~~ BCA Vith Semester /| The Not Runnable State : A thiead enters the Blocked state when the thread issues att input output system blocks the thread tem can request. The operating from executing until the operating complete the FO for whieh the thre that point, the thread returns to the Ne execution. A Blocked th so it can ns cannot use a processor even if one is available. which a Running thread There are three ways enters the WaitSleepJoin state. If a thread encounters code that it cannot execute yet (normally ). the thread can because a condition is not sat call Monitor method Wait to enter the state, a thread WaitSleeploin state. Once in this retums to the Started state when another thread invokes Monitor method Pulse or PulseAll. Method Pulse moves the next waiting thread back to the Started state. Method PulseAll moves all waiting thread back to the Started state. Q10. Define the System Collection. Ans. The collection namespace of system contains many class and interfaces, which provides to define various collection of objects. Arrays in C# are implemented as instance of system Array class and are just one type known as collection classes. Collection classes in general are used for maintaining list of objects and may expose additional functionally above that simple arrays. This functionality comes through implementing interfaces from system.collections namespace. There are number of interfaces in the system.collection namespace that are provides basic collection functionality : * IEnumerable provides the capability to loop through items of collection. * [Collection provides ability to obtain the number of items in a collection, and copy in simple array type. © IList provides list of items for collection as well as capacity for accessing these elements. fining Collection : The way is to derive our collection from a class, stem.collection.CollectionBase, an abstract class st supplies much of the implementation of a Introduction To .NET/Unit = V7 AN2 collection. The Collectiondase CLS EXPOSES the intgs Imumerable Wistand IColleetion but only peeeee some of the required implementation, Vide yvrogram showing the usage 2 or CollectionBase class namespace Mynamespace t using systems using system.collections; publictlass item { private string name; public item() Item have no name"; { name= } public item(string nm) { name = nm; } } public class ItemCollection : CollectionBase { public void Add(Item new_item) { List.Add(new_item); } public void Remove(Item old_item) { List.Remove(old_item) } : } public class test { public static void main() { ItemCollection ob = new ItemCollection(); ob.Add(new item(“Box”)); foreach(Item item in ob) { console WriteLine(“New{0} object is added to custom collection, “+” Name= {Hy item. ToString( ), item.Name);NET BCA N-604 [Maximum Marks : 70] tempt any five questions. All questions carry equal 1 {s provided by Mr. Vinay Singhal”. ‘qual marks, 7 ibe the two-step translation ; a), Descrl of Process for preparing your C# code to at(yte on your particular computer, What are the key benefits of the .NET exceework and the CLR ? What are the drambacies Fi. Two-ste translation process for preparing C# code o execute on particular computer: compiler time process 3, Runtime process. soiree Cte Byte Code Native Code [| C# Compiler | Microsoft Intermediate ~~ Language (MSIL) Code oR , Intermediate Language ue (IL) Code oe VB.NET Compiler . ed Just-in-time Machine Code Now called as é : fat r “Common needing ODEON sad airetly Language” (CIL) Code by the CPU) ‘Metadata Other Compiler =e Compiler time Runtime 1. Compiler Time Process : * The .Net framework has one or more language compilers, such as Visual Basic, C2, Visual C++, JScript, or one of many third-party compilers such as an Eiffel, Perl, or COBOL compiler. * Anyone ofthe compilers translates your source code into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code, * For example, if we are using the C# programming language to develop an application, when we compile the application, the C# language compile will convert our source code into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code. * In short, VB.NET, Cé, and other language compilers generate MSIL code. Currently “Microsoft Intermediate Language” (MSIL) code isalso known as the “Intermediate Language” (IL) Code or “Common Intermediate Language” (CIL) Code. = SOURCE CODE -» NET COMLIPER -> BYTE CODE (MSIL + META DATA) SmBCA vith Semester/Introduction To NET / 2020/1174 2, Runtime Process : 7 ‘i *+ The Common Language Runtime (CLR) includes a JIT compile! code. i hath * The JIT Compiler in CLR converts the MSIL code into native machine code that is then °Nccuteg by the OS. a * During the runtime of a program, the “Just in Ti Runtime (CLR) uses the Metadata and converts native code. . BYTE CODE (MSIL + META DATA) —> Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler > NATIVE Copg converting MSIL to na ive ime” (JIT) compiler of the Common Lan Microsoft Intermediate Language sit) se 0 Key benefits of the NET Framework and the CLR: 1. Less Coding and Increased Reuse of Code: This framework works on object-orienteg programming which éliminates unnecessary codes and involves less coding forthe developers, ner consists of re-useable code and many re-useable components. : Deployment: The code execution environment supports safe code execution for reduced configs in software deployment and versioning, and minimized performance problems of scripted or: interpreteg environments. ‘ Reliability: NET Framework is also very stable and reliable, -NET offers enhanced application security as web applications developed using Asp NET has Windows confirmation and configuration. . 5. Use across Platforms and Languages: .NET is promoted as a language-independent framework, which implies that development can take place in different compliant languages that include cy, managed C++, VB.NET, Visual COBOL, IronPython, IronRuby and more. : 6. Integration with Legacy Systems: The capability of NET to process all types of XML documents and write any format of file with swiftness and ease, provides multiple routes for integration, Drawbacks of NET : + Asit comes only with Entity Framework or Limited object-relational. + It doesn’t come with multi platform support from Microsoft, and it is not available right after installing Visual Studi + The migration of applications from .Net will be more expensive. + This managed code can be slower than native code, v aw Q4(b). Write a complete app that calculates and displays the product of three integers. Ans, using System; public class Multiply { public static void Main, { intnum],num2, num3; Console. Write(“Input the first number to multip! num = Convert. Tolnt32(Console.ReadLine() Console. Write(‘“Input the second number to multiply: num2 = Convert. ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());BCA Vith Semester/ Introduction To .NET/2020/m 115 Console. Write(‘“Input the third number to multiply num3 = Convert.Tolnt32(Console.ReadLine()); jnt result = num! * num2* num3; Console. WriteLine(“Output : {0} x {1} x {2} = (3), numI, num2, num3, result); } } Je Output = Sefpput the frstmumber to multiply: Input the second number to multiply: 8 input the third number to multiply: 5 output :2x8x5=80 92(a). What is the key vision of Microsoft's .NET initiative ? How does the .NET Framework Class Library facilitate the development of NET apps ? ‘Ans. Key vision of Microsoft’s .NET initiative ; ‘Many language vendors have tried to upgrade their languages, but there is a limit to which they have been successfill since they have to maintain backward capability and face many other problems too. To solve the problem of the current programmers Microsoft has come with a very promising solution “The .NET Platform”. ‘The .NET infrastructure comprises the NET Framework, Microsoft Visual Studio.NET, the NET Enterprise Servers, and Microsoft Windows.NET. NET is Microsoft's strategy for developing and delivering next generation software products and web services. Three key elements of NET are 1, Microsoft NET platform : Includes NET infrastructure and tools to build and operate a new generation of services, NET user experience to enable rich clients, NET building block services and .NET device software to enable a new generation of smart Internet devices. 