dedicated auxiliary relays.
High winding and oil temperature protection shall be provided for all HV/HV transformers to
protect against overload. For ONAN transformers, the thermal protection shall have two-stage
alarm and tripping contacts. The protection shall trip both primary and secondary circuit
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breaker for transformer isolation. For transformers with forced cooling, the oil temperature
protection shall have another two stages to start and stop the cooling fans.

Buchholz protection shall be provided on all oil-filled HV/HV transformers fitted with a
conservator tank and on earthing transformers. The Buchholz device shall be a two-element
device, providing an alarm for gassing and a trip function for oil surge conditions.

Pressure relief device trip and low oil level alarm for the main and OLTC conservators shall be
provided when specified.

3.4.7 Tripping schemes

Table below summarises a tripping scheme for HV/HV transformers:

Protection Relays Primary CB Trip Secondary CB Trip

Differential relay yes yes

Restricted earth fault relay yes yes

Transformer Buchholz trip yes yes

Pressure relief trip yes yes

Oil/winding Temperature trip optional yes

OLTC Buchholz trip yes yes

Primary overcurrent and earth

fault relay – internal or external yes yes
fault

Secondary overcurrent and

optional yes a
earth fault trip – external fault.

Secondary standby earth fault

relay – internal or external yes yes
fault
aIf 51/51N (OC/EF) option is adopted as per 3.4.5

Table 3.5 Tripping scheme for HV/HV transformers

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3.5 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

3.5.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection features of induction motors:

Item LV Induction Motor HV Induction Motors

Standard D13.92.002 D13.92.016 and D13.92.017

Drawing
*for contactor controlled and CB controlled
HV motors respectively

Switchgear Contactors Contactors or VCU or circuit breakers

Protection  87 (for Motors > 3.5 MW)

Fuses for contactors/MCCB  Fuses for contactors;

and contactors
 50 for circuit breakers

 49

 46

 27

Note:

 Inherent U/V (27) protection for motors with contactors only.

 Separate U/V (27) protection to be included for motors with CBs / Latched
contactors

 51N - with core balance  51N - with core balance CT

CT for motors  30 kW

 Over temperature protection for motors >

1 MW (PTC thermistor or Pt-100 RTD)

 49S or 51LR

 66

 Restart Inhibit Function

 Minimum duration between successive

starts timer function
Table 3.6 Protection Features of induction motors
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3.5.2 Use of numerical relays for HV motors

HV motors shall be protected by multifunction numerical relays incorporating all the

necessary protection functions. The relays shall have the facility to display measured values,
store motor starting time/starting current and fault currents, communicate, and accept a
remote open or trip signal. Differential relay shall be installed as separate protection relay.

3.5.3 Differential protection

For HV motor rated less than 3.5MW, decision on having differential protection should be
based on criticality assessment. The differential protection of directly connected motors shall
be of the high impedance type. Low impedence differential relay shall be subject to approval
by Owner. For unit transformer fed motors, differential protection shall be arranged to cover
the transformer and the motor and inrush detection features shall be provided.

3.5.4 Overcurrent protection

For motors controlled by contactors, the instantaneous overcurrent shall only be interrupted
by fuse (e.g. by disabling instantaneous overcurrent for contactor if its breaking capacity is
lower than instantaneous overcurrent). The contactor however must be able to withstand the
condition and not to open to interrupt the circuit.

Fuse-links intended for the protection of contactor controlled motors shall be able to
withstand the starting current of the motor and carry the normal full-load current
continuously without degradation. The fuse-links shall be selected in accordance with the
motor Manufacturers' requirements, taking into account the voltage rating of the motor,
starting method, number of starts per hour, starting current and starting time. The current
rating of the fuse-link however, shall not be less than 1.25 times the full-load current of the
motor.

For motors controlled by circuit breakers, the instantaneous overcurrent protection shall be
set above the maximum starting current, taking into consideration any short-time peak.

3.5.5 Thermal overload protection

The thermal overload protection time and current setting:

i. Shall not exceed the motor thermal withstand time for both hot and cold
conditions.

ii. Shall be set to ensure that the motor temperature does not rise beyond the class
B insulation limits even though the motors are provided with class F insulation.

iii. Shall provide sufficient protection for the motor under stalling conditions and at
the same time to allow normal running-up of the motor under the lowest
allowable motor starting voltage (typically 80 %). However, the minimum safe
stall time shall be greater than the maximum starting time by a sufficient margin.
If this cannot be achieved then a different method of stall protection shall be used
(refer to 3.7.6).
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For LV motors up to a nominal current of 40 A, a direct heating bimetallic elements should be

provided. For motors with nominal currents between 40 A and 100 A, a 5 A/1 A elements
connected via CTs may be used instead.

For motors that are required to remain operational in the event of fire, the overload
protection shall be set at a minimum of 300 % of the motor full-load current in accordance
with NFPA 20.

For Ex ‘e’ motor installed in Zone 1 areas, the overload protection shall have a current/time
characteristic below the maximum locked rotor time (tE).

3.5.6 Stall and locked rotor protection

If the motor safe stall time is less than the normal running-up time at the lowest allowable
voltage for motor starting, then stalling protection initiated from a motor shaft speed-sensing
switch shall be applied.

This protection is compulsory for all Ex ‘e’ motors as defined in IEC 60079-7 and may be
required for HV motors, as specified by the Owner.

3.5.7 Earth leakage and earth fault protection

Earth leakage and earth fault relays shall be manually resettable and equipped with a clear
trip indication.

Earth leakage and earth fault protections shall be of the core-balance type, unless otherwise
approved by the Owner.

The setting for the earth leakage relay shall be 300 mA.

The setting for the earth fault relay shall be 10 % to 20 % of the phase CT rating.

In general, for solid earthing system and low-resistance earthing system, the motor shall be
equipped with earth leakage or earth fault protection system. It can be achieved through
earth leakage relay, CT residual method or zero-sequence CT. The earth leakage or earth fault
protection shall be properly coordinated with the fuse-link protection and contactor.

For a motor that is connected to a high-resistance earthing (HRE) system, the earth fault
protection may not specifically be required at the motor feeder. However, the system shall
have a bus earth fault detection system e.g. pulsing method with a clamp-on ammeter or MCC
earth relay sensor.

For an unearthed configuration, an earth fault protection may not be required since the
system has to employ the bus earth fault detection system similar to HRE to indicate the earth
fault event.

Earth Fault at motors shall trip individual motor breaker and coordinated with upstream
breaker.
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3.5.8 Phase unbalance protection

The motor shall be protected against current unbalance conditions, such as single-phasing
when one fuse-link is blown.

3.5.9 Undervoltage protection

Undervoltage protection with an adjustable time delay shall be required for motors fitted with
circuit breakers or contactors with latching mechanism.

3.5.10 Over temperature protection

Windings’ embedded temperature detectors i.e. RTD shall also be provided for:

i. induction motors larger than 1000 kW

ii. synchronous motors larger than 1600 kW,

iii. or when current operated overload devices are not able to provide adequate
protection for the motor.

3.5.11 Excessive number of starts

Restrictive start relays shall be provided to prevent excessively frequent or consecutive

starting of motor which may degrade the motor condition.
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3.6 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS

3.6.1 General requirement

Table below summarises the minimum protection features of other induction motors. These
motors shall also comply with (3.7) where applicable.

