Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Topic No. Title Page No.

* Introduction 2

1.1 Branches of Chemistry 2

Basic Definitions
 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
 Atomic Number and Mass Number
 Relative Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Unit
1.2 5
 How to Write Chemical Formula?
 Empirical Formula
 Molecular Formula
 Molecular Mass and Formula Mass

Chemical Species
 Ions (Cations and Anions), Molecular Ions
1.3 26
and Free Radicals
 Type of Molecules
Gram Atomic Mass, Gram Molecular Mass and
1.4 31
Gram Formula Mass
1.5 Avogadro‟s Number and Mole 33

1.6 Chemical Calculations 36

Exercise Solution
 Multiple Choice Questions
*  Short Question Answers 42
 Long Question Answers
 Numericals
* Additional Conceptual Questions 54

* Terms to know 56

* Self Test 57

CHEMISTRY-9 1
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

INTRODUCTION
Q.1 What is science? (K.B)
Ans: SCIENCE
Science (Latin Scientia meaning knowledge).
“The knowledge that provides understanding of this world and how it works is called science”.
OR
“The systematic study of nature based on observation, inference, prediction and experimentation
is called science”.
Q.2 Define chemistry also explain its advantages and disadvantages. (GRW 2017 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: CHEMISTRY
Definition:
“The branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties and
reactions of matter is called chemistry”.
It deals with every aspect of life.
ADVANTAGES OF CHEMISTRY
Following are advantages of chemistry:
 Petrochemical products
 Medicines and drugs
 Soap and detergents
 Paper and plastics
 Paints and pigments
 Insecticides and pesticides
 It improves our health and environment
 It helps to explore and conserve the natural resources.
DISADVANTAGES OF CHEMISTRY
Following are some major disadvantages of chemistry:
 Generation of toxic waste materials
 Contaminated water
 Polluted air and contaminated food
 Dangerous war weapons
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
Q.1 Describe the various branches of chemistry. (U.B+K.B+A.B)
(DGK 2017, FSD 2016,17, SWL, MTN 2016, LHR 2017 G-I)
Ans: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is divided into following main branches:
(i) Physical Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition and physical
properties of matter along with the changes in them is called physical chemistry.”
Scope:
Structure of atoms or formation of molecules, behavior of gases, liquids and solids and
the study of the effects of temperature or radiations on matter.
(ii) Organic Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of covalent compounds of carbon and
hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives is called organic chemistry.”
Scope:
Organic chemists determine the structure and properties of these naturally occurring as
well as synthesized compounds. Scope of this branch covers petroleum, petrochemicals
and pharmaceutical industries.
CHEMISTRY-9 2
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
(iii) Inorganic Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of all elements and their compounds
except those of compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives
is called inorganic chemistry.”
Applications/ Scope:
It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry such as glass, cement, eramics
and metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores).
(iv) Biochemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of structure, composition, and
chemical reactions of substances found in living organisms is called biochemistry.”
Scope:
It covers all chemical processes taking place in living organisms such as synthesis and
metabolism of biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc.
Emergence of Biochemistry as a Separate Discipline:
Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists began to study:
 How living things obtain energy from food?
 How the fundamental biological changes occur during a disease?
Applications:
Applications of biochemistry are in the fields of medicine, food science and agriculture.
(v) Industrial Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on
commercial scale, is called industrial chemistry.”
Applications/scope:
 It deals with the manufacturing of basic chemicals such as oxygen, chlorine,
ammonia, caustic soda, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.
 Use of these chemicals to provide the raw materials for many other industries such as
fertilizers, soap, textiles, agricultural products, paints and paper etc.
(vi) Nuclear Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the radioactivity, nuclear processes and
properties is called nuclear chemistry.”
Main concern:
The main concern of this branch is with the atomic energy and its uses in daily life. The
chemical effects resulting from the absorption of radiation within living animals, plants,
and other materials are also studied in this branch.
Applications/Scope:
It has vast applications in medical treatment (radiotherapy), preservation of food and
generation of electrical power through nuclear reactors.
(vii) Environmental Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with the study about components of the environment
and the effects of human activities on the environment is called environmental chemistry.”
Applications/Scope:
 Environmental chemistry is related to other branches like biology, geology, ecology,
soil and water.
 The knowledge of chemical processes taking place in environment is necessary for its
improvement and protection against pollution.
(viii) Analytical Chemistry:
“The branch of chemistry that deals with separation and analysis of a sample to identify
its components is called analytical chemistry. The separation is carried out prior to
qualitative and quantitative analysis.”
CHEMISTRY-9 3
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Qualitative Analysis:
“It provides the identity of a substance (composition of chemical species)”.
Quantitative Analysis:
“It determines the amount of each component present in the sample”.
Application/Scope:
 In this branch different techniques and instruments used for analysis are studied.
 The scope of this branch covers food, water, environmental and clinical analyses.
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define analytical chemistry and discuss qualitative and quantitative analysis. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.2 What is the scope of industrial chemistry? (A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.3 Write the application of inorganic chemistry. (A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.4 Define industrial chemistry. (K.B)
(SGD 2017, D.G.K 2016, BWP 2016, SWL 2017, RWP 2017 G-I)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.5 Define nuclear chemistry. (LHR 2016 G-I, MTN 2017)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.6 Define biochemistry. (DGK 2016, GRW 2016 G-I, LHR 2016 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.7 Define environmental chemistry. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
Q.8 Define physical chemistry. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 02
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The branch of science which deals with the composition, structure, properties and
reactions of matter: (K.B)
(A) Physics (B) Analytical chemistry
(C) Physical chemistry (D) Chemistry
2. The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of all elements and their
compounds except compound of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives: (K.B)
(A) Organic chemistry (B) Physical chemistry
(C) Inorganic chemistry (D) Biochemistry
3. Which one of the following provides the identity of a substances? (U.B)
(A) Qualitative analysis (B) Clinical analysis
(C) Quantitative analysis (D) Chemical analysis
CHEMISTRY-9 4
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
4. Which one of the following is applicable in chemical industry like metallurgy,
ceramics and glass? (A.B)
(A) Organic chemistry (B) Inorganic chemistry
(C) Industrial chemistry (D) Nuclear chemistry
5. Industrial chemistry deals with the manufacturing of compound: (K.B)
(A) In laboratory (B) On micro scale
(C) On commercial scale (D) On economic scale
6. Metabolism of biomolecules is studied in: (U.B+K.B+A.B)
(A) Environmental chemistry (B) Biochemistry
(C) Physical chemistry (D) Analytical chemistry
1.1 TEST YOURSELF
i. In which branch of chemistry behavior of gases and liquids is studied? (A.B)
Ans: Physical chemistry deals with the physical behavior and properties of gases and liquids.
ii. Which branch of chemistry deals with preparation of paints and papers? (DGK 2016)(A.B)
Ans: The preparation of paints and papers is studied in industrial chemistry.
iii. In which branch of chemistry are the metabolic processes of carbohydrates and
proteins studied? (A.B)
Ans: The metabolic processes of carbohydrate and proteins are studied in biochemistry.
iv. Which branch of chemistry deals with energy of atoms and its uses in daily life? (A.B)
Ans: Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the atomic energy and its
use in daily life.
v. Which branch of chemistry deals with the structure and properties of naturally
occurring molecules? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the structure and properties
of naturally occurring molecules.

1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS

Q.1 Define the following terms. (K.B)
(A) Matter (B) Substance (C) Mixture
Ans: MATTER
Definition:
“Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter”.
Examples:
Our bodies as well as all things (air, water, chair etc.) around us are examples of matter.
Physical States of Matter:
Matters can exist in any of three physical states:
(i) Solids (ii) Liquids (iii) Gas
SUBSTANCE
Definition:
“A piece of matter in pure form is called substance”.
Every substance has a fixed composition and specific properties or characteristics.
CHEMISTRY-9 5
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Types of Substance:
Types of substances are as follows:
Elements:
Iron, gold, silver etc.
Compounds:
Water, carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid etc.
MIXTURE
Definition:
“A piece of matter in impure form is called mixture”.
Examples:
(i) Soil (ii) Ice (iii) Cream (iv) Milk
Types of Mixture:
There are two types of mixture:
  Homogeneous mixture
 Heterogeneous mixture
MATTER

Q.2 Write a note on physical and chemical properties. (U.B+K.B)

Ans: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:
“The properties that are associated with the physical state of a matter are called
physical properties”.
Explanation:
When ice is heated, it melts to form water. When water is further heated, it boils to give
steam. In this entire process only the physical state of water changes where as its
chemical composition remains the same.
Examples:
Colour, smell, taste, hardness, shape of crystal, solubility, melting or boiling point.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:
“The properties that depend upon the composition of the substance are called chemical
properties”.

CHEMISTRY-9 6
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Explanation:
When a substance undergoes a chemical change, its composition changes and a new
substance is formed.
Examples:
 Rusting of iron
 Decomposition of water is a chemical change as it produces hydrogen and oxygen gases.
1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define matter and give examples. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 05
Q.2 Define substance. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 05
Q.3 Define mixture and give examples. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 06
Q.4 Write a short note on physical property. Give examples. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 06
Q.5 Write a short note on chemical properties. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 06
1.2.1 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Q.1 Define an element and classify the elements with examples. (Ex-Q.1)(K.B)
Ans: ELEMENT
Number of Elements in Early Ages:
In the early ages, only nine elements (carbon, gold, silver, tin, mercury, lead, copper,
iron and sulphur) were known.
Old Definition of Element:
“The substance that could not be broken down into simpler units by ordinary chemical
processes.”
Number of Elements Till the End of 19th Century:
Until the end of 19th century 63 elements had been discovered.
Present Number of Elements:
Now 118 elements have been discovered, out of which 92 are naturally occurring
elements.
Modern Definition of Element:
“The substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic number and it
cannot be decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical means.”
Note: Each element is made up of unique atoms that have very specific properties.
Occurrence of Elements:
Elements occur in nature in free or combined form. All the naturally occurring elements
found in the world have different percentages in the Earth‟s crust, oceans and atmosphere.
CHEMISTRY-9 7
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Crust of Earth Oceans Atmosphere

Oxygen 47% Oxygen 86% Nitrogen 78 %

Silicon 28 % Hydrogen 11% Oxygen 21%

Aluminium 7.8 % Chlorine 1.8 % Argon 0.9%

Physical States of Elements:
Elements may be:
(i) Solid (ii) Liquid (iii) Gas
Solids:
Majority of elements exist as solids (sodium, copper, zinc and gold).
Liquids:
There are very few elements which occur in liquid state (mercury and bromine).
Gases:
A few elements exist as gases (nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and hydrogen).
Classification of Elements:
On the basis of their properties elements are divided into metals, non-metals and
metalloids. About 80% of the elements are metals.
Q.2 Define the symbol. How symbols can be assigned? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: SYMBOL
Definition:
“An abbreviation for the name of element is called symbol.”
Examples:
Symbols for hydrogen, nitrogen and sodium are H, N and Na, respectively.
Derivation of Symbol:
A symbol is taken from the name of that element in English, Latin, Greek or German.
Methods to Write Down Symbols:
In case of one-letter symbol first capital letter is taken as symbol e.g. H for Hydrogen, N
for Nitrogen, and C for Carbon only.
In case of two letters symbol, only first letter is capital e.g. Ca for Calcium, Na for
Sodium and Cl for Chlorine.
Significance of Symbol:
 It represents the name of the element.
 It indicates one atom of the element.
Q.3 Define valency. Write a detailed note on concept of valence. (DGK 2016, MTN 2017)(U.B+K.B)
OR
Explain the valency of elements is simple covalent and ionic compounds. (SGD 2017 G-II)
Ans: VALENCY
The unique property of an element is valency.
Definition:
“The combining capacity of an element with other elements is called valency.”
Dependence:
It depends upon the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
CHEMISTRY-9 8
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
(i) Valency of Elements in Covalent Compounds:
In simple covalent compounds it can be defined as:
“It is the number of hydrogen atoms which will combine with one atom of that element”.
OR
“The number of bonds formed by one atom of that element is called valency.”
Examples:
Different Numbers of atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of these elements to
form compounds like.
H
H
| |
NH HCH
H – Cl H–O–H | |
H H

The valency of Cl, O, N and C is 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.

(ii) Valency of Elements in Ionic Compounds:
In simple ionic compounds valency is defined as: “The number of electrons gained or
lost by an atom of an element to complete its octet.”
Elements Having Less Than Four Electrons in Valence Shell:
Elements having less than four electrons in the valence shell prefer to lose the electrons
to complete their octet.
Examples:
Na, Mg and Al have valance electrons 1, 2 and 3, respectively and they lose 1, 2 and 3
electrons to have valency of 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Elements Having More Than Four Electrons in Valence Shell:
Elements having four or more than four electrons in their valence shell, gain electrons
to complete their octet.
Examples:
Nitrogen, oxygen and chorine have 5, 6 and 7 electrons in their valence shells
respectively. They gain 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively to complete their octet. Hence
they show valency of 3, 2 and 1, respectively.
Radical:
“A radical is a group of atoms that has some charge.”
Example:
 Hydroxide: OH–
 Sulphate: SO24
VARIABLE VALENCY
“Some elements show more than one types of valency. The valency of such elements is
called variable valency”.
Examples:
 In FeSO4 the valency of iron is 2.
 In Fe2(SO4)3 the valency of iron is 3.
Note:
Generally, the Latin or Greek name for the element (e.g. Ferrum) is modified to end in „ous‟ for the
low valency (e.g. Ferrous) and to end in „ic‟ for the higher valency (e.g. Ferric).