2. Microsoft NET products and services : Includes Microsoft Windows.NET (with a core integrated set of building block services), MSN.NET, personal subscription services, Microsoft Office.NET, srosoft Visual Studio.NET, and Microsoft bCentral for NET. 3. Third-party NET services : A vast range of partners and developers will have the opportunity to produce cosporate and vertical services built on the NET platform. -NET Framework Class Library facilitate the development of NET apps : ‘The Framework Class Library or FCL provides the system functionality in the NET Framework as it has various classes, data types, interfaces, etc. to perform multiple functions and build different types of applications such as desktop applications, web applications, mobile applications, etc. The Framework Class Library is integrated with the Common Language Runtime (CLR) of the .NET framework and is used by all the .NET languages such as C#, Fi, Visual Basic .NET, etc./2020/%8 116 BCA Vith Semester/ Introduction To .NET /2020/% Categories in the Framework Class Library : vided into thee ; The fenetionality of the Framework Class Library ean be broadly div ee categories: Common Wrappers around Framework Class Library (FCL) Frameworks > Utility Features : The utility features in the FCL includes various collection classes such a ig stack, queue, dictionary, ete. and also classes for more varied manipulations such as Regex cag! Designed using | Applications for regular expressions. | > Wrappers Around OS functionality : Some of the features in the FCL are wrappers around the underlying Windows OS functionality. These include the classes for using the file system, ihe classes to handle the network features, the classes to handle 1/0 for console applications, etg. > Frameworks: There are various frameworks available in the FCL to develop certain applications, For example, ASPNET is used to develop web applications, Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) is used to render user interfaces in Windows applications and so on. Q2(b). Some features that appear throughout Visual Studio perform similar actions in different contexts. Explain and give examples of how the ellipse is buttons, down: array buttons and tool tips act in this manner. Why do you think the Visual Studio IDE was designed this way? Ans. An ellipse button indicates that a dialog will be displayed when the button is clicked. The down- arrow button indicates that there are more options, both for toolbar icons and for items in the Properties window. Moving the mouse pointer over most icons displays the icon’s name as a tool tip. These features make the Visual Studio IDE easier to lear and use. The Visual Studio integrated development environment is a creative launching pad that we can use toedit, debug, and build code, and then publish an app. An integrated development environment (IDE)is a feature-rich program that can be used for many aspects of software development. Over and above the standard editor and debugger that most IDEs provide, Visual Studio includes compilers, code completion tools, graphic designers, and many more features to ease the software development process. Popular Productivity Features : Some of the popular features in Visual Studio that help us to be more productive as we develop software include: 1, Squiggles and Quick Actions : Squiggles are wavy underlines that alert us to errors or potential problems in our code as we type. These visual clues enable us to fix problems immediately without waiting for the error to be discovered during build or when we run the program, If we hover over # squiggle, we see additional information about the error. A light bulb may also appear in the left margin wiBCA Vith Semester / Introduction To NET /2020/ 9117 own as Quick Actions, to fix the error, aio (Je Cleanup + With the click ofa button, form: 2. Cie syle settings, ditorconfig conventions, an auto our code before it goes to code review, iss qfuctoring : Refactoring includes operations such 3; more lines of code into a new method, changing ti “ IntelliSense + IntelliSense is a term for a set of feat eotly inthe editor and, in some cases, write small bits of code for us. I's like having basic documentation saline in the editor, which saves us from having to look up type information elsewhere. intelliSense features tary by language. For more information, see C# IntelliSense, Visual C++ IntelliSense, JavaScript jpctisense, and Visual Basic InteliSense, 5, Visual Studio search : Visual Studio can seem overwhelming at times with so many menus, options, and properties. Visual Studio search (Ctrl+Q) is a great way to rapidly find IDE features and code in one lace. * 6 Live Share :Collaboratively edit and debug with others in eal time, regardless of what our app type ot programming language. We can instantly and securely share our project and, as needed, debugging * sessions, terminal instances, localhost web apps, voice calls, and more. 7. Call Hierarchy : The Call Hierarchy window shows the methods that call a selected method. This can be useful information when we're thinking about changing or removing the method, or when we're trying to track down a bug. 8, CodeLens : CodeLens helps us find references to our code, changes to our code, linked bugs, work items, code reviews, and unit tests, all without leaving the editor, at our code and apply any code fixes suggested by id Roslyn analyzers. Code Cleanup helps us resolve as intelligent renaming of variables, extracting the order of method parameters, and more. tures that displays information about our code direellY Q3(a). What is the difference between a local variable and an instance variable ? Explain the purpose of an instance variable. Ans. Local Variable i Instance Variable ] Definition Itis a variable that is typically used in | It is a variable that is bound to the a method or a constructor. object itself ‘Access Modifiers [It is not possible to use access |It is possible to use access modifiers for the local variables. modifiers for instance variables Default variables _ | Do not have default values | Can have default values Creation Created when entering the method or | Created when creating an object a constructor Destruction Exiting the method or a constructor | Destruction of the object leads to Jeads to the destruction of local | the destruction of the instance variables variable Local Variables : A variable defined within a block or method or constructor is called local variable. * These variables are created when the block in entered or the function is called and destroyed after exiting from the block or when the call returns from the function. _ + The scope of these variables exists only within the block in which the variable is declared. i.e. we ‘can access these variable only within that block. * Initialization of Local Variable is Mandatory. + Instance variables are non-static variables and are declared in a class outside Instance Variables any method, constructor or block.VN SHUEY MME MOn Te ay HET / 202 e419 \ We White Ta lies, these variables Kove (Wen he alejeet ja de - ‘ Ae, NPR Hea OPEC Tiers for insta = ct © iach inl Mera Speen vill be wc tiles, veg hy oon AAv bbe be id snandatiry, fos 7 pg it Vay va Anvenehil Wily by Cremting objects, ae ee eee YATES, wo vate AHA VENA AIL Te HOL Inhde any function Teg AN i NNTNHR ‘ Swing argsl P nds Qo! = baw Maths); ny ang Winds = SQ ny! adda Rs = $0; ag eneds (Or object eugene’ Marks for first object:”); nodi LengMark: ed) LamathsMarks); Be. \imizal>-ax2 Set calculates and displays the sum of the integers from ito =. enema t loop through the calculation and increment statements, SsSuhsuuucaeminate when the value of x becomes 11. ' "5 Ys Soe Wee see sr of first 10 natural number So sume ge ae Ante Nate nT he Sami fe: {0)\n", sum); 3 Semmens eetBCA Vith Somester /introduction To .NET/2020/% 119 ). Discuss the features of Dataset, 4eataSets ¢ rentures of DataSets : 1, Working with disconnected Data : The data in DataSet i disconnected from the database. Once we etch the results of a query into a DataSet