Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 1

1. Relations and Functions

Exercise 1.1

Concept corner

Definition:
✓ A set is a collection of well defined objects.
✓ If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is called
the Cartesian Product of 𝑨 and 𝑩, and is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵. Thus 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Note:
➢ 𝐴 × 𝐵 is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that the first
coordinate is an element of 𝐴 and the second coordinate is an element of 𝐵.
➢ 𝐵 × 𝐴 is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the element of 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that the first
coordinate is an element of 𝐵 and the second coordinate is an element of 𝐴
➢ If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑏, 𝑎).
➢ The “Cartesian product” is also referred as “cross product”
➢ In general 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴, but 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)
➢ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = ∅ if and only if 𝐴 = ∅ or 𝐵 = ∅
➢ If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑝𝑞
➢ The set of all points in the Cartesian plane can be viewed as the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where
𝑥, 𝑦 are real numbers. In fact ℝ × ℝ is the set of all points which we call as the Cartesian plane.
➢ Distributive property of Cartesian product:
(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
(ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
➢ 𝐴 × 𝐵 represent a shape in two dimensions and 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 represent an object in three dimensions.

Exercise 1.2

Concept corner

Definition: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. A relation (R) from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵
satisfying some specified conditions. If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is related to 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 through R, then we write it as 𝑥𝑅𝑦.
𝑥𝑅𝑦 if and only if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
✓ The domain of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴|𝑥𝑅𝑦 , for some 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}
✓ The co-domain of the relation 𝑅 is 𝐵
✓ The range of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ 𝐵|𝑥𝑅𝑦, for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}
Note:
➢ A relation may be represented algebraically either by the roster method or by the set builder method.

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Exercise 1.3

Concept corner

Definition: A relations 𝑓 between two non-empty sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 is called a function from 𝑋 to 𝑌 if, for each
𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 there exists only one 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓.That is, 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/ for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌}
Note:
✓ If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is a function then, the set 𝑋 is called the domain, 𝑓 and the set 𝑌 is called its co-domain.
✓ A function is also called as a mapping or transformation.
✓ 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is a function only if
i) every element in the domain of 𝑓 has an image.
ii) the image is unique.
✓ If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are finite sets such that 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of functions that
exist between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 𝑞𝑝
✓ If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑏, then 𝑏 is called image of a under 𝑓 and 𝑎 is called a pre-image of 𝑏.
✓ The set of all images of the elements 𝑋 under 𝑓 is called the range of 𝑓.
✓ Describing domain of a function
1
(i) Let (𝑥 ) = . If 𝑥 = −1 then 𝑓(−1) is not defined. Hence 𝑓 is defined for all real
1+𝑥
numbers except at 𝑥 = −1. So, domain of 𝑓 is ℝ − {−1}
1
(ii) Let (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 −5𝑥+6 , if 𝑥 = 2,3 then 𝑓(2) and 𝑓(3) are not defined. Hence 𝑓 is defined for
all real numbers except at 𝑥 = 2 and 3. So domain of 𝑓 = ℝ − {2,3}
➢ An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
➢ If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of relations that exist from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 2𝑝𝑞 .
➢ A relation which contains no elements is called a “Null relation”

Exercise 1.4

Concept corner

Note: Any equation represented in a graph is usually called a curve.

✓ Representation of functions
a) a set of ordered pairs b) a table form
c) An arrow diagram d) a graphical form.
✓ Vertical line test: A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical line intersects
the curve in at most one point.
✓ Horizontal Line Test: A function represented in a graph in one – one, if every horizontal line
intersects the curve in at most one point.
✓ Every function can be represented by a curve in a graph. But not every curve drawn in a graph
will represent a function.
✓ If 𝑓: 𝐴 − 𝐵 is an onto function then, the range of 𝑓 = 𝐵
Note: A one-one and onto function is also called a one-one correspondence.
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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 3

Types of functions
Sl.No Name Definition Mapping Example
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called one-one
One-One
function if distinct elements of 𝐴 have
1 function
distinct images in 𝐵.
(Injection)

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called many-one

Many-one function if two or more elements of 𝐴 have
2 same image in 𝐵
function

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be onto

Onto function function if the range of 𝑓 is equal to the co-
3 domain of 𝑓.
(Surjection)

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an into

function if there exists at least one element
4 Into function
in 𝐵 which is not the image of any element
of 𝐴
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a constant
function if the range of 𝑓 contains only one
Constant
5 element.
function
That is, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and for
some fixed 𝑐 ∈ 𝐵.
Let 𝐴 be a non-empty set. Then the
function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 for
Identity
6 all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is called an identity function on 𝐴
function
and is denoted by 𝐼𝐴 .

If a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one-one and

onto, then 𝑓 is called a bijection from 𝐴 to 𝐵
7 Bijection

8 Real – Valued A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a real valued function if the range of 𝑓 is a

function subset of the set of all real numbers 𝑅. That is 𝑓(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑅

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 4 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 1.5

Concept corner

Definition: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be two functions. Then the

composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔 denoted by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is defined as the function
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
✓ The composition 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) exists only when range of 𝑓 is a subset of 𝑔
✓ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ≠ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 Composition of function is not commutative.
✓ Composition of three functions is always associative. That is 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ.
✓ A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 ≠ 0 is called a linear function.
Some specific linear functions and their graphs are given below.

No. Function Domain and Definition Graph

1 The identity function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥

2 Additive inverse function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥

✓ A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function.

Function, Domain, Range and Definition Graph

𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∈ [0, ∞ )

𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ (−∞, 0]

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 5

A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

(𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.

1
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 − {0} → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = is called a
𝑥
reciprocal function.

A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is called a

constant function.

Modulus or Absolute Valued Function: 𝑓: 𝑅 → [0, ∞) defined by

𝑥 ;𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 < 0

✓ Modulus function is not a linear function but it is composed of two linear functions 𝑥 and −𝑥

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