Submerged Motors with HV Motors with Unit VSD with Induction Motors
Item
Contactor Transformers

Size  110/185 kW for LV;  132 kW for 3.3 kV;  110/185 kW for LV;
 132 kW for 3.3 kV;  200 kW for 6.6 kV  132 kW for 3.3 kV;
 200 kW for 6.6 kV  200 kW for 6.6 kV

Standard
D13.92.029 D13.92.019 D13.92.028
Drawing

Switchgear
Contactors (preferred) or
Contactors Circuit breakers
circuit breakers

Motor  87 for motors > 3.5 MW or fed by a unit transformer

Protection
 Fuses for contactors  50  51

 49  49 - VSD built-in

 51N - with core balance CT  51N - with residual  51N - with core balance
connection Core Balance CT
CT

 51G - with neutral CT

 46

 Over temperature protection (PTC thermistor or Pt-100 RTD)

 49S or 51LR

 Excessive number of starts (66)

 27

 Note:

 Inherent UV for motors with contactors only.

 UV (27/62) for CB controlled motors

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 37

Transformer Buchholz alarm and trip

Protection Optional oil and winding
temperature Optional
pressure relief device
Table 3.7 Protection Features of other induction motors

3.6.2 Differential protection

The zone of protection of the differential relay for motors with unit transformers shall include
both the motor and transformer. The relay shall be of the biased differential type.

3.6.3 Overcurrent and thermal overload protection

A Variable Speed Drive (VSD) shall provide thermal overload protection. The thermal overload
relay settings shall be adjusted to suit hot and cold protection characteristics and shall be
coordinated with the overcurrent relay used to protect the VSD.

3.6.4 Undercurrent protection

Undercurrent protection shall be provided for submerged motors where the fluid being
pumped also acts a cooling medium.

3.7 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

3.7.1 General requirement

Table below summarises the minimum protection features of synchronous motors.

The notes in section 3.7 on induction motors shall also apply to synchronous motors, where
applicable.

Item Large Synchronous Motors HV Synchronous Motors with VSD

Size  2 MW

Standard D13.92.018 D13.92.028

Drawing

Switchgear Circuit breakers Latched type Contactors or circuit

breakers

Protection  87 - for motors > 3.5 MW

 Fuses for contactors;  51

 50 - for circuit breakers

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 49  49 - VSD built-in

 51N – Core Balance CT connection

 46

 40

 Over temperature protection (PTC thermistor or Pt-100 RTD)

 49S or 51LR

 66

 27

Note:

 Inherent undervoltage protection for motors with contactors only

 Undervoltage protection (27/62) for CB controlled motors/latched contactors.

 Optional:

o protection for out-of-step,

o overspeed/underspeed

o rotor earth fault

o and diode failure

Transformer  Buchholz alarm and trip

Protection
 Optional:

o Oil and winding temperature

o Pressure relief device

Table 3.8 Protection Features of synchronous motors
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3.8 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR GENERATORS

3.8.1 General requirements

Table below summarises the minimum protection requirement of generators:

LV Emergency Directly Connected Generators with

Item Generators Generators Unit
Transformers

Voltage LV  11 kV Transformer
secondary

11kV  Voltage
 36kV

Standard Drawing D13.92.032 D13.92.026 D13.92.027

Switchgear Circuit breakers

Generator Earth Solid Earthed Neutral Earthing Distribution

resistor transformer with
secondary
earthing resistor

Generator Protection  51V – Voltage Restrained Overcurrent

 27 - Undervoltage

 64 - Restricted Earth Fault protection(optional)

 32 - Reverse power protection (Only for synchronised units)

 21 – Distance
Protection (
alternative to
51V)

 Earth fault protection(Neutral connection)  Stator earth

(51G/51N) fault
protection
(50N)

 Optional
100 % stator
earth fault
protection for
large
machines
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LV Emergency Directly Connected Generators with

Item Generators Generators Unit
Transformers

Pole Slip for generator Pole Slip for generator connected to grid or
connected to grid or parallel generators.
parallel generators.
(Optional)

 40 – Field Failure

 46 – Negative Phase Sequence

 81 - Over frequency and underfrequency

protection

 59 - Overvoltage

 64 - Rotor earth fault protection

 58 - Diode failure protection

 24 – Overfluxing (or 59/81 – Volt/Hertz

protection) (Optional for large machine)

 87 – Overall differential protection for

units > 5 MW

Transformer  64 - REF
Protection
 51N - with
neutral
connection;

 Buchholz
protection;

 Oil and
winding
temperature
protection;

 Pressure relief
device
(Optional)

Aux. Transformer
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LV Emergency Directly Connected Generators with

Item Generators Generators Unit
Transformers

 51 (Primary)
or 87

Note: 51 and 87
for auxiliary
transformer shall
be included if the
fault level at the
said transformer
is insufficient to
trigger the
overall 87
protection.

Non-electrical Optional stator winding temperature

protection protection

Synchronisation  Synchro-check relay

(25)
Auto-synchroniser or synchronising relay
 Auto-synchroniser
(Optional)
Table 3.9 Protection Features of generators

3.8.2 Relay Application

HV generators for spared applications shall be protected by multifunction numerical relays

integrating all the necessary protection functions except for the differential relay. As a
minimum main and back up functions shall be installed in separate devices. The relays shall
also be able to display measured values, record disturbances, communicate and accept
remote open or trip signal, and compatible with ENMC system.

Critical generators (e.g. generator larger than 150MW or process critical applications) shall be
protected by a minimum of two identical multi-functional numerical relays providing
redundant protection. However, duplicate CT or VT are not required.

The differential protection for directly connected generators shall be of a standalone type,
using the high-impedance principle.

3.8.3 Voltage dependent overcurrent protection

Voltage restrained overcurrent relay shall be set to operate properly for both close and far
faults, and overloads under the worst case condition without considering AVR reaction in
reference to generator current decrement curves (shall be provided by the generator
Manufacturer).
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The protection relay shall have a selection for voltage controlled and voltage restrained
operation, and shall be used for generators with direct connection and unit transformers
respectively.

Alternatively, distance/underimpedance relay may be used for large generator transformers.

3.8.4 Pole slip protection

Pole slip protection is required to protect the generator against loss of stability during system
power swings. It shall be used for large capacity generators but is optional for generators sized
< 1 MW.

3.8.5 100% stator earth protection (Optional)

For large machines, 100% earth fault protection which uses different principles of protection
compared to stator earth fault protection (50N) should be considered subject to Owner’s
approval. The setting shall be recommended by the generator Manufacturer.

3.8.6 Differential Protection

The zone of protection of the differential relay for a generator-transformer shall include the
generator transformer as a minimum, with separate protection functions (87G, 87T 87U).

NOTE: Certain configurations require an (87L) function to be included in the differential scheme; this shall be confirmed by a
protection engineering consultant.

The relay shall be of the biased differential type.

Generator differential protection shall be fitted with a harmonic restraint feature to maintain
stability during energisation of out of zone transformers.

3.8.7 Overtemperature protection

Windings’ embedded temperature detectors shall be provided for all HV generators.

3.8.8 Location of CTs

Standalone generator: CTs for overcurrent protection shall be located on the neutral side of
the winding to enable detection of internal faults.

Synchronised generator: CTs for overcurrent protection shall be located on the line side of the
winding to enable operation due to the higher in-feed current for internal faults.

