= AE = AT +av = Fhe? (L- 1 2 2 AE = AT+ AV = Fhe? (E 2) — por( y= dpe (1 7 =~ ske? (1) This is required change in total energy. * me ad ) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Tick the correct option. (Correct answer is bold faced). 4. The total angular momentum of system of particles is constant i le if (a) the total force is zero (b) the total torque is zero (c) total energy is zero (d) total momentum is zero 2. The --—— force deflects air in the Northern hemisphere to right produci motion. ight producing cycloid. (a) centripetal (b) Coriolis (c) Euler (d) electric 3. Acceleration of an object depends upon: (a) force (b) mass (c) both mass and force — (d) cannot be predicted _4. For a system of many particles, the kinetic energy censists of: (a)one part (b) two parts (c) three parts (d) zero energy 5, Gravitational force is: (a) conservative (b) central force (c) attractive force (d) all of above 6. If the total external force is zero then the total linear momentum is: (a) zero (b) maximum (c) conserved (d) minimum 7. The sum of all external forces on a system of particles is zero. Which of the following must be true for the system? (a)The total mechanical energy is constant (b) The total potential energy is constant. (c) The total kinetic energy is constant (d)The total linear momentum is constant. 8, If work done is independent of path followed, then force is: (a) frictional (b) non conservative (c) imaginary — (d) conservative 9. The total angular momentum of system of particles is constant if: (a) the total force is zero (b) the total torque is zero (c) total energy is zero (d)total momentum is zero 10. Every body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by an external agency (or force). This statement is called: {a) Newton's first law of motion (b) Newton's second law of motion (c) Newton's third law of motion (d) Newton's law of gravitation 11. Newton's laws are valid in: . (a) inertial frame —(b) non inertial frame (c) both aandb (d) none of above 12. The branch of physics which deals with ordinary materials is called: (@)quantum (b) classical (c) Newton (d) none iS Ifforces acting on a particle are conservative, then ®\T+V=0 (b)T+V =constant (c) none (qd) both a & b bam i Scanned with CamScanner| 1.46 Ab Umit Claasionl Meehan, ' 14, Angular momenturn is given by: : | (abe mere x vy) (db) Le m(ryy (6) he ml Hv) (A) Le yyy = yyy | 15. Rate of change of linear momentum gives | | | (a) torque (b) impulse (c) velocity (d) force 46. Which force is not conservative? (a) frictional (b) nuclear (c) gravitational (d) oloctrostatie, 17. A particle of mass M moving with speed veollides with @ statlonary particle ¢ equal mass. After the collision, both the particles move. Lot fi be angle betwoun y, velocity vectors, If collision is inalastic, then " (a)- Is always loss than 90° (c)- /’ is always greater than 90° 48. Nevtonian mechanics is not applicable to (a) particles moving with speed of light (b) particles moving with speed comparable to speed of light (c)objects of atomic size (d) all of above 419. For conservative force: prt =o (b) Vx EP = (b)- fis always equal to 99° (d)-insutficient data to calculate (CQbothaandb — (d)cannot be answereg ¢ 20. Newton's first law of motion is applicable to: (a) only free particles (b) only bound particles (c) both a and b (4) none of abe 24. A body keeps moving once it is set in motion. This property is called: (a) force (b) inertia (c) momentum (d) none of above 22. A particle of mass M moving with speed veollides with a stationary particle of equal mass. After the collision, both the particles move. Let # be angle between tw: velocity vectors. If collision is elastic, then: (a)- f is always less than 90° (b)- f is always equal to90° (c)- f is always greater than 90° (d)-insufficient data to calculate) 23. A body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering constant power The distance d moved by body in time t is: (a)- 03/2 (b)- 2/2 (c)- t? (d)-°/* Explanation:-We know that, 2 ik 2P 3 perv wPamay #p=@ oye ed og. ft t m dt ym asx t/t “ 24. A tube of length | is filled completely with an incompressible liquid of ee and closed at both ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane en ‘he its ends with a uniform angular velocity w. The force exerted by liquid at end is: 2/3 /2 (a)- ma? (b)- mw?l/2 (c)- mwl/4 (¢)- ma 25. Mutual interaction forces between two particles can change: (a)-The linear momentum but not kinetic energy (b)-Linear momentum as well as kinetic energy None of above (c)-The kinetic energy but not linear momentum —(d)-No Scanned with CamScouner26. The angular Momentum {a)-Linear momentum shel 27. The work-energy theorem stat (a)-Linear momentum Vekinetc err fa 28. Rate of change of angular Atum is called (a)-Linear momentum (b)-kinetic energy (¢)-Torque