XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010, Rome

Super Premium Efficient Line Start-up Permanent

Magnet Synchronous Motor
X. Feng, L. Liu, J. Kang, Y. Zhang

 Abstract –Induction motors are the workhorses of industry Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (LSPMSM)
and represent nearly the entire installed base of constant-speed technology is under development that may increase motor
and most variable-speed motors. But the power factor and efficiency while reducing the size and weight of the motor by
efficiency of induction motor are limited by its squirrel cage reducing the amount of active material used. For the past
rotor. In the past, the colleagues all over the world tried to years, Super premium efficient LSPMSM have been
research and develop supper premium efficient electrical motor
researched, designed, built and tested. With advanced Finite
to replace the Premium® efficient induction motor. The supper
premium efficient line start-up permanent magnet synchronous Element Analysis (FEA) and test facilities, the rotor
motor is the one of choice for industry application. This paper optimization, Permanent Magnet (PM) material
presents the design and development of the supper premium characteristics, mechanical stress and thermal, flux density
efficient line start-up permanent magnet synchronous motors, and harmonics, noise and vibrations, and starting
including design techniques for key parameters and performance have been scrutinized. Two 4 pole prototypes,
performances, advanced digital simulation for the design, 7.5kW and 950kW, were built and tested. Compared with
improvement and verification, prototype build and test, design PEIM, the results show the efficiency, power factor, starting
and test data analysis and comparison. This may increase the torque, phase current, temperature rise, etc., are much better
motor efficiency level while reducing the size and weight of the
over the wide range of the output power. In fact, LSPMSM
motor by reducing the amount of active material used. Also, the
comparisons with Premium® efficient induction motor on power
creates low-loss, high power density industrial motor that is
factor, efficiency, material consumption, frame size, etc. are easy to install and use and more efficient, lighter, and smaller
presented. The results show that the supper premium efficient than Premium® efficiency IM. Also, LSPMSM can start up
line start-up permanent magnet synchronous motor has much and run at constant-speed without Variable Frequency Driver
better power factor, efficiency and power density, smaller frame (VFD) and run at variable speed with a simple standard
size and less material consumption. (volts/hertz) VFD without position sensor. Also, LSPMSM
can achieve at least a 15% reduction in motor losses, 35%
Index Terms--AC motors, Electric machines, Induction smaller in volume, 30% lower in weight, & higher power
machines, IM, Line start up, Permanent magnet machine,
factor than PEIM. From energy-saving, investment and long-
Permanent magnet, Permanent magnet motor.
time running cost point of view, the LSPMSM can be a
general-purpose motor and replace existing IM for a wide
I. INTRODUCTION
range of line start-up and variable-speed applications.