CHEMISTRY-9 9
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Element / Radical Symbol Valency Element / Radical Symbol Valency

Sodium Na 1 Hydrogen H 1
Potassium K 1 Chlorine Cl 1
Silver Ag 1 Bromine Br 1
Magnesium Mg 2 Iodine I 1
Calcium Ca 2 Oxygen O 2
Barium Ba 2 Sulphur S 2
Zinc Zn 2 Nitrogen N 3
Copper Cu 1, 2 Phosphorus P 3,5
Mercury Hg 1,2 Boron B 3
Iron Fe 2, 3 Arsenic As 3
Aluminium Al 3 Carbon C 4
Chromium Cr 3 Carbonate CO32– 2
 2
Ammonium NH 4 1 Sulphate SO 4 2
Hydronium H3O+ 1 Sulphite SO32 2
Hydroxide OH– 1 Thiosulphate S2O32 2
Cyanide CN– 1 Nitride N3– 3
 3
Bisulphate HSO 4 1 Phosphate PO 4 3
 1
Bicarbonate HCO 3 1 Bisulphite HSO 3 1
Table: Some Elements and Radicals with their Symbols and Common Valencies
Q.4 Describe the compound. Write its properties. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: COMPOUND
Definition:
“Substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in a fixed
ratio by mass is called compound.”
Examples:
 Carbon dioxide is a compound formed by a chemical combination between carbon
(C) and oxygen (O) in a fixed ratio of 12:32 or 3:8 by mass.
 Water is a compound formed by a chemical combination between hydrogen and
oxygen in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by mass.
PROPERTIES
The properties of compounds are as follows:
(i) In compounds, elements lose their own properties and produce new substances
(compounds) that have entirely different properties.
(ii) Compounds can't be broken down into its constituent elements by simple physical
methods.
(iii) Elements chemically combine together in a fixed ratio by mass and form compound.
(iv) All compounds are represented by a simple chemical formula.
CHEMISTRY-9 10
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Classification of Compounds:
Compounds can be classified as:
(i) Ionic compounds (ii) Covalent compounds
(i) Ionic Compounds:
“Compounds that contain oppositely charged ions held together by ionic bonds
are called ionic compounds.”
Properties:
The properties of ionic compounds are as follows:
(i) Ionic compound do not exist in independent molecular form.
(i) They form a three-dimensional crystal lattice, in which each ion is surrounded by
oppositely charged ions.
(ii) They have high melting and boiling points due to strong attraction between
oppositely charged ions.
(iii)These compounds are represented by formula units.
Examples:
 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
 Potassium bromide (KBr)
 Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
 Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4)
(iii) Covalent Compounds:
“Compounds formed by the sharing of electrons between different atoms are
called covalent compounds.”
Properties:
The properties of covalent compounds are as follows:
(i) The covalent compounds mostly exist in molecular form.
(ii) A molecule is a true representative of the covalent compounds.
(iii) They are represented by molecular formulae.
Examples:
Water (H2O), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) , Sulphuric (H2SO4), Methane (CH4)
Compound Chemical Formula
Water H2O

Sodium chloride (common salt) NaCl

Silicon dioxide (sand) SiO2

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) NaOH

Sodium carbonate (washing soda) Na2CO3.l0H2O

Calcium oxide (quick lime) CaO
Calcium carbonate (lime stone) CaCO3

Sugar CI2H22O11

Sulphuric acid H2SO4

Ammonia NH3

Table: Some Common Compounds with their Formulae

CHEMISTRY-9 11
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Q.5 What is a mixture? Explain its types. (SGD 2016,17, BWP, SWL 2017, MTN 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: MIXTURE
Definition:
“A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compounds (substances) mixed up
physically without any fixed ratio.”
Properties:
 The component substances retain their own chemical identities and properties.
 The mixture can be separated into parent components by physical methods such as
distillation, filtration, evaporation, crystallization or magnetization.
Types of Mixture:
Mixture can be classified as:
(i) Homogeneous mixture (ii) Heterogeneous mixture
(i) Homogeneous Mixture:
“Mixture that has uniform composition throughout is called homogenous mixture”.
Examples:
Air, Gasoline, Ice cream
(ii) Heterogeneous Mixture:
“Mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout is called heterogeneous
mixture”.
Examples:
Soil, Rock, Wood
Q.6 What is the difference between compound and mixture? (MTN 2016, SWL 2017)(U.B)
OR
List five characteristics by which compounds can be distinguished from mixtures.
(GRW 2017 G-I, LHR 2016 G-II, RWP 2017 G-II, FSD 2017 G-II, BWP 2017 G-I)(Ex-Q.2)(U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between compound and mixture are as follows:
Compound Mixture
Formation

 It is formed by a chemical combination of  Mixture is formed by the simple mixing up

atoms of elements. of the substances.

Properties
 The constituents lose their identity and
 Mixture shows the properties of the
form a new substance having entirely
constituents.
different properties from them.
Ratio

 Compounds always have fixed composition

 Mixtures do not have fixed compositions.
by mass.

CHEMISTRY-9 12
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Separation of Components

 The components cannot be separated by  The components can be separated by

physical means. simple physical methods.

Representation

 Every compound is represented by a  It consists of two or more components and

chemical formula. does not have any chemical formula.

Composition

 Compounds have homogeneous  They may be homogeneous or

composition. heterogeneous in composition

Melting Point

 A compound has a sharp and fixed melting  A mixture does not have a sharp and fixed
point. melting point.

1.2.1 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define an element. (LHR 2016 G-I, BWP 2016 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 07
Q.2 Name two elements (a metal and a non -metal) which exist in liquid state. (K.B)
Ans: Mercury (a metal), Bromine (a non- metal)
Q.3 Major part of body mass is made up of which element? (Do you know Text Book Page. # 6)(K.B)
Ans: Major part of the body mass is made up of water i.e. 65% to 80% by mass.
Q.4 Mention the elements which constitute about 99% of our body mass.
(Do you know Text Book Page. # 6)(K.B)
Ans: Six elements constitute about 99% of our body mass, namely:
(i) Oxygen 65% (ii) Carbon 18%
(iii) Hydrogen 10% (iv) Nitrogen 3%
(v) Calcium1.5% (v) Phosphorous 1.5%.
Q.5 Define the symbol. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 08
Q.6 Define variable valency give example. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 09
Q.7 What is the modern definition of element? (BWP 2017)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 07
Q.8 Write down the names of elements which are present in: (K.B)
A. Air (B) Milk (C) Soil (D) Brass
(Do you know Text Book Page. # 9)
Ans: Air:
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble gases and water vapours.
CHEMISTRY-9 13
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Soil:
Soil is a mixture of sand, clay, mineral salts, water and air.
Milk:
Milk is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins, mineral salts and vitamins.
Brass: Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc metals.
Q.9 Define valency in ionic compounds with an example. (LHR 2016 G-II)(K.B+U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 09
Q.10 Define radical. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 09
1.2.1 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Anything that has mass and occupies space is called: (K.B)
(A) Substance (B) Matter (C) Element (D) Atomic mass
2. Piece of matter in pure form is called: (K.B)
(A) Mixture (B) Matter (C) Substance (D) Compound
3. Which one of the following can be separated by physical mean? (U.B)
(A) Mixture (B) Element (C) Compound (D) Radical
4. Impure matter is called: (K.B)
(A) Atom (B) Compound (C) Substance (D) Mixture
5. Which one of the following is chemical property? (K.B)
(A) Color (B) Smell (C) Taste (D) Composition
6. The number of elements known in early ages is: (K.B)
(A) 118 (B) 109 (C) 63 (D) 9
7. Until the end of 19th century how many elements were discovered? (K.B)
(A) 9 (B) 63 (C) 92 (D) 118
8. Which one of the following element is liquid at room temperature? (K.B)
(A) Bromine (B) Mercury (C) Nitrogen (D) Both A and B
9. The quantity of potassium, magnesium, sulphur and sodium in human body is: (K.B)
(A) 0.2% (B) 0.6% (C) 0.8% (D) 0.4%
10. A substance whose atoms have the same atomic number is called: (K.B)
(A) Element (B) Substance (C) Mixture (D) Compound
11. How many elements occur naturally? (LHR 2016 G-II)(K.B)
(A) 92 (B) 96 (C) 98 (D) 100
12. Total number of elements which have been discovered till now are: (K.B)
(A) 110 (B) 115 (C) 118 (D) 102
13. Which one of the following elements is found most abundantly in the Earth’s crust?(K.B)
(A) Oxygen (B) Aluminium (C) Silicon (D) Iron
14. Human body has carbon upto _________ %. (K.B)
(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21
15. The most abundant element occurring in the oceans is: (GRW 2016)(Ex-3)(K.B)
(A) Oxygen (B) Hydrogen (C) Nitrogen (D) Silicon
16. Which of the following shows variable valency? (K.B)
(A) Ca (B) Fe (C) B (D) I
17. HSO4 is the symbol of which one of the following? (K.B)
(A) Ammonium ion (B) Cyanide (C) Bisulphate (D) Bicarbonate
CHEMISTRY-9 14
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
18. The symbol of nitride radical is: (K.B)
2 3– 3 2
(A) CO3 (B) N (C) PO4 (D) S2O3
19. After gaining one electron chlorine atom becomes: (GRW 2015)(U.B)
(A) Cation (B) Anion (C) Molecular cation (D) Molecular anion
20. The mixture which has uniform composition throughout is called: (K.B)
(A) Simple mixture (B) Homogeneous mixture
(C) Heterogeneous mixture (D) Compound, mixture
21. Which of the following has sharp and fixed melting point? (U.B)
(A) Compound (B) Mixture (C) Both (D) None of these
22. Which is heterogeneous mixture? (K.B)
(A) Soil (B) Gasoline (C) Sugar solution (D) Salt solution
23. A good example of homogenous mixture is: (A.B)
(A) Rock (B) Wood (C) Soil (D) Ice cream
24. The most abundant element occurring in the ocean is (K.B)
(A) Nitrogen (B)Silicon (C) Hydrogen (D) Oxygen
1.2 TEST YOURSELF
i. Can you identify mixture, element or compound out of the followings? (U.B+A.B)
Coca cola, petroleum, sugar, table salt, blood, gun powder, urine, aluminium,
silicon, tin, lime and ice cream.
Ans: Identification of mixture, element or compound is as follows:
Element Compound Mixture
Aluminium Sugar Petroleum
Silicon Table salt Blood
Tin Lime Gun powder
Urine
Ice cream
Coca cola
ii. How can you justify that air is a homogeneous mixture? Identify substances present
in it. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: AIR IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Justification:
Air is a homogeneous mixture because it has uniform composition throughout. Air
consists of different gases having a uniform composition i.e. 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.037% carbon dioxide along with other noble gases and water
vapours. These gases have their identity and can be separated.
iii. Name the elements represented by the following symbols: (K.B)
Hg, Au, Fe, Ni, Co, W, Sn, Na, Ba, Br, Bi
Ans:
Symbol Name Symbol Name
Hg Mercury Sn Tin
Au Gold Na Sodium
Fe Iron Ba Barium
Ni Nickel Br Bromine
Co Cobalt Bi Bismuth
W Tungsten
CHEMISTRY-9 15
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
iv. Name a solid, a liquid and a gaseous element that exits at the room temperature.(K.B)
Ans: Names of elements in solid, liquid and gaseous state, at room temperature:
 Solid : Iron, gold, silver etc.
 Liquid : Mercury, bromine etc.
 Gas : Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc.
v. What elements do the following compounds contain? Sugar, common salt, lime
water and chalk. (K.B)
Ans:
Compound Elements Formula
Sugar Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) C6H12O6

Common Salt Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl) NaCl

Lime water Calcium (Ca), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H) Ca (OH)2

Chalk Calcium (Ca), Carbon(C), Oxygen (O) CaCO3

1.2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Q.1 Define atomic number and mass number. Explain with the help of examples. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: ATOMIC NUMBER
Definition:
“The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom of the element is called atomic number.”
Representation:
It is represented by symbol 'Z':
Explanation:
As all atoms of an element have the same number of protons in their nuclei, they have the
same atomic number. Hence each element has a specific atomic number termed as its
identification number.
Examples:
All hydrogen atoms have 1 proton, their atomic number, Z = 1.
All carbon atoms have 6 protons, their atomic number, Z = 6.
All oxygen atoms have 8 protons, their atomic number, Z = 8.
All sulphur atoms have 16 protons, their atomic number, Z = 16.
In a neutral atom: Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
MASS NUMBER
Definition:
“The sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is
called mass number.”
Representation:
It is represented by symbol 'A'.
Explanation:
Mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons
It is calculated as: A = Z + n where n is the number of neutrons. Each proton and neutron
has one unit of mass.
Examples:
Hydrogen atom has one proton and zero number of neutron in its nucleus, therefore mass
number of hydrogen is: A = l + 0 = 1
Carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, hence its mass number is A=12.
CHEMISTRY-9 16
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Representation:
By convention, the mass number is written at the top left corner of the symbol of the
atom and atomic number is written at the bottom left corner. AZ X
Examples:
12 23
6 C, 11 Na etc.