REVIEW QUESTioNs (@)tensor R. 1.1:- According to Newton's ti third law of moti ion i an equal and opposite reaction. How can a moverenten soon a Hint:-Since action and reaction always act on different objects, a place. " R. 1,2:- A uniform string, having mass m lower end. Will the tension be uniform in t Hint:-No, the tension is not uniform in the the upper end of string. R. 1.3: A light body and a heavy bod! greater momentum? ‘ Hint:-Kinetic energy is related to momentum by relation, r= =p=vV2mT spam Thus heavy body will have. grater momentum for same kinetic energy. R. 1.4: A coin is left free to fall on ground from a moving train with constant velocity. Explain path as seen by an observer on ground and train. Hint:-For an observer on ground, motion of coin will be along a parabolic path and will be along a straight line for observer on train. R. 1.5:- Do objects of different weights fall with same acceleration on the earth? R. 1.6:-A constant force acts on mass m which is initially at rest. Show that final Velocity is inversely proportional to square root of mass. 7 R. 1.7% When a body fall freely under gravity from rest. Show that final velocity is directly proportional to square root of distance dnd independent of mass of body. R. 1.8: Can we say that cylindrical polar coordinates are orthogonal? , R. 4.8: The pilot of a bomber wishes to blow a house on the ground by dropping a bomb. From where, should he drop the bomb to hit the target? R. 1.40% in the Path of projectile where velocity and acceleration are parallel? ; E 1-412-_A projectile is thrown at an angle of 30° with horizontal and its aaa Maar other projectile is thrown at an angle of 30° with vertical and its range is Re. at is relation between R, and R2? mona a hunter fires directly at the monkey hariging on the branch of a ieee two? Tops instantly as he sees the bullet leaving the gun. Who is cleverer monet For what Value of angle of Projection, the range of projectile is half of its article is defines as: {Pr kinetic eneray- (6s Toraue tt ()-mass © the chang, ()-Torque “(ayroreange in accompanied lace? *y Motion takes Is Suspended from the string? string. The tension will be a maximum at ceiling with a load at ly have same kinetic energy, which will have Scanned with CamScannerba ocuse jt aiong & © eyo form ares “Solution:-Here, and 2=— OFS ae aside Kinetic energy is, 1 T = 5m(i? +22) = Linge? + 2298? Potential energy is, Z V =mgz , z-axis is as: id i from Earth. Lagrangian is, sumed to be vertically upward 1 L=T-V =5m(x? + 2?)3? — mgz Lagrange equation corresponding te coordinate se a 1 ist Baio =F = 0 Tne? 4298) — fmszan's” + 222) 0 G5 a = lm? +2)3) - ms2(x"x!" + 2'2") + mgz’ = 0 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Tick the correct option. (Correct answer is bold faced). 4. Equation of constraint for a bead sliding on frictionless xy-plane is: (ajxt+y2 ZR? (da? ty? SR? (c) x? +y? = R? (xt ty22R 2. Forces of constraints do -— work for principle of virtual work done. (a) negative (b) zero (c) positive (d) maximum 3. Constraints that can be expressed as equations of coordinates and time ie. f (Ty Tp.» THet) = 0 are said to be: (a) holonomic (b) non-holonomic (c) simple (d) cruciform 4. if a system consists of N particles with k constraints, then the number of degrees of freedom n of system is: (ayn=N-k (b)n=N+k (c)n=3N-k (d)n=3N+k 4. \n polar coordinates x = rcos0,y = rsin8, what will be 5x? (ay 00+550 () S54 50 (0) Ror - 50 (6) 60 - Sor 5, Principle of virtual work can also be represented as: (aw =DiQa — (by DFT dr =0 (c) W = YFP - dn, (d) none 6. Lagrangian is a -—— quantity. (a) scalar (b) vector (c) dyadic (d) none of above 7. Lagrange is function of: (a)conserved energies (c) sum of energies circular wire of radius R in (b) variable energies (d) difference of energies Scanned with CamScouner7 “oo ial will be kinetic en “vy soar nardinates? i. 'erSY Of a particle of mass m moving in xy-plane in terms of gt + ib) (#2 4 2 m 5 Ole). 3 (7? +62) (6) (#2 + 262) (20-7267) Ar Dee oe an a) ich quantity conserve for a gi : mega y g. Whi aa Given Lagrangian L = = (3? + x92)? | PE an (©) Be () By | 40. The term Qy = LiFe loa, is called: fa)generalized force (b) generalized work (c) force __—_(d) virtual work 44. Lagrangian is 3 function of; {generalized coordinates —_(b) generalized velocity’ (c) time (d) all of these 42. General displacement of a rigid body is represented by - tah ie {a)translational ___ (b) vibrational (c) rotational (d) both a and.c 43. A rigid body moving freely in space has degrees of freedom: (athree (b)-four (c)-six (d)-nine 44, Constraint of a rigid body is: (a)-Rheonomic (c-sclernomic 45. Generalized coordinates: (a)-are necessarily spherical coordinates _(b)-are necessarily cartesian coordinates ()-depend on each other (d)-are independent