E LECTRIC motor is widely used in various industries and

human’s daily life to transfer electric energy to
mechanical. Therefore, the efficiency of the motor is more
II. CHALLENGES AND KEY DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Compared with IM, LSPMSM has a lot of advantages:
important issue for long-time energy-saving policy all over
the world. The efficiency of Induction Motor (IM) is synchronous speed, higher power factor, high efficiency,
classified as three International Efficiency (IE) levels: small size, wide range of economic running from 25% to
standard efficiency (IE1--efficiency levels roughly equivalent 120% of rated load with high efficiency and power factor,
to the existing EFF2 in Europe), high efficiency (IE2-- etc. Like the conventional Synchronous Motor (SM), in
efficiency levels roughly equivalent to the existing EFF1 in addition to steady running parameters such as rated output
Europe and identical to EPACT in the USA for 60Hz) and power, torque, speed, power factor, efficiency, etc. the more
premium efficiency (IE3-- efficiency levels in Europe and important performance for LSPMSM is temperature rise and
identical to NEMA Premium® in the USA). The Premium® starting performance: starting torque and current, pull-in
Efficient Induction Motor (PEIM) has an even higher torque, minimum torque, pull out torque.
efficiency level. For the past years, the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has introduced a new A. Rotor Configuration
standard relating to energy more efficient motors called In general, LSPMSM uses inner rotor configuration which
International Efficiency level 4 (IE4). It has recommended rotor is inside of the stator, combined by squirrel-cage and
that the losses of IM with IE4 efficiency should be 10~15% PM poles to start-up and run the motor synchronously. The
less compared with Premium® (IE3) IM. stator and winding are similar as IM and SM. The squirrel
To improve the efficiency of IM, the more copper and cage in the rotor is mounted at the surface of the rotor to
lamination materials have to be used, even casting copper increase starting torque. There are several PM bulk
squirrel cage is applied to increase the motor efficiency. This arrangements to figure out different rotor configurations. Fig.
means the frame and total cost of the motor will be 1 show three typical rotor configurations: (a) parallel
increased. New supper premium efficient Line Start-up magnetic path, (b) series magnetic path and (c) combined
magnetic path. The basic principal of the selection is as
X. Feng is with TECO-Westinghouse Motor Co., 5100 N. IH-35, Round simple as possible if the rotor has enough space to install
Rock, TX 78681 U.S.A. (email: fengjame@tecowesinghouse.com) required PM depending on speed and output power. Based
J. Kang is with the Board of Directors, TECO Electric & Machinery Co., on the required performance of LSPMSM, the configurations
Ltd. Taipei 115, R. O. China (e-mail: kang@teco.com.tw)
L. Liu and Y. Zhang are with TECO Westinghouse R&D Center, (b) and (c) in Fig. 1 are applied to 7.5kW and 950kW
Hangzhou, 310013 P. R. China (e-mail:ymzhang@teco-tech.com) prototype designs respectively.

978-1-4244-4175-4/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE

 mVE0 mV 2  1 1 
Pem = sin θ +  −  sin 2θ (4)
Xd 2  q
X X d 

pmVE0 pmV 2  1 1 
Tem = sin θ +  −  sin 2θ (5)
ω0 X d 2ω0  q
X X d 

where m is a number of phase, V is rated phase voltage, E0 is

excitation phase voltage, Xd and Xq are d- and q- axis
reactance, θ is power angle, P is a number of pole pair.
(a) (b) There are two components in the electromagnetic
power/torque: permanent magnet power/torque and reluctant
power/torque. Compared with conventional SM and due to
existing permanent magnet in d-axis pathway, normally the
q-axis reactance of the LSPMSM with inner magnet rotor
configuration is larger than d-axis reactance (Xq>Xd). That is
the reluctance power/torque should be negative as power
o o
angle is from 0 to 90 . Therefore, the power angle θmax for
maximum running power (Pma)/torque (Tmax) should be more
o
than 90 . The negative power/torque may occur when power
(c)
Fig. 1. Typical rotor configurations
angle is too small. Therefore, minimum power angle θmin of
designed LSPMSM should meet with [1] [2]:
B. No-Load Magnetic Flux Leakage Coefficient
 E  X q 
The no-load magnetic flux leakage coefficient Kl is the θ min >arccos  0  