3.8.9 Tripping Scheme

Table below summarises a tripping scheme for generators:

Intertrip
Protection Relay Trip Main CB Trip Field Switch to Driver

Differential1 yes yes yes

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Intertrip
Protection Relay Trip Main CB Trip Field Switch to Driver

Restricted earth fault1 yes yes yes

Instantaneous overcurrent1 yes yes yes

Voltage restrained overcurrent1 yes yes Optional

Stator earth fault1 yes yes yes

Distance/underimpedance2 yes yes optional

Underfrequency and
yes optional optional
overfrequency1,2

Overvoltage1,2 yes yes optional

Undervoltage1,2 yes yes optional

Overfluxing 1 yes yes Optional

Field failure1 yes yes optional

Negative phase sequence1 yes optional Optional

Reverse power1,2 yes yes yes

Rotor earth fault1 (Note 1) optional optional optional

Diode failure1 (Note 1) optional optional optional

Transformer HV earth fault2

yes yes optional
(Note 2)

Buchholz trip2 (Note 2) yes yes optional

Oil temperature trip2(Note 2) yes yes Optional

Winding temperature
yes yes Optional
trip2(Note 2)
NOTES:
1 – Subject to generator criticality and OEM recommendations.
2 – Applicable for Generator with a breaker between Generator & Transformer.
Supersript:
1 – Refers to internal generator fault.
2 – Refers to fault external to generator.

Table 3.10 Tripping scheme for generators

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3.9 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR BUSBAR

3.9.1 The protection scheme for busbar is normally achieved with application of IDMT of OC&EF.
3.9.2 The need of applying bus zone protection for Air Insulated HV switchgear is subjected to the
criticality of process operations. However, due to high risk of lightning incident, outdoor HV
busbars and switchgear and associated components shall be protected by bus zone
protection. The design of these systems shall be carried out by an approved protection
engineering specialist in line with international standards.
3.9.3 For Gas Insulated Switchgear, as the busbar is considered a virtually fault-free zone, the bus
zone protection is rendered unnecessary unless the busbar fault cannot be cleared within the
busbar equipment rating (one or three seconds) that would be detrimental for the switchgear.
3.9.4 Once a virtually fault-free zone of the Gas Insulated Switchgear is compromised (e.g. the
introduction of is limiter coupling two GIS switchgear), the bus zone protection is
recommended depending on the criticality of process operations.

3.10 PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR HARMONIC FILTERS

3.10.1 For the protection scheme of the harmonic filter banks that comprise capacitors, inductors
and resistors, IEEE C37.99 – “Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks” and IEEE 1531- “Application
& Specification of Harmonic Filters” shall apply.
3.10.2 The design of harmonic filters can include a multi arm format with components installed in
each arm to form frequency ranks or parallel connected filter banks that are divided so as to
allow a practical design. In some cases these arms or sections have individual switchgear
installed. The protection applied to the filter shall be as follows:

i. Overcurrent

ii. Undercurrent

iii. Earth fault

iv. Overvoltage

v. Neutral unbalance voltage

vi. Line current unbalance

NOTE: The unbalance protection provides protection for a flashover or fault within the harmonic bank that may not be detected
by the overcurrent protection.

3.10.3 This protection system shall be applied to each section or arm using a suitable numeric relay
for each section or arm where practicable, depending upon the configuration of the filter.
3.10.4 Operation of the protection on any filter arm shall, as a precaution, trip the main circuit
breaker of the filter bank to avoid overloading of the remaining filter arms. Operation without
all arms of the filter bank shall be determined during detail engineering.
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3.10.5 This protection system shall be applied to each section or arm using a suitable numeric relay
for each section or arm where practicable, depending upon the configuration of the filter.
3.10.6 Operation of the protection on any filter arm shall, as a precaution, trip the main circuit
breaker of the filter bank to avoid overloading of the remaining filter arms. Operation without
all arms of the filter bank shall be determined during detail engineering.
3.10.7 The design of individual filter arms shall take account of the need for a circuit breaker in each
arm so that during switching, the inrush current can be limited by switching the filter arms
one by one, but the filter bank shall be disconnected from the circuit for any fault within the
filter bank.
3.10.8 Inrush current protection for the harmonic filter shall be achieved as follows:

i. If the inrush current is less than the minimum three phase fault current then the
overcurrent protection (51 and 50) shall be set higher than the inrush current to
avoid operation during the harmonic filter switching.

ii. If the inrush current is more than the minimum three phase fault current then the
overcurrent relay shall have inrush blocking or means by which functions 51 and
50 can be blocked for a limited period during the harmonic filter switching.

NOTE: Numerical relays may be used for the inrush protection because they provide an inrush current blocking feature.

3.10.9 For setting the overcurrent protection on the harmonic filter, an inrush current study shall be
carried out and the overcurrent protection shall be set above the maximum possible inrush
current, or the blocking feature of the numerical relay may be used to inhibit the overcurrent
protection during energization.
3.10.10 Modern numerical relays can provide sufficient flexibility to cater for overcurrent and high
voltage conditions caused during routine operations, and proper setting can ensure sensitive,
selective and co-ordinated operation.

3.11 PROTECTION ASSOCIATED DEVICES

3.11.1 Voltage Transformers (VT)

i. VT for measurement and protection functions

The class of measurement VT to be used are; Class 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0

The class of protection VT to be used are; Class 3P and 6P.

Dual accuracy VT may be applied for protection and measurement functions

provided the VT is completely comply with the specified requirements of both
functions.
ii. Earthed and unearthed VT

One of the primary terminal of the solidly earthed VT shall be earthed and able to
withstand power frequency voltage of 3kV. The earthed terminal is marked with
“N”.
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Unearthed VT shall not be connected to ground and fully insulated at all terminals.
Earthed and Unearthed VT are normally not interchangeable.
iii. Solidly-earthed and Impedance-earthed neutral systems

Power supply system typically employ the following method for earthing of the
neutral:

a) Directly or solidly earthed.

b) Impedance earthed neutral system – using an impedance, e.g. a neutral
earthing resistor.

In a solidly earthed system, the maximum phase–earth voltage during earth fault is
limited to 1.4 times the normal phase–earth voltage.
iv. Voltage factor (VF)

During earth fault, voltage relays and VTs located on the healthy phases shall
maintain in operation during earth fault. Typical voltage factor for VT are as follows:

Earthing Method Rated VF Rated time

Line VT 1.2 Continuous

Phase-Earthed VT in solidly earthed 1.2 Continuous

neutral system
1.5 30s

Phase-Earthed VT in impedance 1.2 Continuous

earthed neutral system with
automatic earth fault tripping 1.9 30s

Phase-Earthed VT in impedance 1.2 Continuous

earthed neutral system without
automatic earth fault tripping 1.9 8 hrs
Table 3.11: Typcal voltage factor for VT
3.11.2 Current Transformers (CT)
i. CT for measurement function

Measuring CTs with burden of 25% to 100% of the rated burden should have
accuracy as described in IEC61869-2. Improper large rated VA burden shall not be
applied to a measuring CT.

The Instrument security factor (FS) is the ratio of rated instrument limit primary
current to the rated primary current. The switchgear Manufacturer shall specify the
FS to be used where standard value are 5 and 10.
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ii. Rated Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF)

The CT shall comply with the accuracy limit factor defined in IEC61869-2, when
primary current is passed through primary winding with secondary winding driving
the rated burden.
iii. CT Class for protection function

Class P CTs with accuracy class 5P or 10P shall be used for most protection
applications except stated other than said class in the switchgear requisition.