of each other 46. A particle constrained to move along any curve is an example of: (aholonomic constraints (b) non-holonomic constraints (()isolated constraint (d) non-isolated constraint Xin 47, In case of atwood machine the number of independent coordinates are. (b)-holonomic (a)-both b and {ajone (b) two (c) three (d) zero 48. At equilibrium, virtual work of applied force is: (a)maximum (b) minimum (c) zero (d) none of these 19. The degree of freedom of spherical pendulum is: me (a)4 (b)2 {c)3 (@1 20. In case of simple pendulum, the number of independent coordinates are: (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) zero § 21. Configuration space is also known as: (@)N dimensional space (b) 3N dimensional space (d) 2N dimensional space (c) 3-dimensional space 22, Ifa particle is constrained to move on a surface, the force of constraint is then: (b) perpendicular to surface (a)parallel to surface (c) tangent to surface (d) both a and c 23. A system is in equilibrium if total virtual work done by the applied force is zero. This is called: principle of static equilibrium (b) Hamilton's principle (d) none of these (C) principle of virtual work 24, The constraints on a bead on a uniformly rotating wire in a force free space is: (a)-Rheonomic (b)-sclernomic (c)-both a andb —_(d)-none of-above 8 SAS Scanned with CamScanneroN : 108 Lagrangian Formalism - 25. If generalized coordinate is 8, then corresponding generalized force has et dimensions of: 7 {a)-torque (b)-energy _ (o)-force a mownesiun 26. If generalized coordinate has dimensions of velocity, Velosiy has dimensions of: (a)-displacement (b)-velocity (c)-force h perce 27. A mass is connected on either side with a spring each ‘di siope i ing constants k, and kp. The free ends of spring are tied to gl ea 7 displacement of mass is x from equilibrium position. Which of rue? (a)-The force acting on mass is ~Vkakax - (b)-The total energy of system is mx?/2 eer (¢)-The angular momentum of mass is zero abou neva equilibrium point and its Lagrangian is, Le gmi? — 5 (ky + ke) (c)-The angular momentum of mass is mix and its Lagrangian is, = ji? + 7th +k2)x? - : f ind dent coordinates required to describe a system is calleg Papeete ()-spherical polar coordinates (a)-generalized coordinates (c)-both a and b (d)-none of above 29. Generalized coordinates are: ses (a)dependent quantities . . (b) independent quantities (d)both a and c (c) measureable quantities a 30. D’ Alembert principle states that a dynamic system is in equilibrium if vitug work done by the actual force plus reverse effective force is: . (d) one (a)negative (b) positive (c) zero 31. The Lagrangian of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field is: ()- L=T +49 +q(¥-A) (b)- L=T-qy—q(¥-A) (c)- L=T~qo+q(¥-A) (d)- L=T+q-4q(¥-4) Here T is kinetic energy and g and A are magnetic scalar and vector potentials. 32. Any set of parameters that can be conveniently used to specify the configuration of system are called: (a)Cartesian coordinates (b)configuration space (c)position coordinates (d)generalized coordinates 33. Principle of virtual work is valid for: (a)sliding motion (b) frictionless surface (c) rolling contact with slipping (d)both a and c 34. For D’ Alembert principle constraint force is —--- to the virtual displacement. . (a)parallel (b) perpendicular (c) equal (d) none 35.,A particle is constrained to move along the inner surface of a fixed hemispherical bowl. The number of degrees of freedom of particle is: (a)-one (b)-two (c)-three (d)-not known Scanned with CamScanner3.4! 3& oo d: intially y = 0.2 = Ogives k, = 9°o5 ye 90 fire ky gives, y! pac eran ofitytegpe nt Sy = ea y24 yr) /2 = 42 2 ay® =kicka+ yr 2 yi wy meta AREY) 978 eld + anys craaty? cae SORE = v2 02k? = 22a?) = PRE 2 22 adi Hi a eysu say syamta 7-2 = 1 = 07k? = cee = inialy x = 0.9 = O gives A= 0. go ‘$0z = Ay becomes, ysux ‘Example 3.45:- A particle of mass m is free to slide on a smooth helical wire whose position in cylindrical coordinates is represented as p = a,z = bd. The particle Is released from rest at p = a,=0andz=0. Discuss motion of particle. Solution:-Kinetic energy is, 1 lari T zyme? +zme7d? +5mit Equations of constraints are p = a,z= bd. Hence there is only one generalized coordinate, so T= +b)2 Lagrange equation corresponding to coordinate z is, sy ght! aT) ar m oo _ alga) a2 PE AMER MO BEATE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Tick the correct option. (Correct answer is bold faced). 4. Shortest distance between two points in space will be: (@)catenary (b) straight line (c)parabola. ——_(d) circle 2. A usual expression for the conserved angular momentum in central force problem is: ()l = mr29 (b) l= mr?6? (c)1= mr? (a) l= mr?6? 