(6)
ratio of the total flux produced by PM to the flux passed  V  X q − X d 
through air gap in one pole. This coefficient is more In general, LSPMSM should be designed to run at power
important for the design of LSPMSM. It is composed by two angle from minimum power angle θmin to maximum power
parts: the flux leakage coefficients at both of the inside and angle θmax. This is also steady running range. Normally, the
the end of the rotor. There are slot flux leakage and the flux o o
rated running power angle θN should be from 40 to 60 and
leakage caused by magnetic insulation bridges in the rotor. o o
Various analyses are used for different rotor configuration to the maximum power angle θmax should be from 105 to 125 .
calculate flux leakage coefficient similar as conventional Defining the ratio of the maximum torque Tmax to the rated
electrical machine. Because the rotor configuration of the torque TN as pull-out torque coefficient ΚT, the following
LSPMSM is more complex, the best way to get accurate flux expression can be obtained [1] [2]:
leakage coefficient is FEA. The more flux leakage, the more V ( X d − Xq ) sin 2 θ max
PM has to be used. Normally, the value of 1.05 to 1.45 is sin θ max +
T max 2 E0 X q (7)
applied to LSPMSM, depending on the rotor configuration. KT = =
TN V ( X d − X q ) sin 2 θ N
sin θ N +
C. d- and q-axis Armature Reactance 2 E0 X q
Following formulas are applied to calculate d- and q-axis
In general, the pull-out torque coefficient KT=1.6~2.5 is
armature reactance Xad and Xaq [1] [2]:
applied for LSPMSM design. Also, FEA can be used for
2πfNK w K φ (φδ 0 − φ ad ) above related performance calculation.
X ad = (1)
Id E. Starting-up Performance
2πfNK w φ aq
There are two rotating magnetic field excited by balanced
X aq = (2) stator three phase current and permanent magnet in the rotor
Iq during the starting-up of LSPMSM. Based on the principle
πα p of electrical machine, the average torque should bring out if
8 (3)
Kφ = sin the rotating magnetic fields of the stator and rotor have the
π 2α p 2 same speed, rotating direction and the number of pole. On
where f is frequency, N is the number of turns in series, Kw is the other hand, there has a pulsation torque if the both
a winding factor, Kφ is a waveform coefficient of air gap magnetic fields have relative movement, but its average
flux, φδ0 is no-load air gap magnetic flux per pole provided torque equals zero. The total average torque during the motor
starting-up includes asynchronous torque Tim, produced by
by PM, φαd is air gap magnetic flux per pole caused by d-axis
squirrel-cage, permanent magnet generator torque Tg and
current, φαq is air gap magnetic flux per pole caused by q- reluctance torque Tr by different reluctance in d- and q-axis.
axis current, αp is a pole embrace factor. The minimum torque Tmin during the motor starting-up is
Above formulas can be used to evaluate d- and q-axis contributed by the asynchronous torque Tim, generator torque
reactance with conventional analysis or FEA. Tg and reluctance torque Tr. For most good designed
D. Electromagnetic Power and Torque LSPMSM, the minimum torque Tmin is mainly depending on
the generator torque Tg. Neglecting the reluctance torque,
Based on the phasor diagram of LSPMSM and neglecting
LSPMSM starting-up torque can be expressed as:
the winding resistance, the developed electromagnetic power
Pem and torque Tem are given as follows [1] [2]: Ts = Tim +Tg (8)
 Asynchronous torque Tim can be evaluated in same way as III. DESIGN EVALUATION BY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
IM. The generator torque Tg can be expressed as [1] [2]: Due to the complex rotor configuration of the LSPMSM,
mp  R1 + X q (1 − s) )   R1E02 (1 − s)2  (9)
2 2 2
it is not easy to obtain more accurate designed performance
Tg =  2   with conventional analysis formulas. Therefore, advanced
2πf (1 − s)  R1 + X d X q (1 − s)2   R12 + X d X q (1 − s)2 
electrical and mechanical FEA have to be applied for more
The maximum generator torque is happened at slip Sgm: accurate result evaluations during the motor design stage.
2
R1 3( X q − X d )  3( X q − X d )  Xq (10) A. Rotor Mechanical Stress Analysis
S gm = 1 − +   +
Xq 2Xd  2 X d  X d In various rotor configuration of LSPMSM, the width of
the magnetic insulation bridge in the rotor has important role
where R1 is stator resistance, s is a slip during starting-up, E0 for both motor electrical performance and mechanical stress,
is no-load induced voltage. It is clear that the generator toque especially for high or super-high speed machine. The larger
is the function of d- and q-axis reactance, slip and stator width means more safety of the rotor mechanical stress, but it
resistance. Fig. 2 shows analyzed starting performance of the predicates more magnetic flux leakage and more PM has to
7.5kW 4 pole LSPMSM prototype. be used. For both of 7.5kW and 950kW prototypes, the shear
LSPM T-S Curve stress and equivalent stress analyses on the rotors have been
3.5
done with commercial finite element analysis software [3].
3
Fig. 3 shows the shear stress distribution as (a) and the
2.5
2 IM Torque
equivalent stress distribution as (b) in the rotor of 7.5kW
PM Generator Torque LSPMSM at worst case. The maximum shear stress is
Torque (PU)