Number of Number of Atomic Mass

Element
Protons Neutrons Number Z Number A
Hydrogen 1 0 1 1
Carbon 6 6 6 12
Nitrogen 7 7 7 14
Oxygen 8 8 8 16
Fluorine 9 10 9 19
Sodium 11 12 11 23
Magnesium 12 12 12 24
Potassium 19 20 19 39
Calcium 20 20 20 40
Table: Some Elements Along With Their Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
Q.2 Explain the relative atomic mass and atomic mass unit. (DGK 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Relative Atomic Mass (Ar):
“The average mass of atoms of an element as compared to 1/12th (one-twelfth) the mass
of one atom of carbon-12 isotope is called relative atomic mass”.
Examples:
 Ar of carbon = 12 amu
 Ar of oxygen = 16 amu
Isotope: “Atoms of an element having different mass number but same atomic number”.
Representation of atomic mass as relative atomic mass:
The mass of an atom is too small to be determined practically. However, certain
instruments enable us to determine the ratio of the atomic masses of various elements
to that of carbon-12 atoms. This ratio is known as the relative atomic mass of the
elements. The standard of relative atomic mass is based on carbon-12 standard; the
mass of an atom of carbon is 12 and 1/12th of it comes to be one. When we compare
atomic masses of other elements with carbon-12 atoms, they are expressed as relative
atomic masses of those elements.
Unit of Ar (Relative Atomic Mass):
“The unit for relative atomic mass is called atomic mass unit.”
Atomic Mass Unit:
“One atomic mass unit is 1/12th the mass of one atom of carbon 12. The atomic mass
unit is abbreviated as amu.”
On atomic mass scale, the atomic mass of carbon-12 is taken as 12.00 amu.
1
1 amu = × mass of carbon-12 atom
12
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24g
CHEMISTRY-9 17
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Atomic Masses of Subatomic Particles:
 Mass of a proton = 1.0073 amu or 1.672 × 10-24g
 Mass of a neutron = 1.0087 amu or 1.674 × 10-24g
 Mass of an electron = 5.486 × 10-4 amu or 9.106 × 10-28 g
1.2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is the relative atomic mass? How it is related to gram? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Definition:
“The average mass of atoms of an element as compared to 1/12th (one-twelfth) the mass
of one atom of carbon-12 isotope is called relative atomic mass.”
Unit of Relative Atomic Mass: Its unit is atomic mass unit, with symbol amu.
Atomic Mass Unit: “One atomic mass unit is 1/12th the mass of one atom of carbon-12th.”
Representation in Grams: When this atomic mass unit is expressed in grams it is.
1 amu =1.66 × 10-24 g
Q.2 Define atomic mass unit. Why is it needed? (U.B+K.B+A.B)
Ans: Definition:
“The mass equal to one twelfth (1/12th) of the mass of a carbon -12 atom is called atomic mass unit.”
The atomic mass unit is abbreviated as amu.
1 amu = 1/12 × mass of C-12 atom
The mass of one atom of carbon -12 is 12 amu.
Need of amu:
It is the unit used for the relative atomic mass. It is used to compare masses of atoms.
Q.3 How many neutrons are present in C–12 and C–13? (BWP 2017 G-II)(U.B)
Ans: NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IN C–12
Number of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number
= 12 – 6 = 6 neutrons
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IN C–13
Number of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number
= 13 – 6 = 7 neutrons
Q.4 Give mass of proton and neutron in amu and grams. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 18
1.2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is equivalent to: (K.B)
(A) 1.66×10–24 mg (B) 1.66×10–24g (C) 1.66×10–21g (D) 1.66×10–23g
2. The mass of one molecule of water is: (K.B)
(A) 18amu (B) 18g (C) 18mg (D) 18kg
3. Mass of an electron is: (LHR 2014)(K.B)
(A) 5.486×10–4 amu (B) 9.106×10–24 amu (C) 1.67×10–24 g (D) 1.677×10–24 g
4. Mass of proton is equivalent to: (K.B)
(A) 1.672×10–24 amu (B) 16.72×10–24 g (C) 1.672×1024 g (D) 1.672×10–24 g
5. Which one of the following is a molecular mass of O2 in amu? (LHR 2014)(U.B+K.B)
(A) 32 amu (B) 53.12×10–24 amu (C) 1.92×10–25 amu (D) 192.64×10–24 amu
6. Atomic number is represented by: (FSD 2017 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Z (B) Y (C) A (D) a
7. Element with least atomic number is: (K.B)
(A) Carbon (B) Sodium (C) Hydrogen (D) Helium
CHEMISTRY-9 18
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.1

How many number of protons and neutrons are there in an atom having A = 238
and Z = 92. (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
Atomic mass A = 238
Atomic number Z = 92
To Find:
Number of neutrons = ?
Calculations:
Number of protons = Z = 92
Number of Neutrons = A–Z
= 238 - 92
= 146
Result:
The number of neutrons and protons is 146 and 92 respectively.
1.3 TEST YOURSELF
i. How many amu 1 g of a substance has? (U.B)
Ans: As 1amu = 1.66 × 10-24g
1.66 × 10-24g = 1 amu
1
1g = amu
1.66×10 -24 23
1g = 6.02×10 amu
ii. Is atomic mass unit a SI unit of an atomic mass? (K.B)
Ans: SI unit for the mass of a substance is kilogram. As an atom is too small to weigh in kg
therefore, atomic mass is stated in very small unit i.e. atomic mass unit.
1 amu = 1.66 × 10-24 g
iii. What is the relationship between atomic number and atomic mass? (U.B)
A= Z + n
iv. Define relative atomic mass.
Ans: RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
“The average mass of atoms of an element as compared to 1/12th (one-twelfth) the mass
of one atom of carbon-12 isotope is called relative atomic mass”.
Examples:
Ar of carbon = 12 amu (K.B)
1.2.4 HOW TO WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULA?
1.2.5 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
Q.1 Define the chemical formula. Write down the steps to write chemical formula.
(DGK 2017-G-II)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: CHEMICAL FORMULA
Definition:
“Representation of an element or a compound in terms of symbols is called chemical
formula”.
Examples:
 Chemical formula of aluminium sulphate: Al2(SO4)3
 Chemical formula of calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2
 Chemical formula of chlorine: Cl2
 Chemical formula of water: H2O
CHEMISTRY-9 19
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Steps to Write Down Chemical Formula:
(i) Side-by-side: Symbols of two elements are written side-by-side, in the order of
positive ion first and negative ion later.
(ii) Valency of ions: The valency of each ion is written on the right top corner of its
symbol, e.g. Na+, Ca2+,Cr3+ and O2-.
(iii) Cross-exchange method: This valency of each ion is brought to the lower right corner of
other ion by cross-exchange' method e.g Na  Cl  , Na  Cl  , NaCl Ca 2Cl  , Ca 2O 2
Na1+ Cl1-

Na1 Cl1
NaCl
(iv) Offset: If the valencies are same, they are offset and are not written in the chemical
formula. But if they are different, they are indicated as such at the same position
Example:
 In case of sodium chloride both the valencies are offset and formula is written as NaCl,
 Calcium chloride is represented by formula CaCl2.
(v) Radical: If an ion is a combination of two or more atoms which is called radical, bearing
net charge on it. e.g. SO42- (sulphate ion) and PO43- (phosphate ion) then the net
charge represent the valency of the radical writing the negative radical within
the parenthesis.
Examples:
 Chemical formula of aluminum sulphate is written as Al2(SO4)3
 Calcium phosphate as Ca3(PO4)2
Q.2 What is the significance of chemical formula? (SGD 2017G-I)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL FORMULA
The significance of chemical formula is as follows:
 It represents the name of the substance e.g., H2O (water)
 It tells the name of the elements as present in the compound.
 It indicates the mass of an element or a compound in amu or grams.
 It also represents one mole of the molecule or formula unit in the balanced chemical equation.
 It is in fact one molecule or formula unit of the substance.
Q.3 Define empirical formula. Describe the empirical formula of ionic and covalent
compounds. (BWP 2016, SWL 2016,17, DGK 2017)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Definition:
“A formula that indicates the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different
elements present in a compound is called an empirical formula.”
Determination of Empirical Formula:
The empirical formula of a compound is determined by knowing the percentage composition
of a compound.
(i) Empirical Formula of Covalent Compounds:
“It is simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound”

CHEMISTRY-9 20
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Examples:
 The covalent compound silica (sand) has simplest ratio of 1:2 of silicon and oxygen
respectively. Therefore, its empirical formula is SiO2.
Silica or sand (silicon dioxide) = Si : O
1:2
Thus empirical formula of silica = SiO2
 Glucose has simplest ratio 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen respectively. Hence
its empirical formula is CH2O.
Glucose = C:H:O
6 : 12: 6
= 1: 2 : 1
Thus empirical formula of glucose = CH2O
(ii) Empirical Formula of Ionic Compounds:
The ionic compounds exist in three dimensional network forms. Each ion is surrounded by
oppositely charged ion in such a way to form electrically neutral compound. Therefore, the
simplest unit taken as a representative of an ionic compound is called formula unit.
Formula Unit:
“The simplest whole number ratio of ions, as present in an ionic compound is called
formula unit.”
In other words, ionic compounds have only empirical formulae.
Examples:
 Formula unit of common salt consists of one Na+ and one Cl– ion and its empirical
formula is NaCl.
 Formula unit of potassium bromide is KBr which is also its empirical formula.
Q.4 What is molecular formula? Write down the relationship between molecular and
empirical formula. (MTN 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: MOLECULAR FORMULA
Definition:
“A formula that indicates actual number of atoms of each element present in a
molecule of that compound is called molecular formula.”
Examples:
Molecular formula of water, benzene, chlorine and sulphur are H2O, C6H6, Cl2 and S8
respectively.
Derivation of Molecular Formula:
(Relationship between molecular formula and empirical formula)
Molecular formula is derived from empirical formula by the following relationship:
Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula)
Where
molecular formula mass
n=
empirical formula mass
Molecular formula of a compound is determined experimentally. The value of „n‟ may
be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on.
Examples:
Molecular formula of benzene is C6H6 which is derived from the empirical formula CH
where the value of n is 6.
CHEMISTRY-9 21
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Explanation:
 The molecular formula of a compound may be same or a multiple of the empirical formula.
 A few compounds having different empirical and molecular formulae.
 Some compounds may have same empirical and molecular formula e.g water
(H2O), hydrochloric acid (HCl) etc.
Table: Compounds with their empirical and molecular formulae:

Compound Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

Hydrogen peroxide HO H2O2

Benzene CH C6H6

Glucose CH2O C6HI2O6

Q.5 Describe molecular mass and formula mass in detail. (U.B+K.B)

Ans: MOLECULAR MASS
Definition:
“The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular
substance is its molecular mass.”
Examples:
 H2O = 2(1 amu) +1(16 amu)
= 2×1+16
= 2+16
=18 amu
 Molecular mass of carbon oxide (CO2) is 44 amu.
 Molecular mass of chlorine (Cl2) is 71 amu.
FORMULA MASS
Definition:
“The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one formula unit of an ionic
compound is called formula mass.”
Some ionic compounds that form three-dimensional solid crystal, are represented by their
formula units. Formula mass in such cases is the sum of atomic mass.
Examples:
 Formula mass of sodium chloride is 58.5 amu.
 Formula mass of calcium carbonate is 100 amu.
CHEMISTRY-9 22
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.2.4 HOW TO WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULA?