3. ivati -Lagrange equations is a problem of: @inegenat emer (b) differentiation . (c) calculus of variation (d) Newtonian mechanics 4. Choose the correct statement: ; (@)-In A-variation, time as well as position coordinates are allowed vary Scanned with CamScanner166 cal Bat ( n does not involve time (ay-None of above id b i ? Santor principle is necessary and Sree Cae on quations 2! ORs {@) D'Alembert principle ret 6. Hamilton's principle is an example of: () coordinate transformation a T & cata of vation eae al expt, then whi re 7. If Lagrangian of a conservative system does not contaif Ich A ; one of the following is correct? F aco 7 ic is tential energy is Ze! et chen nar 2° ese we 8. Calculus of variation is study of: ; : 23+ (a) functionals (b) functions (c) in eee (d) constraints (are 9. Constraints which are explicitly independent of B : (a) holonomic (b) oxpimowonomic (c)sclernomic (4) theonomic R 410. A particle in space has degrees of freedom: . (a1 (b)2 ()3 (dn wy ‘The shortest curve joining the points (xy y2)and (x2,y2)such that the length between them is minimum is: ; (a)catenary (b) straight line (0) parabola (A) circle " 412. Suppose a surface of revolution is formed by taking some curves using Between ¥ fe points (21.71) and (#2,y) revolving about y-axis, then the curve for which "I surface area is minimum is called: ; (a)catenary (b) straight line (©) parabola (d) circle F 43. In case of modified Hamilton's principle: F (a)-The path refers configuration space (b)-The path refers to phase space ' > 5 fp? Oi pid ~ Hat = 0 (d)-Both b and ¢ ; 14, According to principle of least action: ta % (a) BS,’Crmrt~ Hat = 0 > ASP Lipide = 0 O- ALS + dt =0 (d)-Both b and ¢ 15, Assume that the speed of light in a gi ial i ; given slab of material is proportional to the height above the i Prop points, This is re bare of A slab. The light takes the path of least time between two (2) principle of static equilibrium , a (c) Fermat's principle of least time ® Pen $ principle - 16. The geodesic on surface of a right oi __ (d) Legendre transformation (a) helix (b) great circle t circular cylinder is a segment of: 47.Th i rele (c) small circle (d) straight line ". The geodesic on surface of a sphere is: 9 (@) helix (b) great circle (c) smal ke smi i . i 18, The sphere is a solid figure of revolution Ra pace il (6) straight tne (a) volume — (b) area of cross-section (c) a ae has maximum volume for given: urface area (d) none of above Scanned with CamScounerrincipl 167 3. (x) is passing through points (0,0) and (1,0) which encloses maximum 1 AG hart of x-axis between these points paternal This is called: atipier proier (P) Hamilton problem (c) Lagrangian problem (d) Dido problem Mee the paths along which the dynamical system may move from one point to 0 rer within a given interval of time, the actual path followed is that which minimize er ‘integral of Lagrangian. This is statement of: ype time n’s law (b) Hamilton’s principle (c) Kepler's law (d) D' Alembert principle @ The Newtonian force- momentum formulation is in nature. a ctoral __(b) scalar (©) dyadic (d) none of above o consider 2 particle moving in constant force field starting at rest from some point yo some lower point (x7,y2). The path that allows the particle to accomplish ts i ansient in least possible time: mater (b) straight line (oc) parabola (d) cycloid i path of projectile is: fajoatenary (b) straight line (c) parabola (d) ellipse REVIEW QUESTIONS RSet Define monogenic system. State Hamilton principle for such a system. RtcThose mechanical systems for which all forces (except the forces, of tonstraints) are derivable from a generalized scalar potential that may be a function of coordinates, velocities and time. Such systems are termed as monogenic s. ont potential is explicit function of position coordinates only then monogenic system is called conservative. . R. 3.2: What is meant by calculus of variation? R. 3.3: Give at least one example of differential principle and integral principle. R. 3.4: What are Brachistochrone and Dido problems? R. 3.5: Why Hamilton principle was modified? Give its modified form. R. 3.6:- What is advantage of using Lagrange multipliers? State advantages of variational principle formulation. Also give its limitations. R. 3.8:- State variational principle. Write its mathematical form. R. 3.9: What is principle of least action? Can we say it an integral principle? v 3.10:- Consider Lagrangian of form L = L(v?). Show that velocity is constant in is case, R. 3.44: Write Lagrangian of a system with interaction between particles of system. R. 3.42: Lagrangian of simple pendulum is given by, : L= 1 are? +mglsind a Lagrange equation for small oscillations. What can you say about nature of ‘tion of pendulum? + 3.13: What is meant by action? State Hamilton principle. R t= Gi i rot Give as many examples of holonomic.and non holonomic constraints as Scanned with