1.5 LSPM Torque

1
22.5MPa and its limitation of the rotor material is 115MPa.
0.5 So the safety factor of rotor shear stress is more than 5. The
0 maximum equivalent stress is 42MPa and its limitation of the
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
rotor material is 235MPa. Therefore, the safety factor of
-1 rotor equivalent stress is more than 5.5. The evaluated results
Slip
-1.5 on mechanical stress issue can assure the both prototype
Fig. 2. Starting performance of 7.5kW prototype motors can normally run without mechanical trouble.
It should be noted that the key evaluated torques in the
motor starting-up processing are: start torque Ts at s=1,
minimum torque Tmin at s=smin, maximum torque Tmax at
s=smax and pull-in torque Tpi. Normally, it is not easy to
figure out more accurate data for starting performance of
LSPMSM. FEA should be applied to evaluate key starting
performance data to ensure the motor can start up.
F. Permanent Magnet Demagnetizing
The permanent magnet bulks can be demagnetized due to (a) (b)
high temperature, strong demagnetizing field, etc. The Fig. 3. Shear stress and equivalent stress distribution
LSPMSM should be justified by demagnetizing effect on the B. Thermal Flow and Temperature Rise Analyses
motor. The following formula is applied to verify the
demagnetizing of PM motor [1] [2]: For new LSPMSM design and development, the thermal
λex (1 − K adm )
and temperature rise issues are more important to ensure the
bmd = (11) motor normally runs without any stator winding insulation
1 + λex
damaged and PM demagnetized by high temperature in the
where bmd is maximum demagnetizing point, λex is total motor. It is very difficult to figure out accurate thermal flow
permeance (PU) of external magnetic circuit, Kadm is the and temperature rise with the conventional analysis,
magnetic configuration coefficient. For the rotor especially for LSPMSM due to the rotor complex
configuration with series and parallel magnetic path, Kadm configuration. The advanced digital simulation technique has
should be as (12) for series and (13) for parallel [1] [2]: to be applied to evaluate the thermal flow and temperature
0.045 mK ad K w N I adm rise for 7.5kW and 950kW prototypes [3]. Fig. 4 shows the
K adm = (12) 7.5kW prototype flow velocity distribution as (a) and the
pKl H cb hm
temperature distribution as (b). As shown in Fig. 4 (b), the
o
0.09 mK ad K w N I adm maximum temperature rise is 46 C. It is much less compared
K adm = (13) o
with temperature rise limit 90 C (RTD) at ambient 40 C.
o
pKl H cb hm
Unit: M/S Unit: K
where Kad is a d-axis armature reaction factor, Iadm is the
maximum d-axis current, Hcb is the coercive force of PM
and hm is the width of PM in magnetizing direction. For
LSPMSM design, bmd should be more than knee point of
demagnetizing curve of PM under the hottest running
temperature. Normally, for F insulation LSPMSM, the motor
o
maximum running temperature is 120 C, bmd should be more
than 0.35 for PM NdFeB-N35H. Also, the demagnetizing of (a) (b)
the machine at worst case can be evaluated by FEA. Fig. 4. Flow velocity and temperature distribution on 7.5kW LSPMSM
C. No-load Voltage and Harmonics the iteration has to be used in analysis design. The d- and q-
For various LSPMSM, the no-load voltage and axis synchronous reactance can be obtained with above d-
harmonics, starting-up performance, cogging torque, the and q-axis reactance plus stator leakage reactance Xδ, which
curve of output power/torque to power angle, d- and q-axis would be evaluated by the formula of the conventional
reactance, etc. are more important electrical performance for electrical machine design. Also, FEA can be applied to
machine steady and transient running. Due to complex evaluate d- and q-axis armature reactance of LSPMSM.
configuration of LSPMSM, an advanced digital simulation In the design stage, the d-axis and q-axis inductances are
tool has to be applied for electrical performance evaluation. the most important parameters for the performance
The commercial FEA software was used to electrical predictions. This is particularly important when introducing
performance evaluation for 7.5kW and 950kW LSPMSM the motor in a drive. The d- and q-axis inductances depend
[4]. Fig. 5 shows the flux distribution and Fig. 6 (a) shows on the stator current and its configuration, the air gap length
the phase EMF waveform and harmonics for 7.5kW and the rotor configuration. In LSPMSM, the energy Wmagn
LSPMSM. Further FFT of the induced phase voltage stored in machine is as [5]:
waveform has been done and the frequency spectrum is 31 1 
Wmagn =  L I2 + L I2  (14)
shown in Fig. 6 (b). The amplitudes of the fundamental and 22 d d 2 q q 
main harmonic components and the ratio of harmonics to That is:
fundamental are shown in Table I. B
r r
4
Ld I d2 + Lq I q2 =
3 ∫∫∫ ∫
V
( H (b) • db )dv
0
(15)