1.2.5 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Write down empirical formula of silica and glucose. (GRW 2017 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 20
Q.2 What is molecular mass? Give one example (GRW 2016 G-I)(K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 22
Q.3 Define formula unit. (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 21
1.2.4 HOW TO WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULA?
1.2.5 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Al2(SO4)3 is the formula of: (K.B)
(A) Aluminium sulphate (B) Aluminium phosphate
(C) Calcium sulphate (D) Calcium phosphate
2. The valency of ion is written on: (K.B)
(A) Top left corner (B) Top right corner
(C) Bottom right corner (D) Bottom left corner
3. CaO is the chemical formula of: (K.B)
(A) Lime stone (B) Lime water (C) Caustic soda (D) Quick lime
4. Which one of the following shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a
substance? (U.B+K.B)
(A) Molecular formula (B) Empirical formula
(C) Chemical formula (D) Covalent formula
5. Chemical formula of washing soda is: (K.B)
(A) Na2CO3.H2O (B) Na2CO3.10H2O (C) Na2CO3.7H2O (D) Na2CO3
6. The empirical formula of glucose is: (LHR 2015)(K.B)
(A) CH (B) CH2O (C) OH (D) H2O2
7. Which one of the following is empirical formula of benzene?
(LHR 2016, (LHR 2016G-II, FSD 2017G-II)(K.B)
(A) C6H6O2 (B) C3H3O (C) C6H6 (D)CH
8. Silica is also known as: (K.B)
(A) Silicate (B) Clay (C) Sand (D) Sulphate
9. In silica the ratio of silicon and oxygen atoms is: (K.B)
(A) 2:2 (B) 1:2 (C) 2:1 (D) 2:3
10. Molar mass is usually expressed in grams which one of the following is molar mass
of O2 in amu? (Ex-10)(U.B)
–24
(A) 32 amu (B) 53.2×10 amu
(C) 1.92×10–25 amu (D) 192.64×10–25 amu
11. The molar mass of H3PO4 is: (GRW 2017G-II)(U.B+K.B)
(A) 58.5g (B) 98g (C) 40g (D) 98amu
12. The formula mass of K2SO4 is: (U.B+K.B)
(A) 174amu (B) 174g (C) 170amu (D) 170g
CHEMISTRY-9 23
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
13. The sum of atomic mass of all the atoms in one formula unit of a substance called:(K.B)
(A) Atomic mass (B) Mass number (C) Formula mass (D) Atomic mass unit
14. The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in gram is called: (K.B)
(A) Gram formula mass (B) Gram molecular
(C) Mole (D) All of these

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.3
Calculate the molecular mass of nitric acid, Calculate the formula mass of potassium
HNO3. (FSD 2016)(U.B+A.B) sulphate (K2SO4) (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL NUMERICAL
Solution: Solution:
Given Data:
Given Data:
Atomic mass of K = 39 amu
Atomic mass of H = l amu
Atomic mass of S = 32 amu
Atomic mass of N = 14 amu
Atomic mass of O = 16 amu
Atomic mass of O = 16 amu To find:
To Find: Formula mass of K2SO4 = ?
Molecular mass of HNO3 = ? Calculations:
Calculations: Molecular mass K2SO4 = 2(atomic mass of K) +
Molecular mass of HNO3 = 1(atomic mass of H) + 1(atomic mass of S) + 4 (atomic mass of O)
(atomic mass of N) + 3 (atomic mass of O) = 2(39)+1(32)+4(16)
= 1 + 14 + 3(16) = 78+32+64
= 63 amu = 174 amu
Result:
Result:
Thus formula mass of potassium sulphate is
The molecular mass of nitric acid is 63 amu. 174 amu.

1.4 TEST YOURSELF

i. What is the relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula?
(SWL 2017)(U.B)
Ans: The molecular formula is derived from empirical formula by the following relationship.
Molecular formula = n × (empirical formula)
Where n is 1, 2, 3, and so on.
ii. Differentiate between empirical formula and formula unit? (U.B)
Ans: The differences between empirical formula and formula units are given below:
Empirical Formula Formula Unit
Definition
 Empirical formula is the simplest whole  The simplest whole number ratio of
number ratio of atoms of different ions as present in the ionic
elements present in a compound. compound is called formula unit.
CHEMISTRY-9 24
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Example
 The empirical formula of glucose  The formula unit of sodium chloride
(C6H12O6) is CH2O. is NaCl.
Type of compound
 Both covalent and ionic compound  Only ionic compounds have formula
have empirical formula. unit.

iii. How can you differentiate between molecular formula and empirical formula? (U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between empirical formula and molecular formula are as follows:
Empirical Formula Molecular Formula
 Empirical formula is the simplest  The formula that shows actual number
whole number ratio of atoms of of atoms of each element present in a
different elements present in a molecule of that compound is called
compound. molecular formula.

 The Empirical formula of glucose  The molecular formula of glucose is

(C6H12O6) is CH2O. C6H12O6.
 It is determined on the basis of  It is derived from empirical formula by
percentage composition of a the following relationship.
compound.  Molecular formula = n × empirical formula.
 It can be written both for ionic and  It can only be written for molecular
molecular compounds. substances i.e. elements and compounds
iv. Identify the following formulae as formula unit or molecular formulae: (U.B)
H2O2, CH4, C6H12O6, C12H22O11, BaCO3, KBr
Ans: IDENTIFICATION OF FORMULAS
Molecular Formula Formula Unit Empirical Formula
H2O2 BaCO3 BaCO3
CH4 KBr KBr
C6H12O6 CH4
C12H22O11
v. What is empirical formula of acetic acid (CH3COOH)? Find out its molecular mass. (U.B+A.B)
Ans: EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Acetic acid (C2H4O2) has simplest whole number ratio CH2O. Thus empirical formula of
acetic acid is CH2O.
Molecular mass of acetic acid:
(CH3COOH) = 1(12) + 3(1) +1(12) + 1(16) + 1(16) + 1(1)
= 12+3+12+16+16+1
= 60amu
vi. Calculate the formula masses of Na2SO4, ZnSO4 and CuCO3. (U.B+A.B)
Ans: FORMULA MASSES
Na2SO4 = 2(23) + 1(32) + 4(16)
= 46 + 32 + 64
= 142 amu
ZnSO4 = 1(65) + 1(32) + 4(16)
= 65 + 32 + 64
= 161 amu
CuCO3 = 1(63.5) + 1(12) + 3(16)
= 63.5 + 12 + 48
= 123.5 amu
CHEMISTRY-9 25
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.3 CHEMICAL SPECIES

1.3.1 IONS (CATIONS AND ANIONS), MOLECULAR IONS AND FREE RADICAL
Q.1 Write a note on ions. Explain its types. (U.B+K.B)
OR
What is difference between cation and anion? (GRW 2016 G-I)(U.B)
Ans: IONS
Definition:
“An atom or group of atoms having a charge on it is called ion. The charge may be
positive or negative.”
TYPES OF IONS
There are two types of ions:
 Cations
 Anions
Cations:
“An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cation”. e.g. H+ , Na+ , Ca2+.
Formation:
The cations are formed when an atom loses electrons from its outermost shell.
Examples:
The following equations show the formation of cations from atoms.
Atoms Cations
H  H+ + 1e-
Na  Na+ + 1e-
Ca  Ca2+ + 2e-
Anions:
“An atom or a group of atoms that has a negative charge on it, is called anion.”e.g. Cl1-, O2-, H1-.
Formation:
Anion is formed by the gain or addition of electrons by an atom.
Examples:
Following examples show the formation of an anion by addition of electrons to an atom.
Atoms Anions
H + 1e -
 H-
Cl + 1e-  Cl-
O+2e -
 O2-
Q.2 What is the difference between atom and ion:
(RWP 2016,17 G-II, MTN 2017, DGK 2017, GRW-2017G-I)(U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between atom and ion are as follows:
Atom Ion
Definition
 It is smallest particle of an element.  It is the smallest unit of an ionic
compound.
Existence
 It can or cannot exist independently and  It cannot exist independently and is
can take part in a chemical reaction. surrounded by oppositely charged ions.
CHEMISTRY-9 26
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Charge
 It is electrically neutral.  It has a net charge (either negative or
positive) on it.
Example
 C, Al  Al3+, O2-
Q.3 Write a note on molecular ion. (BWP 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: MOLECULAR ION
Definition:
“A molecular ion is a specie having positive or negative charge on it. When a molecule
loses or gains an electron, it forms a molecular ion.”
Types of Molecular Ions:
Molecular ions are of two types:
(i) Cationic molecular ion
(ii) Anionic molecular ion
Note: Cationic molecular ions are more abundant than anionic molecular ions.
(i) Cationic Molecular Ion:
“The molecular ions which carry positive charge are called cationic molecular ions”.
They are formed by losing of electron.
Examples:
N2+, He+, CH4+ etc.
(ii) Anionic Molecular Ion:
“The molecular ions which carry negative charge are called anionic molecular ions.”
They are formed by gaining of electron.
Examples:
N 2 , O 22 etc.
Generation or Formation of Molecular Ions:
When gases are bombarded with high-energy electrons in a discharge tube, they ionize to
give molecular ions.
Q.4 Differentiate between molecule and molecule ion. (FSD 2016, GRW 2016 G-II)(U.B)
DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between molecule and molecular ion are as follows:
Molecule Molecular Ion
Definition
 It is the smallest particle of a substance  It is formed by gain or loss of electrons by
which can exist independently and show a molecule.
all the properties of that substance
(element or compound).
Charge
 It is always neutral.  It can have negative or positive charge.
Formation
 It is formed by the combination of atoms.  It is formed by the ionization of a molecule.
Stability
 It is a stable unit.  It is a reactive specie.
CHEMISTRY-9 27
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Q.5 Explain free radical in detail. (SWL 2016,17)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: FREE RADICALS
Definition:
“Atoms or group of atoms possessing odd number of (unpaired) electrons are called free
radicals.”
Representation:
It is represented by putting a dot over the symbol of an element.
Examples:
Cl•, H•, OH•, CH3• etc.
Formation:
Free radicals are generated by the homolytic (equal) breakage of the bond between two
atoms when they absorb heat or light energy.
Molecules Free radicals
.
Cl2 
 2Cl
. .
CH4 
 H3C + H
Reactivity:
A free radical is extremely reactive specie as it has the tendency to complete its octet.
Cl 2  sun light
2Cl•
CH4  CH3• + H•
sun light

Q.6 Difference between ion and free radical. (SGD 2016,17)(U.B)

Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between ion and free radical are as follows:
Ions Free Radicals
Definition
 These are the atoms which bear some  These are the atoms that have odd
charge. number of electrons.
Existence
 They exist in solution or in crystal  They can exist in solutions as well in
lattice. air.
Effect of Light on Formation
 Their formation is not affected by the  They may form in the presence of
presence of light. light.
Example
 Al , O
3+ 2-
 Cl•, CH3•
1.3 CHEMICAL SPECIES
1.3.1 IONS (CATIONS AND ANIONS), MOLECULAR IONS AND FREE RADICAL
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define molecular ion and how are they generated? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 27
Q.2 Most of the universe exists in which form of matter?(Do you know Text Book Page. # 16)(K.B)
Q.3 Define free radical how are they generated? (LHR 2017 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 28
Q.4 Difference between atom and ion. (U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 26
CHEMISTRY-9 28
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.3 CHEMICAL SPECIES

1.3.1 IONS (CATIONS AND ANIONS), MOLECULAR IONS AND FREE RADICAL
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called: (K.B)
(A) Cation (B) Anion (C) Molecule (D) Atom
2. The symbol of nitride radical is: (K.B)
2 3 3 2
(A) CO3 (B) N (C) PO4 (D) S2O3
3. Which one of the following is a reactive specie? (U.B)
(A) Molecule (B) Molecular ion (C) Compound (D) Formula unit
4. An atom or group of atoms having odd number of electrons is called: (K.B)
(A) Radical (B) Ion (C) Free radical (D) Molecular ion
5. The removal of electron from an atom gives: (U.B)
(A) Cation (B) Anion (C) Molecular (D) Molecular anion
+
6. CH 4 is an example of: (K.B+A.B)
(A) Free radical (B) Molecular ion (C) Cation (D) Anion
7. Which of the following specie is generated by heat or light? (U.B)
(A) Ion (B) Molecular ion (C) Free radical (D) Molecule
8. Free radicals are generated by _______ breakage. (U.B)
(A) Homolytic (B) Heterolytic (C) Unequal (D) All of these
9. It is a stable unit: (U.B)
(A) Ion (B) Molecular ion (C) Molecule (D) Free radical
10. Which molecular ion is more abundant? (U.B)
(A) Cationic (B) Anionic (C) Both A & B (D) None
1.3.2 TYPES OF MOLECULES
Q.1 Define and explain molecule and its types.
(BWP 2016, 17, MTN 2017, FSD 2017 G-I, BWP 2017 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: MOLECULE
Definition:
“It is the smallest particle of a substance which can exist independent and shows all the
properties of that substance (element or a compound)”.
Formation:
A molecule is formed by chemical combinations of atoms.
TYPES OF MOLECULES
On the Basis of Number of Atoms:
On the basis of number of atoms types of molecules are as follows:
(i) Monoatomic Molecule:
“A molecule consisting of only one atom is called monoatomic molecule”
CHEMISTRY-9 29
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Examples:
The inert gases helium, neon and argon all exist independently in atomic form.
(ii) Diatomic Molecule:
“A molecule consisting of two atoms is called diatomic molecule”
Examples:
Hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), chlorine (Cl2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).
(iii)Triatomic Molecule:
“A molecule consisting of three atoms is called triatomic molecule.”
Examples:
H2O, CO2, etc.
(iv) Polyatomic Molecule:
“A molecule consisting of many atoms is called polyatomic molecule.”
Examples:
Methane (CH4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and glucose (C6H12O6).
On the Basis of Types of Atoms:
On the basis of types of atoms types of molecules are as follows:
(i) Homoatomic Molecule:
“A molecule of same types of atoms is called homoatomic molecule.
Examples: consisting
Hydrogen (H2), ozone (O3), sulphur (S8) and phosphorus (P4).
(ii) Heteroatomic Molecule:
“A molecule consisting of different kinds of atoms is called heteroatomic molecule.”
Examples:
CO2, H2O and NH3.
1.3.2 TYPES OF MOLECULES
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules. (U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules are as follows:
Homoatomic Molecules Heteroatomic Molecules
Definition
 A molecule containing same type of  A molecule consists of different kinds of
atoms is called homoatomic molecule. atoms is called a heteroatomic molecule.
Examples
 Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O3) and  CO2, H2O and NH3
sulphur (S8)
 These are molecules of covalent
 These are molecules of elements.
compounds.
CHEMISTRY-9 30
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.3.2 TYPES OF MOLECULES