CamScannerse ° a Ix dx = Hs Therefore the center of mass coordinates R and relative motion separate “s of mass moving with constant velocity and relative motion being like oy, of reduced mass y in a potential V(x). . a The planet mars has a satellite, which travels Na Example 4.4 : radius 9400km with a period 7h 39mins.Calculate the mass of. Marg H NI jl © that, information. Hint:-Using, nn ant arr? 2 2 4 19400 x 108m)? = no = 6,8 x 1016 OM = Fora x 10-TINMBRG 2X 27S4052 — 08 X 10g Example 4.41:- A particle moves under pS of central force Given F=-= ™ If orbit of particle is circular and passes through force center, Solution:-See example 4.22. Example 4.42: Assume Earth orbit to be circular and that Sun's suddenly decreases by half. What orbit does Earth then leave? Witte, escape solar system? Solution:-For circular orbit, Gm,m, mewn? and V=—— Show that, T= Te As gravitational force provides centripetal force, so Gmgm, Gm, St = mw > 0 == Te % So, 1 1 BaT+V=—5V4+V=5V If Sun's mass ‘suddenly goes to half of its original value, kinetic energy ret? unchanged but potential energy is halved. New energy is, 1 Yapyya—tyytye B=T'+y' gr taV 0 Eccentricity is, ‘This shows that orbit is parabola. Therefore Earth will escape solar system. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Tick the correct option. (Correct answer is bold faced). 1. Conservation of areal velocity --—--- for planetary motion only. Scanned with CamScannerfr Body Central Force Pro| 219 Ids (b) is limited case (c) is not limited case (d) none of these 0! we article is moving under central force about a fixed center of force. Choose the * ect statement: cortrne motion of particle is always on a circular path & its angular momentum is conserved { Motion of particle takes place in a plane (d)-both b and c 3 Central force is: . ‘aynon-conservative (b) conservative (c) linear (d) non linear 4, Area covered by a Planet in equal intervals of time is: ayzero (b) variable (c) constant (d) stationary 5, In planetary motion orbits are elliptical with axis: fa)major axis and minor axis (b) central axis (c) perpendicular axis (d) all of these g, Force between sun and planet is: ajelectrostatic force (b) electromagnetic force (c) gravitational force (d) Coulomb's repulsive force 7, Two particles of mass m and 2m, interacting via gravitational force are rotating about common center of mass with angular velocity w at a fixed distance r. If the article of mass 2m is taken at origin 0, then: (a)-The force between them can be represented as F = pwr (b}-In the inertial frame, the origin O is moving on a circular path of radius r/3 ()-Both a and b (d)-None of above 8. In the central force problem, conservation of angular momentum is equivalent to saying that the: (a) linear momentum is constant (b) total energy is constant (0) effective potential is constant (d) areal velocity is constant 9 limgeo 8 jis known as: (a)area - (b) areal velocity (c) Hamilton's principle (d) Kepler's law 10. The force of attraction between Sun and planet is a central force and is given by: (a) Coulomb's law (b) Newton’s gravitational law (c) Newton's 2" law (d) Kepler's law 11. The ratio of number of particles scattered into solid angle per unit time per incident intensity is known as: (a) scattered particle strength (b) cross-section of scattering (0) scattering angle (d) solid angle 12. A particle is moving on elliptical path under inverse square law force of form f(r) = —k/r?. The eccentricity of orbit is: {a)-Function of total energy (b)-Function of angular momentum (¢)-Independent of angular momentum (d)-Both a and b 13. In the Rutherford scattering formula, both the incident and target were: (a)same charge (b) negative charges (c) opposite charges (d) charge less 14, The force due to deflection of body is called: (@) pseudo forces (b) Coriolis forces -(c) deflecting forces (d) apparent force 7e: The maximum and minimum velocities of a satellite are v, and v, respectively. he eccentricity of orbit of satellite is: n Scanned with CamScanner 1 | |Sea ¥ ~via “ty (@-e = (b)- e aa O- e= ya, @-e= 7, 46. The areal velocity of planet remains constant is known as Kepler's: (a) first law (b) Second law = (c) third law (d) none of these 417. The value of eccentricity ¢ for an elliptical orbit is: (a)e>0 (b)e=1 ()e=0 48. Rutherford differential cross-section: . ; ' (a)-has dimensions of area (b)-has dimensions of solid angle (c)-is proportional to the square of kinetic eneroy of incident particle (d)-is inversely proportional to csc?