using a DataAdapter object, there is no longer a connection pateen DataSet andthe database, Changes we make a ne contents of the DataSet will not affect the ganbase. [other users modify data in a database the corresponds to the data in DataSet, we will not sez those changes in out DataSet. Working with disconnected doy structures definitely has its benefits. The rnajorbenefit of working with disconnecteddata iss ta is thi Disconnected data structures such as DataSets 6. Uniform Functionality : Recordset object has features similar Rec to those of the Sordset object supports features such as filtering, searching sorta DataSet. The ADO 1g and caching updates. ‘cessing data from database usin Ans. Different ‘Ways To Access DataBase In ADO.NET : Q4(b). Explain ‘the way of ac 19 ADO.NET in C#, There are three methods available in ADO.NET which are used to access our database. And these are 8 follows, 1.SqlDataAdapter Fill) 2. ExecuteNonQuery() 3. ExecuteScalar() |. SqlDataAdapter Fill tis used to retrieve the data from the database, Whenever we need to get the data from any data seace im ADO.NET and fill this data into DataTable or DataSet, then We need to use objSqlDataA dapter.Fill(objDataSet);, When swe as multiple sleet statement query to get the data, then itexccutes and gets one by one data and pas it to corresponding tables, ear iBCA Vith Semester /Intoduetion To NET/2020/W 120 Data Consumers Data Provider j—7_DatzAdenter + 2. ExecuteNonQuery(Q : This is used when we think that multiple rows will be affécted. We can use ExecuteNonQuery() for Inserting, Updating, and Deleting the data. So, basically ExecufeNonQuery() does, it returns the number of rows effecting when performing DML [Data Manipulation Language] operation into the database. If no rows affected then it retums -1, otherwise, if the return value is greater than O, it means, it affected rows into the database, Example : inti=0; using(SqlConnection con =new SqlConnection(connectionString)) { con.OpenQ; SqlCommand objSqlCommand = new SqlCommand(“‘Insert into Employees values (“++ name +”, “+ emailld +”, “« +age +", “* + address +”, “* + Departmentld + ”)”, con); try { } WinForm tu i = objSqlCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();BCA Vith Semester / Introduction To NET/ 2020/1 121 catch (Exception ex) con.Close(): | } | } ‘ returns 13 gxecuteSealar) : sExeteed to get te single row fist vale from the d * i 2 i ie eur ml if he result ai emp andere ntaron wean ha, ican oly ret cqoracters data, When we ink that we need innle daa frou debs 2 ie os ot in like a sum, count. etc. then we example ! string emp! vsing(Sq) JoyeeName=string.Empty; Connection con=new SqlConnection(connectionString)) { con.Open(); $qlCommand objSq| id”, con); try Command = new SqlCommand(“select name from employees where id=“ ; employeeName = Convert-ToString(objSqlCommand.ExecuteScalar); catch (Exception ex) con.CloseQ; } ) return employeeName; ram “in the general” rather than ism enable you to prog! programming “in the general”. Q5(a). How does. polymorp! Sin the specific” ? Discuss the key advantages of How does polymorphism promote extens! 2 ‘Ans. Polymorphism enables us to “program in the general” rather than “Pro ables us to write pl that process objects Tn particular, polymorphism en ’ superclass (either diretly oF indirety) 28 't they're all objects of the superlAs programming. Consider the following example of polymorptisn movement of several types of animals fora biological study. Classes types ofan investigation. re, anna vnimal’s current Tocation as -ycoordinales. Each subclass implements method move. > one m maintains 8" ‘Animal array conta ing references to objects of the various Animal ocd. TO multe the animals movements The programs sends each object the same message sul . 7 ance per second — names move. gram in the specific.” that share the same this can simplify sam, Suppose we create 2 program that simulates the Fish, Frog and Bird represent theBCA Vth Somestor/ Introduction To NET / 2020/¥m 122 Each specific type of Animal responds toa Move message in its own way * a Fish might swim three feet, + a Frog might jump five feet and * a Bird might fly ten feet The program issues the same message (i.cs. Move) to each animal object, bul each object knows how to modify its x-y coordinates appropriately for its specific type of movement. Rely. 1g on each object to know how to “do the right thing” in response to the same metho’ call is the key concept of Polym: «phism, > The same message sent toa variety of objects has “many forms” of results—hence the term polymorphism. Key advantages of programming in the general are: 1. One instruction is sufficient to make objects of any class initiate a set of actions specific to them. 2. If classes are to be extended to include new subclasses or objects, there is no need to make changes to the main code, unless it deals directly with the newly included classes. In that case only those parts that directly deal with the newly added classes are to be modified, 3. Itreduces the number of lines of code required, asin case of programming in the specific, every time an instruction is given that is common to all, the code has to be repeated. 4. Modifications to the main code can be made easily, without having to go to each class and making changes there. 5. Itimproves understan: ¥ y g of the program. With polymorphism, we can design and implement systems that are easily extensible : * New classes can be added with little or no modification to the general portions of the rogram, as long as the new classes are part of the inheritance hierarchy that the program processes generically. © The only parts of a program that must be altered to accommodate new classes are those that require direct knowledge of thy classes that we add to the hierarchy, "°W # Once a class implements an intertueg, objects of that class have an is-a Telationshi i with the interface type, and all objects, oft class are guaranteed to provide i functionality described by the interface, ‘"® © This is true of all subclasses of that g well. Interfaces are particularly useful forassipnin common functionality to possibly unrelacs classes. * Allows objects of unrelated classes to bg processed polymorphically—objects, Of classes thatimplement the same interface can respon] to all of the interface method calls, * An interface describes a set of methods that can be called onan object, Btdoes nct provide concrete implementations for all the methods, * We can declare classes that implement (ig. provide conerete implementations for the methods of) one or more interfaces, * Each interface method must be declared in all the classes that explicitly implement the interface. lass a Q5(b). What are abstract methods 7 Describe the circumstances in which an abstract method would be appropriaté, Discuss four ways in which you can assign base-class and derived-class references to variables of base-class and derived-class types. Ans, Abstract Methods : The abstract method is a method that is declared with an abstract modifier, If we define a method with abstract modifier, then that method doesn’t | contain any implementation and method declaration simply ends with a semicolon, Following is the example of defining an abstract method: public abstract void GetDetails(); The abstract methods are permitted to declare only in abstract classes arid the class that is derived from an abstract class must provide an implementation for defined abstract methods.BCA Vith Somestor/Introduction To .NET/2020/m 123 Abstract methods are inten treated as virtual methods so those methods need to be overridden in gerive ls and we should not static or virtual modifiers during abstract method declaration. act Method Features : Abstr llowing are the important features ofthe abstract method in cf programm «Abstract methods are permitted to declare only within abstract classes. © he abstract method declaration will not contain any implementation, only the derived classes will rovide an actual implementation for abstract methods. . 