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following is triatomic molecule? (U.B)
(A) H2SO4 (B) N2
(C) CO2 (D) HCl
2. Which one of the following is a diatomic molecule? (GRW 2015, RWP 2017 G-II)(U.B)
(A) H2SO4 (B) C6H6
(C) H2O (D) CO
3. Which one of the following is not triatomic molecule?
(GRW 2016, LHR 2017 G-I, GRW 2016 G-II, RWP 2017 G-II)(U.B)
(A) H2 (B) O3
(C) H2O (D) CO2
4. P4 is an example of: (U.B)
(A) Diatomic molecule (B) Homoatomic molecule
(C) Heteroatomic molecule (D) Monoatomic molecule
5. If molecule consist of two atoms is called: (U.B+K.B)
(A) Diatomic (B) Monoatomic
(C) Polyatomic (D) Triatomic
1.5 TEST YOURSELF
i. Identify among the following as diatomic, triatomic or polyatomic molecules: (U.B+A.B)
H2SO4, H2, CO2, HCl, CO, C6H6, H2O
Ans: IDENTIFICATION
Diatomic molecules: H2, HCl, CO
Triatomic molecules: CO2, H2O
Polyatomic molecules: H2SO4, C6H6
ii. Identify among the followings as cation, anion, free radical, molecular ion or molecule: (U.B+A.B)
Na+, Br, N2+, N2, Cl2, CO32-, H–, O2, O2-
Ans: IDENTIFICATION
Cation: Na1+
Anion: H–, O2–, CO32–
Free radical: Br
Molecular ion: N +2
Molecule: N2, Cl2, O2
1.4 GRAM ATOMIC MASS, GRAM MOLECULAR MASS AND
GRAM FORMULA MASS
Q.1 Write a note on gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and gram formula mass.
(RWP 2017 G-I)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: GRAM ATOMIC MASS (GRAM ATOM OR MOLE)
“The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass or
gram atom. It is also called a mole”
Mass of element
Number of gram atoms of element =
Atomic mass of element
Examples:
 1 gram atom of hydrogen = l.008 g = 1 mol of hydrogen atom
 1 gram atom of carbon = 12.0 g = 1 mol of carbon atom
It means that 1 gram atom of different elements has different masses.
CHEMISTRY-9 31
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS
“The molecular mass of an element or a compound expressed in grams is called gram
molecular mass. or gram molecule. It is also called a mole.”
Examples:
 1 gram molecule of water = 18.0 g = 1 mol of water
 1 gram molecule of H2SO4 = 98.0 g = 1 mol of sulphuric acid
Mass of substance
 Number of gram molecules of a substance =
Molecular mass of substance
GRAM FORMULA MASS (GRAM FORMULA OR MOLE)
“The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called gram formula
mass or gram formula. This is also called a mole.”
Examples:
 1 gram formula of NaCl = 58.5 g = 1 mol of sodium chloride
 1 gram formula of CaCO3 = 100 g = 1 mol of calcium carbonate
1.4 GRAM ATOMIC MASS, GRAM MOLECULAR MASS AND
GRAM FORMULA MASS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define gram atomic mass and give example. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 31
Q.2 Define gram molecular mass and give example. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 32
Q.3 Define gram formula mass and give example. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 32
1.4 GRAM ATOMIC MASS, GRAM MOLECULAR MASS AND
GRAM FORMULA MASS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The molar mass of H2 SO4 is: (GRW 2016) (LHR 2015)(K.B+U.B)
(A) 98g (B) 48amu
(C) 4.8g (D) 98amu
2. The mass of one molecule of H2O is: (LHR 2015)(K.B+U.B)
(A) 18amu (B) 18gm
(C) 18g (D) 18kg
3. 36 g of water is equal to: (U.B)
(A) 1 mole (B) 2 mole
(C) 3 mole (D) 1.5 mole
4. 1 mole of CaCO3 is equal to: (U.B)
(A) 58.5 g (B) 100 g
(C) 99 g (D) 50 g
CHEMISTRY-9 32
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.5 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND MOLE

Q.1 Explain the Avogadro‟s number. (RWP 2016)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
Introduction:
It is a huge number. It was suggested by an Italian scientist Amaedo
Avagadro.
Definition:
“The number of particles in one mole of a substance is called Avogadro’s
number.” Amaedo Avogadro
(1776-1856) was
Representation and Numerical Value: an Italian scholar.
Avogadro‟s number is represented by symbol 'NA'. Its numerical He is famous for
value is 6.02×1023. molecular theory
commonly known
Explanation: as Avogadro’s law.
In simple words 6.02 × 1023 particles are equal to one mole as In tribute to him,
twelve eggs are equal to one dozen. To understand the relationship the number of
particles (atoms,
between the Avogadro's number and the mole of a substance.
molecules, ions) in
Relationship Between Avogadro‟s Number and Mole: mole of a
 Gram atomic mass of C = 12g = 1 mole of C = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of C substance
23
 Gram molecular mass of H2O = 18g = 1 mole of H2O = 6.02 × 6.02×10 is known
as the Avogadro’s
1023 molecules of H2O constant.
 Gram formula mass of NaCl = 58.5g = 1mole of NaCl= 6.02 ×
1023 formula units of NaCl.
Importance of Avogadro‟s Number:
In chemistry we deal with substances which are composed of atoms, molecules or
formula units. The counting of these particles is not possible for the chemists. The
concept of Avogadro's number facilitated the counting of particles contained in the given
mass of a substance. Avogadro's number is a collection of 6.02 × 1023 particles.
Explanation:
For further explanation about number of atoms in molecular compounds or number of
ions in ionic compounds.
Examples:
 One molecule of water is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen, hence 2 ×
6.02 × 1023 atoms of hydrogen and 6.02 × 1023 atoms of oxygen constitute one mole of
water.One formula unit of sodium chloride consists of one sodium ion and one chloride ion.
So there are 6.02 × 1023 number of Na+ ions and 6.02 × 1023 Cl– ions in one mole of sodium
chloride. Thus, the total number of ions in 1 mole of NaCl is 12.04 × 1023 or 1.204 × 1024.
Q.2 Define mole and what is the relationship between mole and substance? (U.B+K.B)
OR
Mole is SI unit for the amount of a substance. Define it with examples. (Ex-Q.2)
Ans: MOLE (CHEMIST SECRET UNIT)
Definition:
“A mole is defined as the amount (mass) of a substance that contains 6.02 × 1023
number of particles (atoms, molecules or formula units) is called a mole.”
Quantitative Definition:
“The atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass or ionic mass of a substance
expressed in grams is called a mole”.
CHEMISTRY-9 33
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Symbol:
It is abbreviated as “mol” when it is used as a unit.
Explanation:
Mass of a substance is either one of the following: atomic mass, molecular mass or
formula mass. These masses are expressed in atomic mass units (amu). But when these
masses are expressed in grams, they are called molar masses or molar mass of a
substance.
Examples:
 Atomic mass of carbon expressed in grams = 12g = 1mol of carbon
 Molecular mass of H2O expressed in grams = 18g = 1mol of water
 Molecular mass of H2SO4 expressed in grams = 98g = 1mol of H2SO4
 Formula mass of NaCl expressed in grams = 58.5g = 1mol of NaCl
Relationship Between Mole and Mass:
Known mass of substance
Number of moles =
Molar mass of substance
Mass of substance (g) = Number of moles × molar mass
Relation between mole and particles:
Number of Particles of substance
Number of moles =
Avogadro's Number
Number of Particles = Number of Mole×Avogadro's Number

Figure: Summary Showing a Relationship Between Substance and Mole

1.5 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND MOLE
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is the relationship between mole and mass? (U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 34
Q.2 Write quantitative definition of mole. (LHR 2016 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
OR
What is mole? And give examples. (LHR 2016 G-I)(U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 33
Q.3 Define Avogadro‟s number and give examples. (LHR 2016 G-I)(K.B+A.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 33
CHEMISTRY-9 34
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.5 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND MOLE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The number of particles in one mole of a substance is called: (K.B+U.B)
(A) Atomic number (B) Particle number (C) Avogadro‟s number(D) Mass number
2. Total number of ions in one mole of NaCl is: (U.B)
(A) 12.04 × 1023 ions (B) 1.204 × 1023 ions (C) 6.04 × 1023 ions (D) 61.04 × 1023 ions
3. The symbol of Avogadro‟s number is: (GRW 2017 G-I)(K.B)
(A) NA (B) An (C) Nx (D) Ny
1.6 TEST YOURSELF
i. Which term is used to represent the mass of 1 mole of molecules of a substance? (U.B)
Ans: ONE MOLE OF MOLECULE
Gram molecular mass or gram molecule is used to represent the mass of 1 mole of
molecules of a substance.
Example:
Mass of 1 mole of molecule of water is gram molecular mass i.e. 18 g.
ii. How many atoms are present in one gram atomic mass of a substance? (U.B)
Ans: NUMBER OF ATOMS
One gram atomic mass of a substance is expressed in grams. It is equivalent to 1 mole of
an element. Thus it consists of Avogadro‟s number (6.02×1023) of atoms.
iii. Explain the relationship between mass and mole of a substance. (U.B)
Ans: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS AND MOLE OF A SUBSTANCE
Given mass of a substance
Number of moles =
Molar mass of a substance
Mass of a substance = Number of moles x Molar mass of a substance
iv. Find out the mass of 3 moles of oxygen atoms: (U.B+A.B)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given data:
Number of moles of O-atoms = 3mol
To Find:
Mass of 3 moles of O-atoms = ?
Calculations:
Mass of oxygen = Number of moles × molar mass of oxygen O-atom
= 3 mole × 16g mol–1
= 48g
Result:
Thus mass of 3 moles of oxygen is 48 g.
v. How many molecules of water will be present in half mole of water? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
1
Number of moles of water = mole
2
CHEMISTRY-9 35
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
To Find:
Number of water molecules = ?
Calculations:
Number of water molecules = No of moles × NA
1
= mole × 6.02×1023
2
= 3.01 × 1023 molecules
Result:
3.01 × 1023 molecules are present in half mole of water.

1.6 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

1.6.1 MOLE-MASS CALCULATIONS1.6.2 MOLE PARTICLE
CALCULATIONS

Q.1 How to calculate the number of moles and number of particles from known mass of
a substance. (U.B)

Ans: We can calculate the number of moles from given mass by using equation.
Known mass of a substance
Number of moles =
Molar mass of a substance
MOLE-PARTICLE CALCULATIONS
In these calculations we can calculates the number of moles of a substance from the given
number of particles. (These particles are the atoms, molecules or formula unit).
Given number of particles Given number of particles
Number of moles = 
Avogadro 's Number 6.02 1023
On rearranging the above equation we get,
Number of particles = Number of moles × 6.02 × 1023

Mole x molar Mole x NA

mass

Mass of substance Mole Number of particles

Known mass
Molar mass No. of particles
NA

Summary of Molar Calculation

CHEMISTRY-9 36
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1.6 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