(@/2), where @is the scattering angle 49. Kepler's second law of planetary motion directly follows from: i i b) conservation of angular momentum (a) conservation of linear momentum —( ) ‘a) homogeneity of space (c) homogeneity of time 20. A line segment joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time: se ard (a)Kepler’s first law (b) Kepler's 2° law (c) Kepler's 3°law —(d) none 24. Consider a comet of mass m moving in a parabolic orbit around the Sun. The closest distance between the comet and Sun is s, the mass of Sun is M and the universal gravitational constant is G. The angular momentum of comet is: (a)- MVGms (b)- sVGmM (c)- GVMims (d)- mv2GMs 22. A minimum distance of incident particle from the target nucleus at which incident particle scattered considerably is known as: (a) impact parameter (b) radial distance (c) transverse distance (d) none of above 23. In motion under central force, which of the following is true: (a) linear momentum is conserved (b) acceleration is constant (c) angular momentum is conserved (d) all of above 24. A particle is moving in a potential of form V(r) = — k/r, which of the following statement is correct? (a) angular momentum is conserved (b) kinetic energy is conserved (c) the particle always follow a closed path —_(d) insufficient data to reply 25. The Lagrangian for Sun-Earth system is: (d)0a Euler-Lagrange equation is OPT oy d /aL a dab d . dt \az, 2 F(A 72) = prpny Equations (a) and (b) are same, hévce the pee PIB oF oy Multi Tick the correct option. core aiee Questions 4. A system that possesses ——— eymmen nm (2) spherical (B) translational. (b) time reese aU 2. Canonical equations of motion represent ~. te a (a)n (b)n+4 (c) 2n 3. Hamilton’s equations of Motion are (a) first order differential }. Poisson brackets quantum mechanics. (@) operators —_(b) wave function 5. Jacobi identity and anti-symmetric (a) Lagrangian formalism (c) Hamiltonian formalism 6. The product of generalized coordinate and it dimensions of: (a)-angular momentum — (b)-linear momentum (¢}-energy _(d)force 7. Hamiltonian function can be represented as: (fea (b)fV.r,0) O)FQat) (A) f(GV.t) 8. The Lagrangian of a particle moving in a plane under the influence of a central potential is given by, lar Momentum, Space ref ~~ relations ial (d) 2n+4 -—~- equations, (b) second order differential (quadratic (4) jinear Play the same role in classical mechanice ag play in (c) commutation relations (d) none of these [S conjugate momentum has gli? +7282) -V6) i i by: The generalized momenta corresponding to rand 6 are given by i (a)- mi, mr?6 (b)- mF,mr6 (c)- mi? mr? (d)-insufficient data to reply 9. Legendre transformation creates new function: (a)with different transformation but same variable (b) with same information but different var ee, tess aes he potential energy and transform ino 410. We apply Legendre transformation to t ie Po (a) enthalpy (a)entropy . (b) volume (c) ike ef oo 11. The dimensions of generalized momentu always those of ang lars (a)-are always those of linear momentum (0) om (@-none of abo (c)-may be those of angular or angular ao orieviant unde 42. \sotropy of space means that the system tum Scanned with CamScannerHamiltonian Formalism £98 7 (a) translation in space (b) rotation in space (c) translation in time (d) veton in space and time m of N particles, the dimension of phase space is: rae ie (0)3N ©) an dtamth tay chee |. The Hamiltonian can be constructed from the Lagrangian Using the formula: Oh mk OH=bhoL He aL/aq, @a=y. 15. The Hamiltonian is function of: . - (a) conserved energies (b) variable energies (c).sum of energies (d) different energies 16. Hamilton canonical equations of motion for a conservative system are: aH OH HH 3s (@)- = — = and p= = ()-B) = - — and q, = 24 ant ty an” an ©O-a= ap, MA =— 5a, @)- a Op, and Be = fai 17. Law of conservation of linear momentum is a consequence of: (a) homogeneity of time (b) homogeneity of space (c) Isotropy of space (d) both a andc 18. Law of conservation of energy is a consequence of: (a) homogeneity of time (b) homogeneity of space (c) sotropy of space (d) both'a and c 19. Whenever the Lagrangian for a system does Not contain a coordinate explicitly: (8)- px is cyclic coordinate (b)- qj, is cyclic coordinate (c)- pg, the generalized momentum is a constant of motion —(d)-both b andc 20. Law of conservation of angular momentum is a consequence of: (a) homogeneity of time (b) homogeneity of space (c) lsotropy of space (d) both a and c 21. If Lagrangian of a closed system is invariant under rotation, then the —— ofa system is a constant vector in time. (a) angular momentum (b) linear momentum (c) kinetic energy (d) none of above 22. The generalized momentum Px Of a particle of mass m.with velocity v, in an electromagnetic field is: (2)- Pe= mvs (b)- Pe=QVeAe (6)- Px = MVe~ Az (d)- Py = MVg + OAs 23. The angular momentum of coordinate 8 moving under central force is: (a) variable (b) zero (c). constant (@) nen of above 24, Position and momentum space in combined form is called: (a) catersian space (b) polar space (©) Hilbert sacs (d) phase space 25. Results