Performance of Class PX CTS is measured by the secondary excitation characteristic

(rated knee-point emf and maximum exciting current) and maximum secondary
winding resistance at 75°C.
iv. Application of Class P and PX CTs

For all digital relay application, the use of Class 5P CTs are acceptable unless
otherwise recommended by OEM. Nevertheless, OEM shall still submit the relevant
CT calculations to Owner.

Table below provides comparison of Class P and PX.

Item Class P CTs Class PX CTs

Ratings 5P or 10P, accuracy limit factor and Rated knee-point emf,

VA burden maximum exciting
current and maximum
secondary winding
resistance

Additional 1. Less than 0.25 %

requirements, turns ratio error
as per IEC
IEC61869 2. Low reactance
type

In general, a large
ratio ring CT (bushing
or bar primary CT, i.e.
with a single primary
conductor) shall be
able to meet both
requirements.

Knee-point Can be calculated when secondary Given

voltage winding resistance is known, either
from test report or measurement

Calculated knee-point voltage of Class P CT can be related to

the rating of Class PX CT.
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Item Class P CTs Class PX CTs

Main Overcurrent-earth fault relays and High impedance

applications most other applications protection and other
relays, typically for
biased differential,
pilot wire and distance
protections, as
specified by relay
Manufacturer.
Table 3.12 Types of CTs
v. Duo-class CTs

Class 5P CT is acceptable to be used as protective and measuring CT (both

overcurrent / earth fault protection and ammeter) with condition that such CTs shall
not be connected to other metering equipment. Exception is applied where an
interposing CT is used to be connected to other metering devices.

3.11.3 High Resistance Earthing (HRE)

High Resistance Earthing (HRE) limits first fault-to-ground currents to very low values. The
fault current magnitude is predictable regardless of the location of the fault because the
earhting resistor inserted in the neutral is large compared to the impedance of the
remainder of the earth-fault path. High-resistance grounding helps ensure a ground-fault
current of known magnitude, making it possible to identify the faulted feeder with sensitive
ground-fault relays, which are available with fault sensitivity in the range of small fractions
of an ampere.

Earth fault currents of this magnitude seldom require immediate tripping. Thus, HRE can
often maintain continuity of sercice under first ground fault condition unitl a favourable time
for an outage to clear the fault. However, the second fault ma be an arcing fault.

Therefore, the system has to be equipped with an earth fault detection system for
intervention purposes. For example, a bus detection with a pulsing contactor and a clamp-
on ammeter or panel earth fault detection relay as approved by the OEM.

For this reason, 11kV system and higher generates too much heat to justify a further delay
in tripping. Therefore, a two (2) level relay shall be applied; alarm on the first (or low) fault,
and trip on the second (or high) fault in time to prevent acring burn downs.
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4.0 PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

System protection can be defined as a set of automatic measures to avoid a complete loss of
the electricity supply system. System protection is essential in the following situations:

i. Complete shutdown of a power station

ii. Loss of a major generator

iii. Loss of a major transmission interconnection, resulting in an islanding situation

iv. Total loss of the incomers to an industrial power system with in-house generation
under power exchange situations

v. Delayed clearance of a transmission system fault, leading to fault clearance

beyond the critical clearance time and the resultant adverse effect on system
stability.

4.1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DISTURBANCES

The following are two main types of system disturbances:

i. Voltage deviations: System problems or excessive reactive power demand which

may occur during motor starting could lead to this system disturbance.

ii. Frequency fluctuations: Loss of generation, loss of an inter-connector or a

significant step load change may lead to this system disturbances.

4.1.1 System disturbances

Major system disturbances can be categorised as follows:

4.1.1.1 Frequency disturbances

Protection system design shall incorporate schemes to monitor and control the frequency of
the electrical network and take the necessary action in the event of frequency deviation from
parameters defined in system studies.

Underfrequency and overfrequency tripping devices shall be fitted to generator control panels
by the generator Manufacturer which used to protect the generator and its prime mover. The
generator drivers such as gas and steam turbine normally have a low ability to withstand
underfrequency, which can also result in mechanical resonance. Generator Manufacturer
shall provide total cumulative underfrequency withstands capability data which shall be used
for generator underfrequency protection setting.

Frequency disturbance due to overloading of generation system can be mitigated by load

shedding scheme which will reduce the load in stages. If the system unable to recover,
isolation will be necessary to part of the system with sufficient generation to cater for its own
load (islanding).
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The load shedding schemes can be achieved as follows:

i. Underfrequency/overfrequency load shedding scheme shall have a logic scheme

that calculates the ability of generation plant to maintain the normal frequency,
utilising the generator/load breaker status. Typically, this scheme is incorporated
in ENMC system.

ii. Underfrequency/overfrequency load shedding scheme by measuring the rate of

change of frequency (df/dt).

Load shedding shall have primary and backup scheme. If primary system is provided by ENMC
system, backup load shedding shall not be incorporated in ENMC system and the backup
system shall be hardwired.

4.1.1.2 Power swings

Power swing in an interconnected system can be caused by delayed clearance beyond critical
clearing time of short circuit fault close to a generator. This will cause unstable fluctuation of
power flow between different parts of a system as various generators try to achieve stable
operating condition. This can also cause severe mechanical stress on generator.

To protect generators against this, pole-slip or power swing relays shall be used. Distance
relays can be used as back-up power swing generator protection, in consultation with the
generator Manufacturer.

Power swing may be detected by distance relay for transmission lines. It is recommended to
inhibit the power swing tripping of transmission lines to maintain their service.

4.1.1.3 Overvoltage and Undervoltage

Typically, overvoltages are caused by lightning surges and transient switching effects. System
and equipment shall be protected from such occurrences by means of;

i. Lightning and surge arresters/absorbers.

ii. Overvoltage protection relays.

Undervoltages can be caused by disturbances, overloading, low power factor or motor

starting conditions. Motors which are controlled contactors typically have an inherent
undervoltage feature. For motors that uses latched-type contactors or circuit breakers,
undervoltage relays, with build-in timers shall be used to trip the motor during undervoltage
condition.

4.1.1.4 Voltage unbalance

Voltage unbalance in a system can be caused by the following condition:

i. Blown fuse on one of the phase

ii. High resistance in one of the phase

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iii. Un-transposed transmission line

iv. Long single-core cable circuits without trefoil arrangement, resulting in unequal
impedances.

Voltage unbalance may have damaging impact to motor operation such as heating effect. For
large HV motors and generators, Negative Phase Sequence relays shall be used to protect
against unbalance voltage.

4.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ISLANDING

4.2.1 General
The objective of the transition to island operation is to increase the availability of the power
supply to the consumers. Islanding system scheme shall be design to be robust considering
multiple operating scenarios, without jeopardising electrical system reliability. The design of
islanding scheme shall include overall risks and benefits and shall be documented.

The islanding scheme shall consider as minimum the following requirement:

i. Generation system ability to supply critical load after islanding

ii. Initiation signal for islanding operation

iii. Block islanding (anti-islanding) in the event of an internal generator fault and rely
on external grid support to maintain the system.

iv. System stability analysis study in determining successful configurations and

settings of islanding scheme. Motor reacceleration shall be simulated as well.

v. System disturbance recorder for analysis of disturbances.