1.6.1 MOLE-MASS CALCULATIONS1.6.2 MOLE PARTICLE
CALCULATIONS
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 How to calculate number of particles from mass of a substance?
(Remember pg. # 21)(U.B)
Ans: NUMBER OF PARTICLES FROM MASS
Never calculate the number of particles from mass of the substance or vice versa. Always
make calculation through moles.
Q.2 How to calculate number of atoms in molecular compounds and number of ions in
ionic compounds. (Remember pg. # 21)(U.B)
Ans: CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF ATOMS AND IONS
For calculation of the number of atoms in molecular compounds and the number of ions
in ionic compounds first calculate the number of molecules or formula units and then
calculate the number of atoms or ions.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.5
Calculate the gram molecule (number of You have a piece of coal (carbon) weighing
moles) in 40 g of H3PO4. (U.B+A.B) 9.0 gram. Calculate the number of mol of
NUMERICAL coal in the given mass. (U.B+A.B)
Solution: NUMERICAL
Given Data: Solution:
Given mass of H3PO4 = 40g Given Data:
Molecular mass of H3PO4 = 98gmol–1 Mass of coal (carbon) = 9g
To Find: To Find:
Number of moles (gram molecules) = ? No of moles of coal = ?
Calculations: Calculations:
Mass of substance
Number of gram molecules = Molar mass of substance Known mass of substance
Number of moles 
40 Molar mass of substance
= 9
98 
= 0.408 mol 12
Result:  0.75 mol
Therefore, 40g of H3PO4 will contain 0.408 Result:
gram molecule of H3PO4. Thus, 9g of coal is equivalent to 0.75 mol.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.6 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1.7
Calculate the number of moles, number of There are 3.01 x 1023 molecules of CO2
molecules and number of atoms present in 6 present in a container. Calculate the
grams of water. (U.B+A.B) number of moles and its mass. (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL NUMERICAL
Solution: Solution:
Given Data: Given Data:
The known mass of water = 6g
Molar mass of Water (H2O) = 18 g Number of molecules of CO2 = 3.011023
To Find: molecules
Number of moles of water = ? To Find:
Number of molecules of water = ? Number of moles of CO2 =?
Number of atoms of water =? Mass of CO2 =?
CHEMISTRY-9 37
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Calculations: Calculations:
Number of moles of water = Known mass of substance We can calculate the number of molecules of
Molar mass of substance CO2 by putting the values in equation:
= 6/18 Number of moles of CO2 = Known molecules
= 0.33 mol Avogadro‟s number
Number of molecules of water = Number of moles x N A
= 0.33 × 6.02 × 1023 3.01  1023
Number of moles of CO2 =
= 1.98 ×1023 molecules 6.02  1023
Thus, the number of molecules contained in 6 Number of moles of CO2 = 0.5 mol
grams of water is 1.98 × 1023. As we know Then by putting this value in this equation we
1molecule of water consists of 3 atoms, get:
therefore: Mass of substance = number of moles x
Number of atoms of water = 3 × 1.98 × 1023 molar mass
= 5.94 × 1023 atoms Mass of CO2 = 0.5 × 44
Result: Mass of CO2 = 22g
Number of moles, number of molecules and Result:
number of atoms is 0.33mol, 1.98×1023 and Number of moles of carbon dioxide is 0.5
5.94×1023, respectively, present in 6g of water. mol and its mass is 22g.
1.6 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
1.6.1 MOLE-MASS CALCULATIONS1.6.2 MOLE PARTICLE
CALCULATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The mass of 1.2 moles of H2SO4 is: (U.B)
(A) 98g (B) 196g (C) 117.6g (D) 125g
2. Which one of the following pairs has the same mass? (U.B)
(A) 1 mole of H3PO4 and 1 mole of H2SO4 (B) 1 mole of CO and 1 mole of CO2
(C) 1 mole of O2 and 1 mole of N2 (D) 1 mole of O2 and 1 mole if CO2
3. There are 3.01×1023 molecules of CO2 present in a container. What is the number of
moles in it? (U.B)
(A) 22 mol (B) 0.5 mol (C) 1.7 mol (D) 2.2 mol
4. 9 g of carbon has number of moles: (U.B)
(A) 0.75 mol (B) 9 mol (C) 0.5 mol (D) 3 mol
1.7 TEST YOURSELF
i. How many atoms of sodium are present in 3 moles of sodium and what is the mass
of it? (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
Number of moles of sodium = 3 mol
To Find:
(i) Number of atoms of sodium in 3 moles = ?
(ii) Mass of 3 moles of sodium = ?
Calculations:
(i) Number of atoms present in 1 mole of sodium = 6.02×1023 atoms
Number of atoms present in 3 moles of sodium = 3×6.02×1023 atoms
= 18.06×1023 atoms
= 1.806×1024 atoms
(ii) Mass of substance = Number of moles of Na × molar mass of Na
= 3mol × 23gmol–1
= 69 g
CHEMISTRY-9 38
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Result:
1.806×1024 atoms are present in three moles of sodium and its mass is 69g.
ii. How many atoms are in 1 amu and 1 g of hydrogen (H)? (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 amu
Molar mass of hydrogen = 1g
To Find:
Number of atoms in 1 amu and 1 g of hydrogen =?
Calculations:
Atomic mass of hydrogen = Molar mass of hydrogen
Given mass
Number of atoms in 1g of hydrogen = × NA
Molar mass
1g
= ×6.02×1023
1g
= 6.02×1023 atoms
Number of atoms in 1 amu of hydrogen = 6.02×1023 atoms
Result:
6.02×1023 atoms are present in 1 amu and 1g of hydrogen.
iii. How many atoms are present in 16 g of O and 8g of S? (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
Mass of Oxygen atom O = 16 g
Molar mass of Oxygen O = 16 g
Given mass of sulphur S = 8g
Molar mass of sulphur S = 32g
To Find:
Number of atoms in 16g of O = ?
Number of atoms in 8g of sulphur S = ?
Calculations:
Given mass
Number of atoms of Oxygen = × NA
Molar mass
16g
= ×6.02×1023
16g
= 6.02×1023 atoms
Calculations:
Given mass
Number of atoms of sulphur, S = × NA
Molar mass
8g
= -1
×6.02×1023
32gmol
= 1.505×1023 atoms
Result:
6.02×1023 atoms are present in 16g of oxygen and 1.505×1023 atoms are
present in 8g of sulphur.
CHEMISTRY-9 39
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
iv. Is the mass of 1 mole of O and 1 mole of S same? (U.B)
Ans: As Mass of 1 mole of O = 16g
Mass of 1 mole of S = 32g
Hence, the mass of 1 mole of O and 1 mole of S is not the same.
v. What do you mean by 1 atom of C and 1 gram atom of C? (U.B)
Ans: ONE ATOM AND ONE GRAM ATOM OF C
1 atom of carbon means single smallest particle of carbon with mass 12 amu.
On the other hand, 1 gram atom means 12 g or 1 mole of carbon having 6.02×1023
carbon atoms.
vi. If 16g of oxygen contains 1 mole of oxygen atoms calculate the mass of one atom of
oxygen in grams. (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Solution:
Given Data:
16 g of oxygen = 1 mole of oxygen atoms
To Find:
Mass of 1 atom of oxygen in grams = ?
Calculations:
16g of oxygen = 1 mole of oxygen = 6.02  1023 atoms
Therefore, mass of 6.02×1023 atoms of oxygen = 16g
16
Mass of 1 atom of oxygen =
6.02×1023
= 2.65×10-23 g
vii. How many times is 1 mole of oxygen atoms heavier than 1 mole of hydrogen atoms?(U.B)
Ans: OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
Mass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16g
Mass of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 1g
Therefore, 1 mole of oxygen atoms is 16 times heavier than that of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms.
viii. Why does 10 g nitrogen gas contain the same number of molecules as 10 g of carbon
monoxide? (U.B+A.B)
Given mass of substance
Ans: Number of moles of nitrogen gas =
Molar mass of substance
10
= 28
= 0.35 mol
Number of molecules of nitrogen gas (N2) = number of mole  NA
= 0.35  6.02  1023
= 2.107 × 1023 molecules
Given mass of substance
Number of moles of carbon monoxide =
Molar mass of substance
10
= 28
= 0.35 mol
Number of molecules of CO = number of mole  NA
= 0.35  6.02  1023
= 2.107  1023 molecules
Hence it is proved that 10g nitrogen gas contains the same number of molecules as
10g of carbon monoxide because both gases have same molar mass that is i.e. 28g.
CHEMISTRY-9 40
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

ANSWER KEYS
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
1 D 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 C 6 B

1.2.1 ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURE

1 B 2 C 3 A 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 B 8 D 9 C 10 A
11 A 12 C 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 B 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 B
21 A 22 A 23 D 24 D

1.2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

1 B 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 A 6 A 7 C

1.2.4 HOW TO WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULA

1.2.5 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
1 A 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 D
8 C 9 B 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 C 14 A

1.3 CHEMICAL SPECIES

1 A 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 B 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 A

1.3.2 TYPES OF MOLECULE

1 C 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 A

1.4 GRAM ATOMIC MASS, GRAM MOLECULAR MASS, GRAM

FORMULA MASS
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 B

1.5 AVAGADRO’S NUMBER AND MOLE

1 C 2 A 3 A

1.6 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

1 C 2 A 3 B 4 A

CHEMISTRY-9 41
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

EXERCISE SOLUTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Industrial chemistry deals with the manufacturing of compounds:
(GRW 2016 G-I, SGD 2017 G-I, BWP 2016 G-I, II, 2017 G-II)(U.B+K.B)
(A) In the laboratory (B) On micro scale
(C) On commercial scale (D) On economic scale
2. Which one of the following can be separated by physical means?
(BWP 2016, 17 G-II, SGD 2016 G-I)(U.B)
(A) Mixture (B) Element (C) Compound (D) Radical
3. The most abundant element occurring in the oceans is: (K.B)
(BWP 2017 G-II, MTN 2016, 17 G-I, SGD 2017 G-II, SWL 2017 G-II, RWP 2016, 17 G-II, GRW
2016 G-II, FSD 2016 G-I)
(A) Oxygen (B) Hydrogen (C) Nitrogen (D) Silicon
4. Which one of the following element is found in most abundance in the Earth's
crust? (MTN 2016 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Oxygen (B) Aluminum (C) Silicon (D) Iron
5. The third abundant gas found in the atmosphere is: (DGK 2017 G-II)(K.B)
(A) Carbon monoxide (B) Oxygen (C) Nitrogen (D) Argon
6. One amu (atomic mass unit) is equivalent to: (RWP 2017 G-I)(K.B)
–24 –21
-24
(A) 1.66 × 10 mg (B) 1.66 ×10 g (C). 1.66 × 10 g (D) 1.66 × 10–23g
7. All of the following are triatomic molecule except:
(GRW 2016 G-II, RWP 2017 G-I, SGD 2017 G-II, BWP 2016 G-II, FSD 2016 G-I)(U.B)
(A) H2 (B) O3 (C) H2O (D) CO2
8. The mass of one molecule of water is:(LHR 2016, 17 G-I,II, DGK 2016 G-I, FSD 2016, G-II)(K.B)
(A) 18 amu (B) 18 g (C) 18 mg (D) 18 kg
9. The molar mass of H2SO4 is: (LHR 2017 G-I, GRW 2016 G-I, MTN 2016 G-I)(U.B+K.B)
(A) 98 g (B) 48 amu (C) 4.8 g (D) 98 amu
10. Molar mass is usually expressed in grams, which one of the following is molar mass
of O2 in amu? (U.B)
–24
(A) 32 amu (B) 53. 2 × 10 amu
(C) 1.92 ×10–25 amu (D) 192.64 × 10–25 amu
11. How many numbers of moles are equivalent to 8 grams of CO2?
(BWP 2017 G-I, DGK 2016 G-I)(U.B)
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.18 (C) 0.21 (D) 0.24
12. Which one of the following pairs has the same number of ions? (LHR 2016 G-I)(U.B)
(A) 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of MgCl2
(B) 1/2 mole of NaCl and 1/2 mole of MgCl2
(C) 1/2 mole of NaCl and 1/3 mole of MgCl2
(D) 1/3 mole of NaCl and 1/2 mole of MgCl2
13. Which one of the following pairs has the same mass? (SWL 2017 G-I)(U.B)
(A) 1 mole of CO and 1 mole of N2 (B) 1 mole of CO and 1 mole of CO2
(C) 1 mole of O2 and 1 mole of N2 (D) 1 mole of O2 and 1 mole of CO2
ANSWER KEY
1 c 3 a 5 d 7 a 9 a 11 b 13 a
2 a 4 a 6 b 8 a 10 a 12 c

CHEMISTRY-9 42
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Define industrial chemistry and analytical chemistry. (RWP 2017 G-I)(K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 03
2. How can you differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry?
(RWP 2017 G-II, FSD 2017 G-II)(U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 02 & 03
3. Give the scope of biochemistry. (BWP 2017 G-II, DGK 2017 G-II)(A.B)
Ans: SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY
It covers all chemical processes taking place in living organisms such as synthesis and
metabolism of bio-molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc.
Applications:
Applications of biochemistry are in the fields of medicine, food science and agriculture.
4. How does homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture?
(BWP 2017, FSD 2017 G-I)(U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture are as follows:
Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
 Mixtures that have uniform composition  Those mixtures in which composition
throughout are called homogeneous is not uniform throughout are called
mixtures. It is called solution. heterogeneous mixtures.
Examples
 Air  Soil
 Gasoline  Rock
 Ice cream  Wood
5. What is the relative atomic mass? How it is related to gram? (U.B+K.B)
Ans: RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Definition:
“The average mass of atoms of an element as compared to 1/12th (one-twelfth) the mass
of one atom of carbon-12 isotope is called relative atomic mass.”
Unit of Relative Atomic Mass:
Its unit is atomic mass unit, with symbol amu.
Atomic mass unit:
“One atomic mass unit is 1/12th the mass of one atom of carbon-12th.”
RELATION BETWEEN RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND GRAM
When this atomic mass unit is expressed -24
in grams it is:
1 amu = 1.66 × 10 g
6. Define empirical formula with example. (FSD 2016 G-II)(A.B+K.B)
Ans: “A formula that indicates the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different
elements present in a compound is called an empirical formula.”
Example:
Glucose has simplest ratio 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen respectively. Hence its
empirical formula is CH2O.
Glucose = C:H:O
6 : 12: 6
= 1: 2 : 1
Thus empirical formula of glucose = CH2O
7. State three reasons why do you think air is a mixture and water is a compound? (U.B)
Ans: AIR IS MIXTURE AND WATER A COMPOUND
Reasons:
 Water is a compound because it is formed by chemical combination of hydrogen and
oxygen whereas air is formed by simple mixing of different gases.
 Water has fixed ratio between masses of hydrogen and oxygen, whereas in air ratio
between masses of component gases is not fixed.
 Water has definite melting and boiling points whereas air does not have any fixed
melting and boiling point.
CHEMISTRY-9 43
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
8. Explain why are hydrogen and oxygen considered elements whereas water as a compound.(U.B)
Ans: H AND O AS ELEMENTS AND H2O A COMPOUND
Elements:
Hydrogen and oxygen are elements because they have same type of atoms, having same
atomic number and it cannot be decompose into simple substances by chemical means.
Compound:
Water is considered as compound because it is a substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined together in a fixed ratio by mass. As a result of this combination
oxygen and hydrogen lose their own properties and produce new substance (H2O).
9. What is the significance of the symbol of an element? (U.B)
Ans: SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOL
Symbols are used for elements instead of writing of their complete names. So, it takes
less time/saves time and element can be recognized by that symbol in all over the world.
(i) Symbol represents the name of an element.
(ii) It represents one atom of the element
(iii)It helps to write and understand chemical equation for different chemical reactions.
(iv) Periodic table is based on symbols of different elements.
Examples:
 Oxygen (O)
 Sulphur (S)
 Nitrogen (N)
10. State the reasons, soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound. (U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The reasons for soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound are as follows:
Soft Drink (Mixture) Water (Compound)
Combination
 Soft drink is made up of simple  Water is formed by chemical
mixing up of substances without any combination of atoms of elements
fixed ratio. hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio of
1:8 by mass.
Composition
 Soft drink has heterogeneous  Water has homogeneous composition.
composition.
Separation of Components
 Its components can be separated by  Its components can‟t be separated by
physical means. physical means