)= 23  I  2π 2π
−j
(I
j
+ jI q +Ibe  e jψ (16)
3
+Ice 3
d a 
 
where ψ is angle between the d-axis and stator phase axis.
Applying a pure d-axis and q-axis current to the field
solution, the corresponding d- and q-axis magnetic field
energy is calculated from (15). Furthermore, Ld and Lq can be
evaluated.
For 950kW and 7.5kW LSPMSM prototypes, d- and q-
axis armature reactance have been calculated with both of
Fig. 5. Flux distribution for 7.5kW LSPM conventional analysis and FEA method. The results for
7.5kW prototype are shown and compared as Fig.7 and
Fig.8. The good uniformity results can be found from the
conventional analysis and FEA methods.

(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Phase EMF waveform and harmonics for 7.5kW LSPMSM

TABLE I
FUNDAMENTAL AND MAIN HARMONIC COMPONENTS
Fig. 7. d-axis armature reactance and comparison

From Table I, the large third order harmonic component

can be found and its ratio reaches at 19%. The large third
order harmonic is harmful to motor normal running and can
cause more losses, vibration and noise. So star (Y)
connection of the stator windings is strongly recommended.
On the other hand, the stator and rotor slot harmonics, 19th,
21st, 39th, 41st, 47th and 49th orders, have been shown the Fig. 8. q-axis armature reactance and comparison
significant amplitudes and ratios. We have to attach more
E. Starting –up Performance
importance to the effects to LSPMSM performance.
Normally, magnetic wedge, closed or semi-closed slot and The starting-up performance of LSPMSM is very
skew slot should be used for reducing the slot harmonics. important to run the motor from stillness to synchronous
speed. The rotor squirrel-cage is used to get asynchronous
D. d- and q-axis Reactance positive starting-up torque same as IM. On the contrary, the
Above expressions (1) to (3) can be used to evaluate d- permanent magnet in the rotor brings out a negative torque
and q-axis reactance with conventional analysis method. But called generator torque, which resist the rotor to speed-up.
Also, some other torques such as reluctant torque etc. may be
useful or harmful for the motor starting-up. During the motor
starting-up, it is easy to get enough maximum torque Tmax for
motor starting-up. Therefore, the starting torque Ts at slip
s=1, minimum torque Tmin and pull-in torque Tpi are much
more important and they are very difficult to be evaluated
accurately with conventional analysis during design stage
because high saturation and distortion of start current and
magnetic filed. In same way, digital simulation tool FEA has Fig. 10. Tested T-S curve for 7.5kW LSPMSM
to be applied to 7.5kW and 950kW LSPMSM. With the TABLE IV
conventional analysis and FEA, evaluated starting-up STARTING-UP PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
performance data for 7.5kW motor is shown and compared
in Table II. A good coincide with each other can be found in
the Table II.
TABLE II
STARTING-UP PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
The steady running performance of 7.5kW LSPMSM has
also been tested and some data are shown in Table V. A
good consistency can be found in Table V.
TABLE V
RUNNING PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