Detailed requirement on islanding schemes shall be as described in PTS 13.00.01. The

Islanding scheme shall be implemented within ENMC system or at individual relays.
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5.0 PROTECTION SETTING REQUIREMENTS

5.1 GENERAL

The basis of protection setting requirements are as follows:

i. Protection setting is based on the type and characteristics of the selected

protection devices. The selected device shall be compatible with existing
interconnected system.

ii. The settings shall be based on the short circuit analysis study for the system and
coordinated such that it will provide back-up protection in the event of failure of
main protection or its switching device.

iii. During extra-ordinary operating condition (e.g. during generation/plant start-up),

the settings may be required to be temporarily adjusted.

iv. When grading relays with fuses, the use of Very Inverse or Extremely Inverse
characteristic curves is recommended to achieve better coordination.

v. Definite time operating characteristic for earth fault relay is recommended for
systems utilising neutral earthing resistors since earth fault current is limited.

vi. For interconnection with public utility, the basis of protection setting shall be
based on Owner’s requirement, coordinated and agreed with public utility
company

vii. Relay setting studies shall be performed by a nominated party approved by

Owner.

Subsequent sections provide guidelines for protection settings. However, full calculations are
required for justification of settings chosen.

5.2 OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT RELAYS (ANSI 50, 51, 50N, 51N, 67, 67N)

5.2.1 General

The objective of protection coordination is to achieve fast isolation of faulty circuits, with
minimum disruption to the rest of electrical system. Proper coordination between relays can
be achieved through a combination of current/time characteristics, current magnitude and
time interval.

For overcurrent protection, the plug setting shall consider largest motor starting and steady
state load.

Time interval or grading margin is dependent on the following factors:

i. Circuit breaker breaking time.
ii. Relay overshoot time and timing errors.
iii. CT errors.
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iv. Safety margin

Time grading margin, t’, shall be calculated as follows:

(i) Between IDMT relays:

2E R + 2E CT
t' = t + t CB + t O + t S (s)
100

Where;

ER = relay timing error (as per IEC60255-4)

ECT = CT ratio error (typically 5 % to 10 %)

t = operating time of downstream relay

tCB = circuit breaker breaking time (Typically 60 ms to 100 ms)

tO = relay overshoot time

tS = safety margin

Typical values:

Type of relays Typical timing basic Overshoot time (s) Safety Margin (s)
error (%)

Electromechanical 7.5 .05 0.1

Static 5 0.03 0.05

Numerical/Digital 5 0.03 0.03

Table 5.1: Typical values

(ii) Between Instantaneous or Definite Time relays: (CT error is not necessary)

2E R
t' = t + t CB + t O + t S (s)
100

(iii) Coordination with LV CBs, where the operating time for downstream protective device
includes the CB operating time:

2E R + E CT
t' = t + t O + t S ( s)
100
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(iv) Between IDMT relays and fuse:

t’ = 0.4t + 0.15 s

where t is the nominal operating time of the fuse

The basis of the protection coordination shall be subject Owner’s approval. Calculation shall be made
to determine time grading margin. As a guideline, the following relay coordination basis shall be
applied:

 The coordination margin for different types of relays should be as follows:

Type of Relays Minimum Coordination Margin, (t’)

Electromechanical 0.40 s

Static 0.35 s

Numerical/Digital 0.30 s
Table 5.2: Minimum Coordination Margin

 The total operating time of incomer of a switchboard shall not exceed the short time withstand
rating of the switchboard.

The earth fault relays current setting shall be between 10 % to 20 % of the CT rating, to obtain
reasonable earth faults sensitivity. Earth fault protection operating time for HV transformer feeder
shall be set at the minimum possible value.

5.2.2 Overcurrent and earth fault relays for transformers

The settings for transformers overcurrent and earth fault relays shall be set as follows:

i. To protect transformer against short circuit damage, the protection relay settings
shall be set lower than the transformer damage curve.

ii. The overcurrent relay settings shall be set between 110 % up to 150 % rating
permissible for short durations, with 130 % recommended typical value. Winding
temperature detection should provide thermal protection above these settings.

iii. The instantaneous overcurrent setting at the transformer’s HV side shall be set to
at least 125 % of the maximum HV fault current for an LV busbar fault and above
the transformer inrush current.

iv. Time discrimination margin may not be necessary between two overcurrent
relays for a transformer to allow for fast clearance of transformer faults.

v. For a delta-star HV/LV transformer, discrimination between the HV and LV earth

fault relays is not required due to filtration of the zero sequence current by the
delta winding. Discrimination between the HV overcurrent relay the LV earth fault
relay shall be done.
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vi. Earth fault protection at switchgear incomer (feed from LV side of the
transformer) shall be set to operate within a maximum duration of 1 s at 50 % of
the minimum prospective fault level.

5.2.3 Overcurrent and earth fault relays for cables and lines

The protection settings for cables and lines overcurrent and earth fault relays shall be set as
follows:

i. To protect cables against short circuit and thermal damage, the protection relay
settings shall be set lower than the cable damage curve.

ii. Time discrimination margin for the overcurrent and earth fault protection at the
two ends of a cable is not required to allow for fast clearance of cable faults.

5.3 MOTOR THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAYS (ANSI 49)

The settings for motor thermal overload relay shall be set as follows:

i. The motor overload setting shall be set between 110% to 120% of FLC.

ii. A motor feeder using a contactor shall be not be set to operate beyond its
breaking capacity. High fault current shall be cleared by HRC fuse.

iii. The motor hot and cold overload characteristics shall be set higher than the motor
starting time–current curve but lower than the hot and cold withstand
characteristics.

iv. Setting shall allow for three (3) consecutive starts from a cold condition and two
(2) starts from a hot condition. However, reference to the motor data sheet shall
be made to ensure the motor are designed to cater for the successive starting.

NOTE: These guidelines is applicable to asynchronous motors in surface facilities. Electrical submersible pump motors have
different characteristics and protection requirement and shall be based on their Manufacturers' data.
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5.4 DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS FOR TRANSFORMERS (ANSI 87)

Description Typical Settings

Sensitivity 20 % In

Initial bias setting 30 % to 40 %

Increased bias setting for higher fault currents 50 % to 100 %

Turning point for increased bias At least 100 % In

Table 5.3: Typical Settings for Transformer Differential Relays

The initial bias setting shall be calculated based on the range of transformer tappings, the CT
error and the relay error.

5.5 HIGH IMPEDANCE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAYS (ANSI 64)

5.5.1 The relay shall be stable during the maximum external fault current conditions. The stability
limit for the restricted earth fault relays shall be based upon the guidelines from the relay
Manufacturer. The final relay settings shall be based on the nameplate rating or actual data,
whichever is more critical.
5.5.2 The effective fault settings for the transformer restricted earth fault relay shall be as follows:

i. Solidly earthed system: between 10% to 60% of the rated current of the protected
winding.

ii. Resistor earthed system: between 10% to 25% of the minimum secondary earth
fault current flowing through the transformer.
5.5.3 During internal fault condition, the maximum peak voltage across the relay shall not exceed
3 kV or as recommended by the relay Manufacturer. A non-linear device, such as a metrosil
or voltage limiter, shall be provided to limit the voltage, if required.

5.6 REVERSE POWER (ANSI 32) AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE (ANSI 46) RELAYS

These settings shall be based on the recommendations of the generator Manufacturer.