CHEMISTRY-9 44
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
11. Classify the following into element, compound and mixture: (U.B+A.B)
 He and H2
 CO and CO2
 Water and milk
 Gold and brass
 Iron and steel
Ans:
(i) He and H2:
He and H2 are elements.
(ii) CO and CO2:
CO is a compound and CO2 is an element.
(iii) Water and Milk:
Water is a compound and milk is a mixture.
(iv) Gold and Brass:
Gold is an element and brass is a mixture.
(v) Iron and Steel:
Iron is an element and steel is a mixture.
12. Define atomic mass unit. Why is it needed? (K.B+A.B)
Ans: ATOMIC MASS UNIT
Definition:
“It is one twelfth of the mass of a carbon -12 atom is called atomic mass unit.”
The atomic mass unit is abbreviated as amu.
1 amu = 1/12 × mass of C-12 atom
NEED OF ATOMIC MASS UNIT
The mass of an atom is too small to be determined practically. However relative atomic
mass (ratio of atomic mass of certain element to that of C-12 atom). The unit of relative
atomic mass is amu.
13. State the nature and name of the substance formed by combining the following: (U.B)
i. Zinc + Copper ii. Water + Sugar iii. Aluminium + Sulphur
iv. Iron + Chromium + Nickel
Ans: NATURE AND NAMES OF SUBSTANCES
(i) Zinc + Copper:
It is a mixture or alloy. The name of alloy is brass.
(ii) Water + Sugar:
It is a mixture. The name of mixture or solution is syrup.
(iii) Aluminium + Sulphur:
It forms compound. The name of compound is aluminium sulphide.
(iv) Iron + Chromium + Nickel:
It is a mixture or alloy. The name of alloy is nichrome.
CHEMISTRY-9 45
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
14. Differentiate between molecular mass and formula mass, which of the following will
be molecular formula? H2O, NaCl, Kl, H2SO4 (U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between molecular mass and formula mass are as follows:
Molecular Mass Formula Mass
Definition
 The sum of atomic masses of all the  The sum of atomic masses of all the
atoms present in one molecule of a atoms present in one formula unit of
molecular substance called molecular an ionic compound is called formula
mass. mass.
Application
 The term molecular mass is used for  The term formula mass is used for
compounds that exist as molecules. compounds that exist as formula units
i.e. the compounds consist of ions.
Example
 Molecular mass of water is 18 amu  Formula mass of sodium chloride is
and that of carbon dioxide is 44 amu. 58.5 amu and that of CaCO3 is 100.
amu.
Molecular Formulas:
H2O and H2SO4 are the molecular formulas.
15. Which has more atoms: 10 g of Al or 10 g of Fe? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Given Data:
Given mass of Al = 10g
Given mass of Fe = 10g
To Find:
Which one (Al or Fe) has more atoms = ?
Calculations:
10 g of Al has more atoms than 10 g of Fe.
(i) Given mass of Al = 10g
Molar mass of Al = 27 g mol-1
Number of atoms in 10g of Al= Number of moles × NA
Mass of subtance
Number of atoms of Al =  NA
Molar Mass of substance
10
  6.02 1023
23
 2.23 1023 atoms
(ii) Given mass of Fe = 10g
Molar mass of Fe = 56 g mol-1
Mass of subtance
Number of atoms of Fe =  NA
Molar Mass of substance
10
  6.02 1023
56
 1.075 1023
Result:
10 g of aluminium has more number of atoms than 10g of iron.
CHEMISTRY-9 46
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
16. Which one has more molecules: 9 g of water or 9 g of sugar (C12H22O11)? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Given Data:
Given mass of water (H2O) =9g
Given mass of sugar =9g
To Find:
Which one has more molecules =?
Calculations:
(i) Given mass of water (H2O) =9g
Molar mass of water (H2O) = 18 g mol-1
Mass of subtance
Number of molecules in 9g of water =  NA
Molar Mass of substance
9
  6.02 1023 molecules
18
 3.011023 molecules
(ii) Given mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 9 g
Molar mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 342 g mol-1
Mass of subtance
Number of molecules in 9g of sugar =  NA
Molar Mass of substance
9
  6.02 1023
342
 1.584 1022 molecules
Result:
9 g of H2O has more molecules than 9 g of C12H22O11.
17. Which one has more formula units: 1 g of NaCl or 1 g of KCl? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Given Data:
Given mass of NaCl = 1g
Given mass of KCl = 1g
To Find:
Which one has more formula units =?
Calculations:
(i) Given mass of NaCl = 1g
Formula mass of NaCl = 58.5 g mol-1
Mass of subtance
Formula units in 1g of NaCl =  NA
Formula mass of substance
1
  6.02 1023
58.5
 1.029 1022 formula units
(ii) Given mass of KCl = 1g
Formula mass of KCl = 74.5 g mol-1
Mass of subtance
Formula units in 1g of KCl =  NA
Formula mass of substance
1
  6.02 1023
74.5
 8.080 1021 formula units
Result:
1g of NaCl has more formula units than 1g of KCl.
CHEMISTRY-9 47
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
18. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples. (U.B)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between homoatomic molecules and heteroatomic molecules are as follows:
Homoatomic Molecules Heteroatomic Molecules
Definition
 A molecule containing same type of  A molecule consisting of different kinds
atoms is called homoatomic molecule. of atoms is called heteroatomic molecule.
Nature
 These are molecules of elements.  These are molecules of compounds.
Examples
 Hydrogen (H2)  Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Oxygen (O3)  Water (H2O)
 Sulphur (S8)  Ammonia (NH3)
19. In which one of the following, the number of hydrogen atoms is more? 2 moles of
HCl or 1 mole of NH3 (Hint: 1 mole of a substance contains as much number of
moles of atoms as are in 1 molecule of a substance). (U.B)
Ans: NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS
Number of moles of hydrogen in 1 mole of HCl = 1 mole
Number of moles of hydrogen in 2 moles of HCl = 2 moles
Whereas number of moles of hydrogen in 1 mole of NH3 = 3 moles
Hence 1 mole of NH3 contains 3 moles of hydrogen and will have more hydrogen atoms
than 2 moles of hydrogen present in 2 moles of HCl.
EXERCISE LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define element and classify the elements with examples. (U.B+K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 07
2. Mole is SI unit for the amount of a substance. Define it with examples? (K.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 33
3. List five characteristics by which compounds can be distinguished from mixtures.(U.B)
Ans: Answer given on pg # 12
4. Differentiate between the following with examples: (U.B)
(A) Molecule and gram molecule (B) Atom and gram atom
(C) Molecular mass and molar mass (D) Chemical formula and gram formula
Ans:
A. Molecule and gram molecule:
DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between molecule and gram molecule are as follows:
Molecule Gram Molecule

 It is the smallest particle of substance  The molecular mass of an element or

which can exist independently and a compound expressed in grams is
shows all the properties of that called gram molecule or gram
substance (element or compound). molecular mass.
Examples
One molecule of water = H2O Gram molecule of water = 18g
CHEMISTRY-9 48
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
B. Atom and gram atom
DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between atom and gram atom are as follows:
Atom Gram Atom
 The smallest particle of an element  The atomic mass of an element
which can take part in chemical expressed in grams is called gram
reaction and may or may not exist atomic mass or gram atom.
independently is called an atom.
Example
 One atom of H = 1 amu  One gram atom of H = 1g
C. Molecular mass and molar mass
DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between molecular mass and molar mass are as follows:
Molecular Mass Molar Mass
 The sum of atomic masses of all the  The molar mass is a physical property
atoms present in one molecule of a defined as the mass of a given
molecule substance, is its molecular substance (chemical element or
mass. chemical compound) divided by the
no. of moles of substance.
Examples
 Molecular mass H2O = 18amu  Molar mass of H2 = 2g
 Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5g
D. Chemical formula and gram formula
DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between chemical formula and gram formula are as follows:
Chemical Formula Gram Formula

 The representation of an element or a  The formula mass of an ionic compound

compound in terms of symbols is expressed in grams is called gram
called chemical formula. formula mass or gram formula.
Examples
 Chemical formula of chlorine = Cl2  Gram formula of NaCl = 58.5g
 Chemical formula of water = H2O

CHEMISTRY-9 49
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

EXERCISE SOLVED NUMERICALS

1. Sulphuric acid is the king of chemicals. If No. of Ca2+ ions in 0.4 mol of CaCO3 = No. of moles × NA
you need 5 moles of sulphuric acid for a = 0.4×6.02×1023
reaction, how many grams of it will you = 2.408×1023 ions
weigh? (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL We know that:
Solution: Number of Ca2+ ions = Number of CO32 ions
Given Data:
Number of moles of H2SO4 = 5 moles Number of CO32 = 2.40×1023 ions
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 2(1)+1(32)+4(16)
Result:
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98 g/mol 2.408×1023 ions of Ca+2 and 2.408×1023 ions of
To Find: CO32 are present in 40g of calcium carbonate.
Mass of H2SO4 = ?
Calculations: --------------------------------------------------------
Mass of H SO
Number of moles of H2SO4 = Molar mass of2 H 4SO 3. If you have 6.02 × 1023 ions of aluminium;
2 4
Mass of H2SO4 = Number of moles × molar mass how many sulphate ions will be required to
= 5×98 prepare Al2 (SO4)3? (U.B+A.B)
= 490 g NUMERICAL
Result:
5 moles of sulphuric acid will have mass 490 g. Solution:
-------------------------------------------------------- Given Data:
2. Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water.
If you have 40 g of it; how many Ca2 and Number of ions of Al3+ = 6.02×1023 ions
CO2- 3 ions are present in it? (U.B+A.B) To Find:
NUMERICAL
Number of sulphate ions in Al2 (SO4)3 =?
Solution:
Given Data: Calculations:
Given Mass of CaCO3 = 40g
Molar mass of CaCO3 = (40×1)+(12×1)+(16×3) 2 Al3+ + 3SO24 
 Al2 (SO4 )3
= 40 + 12 + 48
According to balanced chemical equation:
= 100 g/mol
To Find: Number of moles of SO24 ion required for 2
Number of Ca2+ ions = ?
Number of CO32 ions = ? moles of Al3+ ions = 3
Calculations: Number of moles of SO24 ions for 1 mole of
Given Mass
Number of moles of CaCO3 = Al3+ = 3/2 = 1.5 moles
Molar mass
40 Thus, number of SO24 ions = Number of moles × NA
= 100 = 0.4 mol
Balanced equation for dissociation of calcium = 1.5×6.02×1023
carbonate is as follows: = 9.03×1023 ions
CaCO3   Ca 2+ + CO32
Results:
Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.4 mole
Number of moles of Ca2+ ions in one mole of 9.03×1023 ions are required to prepare
CaCO3 = 6.02×1023 Al2(SO4)3.
CHEMISTRY-9 50
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
4. Calculate the number of molecules of the Number of moles of C6H12O6 = Given mass of C6 H12O6 × N
A
following compounds: (U.B+A.B) Molar mass of C6 H12O6
a. 16 g of H2CO3 b. 20 g of HNO3 30
= 180 ×6.02×1023
c. 30 g of C6 HI2O6
NUMERICAL = 1 1023 molecules
Solution: Result:
Given Data: 30g of C6H12O6 has 1×1023 molecules.
Given mass of H2CO3 = 16g --------------------------------------------------------
Given mass of HNO3 = 20g
5. Calculate the number of ions in the
Given mass of C6H12O6 = 30g following compounds:
To Find: a. 10g of AlCl3 b. 30 g of BaCl2
c. 58 g of H2SO4
Number of molecules of H2CO3 = ? NUMERICAL
Number of molecules of 20g of HNO3 = ? Solution:
Number of molecules of 30g of C6H12O6 =? Given Data:
Calculations: Given mass of AlCl3 = 10g
(a) 16g of H2CO3: Given mass of BaCl2 = 30g
Guven mass of H2CO3= 16g Given mass of H2SO4 = 58g
Molar mass of H2CO3 = 2(1)+1(12)+3(16) To Find:
= 2 + 12 + 48 Number of ions in 10g of AlCl3 = ?
= 62g / mol Number of ions in 30g of BaCl2 = ?
Number of molecules = Given mass of H 2CO3  N A Number of ions in 58g of H2SO4 = ?
Molar mass of H 2CO3 Calculations:
16 (a) 10g of AlCl3:
= × 6.02×1023
62 Given mass of AlCl3 = 10g
= 1.55  1023 molecules Molar mass of AlCl3 = 1(27)+3(35.5)
Result: = 133.5 g / mol
16g of H3CO3 has 1.55×1023 molecules. Number of ions of AlCl3 = ?
-------------------------------------------------------- Number of formula units = Given mass of AlCl 3 × N A
(b) 20g of HNO3: Molar mass of AlCl3
Given mass of HNO3 = 20g 10
Molar mass of HNO3 = 1(1)+1(14)+3(16) = ×6.02×1023
133.5
= 1+14+48=63g/mol = 0.451×1023 formula units
Number of molecules of HNO3 = ? 1 formula unit of AlCl3 contains total number
Number of molecules of HNO3 = Given mass of HNO3  N .
Molar mass of HNO3
A of ions = 4 ions
20 4.51×1022 formula units of AlCl3 contain total
= 63 ×6.02×1023 number of ions = 4×0.451×1023
=1.80 ×1024 ions
= 1.91×1023 molecules
Result: Result:
20g of HNO3 has 1.91×1023 molecules. 10g of AlCl3 has 1.80 ×1024 ions.
-------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
(c) 30g of C6 H12 O6: (b) 30g of BaCl2:
Given mass of C6H12O6 = 30g. Given mass of BaCl2 = 30g
Molar mass of C6 H12 O6 = 6(12)+12(1)+6(16) Molar mass of BaCl2 = 1(137)+2(35.5)
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 137+71=208 g/mol
= 180g / mol Number of ions of 30g of BaCl2 = ?