7 «Abstract methods are internally treated as virtual methods so those methods need to be overridden inthe derived class. Weshould not use static or virtual modifiers during the abstract method declaration. ‘Abstract properties will act the same as abstract methods but the only difference is declaration and javocation syntax. hen to Use Abstract Methods : ‘There are situations in which we will want to define a superclass that declares the structure of a given abstraction without providing a complete implementation of every method. That is, sometimes we will want to create a superclass that only defines a generalization form that will be shared by all of its subclasses, leaving it to cach subclass to fill in the details, Consider a classic “shape” example, perhaps used in a computer-aided design system or game simulation. ‘The base type is “shape” and each shape has a color, size and so on. From this, specific types of shapes are derived (inherited)-circle, square, triangle and soon —each of which may have additional characteristics and behaviors. For example, certain shapes can be flipped. Some behaviors may be different, such as when we want to calculate the area of a shape. The type hierarchy embodies both the similarities and differences between the shapes. Shape (Abstract class) color : String abstract area() : double abstract toStrint() : String getColor() : String -extends: extends: Circle (concrete class) Rectangle (concrete class) tadius : double width : double Four ways in which we can assign base-class and derived-class references to variables of base- class and derived-class types = using System; namespace MyApplication { class Animal // Base class (parent) { public virtual void animalSound() Console. WriteLine(“The animal makes a sound”); }NGA Yih Ginn aninnad [Derived elnes (child) vig ic override void animmaltenndO) Connrhe Spinel Ane Vhe pi says) wee WEY, gone igs) Pig > nen Piel; is Code generate error Pig, myhnimnal2~ new Animal(), “f nyt Sound(), mnyfsrienal anirmalSound(), mnyfPigg animal Sound(); Moniy hier’. animalSound(), ; ; } Q6(a). What are the components of a Vizual Basic Control ? What is the purpose of VB.NET Form control ? What is the purpose of VB.NET TextBox, Label and Button controls? Ans, Components in VB.NET Control : Controls are the pillars that help in UI Raed Applications in VB.Net quickly are objects that we can drag to the Form using the Control toolbox inthe IDE. Each VB.NET Control has some properties, events, and rocthods that can be used to tweak and customize the form to our liking. Once we add a VB.NET control to the form, we can change its appearance, its text, its default values, position, size, ete. using ity properties, + Properties describe the object * Methods are used to make the object do something * Events describe what happens when the user/ Object takes any action. a /ioebaetion Te METI VITO W504 Canird Properties ¢ cnn be nti, Pes wep fill hy Bate Cob Control Methods « created w on thi methods we will use ino © lwe in pro its public metho od depend on the cl: sat + Mfnone of the existing methods cen Perform our desired task, we can 24d 2 method to class, Control Events : An event is 2 signal tha informs an application that sorme:hing important hg occurred. For example, when auserclicks a contol ona form, the form can raise a Click event and eal aprocedure that handles the event. There are various types of events associated with a Form like click, double click, close, load, resize, ete, The control classes are defined in the System.Windows.Forms namespace. VB.NET has a variety of controls, below given are the list of commonly used controls, . 1. Forms : The container for all the controls that make up the user interface. 2. TextBox : It is used to accept textual input from the user, The user can add strings, numerical values and a combination of those, but Images and other multimedia content are not supported. 3. Label : It is used to show any text to the user, typically the text in a label does not change while the application is running. 4. Button : It is used as a standard Windows Button. In most cases, the Button Control is used to generate a click event, its name, size and appearance are not changed in the runtime. . 5. ListBox ; It represents a Windows control— ETS tO BCA Vith Semester / Introduction To NET /2020/™ 125 aisplay list of tems. toctpox 2 It represents a Windows combo os conto. Conjotutton : It enables the usr to select single option from a group of choices when paired 1 Rather RadioButton controls. w {checkBox + It represents a Windows CheckBor. + jetureBOx : It represents a Windows picture box control for displaying an image. 10. progressBar : It represents a Windows progress bar control. U0 gerolBar: It Implements the basic functionality ofa scrollbar contol. ymple * Peybli Class Example private Sub Example!_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) _ Handles MyBase.Load ‘get the caption bar text of the form Me-Text = “educba.com” End Sub Private Sub btnMessage_Click(sender As Object, ¢ As EventArgs) _ Handles binMessage.Click MessageBox.Show(“Thanks " + taName.Text + * from all of us at ” + txtOrg.Text) End Sub End Class Q6(b). What are bugs, errors and exception ? How would you build custom exception? Hention the methods present in System Exception base class. Ans. BUG : A bugis the result ofa coding error, An Error found in the development environment before the product is shipped to the customer. A programming error that causes a program to work poorly, produce incorrect results or crash, An error in software or hardware that causes a program to malfunction. Bug is terminology of Tester. ERROR + An error is a mistake, misconception, or misunderstanding on the part ofa software developer. In the category of developer we include software engineers, programmers, analysts, and testers. For example, adeveloper may misunderstand a de-sign notation, ora programmer might type a variable name incorrectly — leads to an Error, It is the one which is generated because of wrong login, loop or due to syntax, Error normally arises in software; it leads to change the functionality of the program. Exceptions : An exception may be a System Exception or an Application Exception. Now say, a file being parsed by the code has been deleted by some one from the location being searched, then a“File Not Found” exception may crop up. Such exceptions are usually handled by well written code by using Exception Handlers, These ervors are usually caused at runtime. They may be difficult to prevent at times, but surely may be handled by good code, There might be a scene where the programmer may only catch the exception through good code but may not prevent it. Build Custom Exception = es Exception handling features help us deal with any unexpected or exceptional situations that occur when a program is running. If we want users to be able to programmatically distinguish between some errors conditions, we should create our own custom: exceptions, It will simplify and improve the error handling and thes Levene the overall code quality Generally, for large scale projects, one should define custom exceptions.sem Eventres) Hs Description St check that the specified object is equal to the current object or i | | | Sed to pet rock exception, i J Ik is weed to pet the rextime type of he mre Eestznce. | LES ted w crests aed retan 2 orig representation of the caren excepacn| Q7(2). Which class in VB.MET helps in reading from, writing to and closing files? iefiy explain Stream Reader, Stream Writer, Binary Reader and Binary Writer dasses. Explain usage of Directory Info and File Info classes. Ass. The System 10 namespace bes varios classes that ore used for performing various operations with Sie, Hie creating and deleting flex, reading from ox writing to file, closing e file, etc. The FileStream class io the Symec IO cemecpact telps in reading from, writing to end closing files. This class derives Som the abemact clos Sean. We need to create 2 FileStream object to create a new file or open = enicing Se.