Typical settings for these protection are as follows:

i. Reverse power relays: between 3% to 7% of the driver power, with definite time
delay of 2 seconds. Two stage setting can be applied as well, with 7 % being the
highest setting.

ii. Negative sequence relay: between 10 to 15% of turbo-generator continuous

rating. However the setting shall take into account of the continuous negative
sequence current withstand (from Manufacturer) and the short term I22t
withstand capability. ( I2 = negative sequence component)
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5.7 VOLTAGE (ANSI 27 AND 59) AND FREQUENCY (ANSI 81) RELAYS

These protection settings shall be based on the results of system studies and
recommendations from Manufacturer with regards to the withstand capability of the
generators. Typical settings for generator are as follows:

i. Undervoltage : 75 % of nominal voltage with a delay time of 2 s

ii. Overvoltage : set at 120 % of nominal voltage with a delay time of 2 s

iii. Overfrequency : detection set at 52 Hz with delay time of 10 s

iv. Underfrequency : 47.5 Hz with a delay time of 10 s

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6.0 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 Protection relays shall be installed in the switchgear cubicle or associated relay panel/UCP. All
protective relays shall be visible from the front of the panel without having to open the panel
door. Relays shall be flush or rack mounted in dust- and moisture-proof cases to IP5X as per
IEC 60529. It shall be mounted at suitable height such that LED labels and LCD displays on the
relay can be easily read.
6.1.2 PC-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) shall be provided for relays with programmable logic
capabilities. All software and hardware for communication and interfacing with ENMC, SCADA
and computers for local access during commissioning and maintenance, shall be provided.
6.1.3 All solid state equipment shall be designed to withstand impulse and high frequency test
requirements based on IEC 60255-22-1.
6.1.4 Relay panels which are used as a part of extension to existing installation shall utilise identical
design and appearance as the existing panel in the same room. This also applies to other
equipment, meters, etc. which are mounted on such panels.
6.1.5 Minimum cable size used for CT circuits shall be 2.5 mm2. Minimum cable size for other circuits
shall be 1.5 mm2. All cables shall be stranded.
6.1.6 Protection for multi-core cables against external electrically impressed voltages shall be
provided by means of proper armour and routing.
6.1.7 Suitable protection for optic fibre cables against physical damage shall be provided.

6.2 TRIPPING SCHEMES

6.2.1 Trip coils

Two trip coils per circuit breaker shall be equipped to all circuit breakers rated 132 kV and
above. For switchgear at lower voltages, the use of two trip coils per circuit breaker shall be
limited to critical equipment only (e.g. generators and large motors) which shall be defined by
the Owner.

6.2.2 Tripping and lockout relays

A circuit breaker shall be tripped directly or via a tripping relay. If tripping relays are used, the
operating time shall be less than 10ms. It is also shall be of the self-reset type and shall be
suitable for continuous energisation.

Tripping relay that has extensive external wiring linked with its operating coil circuits shall be
of the high burden type.

The tripping contacts shall have sufficient making capacity to handle the maximum current
that can arise in the circuits controlled by these relays. These contacts shall also be capable of
breaking such currents unless other contacts elsewhere in the circuits are used to break this
current.

To block the closing of a circuit breaker under faulty conditions, lockout relays shall be used.
The latching mechanism of the lockout relay shall be mechanical in order to prevent this relay
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from being reset during failure of auxiliary supply. The reset mechanism for this relay shall be
electrically operated to enable both local and remote resetting.

Lockout relays shall be equipped with a pair of normally closed contacts arranged to break
their own coil circuit when in the latched position. This will prevent its battery from draining.

Both tripping and lockout relays shall be provided with a flag/indication. The resetting of the
flag/indication shall match the resetting of the relay. A combined relay which is able to
perform both trip and lockout functions may be used provided it meets the requirements of
both trip and lockout applications.

6.2.3 Inter-tripping

Inter-trip relays which are capable to send and receive inter-trip signal shall be equipped to
power circuits (typically HV transformer or plain feeder circuits to HV systems) that do not
have inter-tripping capability. This system shall be able to indicate the activation of the inter-
trip functions at both ends of the circuit.

6.2.4 Trip circuit supervision

All protection schemes for high voltage circuit shall incorporate this feature in the design; the
operation of any trip circuit supervision relay shall activate an alarm. If a single digital or
multi-functional relay is installed, this feature shall be provided as a separate relay. Trip circuit
supervision shall be used to monitor the tripping coil for both the open and closed conditions.
6.2.5 Breaker fail protection

This feature shall be incorporated in the protection schemes of the outgoing circuits of main
intake switchboards, main generation switchboards and other primary distribution
switchboards where an upstream bus coupler circuit breaker can be operated (by means of
splitting the bus into separate sections) in order to reduce the consequences of the outage
after outgoing circuits failed to isolate fault due to breaker failure.

6.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) REQUIREMENTS

Reference shall be made to PTS13.50.01 for compliance on Electromagnetic Compatibility

(EMC) requirement for protection relays.
6.3.1 Emission Requirements for Protection Relays

Electronic protection relays shall comply with IEC 61000-6-4 with regards to generic emission
requirements within industrial environment.
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6.3.2 Immunity Requirements for Protection Relays

Immunity requirements for electronic protection relays shall be as follows:

Compliance requirement as per IEC/TS

Installed location 61000-6-5

Area G (equipment installed in power

Separate control room stations and MV substations).

Area H (equipment installed in HV

HV switchgear room, back-to-back with substations). NOTE: This shall apply to all HV
switchgear cubicles voltage levels.
Table 6.1: Immunity requirements for electronic protection relays
6.3.3 In addition to the above, electronic protection relays in areas G and H shall comply with the
oscillatory wave immunity requirements of IEC 62271-1 and IEC 61000-4-12, with test
frequencies of 10 MHz and 50 MHz and test levels as specified in Table 6.2.
6.3.4 Electronic protection relays shall be suitable for a network subject to harmonic distortion level
limits indicated in IEC/TR 61000-3-6:2008, as shown in Table 6.2. It also shall be capable of
functioning properly in such condition.

Test level (Normal Performance

Basic standard Immunity aspect Port EMC severity class) criterion b

IEC 61000-4-12 Oscillatory wave CM 2.5 kV

immunity Power lines 1
DM 1.0 kV / 2.5 kVa
f = 10 MHz and
50 MHz CM 2.5 kV
Control lines
(in addition to f = 1
(measurement)
1 MHz) DM 1.0 kV / 2.5 kVa

CM 2.5 kV
Communication
1
(unshielded)
DM 1.0 kV

Shielded lines 2.5 kV 1

a
For all secondary circuits installed inside HV cubicles, such as VT, CT, pressure transmitters, temperature transmitters, position
indicators etc.

b
Assessment criteria according to IEC61000-4-1:1 = normal performance within the specification limits. In the generic immunity
standards, normal undisturbed performance is referred to as ‘’A’’.

Table 6.2 Additional immunity requirements for protection relays in areas G and H, as
defined in IEC/TS 61000-6-5
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6.3.5 EMC Performance Criteria

The protection relay shall withstand each of the EMC immunity tests specified above (6.2.2)
without damage or malfunction. Furthermore, no degradation or temporary loss of function
is permitted for the primary protection function and measurement functions of protection
relays (which are based on performance criterion 1 or A, specified in IEC/TS 61000-6-5). As for
secondary equipment, performance criteria requirement in IEC/TS 61000-6-5 shall be met.