IV. PROTOTYPES BUILD, TEST AND COMPARISON

The two prototypes of LSPMSM, 7.5kW 1800rpm 60Hz
and 950kW 1500rpm 50Hz, have been researched, designed,
built and tested to verify the theory, design concepts and ®
C. Compared with Premium Efficient (IE3) IM
some design technique for LSPMSM as shown in Fig. 9 (a)
and (b). Some tested data for 7.5kW design will be listed and The tested power factor, efficiency and phase current for
compared in the follows. 7.5kW LSPMSM have been compared with designed data
and Premium® efficient (IE3) IM under different output
power. The compared Premium® efficient (IE3) IM has same
frame size, speed, rated voltage and output power, etc. but
has longer core length than LSPMSM.
Fig. 11 shows the power factor comparison from 0.2PU to
1.25PU of the output power. The tested power factor of
LSPMSM is very close to designed data but the power factor
of Premium® efficient (IE3) IM is much lower than
LSPMSM, especially in the range of low output power. This
means LSPMSM can achieve very high power factor (>0.96)
(a) 7.5kW 1800rpm 60Hz (b) 950kW 1500rpm 50Hz
in the wide range of the output power. The high power factor
Fig. 9. Prototypes of LSPMSM in the wide range of the output power is very useful to save
A. Temperature Rise Comparison at Full-Load energy as the motor is running at wide different load.
The temperature rise of the stator windings was tested with
resistance method. Table III shows tested result and
comparison with design data. It is noted that the calculated
temperature rise from FEA at hottest point (RTD) in the
o
motor is about 10 C higher than winding average
temperature rise (resistance method). A good coincide with
each other can be found in the Table III.
TABLE III
TEMPERATURE RISE COMPARISON

Fig. 11. Power factor comparison

Fig. 12 shows the efficiency comparison from 0.2PU to
1.25PU of the output power. The tested efficiency of
B. Starting-up and Running Performance Comparison LSPMSM is little higher than designed data but the
The starting-up performance has been recorded as shown efficiency of Premium® efficient (IE3) IM is much lower
in Fig. 10. The key starting performance data is shown and than LSPMSM. This means LSPMSM can be easy to achieve
compared in Table IV. The larger errors of comparisons for super premium efficiency (IE4) in the wide range of the
the starting torque Ts and maximum torque Tmax can be found output power. The super premium efficiency of LSPMSM in
in Table IV. So conventional analysis should be improved the wade range of the output power is very useful to save
for the better accurate starting performance prediction. energy as the motor is applied into various applications.
 reduced to about 60% and the core lamination to 68% of the
consumption in the 11kW Premium® IM. The cost of PM
material in 11kW LSPMSM is near $50 and may be
reimbursed by frame and material reductions.
TABLE VII
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION COMPARISON (15HP)