| | BCA vith Semester! Ine ia StreamWriter : 7 Reader ard from ated ame jreamReadet Class is used to read poh weamRe: a me eam canes we He a resents a reader to i of characters. wag seam Je of StreamReader Class : Pos SystemJO St as an object of StreemReader Class 's StreamReader = New SteamReader(“C/Myfilent) "Irreads and prints the content from Myfile.nat StReadL le Console. WriteLine(in) In = StReedLineQ) End While suClose() the Console ReadKey() 5 End Sub End Module Example of StreamWriter Class : Inpons SystemJO Mod titer Sub Main) * Creaiz a path for Mytext.oe file to inser the below daz Dim St As Seam Writer = New StreamW St WriteLine(Weloome Students") Si. WriteLing* VB.NET is the Progemming imzzece") ‘ St.Closef) End Sub End Module BinaryReader and BinaryWriter Classes : ‘The BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes ae used with binary steams. Binary dom is read and Sie using its intemal binary format, and these bixay data are not human madable. The Biz Rec cles can be used to read binary data from a fle and the Binary Writs fl is used to wie Deane specified binary file, Example of BinaryWriter Class : Imports SystemJO Module Bin Writer ‘Sub Main() Dim FS As FileStream = New FileStream(-C’MyBin.txt”, FileMod=.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess. Write) Dim binWriter As New Binary Writex(FS)BCA Vth Semester/ Example of BinaryReader Class : Imports Sy New As FileStream = s New BinaryReades{FS) = binReaderReadini320 binReaderReadChar)) 2 teLine(“Integer is {0}, 2) Console. WriteLine(~Char data is {0}",¢) binReaderCloseQ) FS.CloseQ) Console. WriteLine(“ Press any key to exit”) Console ReadKeyQ) End Sub End Module Directory Info and File Info classes : ‘The Directorylnfo class is derived from the FileS; cless. It has various methods for moving, end browsing through directories subdizectories. This cless cannot be inherited. FileIufo class is derived from the FileSysteminfo class. Ithes properties end instance methods for creating. copying, deleting. moving, and opening of files, and helps in the creation of FileStream objects. This elass cannot be inherited. Example : Imports System.IO Module fileProg ‘Sub Main) * Create 2 DirectoryInfo object Dim mydir As Directoryinfo = New Directoryinfo(“e:\Users") Introduction To NET/2020/ M125 “Getting the files in the directory, the: and size ¥ theie Dim f As Filelnfog = Dim file As FileInfo For Each file In f Console.WriteLine(“File Native: le-Name, file.Length) EGetFitegy 10) Sing ar Nent file Console.ResdKey() End Sub End Module Q7(b). Discuss about indexers jn Ans. Indexers = Indexers are like properties which are ‘Ser used to set and get data from an aray fear class, Indexer allows us to use [] operat deta, or directs on the object of a class to access the anay hay isie the lass, For example ifobj sen of sny'clasand that class also hasa field names wie isan aray of strings, we can access the elemene ofthe aray field names directly withthe objet ii objfO]. objf1}. etc. Unlike properties, indexers use this keyword instead of any name and also take a parameter, Modifier retumType this[parameters]. Its simile to 2 propery; we have just used this instead ofa name and itis also taking parameters. Example : using System; class Student { private string[] names = new string[5]; public string thisfint index} { c retum this.namesfindex]; } set { this.names[index] = value;BCA Vith Semester/ introduction To .NET /2020/% 129 class Test { tatic void Main(stringf] args) «agent batch} = new Student(); batch} [0] = “abe”, patch! {1 xyz") Console. WriteLine(batch! (0); Console. WriteLine(batch![1]}); } } Indexers in C# allow the objects of classes or structures to be inde: siual arrays when indexers are defined for them, Some of the salient points about indexers are as follows : 1. The “this” keyword is used for the creation of indexers. The get and set accessors are used to implement indexers ‘The indexers can be overloaded. The indexers cannot be static as they are an instance member but the properties can be static. The refand out parameter modifiers are not permitted in indexer. There should be at least one parameter in indexers otherwise an error occurs. xed like arrays. Classes behave like ayeey Q8. Write short notes on any two of the following : (a) SOAP - (b) .NET Framework Class Library * (c) Nesting and Recursion (d) Dynamic Array, Jagged Array, Array List and Bit Array Ans. (a) SOAP : SOAP is an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol It is an XML-based messaging protocol for exchanging information among computers. SOAP is an application of the XML specification, » SOAP isa communication protocol designed to communicate via Intemet, SOAP can extend HTTP for XML messaging. SOAP provides data transport for Web services. SOAP can exchange complete documents or call a remote procedure. SOAP can be used for broadcasting a message. SOAP is the XML way of defining what information is sent and how. SOAP enables client applications to easily connect to remote services and invoke remote methods. Although SOAP can be used in a variety of messaging systems and can be delivered via a variety of wansport protocols, the initial focus of SOAP is remote procedure calls transported via HTTP. Other frameworks including CORBA, DCOM, and Java RMI provide similar functionality to SOAP, but SOAP messages are written entirely in XML and are therefore uniquely platform and language independent. vvvYVvY (b) NET Framework Class Library : - -NET Framework Class Library (FCL) is the foundation of classes, interfaces, value types, services and providers that are used to construct .NET Framework desktop and Web-based (ie., ASP.NET) pplications, The fundamental elements ofthe FCL are defined as classes located inthe System namespace, All of the most primitive aspects of NET are stored in System, including built-in value types, the ObjectBCA Vith Semester / Introduction To .NET/ 2020/8 430 type. and support for exception handling and garbage collection. call Thousands of more classes are located in second- and third-level namespaces that include suppor for network and file 1/0. grephies, security, configuration management, and Web services. Ail CLS-comptiang compilers can use the FCL. Namespaces in the Framework Class Library + | Namespace | Description [System] The Sse Tamespace has base classes for definition of interfaces, data types, ‘ L events. event handlers, attributes, processing exceptions ete. _ | System.Data | The System.Data namespace accesses and manages data from various sources using { | different classes. ___ System1O | The System.1O namespaces suppor: IO like data read/write into streams, daig L compression. communicate using named pipes etc. using various types. | System-Ling | The System.Ling namespace supports Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) using L | various types. | SystemNet |The SystemNet namespace provides an interface for network protocols, cache l | policies for web resources, composing and sending e-mail etc. using various classes, (c) Nesting and Recursion : Nesting : A type defined within a class, struct, or interface is called a nested type. For example : public class Container { class Nested f NestedQ {} } Regardless of whether the outer type is a class, interface, or struct, nested types default to private; they are accessible only from their containing type. In the previous example, the Nested class is inaccessible to external types. The nested, or inner, type can access the containing, or outer, type. To access the containing type, pass it as an argument to the constructor of the nested type. For example : public class Container {_ public class Nested { private Container parent; public Nested() { } public Nested(Container parent) t this.parent = parent; } } 3BCA Vith Semester /Introduetion To.NET/2020/m 131 nested type has access to all of the members that are accessible to its containi 'ype. It can access Amp and protected members ofthe Containing type. including any inherited protected members pri ion = Recursive function is a function that calls itself. A funetion that calls another function ic normal but wwhen a function calls itself then that isa recursive funetion ‘This process is known as recursion, Example ? using System; namespace Recursion class Program static void Main(string[] args) Console. WriteLine(“Please Enter a Number”); /iread number from user int number =Convert.ToInt32(Console ReadL.ine(); /invoke the static method double