6.4 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION RELAYS

6.4.1 Design and installation of protection relays inside low voltage compartments shall be in
accordance with IEC/TR 61000-5-1 and IEC 61000-5-2. This will ensure low voltage
compartments (where protection relays and other sensitive instruments are installed) achieve
Industrial level EM environment (as defined in IEC/TS 61000-2-5 see also IEC 61000-6-2).
6.4.2 Detailed installation requirement shall be as follows:

i. Protection relays shall be installed in metallic, shielded cabinets or cubicles.

Bonding shall be provided between the equipment enclosure and the conductive
surface of the cabinet or cubicle. If the relays are separated with its door
displays/terminals, shielding shall be provided to wiring between these elements.

ii. All cables to equipment inside HV switchgear cubicles shall be shielded. The shield
shall be bonded at both ends at the HV cubicle and the secondary cubicle or
cabinet, utilising short and low impedance connections (i.e. cable clams or cable
glands). The shield also shall has low transfer impedance properties.

iii. Differential mode circuits shall be kept compact. This shall be achieved through
installation of lead wires and its return wires in the same cable loom or cable
trunking.

iv. Suppression of high frequency interference to electronic protection relays is

required. To achieve this, all solenoids of relays, contactors or circuit breakers
shall have adequate de-coupling devices.

v. The armouring and conductive sheathing of HV cables shall be continuous and

terminated at the HV cubicle based on the switchgear Manufacturers' installation
instructions. Additional bonding to the substation earth bar/ring should be
considered as it will reduce impedance for power frequency return currents
during occurrence of earth fault.

vi. The armouring and/or shielding of external secondary cables shall be continuous
and terminated at the secondary cubicles or cabinets, utilising low impedance
connections i.e. cable clamps or cable glands with a 360° connection.
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6.5 EARTHING
6.5.1 Relay

Metallic cases for relays, instruments and meters shall be connected to earth bar using cable
with 2.5 mm2 cross-section (minimum). Physical contact of the metallic case to the panel is
not sufficient for bonding purposes.
6.5.2 Current Transformer

Current transformers related with a protection circuit shall be earthed at one point only. It is
recommended to be earthed at the relay panel. Removable bolted link shall be used for this
earth connection.

Current transformers used for indication and metering shall have their secondary circuit
earthed at the panel where the current transformers are installed. This provide protection for
personnel against electric shock.

6.6 CONNECTION FOR PROTECTION TESTING

6.6.1 For new projects or installation, provisions shall be provided to permit injection testing and
functional testing of protection relays and its associated circuits without disconnecting any
protection relay connections or terminals. These can be achieved by test socket blocks that
allow test plugs to be inserted, with independent access to either side of the broken circuit.
These shall permit:

i. access to all relay input and output circuits, including power supply and trip
circuits;

ii. isolation of VT circuits;

iii. Isolation and shorting of CT circuits.

6.6.2 Two sets of each type of test plugs shall be provided by the relay Manufacturer.
6.6.3 For relays having integral test facilities accessible with test plugs, external test points are not
required.
6.6.4 Numerical relays with programmable logic shall have capability to individually switch-on or -
off all the output relays using software interface. This shall be implemented without disturbing
any programmed protection or control logic of the relay. This capability is essential for the
commissioning of electrical control systems (e.g. ENMC), alarms and signalling.
6.6.5 Provision for isolation of the trip circuits of each protection relay and isolation of the common
trip circuit to each circuit breaker trip coil shall be provided using isolation links. This isolation
facility, which are used for testing purposes, shall ensure that any alarms generated during
testing, shall not transmitted to ENMC as normal alarms (i.e. the signal is blocked or disabled
in ENMC). Password security shall be provided if the above testing functionality is fully or
partially implemented via firmware instead of hardware.
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6.7 POWER SUPPLY FOR PROTECTION RELAYS

6.7.1 Power supply from the DC UPS distribution board shall be routed independently to protection
relays and trip coils via associated relay and control panel.
6.7.2 The design of any protective scheme shall ensure that the risk of damage to the power supply
cabling or the risk of power system malfunction to be minimised because failure of the power
supply to protection relays will result in major impact to plant safety.
6.7.3 To ensure 100 % coverage of auxiliary supply wiring for supervision, the auxiliary power supply
wiring inside the protection relay and control panel shall be done by looping in all the
equipment supply terminals in parallel, consequently forming positive and negative supply
buses with as many connection points as required by the number of circuits. Next, these
supply buses shall end at the terminals of the DC supply supervision relay.
6.7.4 If two breaker trip coils used, it shall be wired to two supplies drawn from two independent
DC buses. Furthermore, its associated main and back-up protection equipment shall also be
supplied from two independent DC buses. Power supply supervision relay shall be used to
independently supervise each DC supply bus. This principle also shall be followed for DC supply
distribution of switchgear that uses only one trip coil. For outgoing power circuits (e.g. circuit
breaker) which has only one protective device installed, the protection device shall be
supplied from a DC supply bus derived from two independent sources connected together by
blocking diodes.
6.7.5 External wiring systems for protection relays that exit the substation building shall be
designed such that electromagnetic interference (EMI) does not adversely affect the function
and operation of the protection devices. This shall be achieved using a secure auxiliary DC
supply (via interposing relays) to provide digital inputs to these sensitive devices which
prevent the independent DC bus voltage from exiting the substation. Moreover, the operating
time of the protective device shall take into account of the additional time required for the
operation of these interposing relays (which is typically 20 ms).

6.8 LABELLING

Clearly inscribed labels shall be provided for all protection relays and links. The labels shall
clearly describe their application in an unambiguous manner, and shall be consistent with the
description given on the schematic drawings and wiring diagrams. For door-mounted
equipment, an additional set of labels shall be provided at the rear of the door.

6.9 WIRING

Stranded copper conductors with PVC insulation rated At 600 V shall be used for all wiring.
Identification ferrules shall be used to label all wires at each end (of the wires). A red ferrule
marked “TRIP” shall be used to identify wires which are directly connected to the circuit
breaker trip coil.
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6.10 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND FUSES

6.10.1 Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) shall have a normally closed auxiliary contact, so that it will
trigger an alarm when the MCB is open. MCBs which are used for distance protection relay
and other similar protection shall be of the single-phase type. This is to ensure that a fault on
one phase does not result in the loss of the healthy phases.
6.10.2 MCBs shall be installed behind a door or under a cover to avoid tripping due to unintentional
contact by personnel.
6.10.3 MCBs on VT circuits shall have padlocking facilities to lock the MCBs in the open position. It is
required to avoid possible back energisation of HV equipment via the VT circuitry. The auxiliary
contact of VT MCBs shall be used for blocking all the relevant voltage dependent relays in
order to avoid spurious operation when the MCB is opened.
6.10.4 Fuses shall be of the HRC cartridge type; re-wireable fuses shall not be used. Fuse holders shall
be designed to lock the cartridge firmly into position without the use of any screw clamping
devices.

6.11 SPECIFIC ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NUMERICAL RELAYS

6.11.1 Main features

Features such as self-checking, programmable scheme logic, communications, measured

value display and disturbance and event recording facilities shall be incorporated to
multifunction numerical protection relays unless otherwise agreed by the Owner.