CHEMISTRY-9 51
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Givenmass of BaCl2 Mass of H 2SO4
Number of formula units = ×NA 2.05×1016 = ×6.02×1023
Molar mass of BaCl2
30 98
= 208 ×6.02×1023 2.05×1016 ×98
Mass of H2SO4 =
= 0.86×1023 formula units 6.02×1023
1 formula unit of BaCl2 contains total number = 3.337  10-6g
of ions = 3 Result:
0.86×1023 formula units of BaCl2 will contain Mass of sulphuric acid is 3.337×10–6g.
total number of ions = 3×0.86×1023 ions --------------------------------------------------------
= 2.58×1023 ions 7. How many total atoms are required to
prepare 60 g of HNO3? (U.B+A.B)
Result:
NUMERICAL
20g of BaCl2 has 2.58×1023 ions.
Solution:
--------------------------------------------------------
(c) 58g of H2SO4: Given data:
Given mass of H2SO4 = 58g Given mass of HNO3 = 60g
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 2(1)+1(32)+4(16) Molar mass of HNO3 = 1(1)+1(14)+3(16)
=2+32+64 = 1 + 14 + 48
=98 g/mol = 63g / mol
Number of ion of H2SO4 = ? To Find:
Number of formula units = Given mass of H 2SO4 ×NA Number of atoms of HNO3 = ?
Molar mass of H 2SO4 Calculations:
58 Number of molecules of HNO3 = Given mass of HNO3 × N
= 98 ×6.02×1023 A
Molar mass of HNO3
= 3.56×1023 formula units 60
1 formula unit of H2SO4 contains total number = ×6.02×1023
63
of ions = 3 ions = 0.95×6.02×1023 moles
3.56×1023 formula units of H2SO4 contain total = 5.731023 molecules
number of ions = 3×3.56×1023 As one molecule of HNO3 contain atoms = 5 atoms
= 10.682×1023 ions Therefore, 5.73×1023 molecules contain
Result: Number of atoms = 55.731023
30g of H2SO4 has 1.068×1024 ions = 28.5  1023
-------------------------------------------------------- = 2.87  1024 atoms
6. What will be the mass of 2.05×1016 molecules Result:
of H2SO4 (U.B+A.B) 2.87×1024 atoms are required to prepare 60g of HNO3.
NUMERICAL --------------------------------------------------------
Solution: 8. How many ions of Na+ and Cl–1 will be
Given Data: present in 30 g of NaCl? (U.B+A.B)
NUMERICAL
Number of molecules of H2SO4 = 2.05  1016
Solution:
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 2(1)+1(32)+4(16) Given Data:
= 2+32+64 Given mass of NaCl = 30g
= 98g/mol Molar mass of NaCl = 1(23)+3(35.5)
To Find: = 23 + 35.5
Mass of H2SO4 =? = 58.5g / mol
Calculations: To Find:
Number of molecules of H2SO4 = Mass of H 2SO4
× NA Number of Na+ ions = ?
Molar mass of H 2SO4 Number of Cl– ions = ?
CHEMISTRY-9 52
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Calculations: 10. How many grams of Mg will have the same
Given mass of NaCl
Number of formula units of NaCl = × number of atoms as 6 grams of C have?(U.B+A.B)
Molar mass of NaCl N A
NUMERICAL
30
= ×6.02×1023
58.5 Solution:
23
= 3.08 ×10 formula units Given data:
As, Given mass of carbon = 6g
1 formula unit of NaCl contains number of
Atomic mass of carbon = 12 g/ mol
Na+1 ions = 1
To Find:
3.08×1023 formula units of NaCl contain
number of Na+ ions = 3.08×1023 ions Mass of Mg =?

We knew that in NaCl: Calculations:

Number of Na+ ions = Number of Cl– ion Number of moles of carbon =
Given mass of carbon
Thus number of Cl ions = 3.08×1023 Molar mass of carbon
Result: 6
= 12
Total number of sodium ions (Na+) and
chloride ions (Cl–) = 6.16 ×1023 ions = 0.5 mol
-------------------------------------------------------- Number of carbon atoms = Number of moles × NA
9. How many molecules of HCI will be Number of carbon atoms in 0.5 moles of
required to have 10 grams of it? (U.B+A.B) carbon = 0.5×6.02×1023 atoms
NUMERICAL
= 3.01  1023 atoms
Solution:
As,
Given Data:
Given mass of HCl = 10g The number of atoms of mg and carbon are
Molar mass of HCl = 1(1)+1(35.5) same, so their number of moles are also equal.
=1+35.5 Thus,
= 36.5g / mol Given mass of Mg
Number of atoms of Mg = × NA
To Find: Molar mass of Mg

Number of molecules of HCl = ? Massof Mg

3.01×1023 = ×6.02×1023
Calculations: 24
Given mass of HCl
Number of molecules of HCl =
Molar mass of HCl
×NA 3.01×1023 × 24
Mass of Mg =
10 6.02×1023
= 36.5 ×6.02×1023
=12g
= 1.64  10 molecules
23
Result:
Result:
12g of Mg will have same no. of atoms as 6g of carbon.
10 g of HCl will have 1.64×1023 molecules.
CHEMISTRY-9 53
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

ADDITIONAL CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

Q.1 Why melting of ice is physical property while decomposition of water is a chemical
property? (U.B)

Ans: Melting of ice is physical property because in this process only the physical state of water
changing whereas its chemical composition remains same.
The decomposition of a water is chemical change as it produces hydrogen and oxygen
gases and its chemical composition changes.
Q.2 Why are ionic compounds not called molecules? (U.B)

OR
Why is NaCl not a molecule? (U.B)

Ans: Ionic compounds do not exist as independent molecular form, they exist in three-
dimensional network form. Each ion is surrounded by the oppositely charged ion to form
crystal lattice so therefore they are not molecules and are called formula units.
Q.3 Why do ionic compounds have only empirical formulas? (U.B)

Ans: Ionic compounds do not exist in molecular form and are not molecules so they are not
represented by molecular formulas. They exist in three-dimensional network arrangement
and have only empirical formulas.
Q.4 Is mass number and relative atomic mass are same? If no then Justify why? (U.B)
Ans: No, mass number and relative atomic mass are not same.
Justification:
 Mass number is sum of protons and neutrons present in nucleus of an atom of an
element. Whereas, relative atomic is average mass of atoms of an element as
1
compared to th (one-twelfth) the mass of an atom of carbon-12 isotope.
12
 Relative atomic mass of an element is calculated by comparison with carbon-12
isotope whereas, mass number can be calculated by following formula A = Z+n.
Q.5 Why free radical does is extremely reactive specie? (U.B)

Ans: Free radical is extremely reactive specie as it has tendency to complete its octet due to
presence of unpaired electron in valence shell.
Q.6 What is meant homolytic (equal) breakage? (U.B)

Ans: If breaking of a bond between two atoms takes place such that each atom takes its
electron is called homolytic breakage.
CHEMISTRY-9 54
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Q.7 Which chemical specie is stable specie and why? (U.B)

Ans: Molecule is stable chemical specie as molecule always exist independently.

Reason:

Because molecules contain stable covalent linkages which are formed by atoms to follow

octet and duplet rules.

Q.8 Among Ion and free radical, which one is more reactive specie and why? (U.B)

Ans: Free radical is more reactive specie than ion.

Reason:

Because free radical contains unpaired electron in valence shell and it has not follow

octet or duplet rule whereas, usually ion is formed when an atom lose or gain electron to

complete its octet or duplet rule.

Q.9 Why do noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are called monoatomic molecules,

although they exist in atomic form? (U.B)

Ans: Nobel gases exist in atomic form because they are stable and exist independently just like

molecules. Due to their independent existence they are called monoatomic molecules.

Q.10 Write down type of CH4 molecule. Also give reasons. (U.B+A.B)

Ans: CH4 is both polyatomic and heteroatomicg molecule.

Reasons:

 It is polyatomic because it contains more than 4 atoms.

 It is hetero-atomic molecule because it contains different type of atoms.

Q.11 Why one mole of a substance contains equal no of particles but different masses.

Explain with an example. (U.B)

Ans: one mole of any substance contains 6.02×1023 equal no of particles but different masses

as one dozen of egg and orange contains equal no of eggs and oranges which are twelve

but different masses.

CHEMISTRY-9 55
Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

TERMS TO KNOW
Terms Definitions
Substance “A piece of matter in pure form is called substance”.
Physical Properties “The properties that are associated with the physical state of a
matter are called physical properties”.
Chemical Properties “The properties that depend upon the composition of the substance
are called chemical properties”.
Elements “The substance made up of same type of atoms, having same
atomic number and it cannot be decomposed into simple
substances by ordinary chemical means.”
Valency “The combining capacity of an element with other elements is
called valency.”
Radical “A radical is a group of atoms that has some charge.”
Compounds “Substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
together in a fixed ratio by mass is called compound.”
Mixtures “A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compounds
(substances) mixed up physically without any fixed ratio.”
Atomic No. “The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom of the
element is called atomic number.”
Mass No. “The sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the
nucleus of an atom is called mass number.”
Empirical formula “A formula that indicates the simplest whole number ratio of atoms
of different elements present in a compound is called an empirical
formula.”
Molecular formula. “A formula that indicates actual number of atoms of each element
present in a molecule of that compound is called molecular
formula.”
Atom It is smallest particle of an element.
Molecule “It is the smallest particle of a substance which can exist
independent and shows all the properties of that substance (element
or a compound)”.
Ion It is the smallest unit of an ionic compound.
Molecular Ion It is formed by gain or loss of electrons by a molecule.
Molecular Mass “The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one
molecule of a molecular substance is its molecular mass.”
Formula Mass “The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one
formula unit of an ionic compound is called formula mass.”
Free Radical “Atoms or group of atoms possessing odd number of (unpaired)
electrons are called free radicals.”
Avogadro‟s No. “The number of particles in one mole of a substance is called
Avogadro‟s number.”
Mole “A mole is defined as the amount (mass) of a substance that
contains 6.02 × 1023 number of particles (atoms, molecules or
formula units) is called a mole.”
CHEMISTRY-9 56
 Chapter-1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
CUT HERE

SELF TEST
Time: 35 Minutes Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) and (D) to each question are given, mark the
correct answer. (6×1=6)
1. Percentage of Aluminium in earth crust:
(A) 28% (B) 18% (C) 7.8% (D) 0.9%
2. Valency of Thiosulphate is:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
3. Formula of Quick lime is:
(A) CaO (B) CaCO3 (C) NaOH (D) SiO2
4. The element which occurs in liquid state at room temperature:
(A) Mercury (B) Bromine (C) Both a and b (D) Zinc
5. 1 gram formula of NaCl contains grams:
(A) 100g (B) 58.5g (C) 32g (D) 40g
6. Brass is a mixture of:
(A) Cu & Au (B) Cu & Zn (C) Cu & Ag (D) Al & Fe

Q.2 Give short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)

(i) Define Biochemistry.
(ii) How many amu 1g of a substance has?
(iii) Differentiate between Homoatomic and Heteroatomic molecule.
(iv) Define empirical formula with an example.
(v) You have a piece of coal (Carbon) weighing 9.0g. Calculate the no of moles of Coal in
the given mass.

Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail. (5+4=9)

(i) Give five differences between a Compound and a Mixture. (5)
(ii) What will be the mass of 2.05×1016 molecules of H2SO4. (4)
Note:
Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill
of students.

CHEMISTRY-9 57