of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian analysis are always: (a) same (b) diferent (c) sometimes a and sometimes b (d)none of above i it have 26. The product of generalized momentum and associated coordinate dimensions of: {a) linear momentum (b) force (c) angular momentum (d) energy i ji ion of: 27. The homogeneity of time leads to conservation of: _ ergy (a)-inear momentum (b)-angular momentum —(c)-parity (d)-en Scanned with CamScanner£99 mi Classical Mechanics 3, choose the correct statement: pyThe angular momentum is conserved for a system possessing rotational gymmetty ian of a system is invariant und : (yt rangian of a sy: in iant under translation along a direction, the co ding linear momentum is conserved "For a conservative system, the Hamiltonian is equal to sum of kinetic a ie al energies (d)-all of above nd 29. If Lagrangian does riot depend on time explicitly, then: t .e potential energy is constant . (b)-the kinetic energy is constant the Hamiltonian cannot be constant (d)-the Hamiltonian Is constant 30. The Lagrangian of a particle of mass m moving in a plane is given by: . 1 Ls zm(ve +v3) + a(xvy — yx) vy, and Vy are velocity components and a is a constant. The canonical momenta are given by: (a Py = Vx and py = mVy (b)- py = mv, + ay and py = mvy + ax (c)-pz = ™Vx — AY and py = mvy + ax (d)- py = mvy — ay and py = mvy — ax 34. The Hamiltonian corresponding to Lagrangian L = ax? + by? — kxyis: 3 2B e+e HE PE PB PE, PE : @-75* apt BY (b) Jat opt ©-9a* a kxy (@)-—pa tt key 32, In absence of a given component of applied force, the corresponding component of linear momentum is: (a-conserved (b)-not conversed (c)-equal to force (d)-none of above 33, Whenever the Lagrangian function does not contain a coordinate q; explicitly, the generalized momentum is: (@-holonomic (b)-integral of motion (c)-derivative of motion (d)-none of above REVIEW QUESTIONS R. 5.4: What in di i : equations? differences between Hamilton equations and Lagrange R52: i Ree pl are canonically conjugate variables? *+ Lagrangian of particle in plane under a central force is, 1 L==m(r? +7262) -V Mat can you say ab : (F +176?) (r) Rg. y about angular momentum of this particle? ic: field, its 4: Consi i Tangian ig tenes of a charged particle in an electromagneti G3 @ L=T- =v. eae, Hat sum of Ae qb + 2.A cing =Netic near moneenancal linear _ momentum and x-com| Rg act jomentum of field associated with charged partic! ponent of le qAx/c is » 5.55, Saggy» Suppose, . Whi a ‘ oe Which conclusion cyetem is rotated as a whole, in any manner, In ordinary e drawn about angular momentum of system? fe ig! ys Scanned with CamScanneruVIIIe SECON UGE LE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Cortect answer is bold faced). This result is also called Lio MUL Tick the correct optio! r- (C : 4, If the Lagrangian is cyclic in qi, then: eis cneee iS Bi ef ears in ograngién (d) q does not appear in Lagrangian (o) if PI .d B are any two constants of motion, their Poisson bracket [4, B] is: a fay 7 (b) invariant (c)a constant of motion (d) covariant ; ; ical iff tion (q,p) > (@,P) is canonical anne (b) {(Qp}=1- (c) {P,P} =1 . (d) (Q,P}=1 e Pok i i & g obeys: . son bracket of two dynamical variables f ava wf gt={og} (© tigt=fo @)f9}=-{9.f) p,) is a constant of motion if its Poisson bracket (a) {f,9} = (9.3 5. A dynamical variable A(qi, comes an (0) angular momentum (c) Hamiltonian (4) linear momentum 6. If the Poisson bracket of a function with Hamiltonian vanishes, then the function; (a)-is a constant of motion (b)-does not depend on time explicitly (c)-Both a and b (d)-None of above 7. The correct relations for Poisson brackets are: (d)-All of above (@-[aa]=s) -[qerJ=0 (e-[a pj) = dy 8. For Lagrange brackets, which of following is correct? @- {pen} =5y 0} {uP} =0 (0) {duP)} = 6 (d)-Both band c 9. Poisson bracket for angular momentum components L,, Ly, Lz Satisfy the relation (@)- [Le] =0- (0 Uae] =—Py — (0)- [Ly bz] = Le. (A)-All of above 40. If p, and q; (i = 1,2,3) represent the momentum and position coordinates respectively for a particle: (a)-The Configuration space is three dimensional (b)-The phase space is six dimensional (c)-Both a and b (d)-The configuration space is six dimensional 41. The phase space refers to: (a)-Position coordinates (c)-Both position and momentum coordinates 12. If we make a canonical transformation from set of variables (pi qi) to new sel variables (P,, Q;) and the transformed Hamiltonian is identically zero, then the: (a)-New variables are constant in time, (b)-New variables are cyci (c)-Old variables remain constant in time (d)-Both a and b 13. For a one dimensional harmonic oscillator, the representative point in two dimensional phase space traces: {a)-an ellipse (b)-a parabola (c)-a hyperbola _(d)-always a straight line 14. In