factorial = Factorial(number); “print the factorial result Console. WriteLine("factorial of 3 public static double Factorial(int number) “¢number+"="= factorial. ToString()): if (qumber = 0) Tetum 1; return number * Factorial(number-1); //Recursive call } } (@) Dynamic Array, Jagged Array, Array List and Bit ‘Array: Dynamic arrays are growable arays and have an advantage over static arrays. This is because the size of an array is fixed. To create arrays dynamically in C2, use the ArrayList collection. It represents an ordered collection of an object that can be indexed individually Italso allows dynamic memory allocation, adding, searching and sorting items in the lis. using System; using System.Collections; namespace DynamicArray { class Program { static void Main(string[) args) { ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); al. Add(57); al.Add(26); Console, WriteLine(“Count: {0}", al.Count); Console. Write(“List2"BCA Vith Semester / Introduction To .NET/ 2020/8 132 foreach (int i in al) { Console. Write(i + } Console. WriteLine(); } } } ‘The C# Jagged array is an array whose elements are also an array, i.e, it is an array of arrays. These element arrays inside a C# jagged array can be of different dimensions and even can be of different sizes. A Jagged array in C# can be declared and initialized as follows : int(}[] JaggedAr = new int{2)0); Here size 2 represents the number of arrays, i.c., two arrays in JaggedAr{J[). ‘We have to initialize the arrays inside before using the Jagged array. JaggedAr[0] = new intl] {5,9,6}; JaggedAr{1] = new int[] {2,5}; Example : using System; class program rt public static void Main0. { string[](] JaggedAr = new string[2]1]; JaggedAr[0] = new string[] {“A”, “B”, « JaggedAr[1] = new string{] {“D”, “E™ for(int i= 0; i : exception. Step 2 : Override the string message from the exception class. Example: Public override string message { get { return “Display the error message when exception occur” } } i Q7(g). What are the differences between VB and VB.NET? Ans. [Please Refer 024 Unit-I Page-25] Q7(b). What are the differences between ASP and ASP.NET? Ans. [Please Refer 034 Unit-I Page-30] Q7(c). What are the differences between namespace and assembly name? Ans. (Please Refer Q38 Unit-I Page-32] Q8(a). How we add COMPONENTS 20, the window form? Ans. [Please Refer 02 Unit-I Page-72] Q8(b). Whatis File handling ? Ans. (Please Refer Q1 Unit-IV Page-90] Q8(c). What are interface ? Ans. Interface : [Please Refer 034 Unit-II Page-63]BCA Vith Somester/ Introducton To.NET/ 2021 /m 495 “ what is System Collection. @ s “n ase whatis Graphical Device Interface pofer Q10 Unit-V Page-112] b): on? please Refer Q4 Unit-V Page-105] 0. wi ite short notes on any four of the atowing and Unboxing al Boxing ¢ a (b) Are pound control ie interoperatibility a) Bit converter ‘oxing and Unboxing : ant) eit is an implicit conversion ofa valu pe nt, char, et) to a reference type (object) is down as boxing. In boxing process a value type is being allocated on the heap rather than the stack. ‘Unboxing : Explicit conversion of same reference type (which is being created by boxing process) : tack to a value type is known as unboxing, In unboxing process, boxed value type is unboxed from, the heap and assigned a value type which is being allocated on the stack, On the stack Onthe heap Stack var int stack var = 12 Boxed var (Stack var boxed) Object boxed var = stack varl_2_] Unboxed int unboxed = (int) boxed var Boxing and Unboxing Example of boxingand unboxing : inti=10 Arraylist ar = new array lis(Q); aAdd(ii “Boxing occurs automatically int j= (int)ar{o}; unboxing occurs (b) Array list : Array list is one. of the most flexible data structure. ft implements, the I list interface using an array and very easily can add, insert, delete, view etc. It is very flexible because we can add it without any size information, that is it will grow dynamically and shrink Operations perform in Array list : 1, Add : Itadd an item in an array list 2. Insert: Insertan item in a specified position ina array list 3. Remove : Remove an item from arraylist. 4, Remove at : Remove an item from a specified position. 5. - Sort : Sort items in an arraylist. Syntax : To add an items in an arraylist. arAdd (““Item1") Syntax : To insert an item in an arraylist. arr.Insert (3, “Item3”); Syntax : To remove an item from array list. arzremove (“item”); Syntax : To remove an item in a specified position from an array list Itemtist.Remove At (2); Syntax : To sort Arraylist. Arraylist.sort ( (c) Data Bound Control : Data-bound controls are winforms controls those can easily bind with data components. Microsoft visual studio .Net isa rich IDE for ADO.NET data ‘components. ‘There are three main data-bound controls. 1, Data Grid 2, List box 3. Combo box Data bound contro!s have properties, which we ‘can set as data component and they are seady toBCA Vith Semester / Introduction To .NET/2021 / 136 present ourdata in Window Form. Data source and display member are two important properties. Data source : Data source property of these controls plays a major role. We can set different kind of data components as data source property of acontrol. methods converts the byte values stored in byte array to native integer. The bit converter tyne contains many static method and we do not need ¢¢ create a new bitconvertor to use these, Program of Bitconverter that converts byte arrays to int : using system; Dataset ds=new dataset); datagridl Datasource = ds.Default view manager; class program {_ static void main( ) { byte[ ] array = new byte [4]; Data member : Data member property can be set to a database table field name. If you want to bind a particular field to the control. Dataset ds = new dataset( ); Dataview dv = ds.tables [“Employees”].Default view; list box! data source = dv; list box2.displaymember Firstname”; @) Interoperati Interoperatibility enable us to preserve and take advantage of existing investment in unmanaged code, Codes that run under the control of the common language runtime (CLR) is called, managed code, and code that run outside the (CLR) is called unmanaged code, COM, C++, COM++, ActiveX component and Microsoft ‘Win32API are example of unmanaged code. The important goals of .NET during it’s development was to promote interoperability with existing technologies NET interoperability comes in3 parts : Interoperability of NET code with COM ‘components (called as COM interoperability) 2. Interoperability of COM components with NET (called .NET interoperability) 3. Interoperability of NET code with win32 DLLS (called p/invoke). (©) BIT converter : Bit converter converts representations. It changes arange of bytes to a different value type such as int ordouble. This type contain utility method. Itis useful when manipulating or reading binary data. () INT (ii) Double, To INT32, shows how to use Bitconverter class and it’s static method Toint32 and ToulNT32. These array [0] = 1; array [1] @ array [2] array [3] = 0; int result! = bitconvertor.Totnt32 (artay, 0); Uint result2 = Bit converter:ToUInt32 (array, %; Console. writeline (result!); Console. writeline (result2); } } Output : 16385 16385year - 2022 rime: Three Hours} Note: Attempt his solution is scribe the .NET framework in its all components. a), De! ae with i ‘Ans. " [Please Refer QI Unit-I Page-5] Qi(b). How ,NET framework is useful in development of Internet applications ? (ne. The .NET Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft that provides awide range of functionalities: and tools to develop robust and scalable applications, including internet applications. Here are some ways in which the .NET Framework cau be useful in the development of internet applications: 1. Cross-platform compatibility: The NET Framework supports multiple programming languages and can be used to develop applications that run on different operating systems, including ‘Windows, Linux, and macOS. 2. Web application development: NET veb development Framework includes 2 W framework called ‘ASP.NET, which allows developers to create powerful web: applications and web services. It provides a rich set of controls, libraries, and frameworks that simplify web application development ‘and enable developers to build highly interactive and responsive applications. 