Fig. 12. Efficiency comparison

Fig. 13 shows the phase current comparison from 0.2PU V. CONCLUSIONS
to 1.25PU of the output power. The tested phase current is The supper premium efficiency LSPMSM is researched and
very close to designed data in the wide range of the output developed. The challenges and key design techniques are
power. But the phase current of Premium® efficient (IE3) IM introduced. The advanced digital simulation is used for
is much higher than LSPMSM. This means Premium® designed performance evaluation. The prototypes have been
efficient (IE3) IM has more stator resistance losses and cause built, tested, analyzed and compared with calculated data.
the efficiency worse. The results show that the supper premium LSPMSM has
much better efficiency, power factor, and power density,
smaller frame size and less material consumption compared
with Premium® efficiency IM, leading to cost down and
energy saving in various applications.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
W. Qi, L. Huang, S. Huang, M. Chao and L. Lin for their
work on the mechanical simulation, prototype build and test.
Fig. 13. Phase current comparison
VII. REFERENCES
D. LSPMSM Improvement Design and Comparison [1] Renyuan Tang, “Modern Permanent Magnet Machines,” Beijing,
China Machine Press, 1997.
The 7.5kW LSPMSM prototype has been built, tested and [2] L. Liu, Y. Zhang, W. Qi, L. Huang and X. Feng, “Report on Design
it shows very good performance compared with the and Development of Supper Premium Efficient Line Start-up
Premium® efficient (IE3) IM with same frame size. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,” Interior Report and
Especially its efficiency has exceeded the IEC suggested Presentation on LSPMSM Project at Teco-Westinghouse Motor
Company, October 2009, Round Rock, Texas, USA
super premium efficiency (IE4) level. The output power, [3] ANSYS Software User’s Guides, ANSYS Inc., 2009
speed, frame size of the 7.5kW prototype are based on the [4] MagNet Software v7 User’s Manual, Infolytica Corporation. 2009
standard of NEMA Premium® (IE3) IM. Per 7.5kW [5] X. Feng, K. Hameyer and R. Belmans, “Aspects of the Rotor Design
for Axially Laminated Synchronous Reluctance Motors," in Proc. of
LSPMSM prototype design analysis and test data, 11kW XII International Conference on Electrical Machines, pp. 314-319
output power of LSPMSM can be designed into same frame
and core length of the 7.5kW LSPMSM prototype with VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
supper premium efficiency (IE4) and higher power factor. X. Feng was born in Chongqing, China. He graduated from the Faculty of
This improvement design can be compared with 11kW Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, majored in
Premium® (IE3) IM which frame size is larger than the electrical machine and control with Doctor and Master degrees and
improvement design. Table VI shows the performance Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, majored in electrical
machine and control with Master degree.
comparison and very good performance can be found for His employment experience included HAAS Automation Co. and
11kW LSPMSM. All other performance comparison such as United Technologies, USA and Chongqing University, China. His special
efficiency, power factor, phase current with different output fields of interest include electrical machine and control.
power, etc. have similar results as shown in Fig. 11 to Fig. 13 J. Kang was born in Taipei, China. He graduated from the National Cheng
in last paragraph. Also, estimated temperature rise of 11kW Kung University in Taiwan.
o He has been working in the motor field for 32 years. Especially, he has
improvement design of LSPMSM is less than 60 C. good experience at motor design .Because most of his career is on research
TABLE VI and development of motor in the R&D department, he owns 18 patents for
his innovations. He is a Chief Editor of Monthly Magazine on Electrical
LSPMSM COMPARISON WITH PREMIUM® IM (15HP) Machine and Control in Taiwan, China.

L. Liu was born in Hubei Province, China. He graduated from Harbin

University of Science & Technology, majored in electrical machine with
Master degree.
His special fields of interest include electrical machine and digital
simulation.

Y. Zhang was born in Shanxi, China. He graduated from Xi’an Jiaotong

Table VII shows the material consumption for both of University, China, and majored in electrical machine with Doctor degree.
11kW LSPMSM and 11kW Premium® IM. It is clear that His employment experience included Xi’an Jiaotong University,
Zhejiang University, Tongji University, Shanghai Jiaotong University and
besides 11kW LSPMSM has smaller frame size, the GE Company. His special fields of interest are electrical machine design
consumptions of the winding copper and cage aluminum are and FEA analysis.