The self-check feature for multifunction relays shall include the following minimum
continuous self-monitoring features:

i. auxiliary power supply supervision;

ii. checksum on all protection algorithms;

iii. memory checks;

iv. checks on input modules (A/D converters);

v. Watchdog supervision on program execution.

6.11.2 Communications

Communications features for numerical relays shall be equipped with the following:

i. with a computer through a modem, RS 232 cable or RS 485 connection;

ii. with a distributed control system through human-machine interface software;

iii. with ENMC (SCADA);

iv. With a substation control system through an IEC 60870-1-2 or IEC 61850 protocol.
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The communication link shall be a twisted pair of copper wires, coaxial cables, optical fibres
or other appropriate mechanism.

6.11.3 Relay software

To communicate with the protection relay, a proprietary software by relay Manufacturer is

often used. The software will enable user to download, change, save and upload relay settings
of the relay. In addition, the software can also retrieve real time metering data, disturbance
and event records and trending data. Additional software may be required to view the load or
fault data in a customised format.

All software used for these functions shall be provided by protection relay Manufacturer to
the Owner.

6.11.4 Relay firmware

A firmware is the software installed within the relay and usually can be upgraded to improve
its capability and reliability. All protection relays shall have facilities for easy firmware upgrade
on site by Owner without damaging the relay.

6.11.5 Time synchronisation

Time synchronisation may be required by numerical relays, which implemented as follows:

i. time tagging of measured or fault data, with an accuracy of up to 1 ms;

ii. time synchronisation by using either an internal clock or GPS clock via an IRIG-B
device.

6.11.6 Application of Numerical Relays

In many cases, one protection device is capable of providing a complete suite of protection
features in order to provide a secure level of protection.

However, to protect high-value process-critical equipment, e.g. main plant generation and
main distribution transformers and feeders, at least two devices shall be used with main and
back up protection features divided between the devices where possible in line with the
requirements specified in in this PTS and relevant Standard Drawings. Duplication of input
measuring systems is not generally required.

Full duplication of protective devices shall be applied unless otherwise agreed by Owner for
generators >150 MW, or for process critical units without sparing. Design and application of
protection scheme requires advice and recommendation from power system protection
specialist.

A single numerical relay may be used to protect low-value equipment in non-process critical
applications, e.g. emergency diesel generators < 500 kW.
7.0
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7.0 BIBILIOGRAPHY

In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Electrical engineering design PTS 13.00.01
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements PTS 13.50.01
Electrical Safety Rules PTS 18.52.05

STANDARD DRAWINGS
Schematic diagrams of control circuits for LV motors D13.92.002
Schematic diagrams of control circuits for HV motors (contactor D13.92.011
starters)
Typical HV single-line diagram, motor controlled by contactor D13.92.016
Typical HV single-line diagram, motor controlled by circuit breaker D13.92.017
Typical HV single-line diagram, large synchronous motor D13.92.018
Typical HV single-line diagram, motor with unit transformer D13.92.019
Typical HV single-line diagram, HV/LV transformer > 1600 kVA, D13.92.020
controlled by contactor
Typical HV single-line diagram, HV/LV transformer > 1600 kVA, D13.92.021
controlled by circuit breaker
Typical HV single-line diagram, HV/LV transformer including feeder D13.92.022
cable > 250 m
Typical HV single-line diagram, HV/LV transformer including feeder D13.92.023
cable > 250 m
Typical HV single-line diagram, parallel plain feeder D13.92.024
Typical HV single-line diagram, single plain feeder D13.92.025
Typical HV single-line diagram, generator directly connected (voltage > D13.92.026
11 kV)
Typical HV single-line diagram, generator with unit transformer D13.92.027
(voltage > 11 kV)
Typical HV single-line diagram for variable speed drive system (VSDs) D13.92.028
with synchronous motor
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Typical HV single-line diagram for submerged motors (contactor D13.92.029

starter)
Typical HV single-line diagram, overhead line circuits (33 - 132 kV) D13.92.030
Typical HV single-line diagram for grid supply incomer with on-site D13.92.031
generation
Typical single-line and schematic diagram of control circuits for LV D13.92.032
emergency generator
Schematic diagram of control circuits for HV motors (circuit breaker D13.92.033
starters)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers, Acronyms, and C37.2-2008
Contact Designations
Guide for the protection of shunt capacitor banks IEEE C37.99
Guide for application and specification of harmonic filters IEEE 1531
Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations IEEE 1584
Centrifugal fire pumps NFPA 20
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace NFPA 70E
Explosive atmospheres – Part 7: IEC 60079-7
Equipment protection by increased safety "e"
Instrument transformers - Part 1: General requirement IEC 61869-1
Instrument transformers - Part 2: Additional requirements for current IEC 61869-2
transformers
Instrument transformers - Part 3: Additional requirements for IEC 61869-3
inductive voltage transformers
Instrument transformers - Part 4: Additional requirements for IEC 61869-4
combined transformers
Measuring relays and protection equipment – Part 22-1: IEC 60255-22-1
Electrical disturbance tests – 1 MHz burst immunity tests
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) IEC 60529
Tele control equipment and systems – Part 1: General considerations. IEC 60870-1-2
Section Two: Guide for specifications
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2: Environment – Section 5: IEC/TR 61000-2-
Classification of electromagnetic environments – Basic EMC 5
publication
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-6: Limits – Assessment of IEC/TR 61000-3-
emission limits for the connection of distorting installations to MV, HV 6:2008
and EHV power systems
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Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-1: Testing and IEC 61000-4-1

measurement techniques – Overview of IEC 61000-4 series
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-12: Testing and IEC 61000-4-12
measurement techniques – Oscillatory waves immunity test
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 5: Installation and IEC/TR 61000-5-
Mitigation Guidelines – Section 1: General Considerations – Basic EMC 1
Publication
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5: Mitigation methods and IEC 61000-5-2
installation guidelines Section 2 – Earthing and cabling
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-2: Generic standards – IEC 61000-6-2
Immunity for industrial environments-
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-4: IEC 61000-6-4
Generic standards – Emission standard for industrial environments
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-5: IEC/TS 61000-6-5
Generic standards – Immunity for power station and substation
environments

Communication networks and systems in substations IEC 61850

High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: IEC 62271-1
Common specifications
Quality management systems – Requirements ISO 9001:2008
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APPENDIX A: TYPICAL PROCESS FLOW IN PERFORMING REQUIRED PROTECTION COORDINATION

STUDY

Typical process flow in performing required protection coordination study is illustrated in Figure A.1

Figure A.1: Process flow chart for protection coordination study

START

• The short-circuit study provides the minimum and maximum fault levels for the setting of the
protective devices. It shall be based on IEC60909 NOTE: Under certain circumstances
especially involving in-house generations, other studies such as stability studies, under/over
Short Circuit voltage, etc need to be carried out in order to complete holistic protection coordination
Study study.

• A protection drawing in the form of a single line diagram shall be prepared for the complete
electrical power system to indicate the types and locations of all protective devices and
associated current and voltage transducers.
Protection • Time Current Curve (TCC) will be plotted and analysed based on the protection drawing to
Drawing ensure proper coordination is achieved.

• An electrical protection report shall be prepared to demonstrate the adequacy of all

protective systems in fulfilling the above requirements.
Report

END

An electrical protection report shall be prepared and endorsed by relevant parties to demonstrate the
adequacy of all protective systems in fulfilling the above requirements.