3. ity: NET Framework jneludes 2 ce jodel that helps fe security ™ Tetopes ereate secure web application It peNfades features Like code access SeoMr inetipased security, ond authentication and role Prization mechanisms that Protect | applications from mali usattncks. . NET Framework includes a j, Performance: « comprehensiv Introduction To .NET any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. provided by Mrs. Beena. ‘Sachan BCA N-604 [Maximum Marks: 70] just-in-time (JIT) compiler that compiles code on the fly, which helps improve application performance. It also provides caching and other optimization techniques that help improve application performance and reduce response times. 5, Integration: The NET Framework includes several toolsand libraries that allow developers to easily integrate their applications with other systems and services, such as databases, messaging systems, and web services Overall, the .NET Framework provides a powerful and comprehensive devefopment platform for building internet applications that are secure, scalable, and high-performing. Q2(a). What is “CLR? Describe with suitable example. Ans. [Please Refer 032 Unit-I Page-29] 92(b). Elaborate the framework class library (FCL). Ans. [Please Refer Ql Unit-I Page-6] Q3(a). Write a complete application used to compute largest of three integers and then display the result. Ans. using System; public class Ex public static void Main) int num{i, num2, num3; Console. Write(“\n\n”),BCA Vith Semester / Introduction To .NET/2022/™ 138 \ Console. Write(“*Find the largest of three numbers:\n"); Console. Write(“ Console. Write(‘“\n\n": Console. Write(““Input the Ist number :"): num] = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()); Console. Write(“Input the 2nd number :”); num2 = Convert.Tolnt32(Console,ReadLineQ); Console. Write(“Input the 3rd_number :”); num3 = Convert. Tolnt32(Console.ReadLine()); if (qum1 > num2) { if (numl > num3) { Console. Write(“The Ist Number is the greatest among three. \n\n"); } else { } } else if (num2 > num3) Console. Write(“"The 2nd Number is the greatest among three \n\n”); else Console. Write(““The 3rd Number is the greatest among three \n\n"); } } Output: Find the largest of three number Console, Write(“The 3rd Number is the greatest among three. \n\n”); Input the Ist number Input the 2nd numbei Input the 3rd number :15. The 2nd Number is the greatest among three Q3(b). Write a short note on ADO.NET. Ans. ADO.NET : - ADO.NET isa module of Net framework which is used to establish connection between the application and the data source, Data source can be such as SQL server and XML. ADO.NET consist of classes that can be used to connect retrieve, insert and delete data. All the ADO.NET classes are located into System.Data.dll and integrated with XML classes located into System.XML.dll. ADO.NET has two main components hat are used for accessing and manipulating data are the NET framework data provider and the DataSet. The .NET framework data provider are designed for data manipulation and fast access to data. It provides various objects such as connections, command, DataReader and DataAdapter that can be used to perform database operation. While DataSet is used to access dat independently from any data resources.BCA Vith Semester/Introduction To NET /2022/@ 139 aa Adapter anadaner [Command =| Data Reader Tomneation Data Provider advantages of ADO.NET : AevADO.NET isthe common name forthe classes ‘nd interfaces of the namespaces System Data. ‘ADO.NET data components in visual studio environment encapsulate data access functionality in various ways that help you to develop application more easily and with few errors. + ADONET offer performance advantage by its Disconnected Architecture, it is a remarkably efficient and Scalable Architecture. The DataSet class in ADO.Net operate inan entirely disconnected nature. ADO.NET program can take advantage of the flexibility and broad acceptance of Extensible Markup Language (XML). _Therole of ADO.NET data provider sto permit direct manipulation of data through SQL. ADO.NET includea SQL Server Data Provider that is highly optimize for interaction with SQL server. It uses SQL server's own Tabular Data Stream (TDS) format for exchanging information. ‘Another advantage of ADO.NET is its rich object model. The entire ADO.NET architecture is built on a hierarchy of class inheritance and interface implementation. Q4(a). What is the concept: ‘of Recursion? Write the recursive definition of factorial function. Ans, Recursion : Calling a method reeursively or implementing the method using recursion refers to the fact that the method éalls back on itself, Thisis soul the simplest way to implement a method. Sctmetho. ht cancall itself, When amethod call itself, it is named as recursive method, A recursive usually. has two specifications : 1, Recursive method call itself so many times until being satisfied. 2. Recursive method call has parameter(s) and call itself with new parameter values. How Recursion Works? public static void maint ) Normal Method Call static void recurse{ ) { Recursive Call reuse ———____J Working of C# Recursion : In this example, we have called the recurse() method from inside the Main method (normal method call). And, inside the recurse() method, we are again calling the same recurse() method. This is a recursive call. To stop the recursive call, we need to provide some conditions inside the method. Otherwise, the method will be called infinitely. Hence, we use the if..else statement (or similar approach) to terminate the recursive call inside the method. Example: Factorial of a Number Using Recursion = The factorial of a positive number nis given by: factorial of n (n! *2°3*4n In C#, we can use recursion to find the factorial of anumber. For example, using System; class funcexer! 1 static void Main) decimal f; Console. Write(“\n\nRecursive Funeti tion: To find th i i : pe aed factorial of a given numberBCA Vith Semester / Introduction To MET /2022/® 140 $$"); Console. Write(’ Console. Write(“Input a number :") int num= Convert. ToInt32(Console ReadLine()); f = Factorial(num); Console. Writel. } static decimal Factorial(int nl) f The bottom of the recursion “The factorial of {0}! is {1}", num, f} if(ai ==0) {rectum 1; } 1/ Recursive call: the method calls itself else { retum nl * Factorial(nl - 1); i 3 } Output: Recursive Function : To find the factorial of a given number : Input a number : 5 The factorial of 5! is 120 Q4(b). Explain the data types in C# language. Ans. [Please Refer Q4 Unit-I Page-39] Q5(a). How Inheritance concept is implemented in C#? Explain with its code. Ans. Inheritance in C# : In C# inheritance is the process in which one object acquires the all properties and behaviour of its Parent object automatically. Im such a way, we can reuse, extend or modify the attributes and behaviours which is defined in other class. The class which inherits the members of another class is called derived class and the class whose members are inherited is called base class or parent class. The derived class is the specialized class for the base class. Syntax in C# for der g the class from base class : class { } class : {_ } The idea of inheritance implements the idea of implementing the JS-A relationship. JSA animal, dog IS-A mamal, hence dog IS-A animal as well and so on. For example, mamalBCA Mh Semester Introduction To HET 2522 /m 444 program to illustrate Inheritance jn CHa; yap ; ‘oe or nvestaneeApplictin [ re t seri wt rv | | ht void SetHeghtinth f teight=b; Patten width; Protected int height; } Derived class Class Rectangle : shape { Public in getArea { wmv * heh, } “ee Recangte ester 1 Yoid maint | rene Reet wl = { Reet | Greater than 3-1 evaluates to truc < | Less than 5 <3 evaluates to false pe | Greater than or equal to | 4 >= 4 evaluates to true se | Less than or equal to | § <= 3 evaluates to false je __| Not equal 10 10 1= 2 evaluates to true ax into 5; intb= 10; 1/ Example using the greater than operator bool result = (a > b); // result is false Result “The result of a relational operation is a Boolean value (true or false) based on whether the specified relationship holds true or not. Use in Decision Making = Relational operators are commonly used in decision-making structures, such as if statements, to control the flow of the program based on certain conditions. Use in Loops = Relational operators are also used in loop conditions to determine when the loop should continue or terminate. Relational operators are fundamental for creating conditional logic and controlling the flow of C# programs based on the relationships between different values. Q3(a). Can a do-While loop be used to iterate over arrays or lists in C#? If so, how? Ans. Yes, we can use a do while loop to iterate over arrays or lists in C#. While for and for each loops are more commonly used for this purpose, you can achieve the same result with a do while loop. Here’s anexample: using System; class Program { static void Main()BCA Vith Semester /Introduction To NET /2023/¥ 151 ample with an array qv Ex (1,23.45)5 inf} nrmbers = jnt index = 0; do ‘ jnt currentNumber = numbers[index]; ‘Console. WriteLine(currentNumber), index+5 pile (index { “Alice”, int listindex = 0; do { string currentName = names[listIndex); Console. WriteLine(currentName); listIndex++; } while (listIndex < names.Count); } } 33(b). What are namespaces in C# and ow are they are used in FCL? Ans, Namespaces in C# : Namespaces are used to organize the classes. 1 helps to control the scope of methods and ‘lasses in larger .Net programming projects. In ‘mpler words we can say that it provides a way to might be more appropriate. « Random Access: A- time access to slemen making mince axes ooBCA Vith Semester / introduction To .NET/2023/' 152 compared to dynamic data structures when the size is known and constant. © Multi-dimensional Arrays: .NET supports multi-dimensional arrays, including single- dimensional, two- ional, and jagged arrays, providing flexibility in representing different types of data structures. + Simple Syntax: Arrays in C# have a straightforward syntax for declaration and initialization. int{] numbers = new int{] { 1,2,3,4, 5}: + Language Integration: Arrays are an integral part of the C# language and are used extensively in conjunction with various language constructs and features. * Widely Used: Arrays are widely used in programming and are fundamental to many algorithms and data structures, While arrays have their advantages, it’s important to consider their limitations, such as fixed size and lack of built-in resizing mechanisms. Depending on the requirements of your application, other collection types like lists or dictionaries may be more suitable. Q4(b). Briefly explain the class definition, properties and indexers. Ans. Class ; ‘Acclass isa fundamental building block in object- oriented programming (OOP). It is a blueprint or template that defines the structure and behavior of objects. Objects are instances of classes and can have attributes (fields or properties) and behaviors (methods). In C#, aciass is defined using the class keyword, followed by the class name and a code block that contains the class members. public class Person { 17 Class members go here } Properties : Properties are members of a class that encapsulate private fields and provide a controlled way to access or modify them, They are declared using the property keyword, Properties have a get accessor for retrieving the property value and a set accessor for assigning a new value. public class Person { 11 Private field private string _name; 1/ Property public string Name { get { return _name; } set {_name = value; } } } Properties can also be auto-implemented, where the eqmpiler generates the underlying private field automatically: public class Person { 11 Auto-implemented property public string Name { get; set; } Indexer Indexers allow instances ofa class to be indexed like arrays. They provide a way to access elements within a class using array-like syntax, Indexers are defined using the this keyword followed by the indexing parameters. public class Collection { private string[] data = new string[10]; / Indexer public string this[int index] { get { return datafindex]; } set { data[index] = value; } 3 } With this indexer, you can access elements of the Collection class using square brackets: Collection myCollection= new Collection; myCollection[0] = “Item 1”; string item = myCollection[0]; This makes it convenient to work with instances of the class as if they were arrays.BCA Vith Somestor/ Introduction To .NET/2023/m 169 - do you create a custom dialog box? Briefly explain drop-down menus in ow Mt Custom Dinlog Box: or om dialog box in NET, you yell fllow these tps using Windows Foms in Ch: a8 ows ew Form: Add a new Windows Form to our projet. n Visual Studi, Tight-click on our | Cea eet “Add,” and choose “Windows Form.” jh ones i Dialog: Design the form by adding controls such as labels, text Desig! the content and functionality we want in our dialog. gased 07 sm Properties: Set properties for our form, such as FormBorderStyle to control the | 4, Set ee StartPosition to set the initial position, and other Properties according to our needs, a a Values (Optional): If our dialog needs to return values to the calling code, we can add | * wets or methods to retrieve those values, a the Dialog: Instantiate our custom dialog form and call its ‘ShowDialog method to dispayit 4 i * isamodal dialog. 45 simplified example: we partial class CustomDialogForm : Form (2 tion 0 boxes, buttons, i/Propertics to store dialog results public string UserName { get; private set; } public CustomDialogForm() { I } private void OkButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { izeComponent(); |. HSetthe result and close the dialog “UserName = textBoxUserName.Text; DialogResult = DinlogResult.OK; Close); ae void CancelButton_Click(object ‘sender, EventArgs ) a Close the dialog without setting any result DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel; Close); 1} | rop-dow i Menus in .NET : ; ; | meet top-down menus are typically implemented using the MenuStrip control along with “StripMenuttem c 5 a bri few: controls, Here's a brief overview: Le restin: ‘The MenuStrip control is a container for menu Hest NET. It’s usually placed at the. ag OM and contains one or more ToolStripMenultem controls, TeolstripMenulteme ‘The Too!StripMenuftem control represents an item in a menu. Tt can have | bitems to create hierarchical menus. Each ToolStripMenultem can have an associated event handler | Pond to user actions, s les? wmBCA Vith Semester /Introduction To .NET /2023/ m 154 1 Create MenuStrip MenuStrip menuStrip! = new MenuStrip(); 1/ Create ToolStripMenultem ToolStripMenultem fileToolStripMenultem = new ToolStripMenultem(); ToolStripMenultem openToolStripMenultem = new ToolStripMenultem(); 1/Set properties for ToolStripMenultems fileToolStripMenultem, Text = “File”; openToolStripMenultem. Text = “Open”; // Add openToolStripMenultem to fileToo!StripMenultem fileToolStripMenultem.DropDownltems.Add(openToolStripMenultem); Add fileToo!StripMenultem to menuStrip] menuStrip]Items.Add({fileTooIStripMenultem); 4/ Set the MenuStrip for the form this. MainMenuStrip = menuStrip!; 1/ Wire up event handler for openToolStripMenultem openTooIStripMenultem.Click += new EventHandler(OpenToolStripMenultem_Click); } private void OpenToolStripMenultem_Click(object sender, EventArgs ¢) 1/ Handle the “Open” menu item click / Add your code here } In this example, MenuStrip and ToolStripMenultem are created and added to the form. The Click event handler is also set up to respond to the “Open”. menu item click. This is a basic example, and we can customize it based on our specific requirements. Q5(b). Write code to create a new file and write data toa file in C#. Ans, To create a new file and write data to it in C#, we can use the File.WriteAllTextQ) method or StreamWriter class. Here is an examples : Using File, WriteAlText0: using System; using System.10; class Program static void MainQ) { 1 Specify the full path of the file to be created string filePath = @"C:\Path\To\Your\File.txt"; wy { H Write data to the file using File. WriteAl!Text File, WriteAllText(filePath, "Hello, this is some data written to the file.");