case of canonical transformations: . (a) Hamilton's principle is’satisfied in old as well as new variables ___ Scanned with CamScanner (b)-Momentum coordinates (d)-None of above301 nm of Hamilton equations is preserved Meng and B (a) None of above @ Oe generating function has form F = F(qu Pot), then: 460 OF == ) B= - 5 mee 25a and Q: = 9p, mi oa and Qi = 5p, on @) oF and Q =~ oF m= Oa 1 =~ BP, s the identity transformation generate: Tre ger erating P, generates the identity transformation cannot generates the identity transformation nd Q =U, e function F = Zi wht an db Gganaand? eyEW QUESTIONS for angular momentum. _ ular momenta Ly and Ly is given by, [bi ty] = 4 Ese Be isson bracket bracket for ang! Eye 8 Levi-Civita tensor defined as, 1 if jel is an even permutation of %9°2 eyne= 34 if jkLis an even permutation of %1»2 0 if any two indices among Xs zare equal Poisson bracket of linear and angular momenta is, [pi, tj] = £ Exe Pe - . oa constant of motion. Hence if then L; is als entum are cons! n angular momentum is ants of motion, f angular mom HtLand Ly are consti tant, the! any two components 0! conserved. R, 6.2: What is importance of Poisson bracket in classical physics? R.6.3:-Write down Hamiltonian of a free particle in different coordinate systems. R.6.4%- in case of angular momentum, we use a relation [22,12] = bz] ymment on quantum anal | analogue of quantum mi ithematical relation? kets? Deduce them from definition of logue of this result. echanical commutation I 5 pret the result physically and co! vac Poisson bracket is classical Wen ee you relate both by a mat sm tre ea tare fundamental Poisson brac! Tx Give dit , Rea. rreeaabte conditions for a transformation to be canonical. ‘ach to cana you understand by canonical transformations? State sympletic Re Witton nical transformations. oa Ree equations in Poisson b ett Comment eee between Lagrange and P. tement, Hamiltonian is generator of syst | ae racket form. oisson brackets. tem motion with Scanned with CamScannerE, =mgz+ z= =p. = f2mE, ~ mga) For action angle variables, j= fe dq h Sh= Vim E, —1igz)¥/2 dz = vem | JE mae ae 0 Ome a2 (=1)I" 4 4 = gee 12 (——\) =i im pare = Jz =2 2m3 (Ez ™gz) ( )| a ome mg, ‘0. 3 fm \2/3 SE,= Gia JFn) The frequency is He = (235). oy, =(2(2 Oe \B\ENT) |p Pye =(5(F9 273) 4 _3@) 2273 m1/3 g2/3741/6 91/3 oye ye gue miVAgiapia ~ Ve 3 : Thus two frequencies, Verz & v=> Tc 2h MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Tick the correct Option. (Comect answer is bold faced). 1. Rotational matrix given below represent the Totation about: cos8 0 sing 0 1 0 —sind 0 cosé. (a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) z-axis (d) xy-plane i, 2. If 1, be an axis of symmetry for torque free motion of symmetric top, then «wil! (@) equal to one (b) equal to zero (c) equal to 1 (d) constant in time 3. Ifa; are eigen values of a square matrix, then if reciprocal matrix exists, then its eigen value will be: (aa (b) a (©) a7? (d)az* 4. A tensor of zero rank has ——— component. Scanned with CamScannerMi lim! Classical Mechantes 7.42 (d) three (a)zero (b) one (c) two 5, Pseudo force is produced due to: {a)accelerating frame (b) non-accelerating frame (0) stationary frame (d) inertial frame 6. Apparent force is the sum of true force and ----— force. (a)deflective | (b) pseudo (c) accelerating (d) applied 7. When w is constant, the value of pseudo force is: (a)zero (b) constant (c) variable (d) complex of a moving body in 8. Euler angles and Euler equations are used to find three dimensional space. (@) all of them (ajangle _—_(b) direction (c) rotation 9. A rigid body with N-particles can at most have degrees of freedom. (aN ~(b) 2N (c) N° (4) 3N-1 40. The most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is: (a)solar (b) earth (c) planetary (d) moon experience a: 41. Freely moving objects on surface of earth e: (a) Coriolis force —(b) gravitational force (c) repulsive force (d) attractive force 42, Any general displacement of a rigid body can be represented by: (a) translational plus rotational (b) rotational plus vibrational (d) vibrational plus rotational (c) vibrational plus translational 43. When frame S' is rotated by fixing x,-coordinate, angle between x2 & x' is: (ae (b) 90° -@ (c) zero (d) 90° +6 44. Euler equations are used to find change of -—--- a body. (b) angular momentum (c) distance (d) inertia (a) angular velocity 45. The —-—-- tells us about the motion of rigid body. (a) Alembert principle (b) Euler’s theorem (c) Chasle’s theorem (d) Lagrange theorem 416. The angular velocity vector is ---—- for coordinate system fixed in rigid body. (a) different (b) same (c) variable (d) negligible 417. Diagonal elements along inertia tensor have the value: (aso (b) 20 ()=0 (#0 18, Euler angles deal with the ———- motion of body. (a) translational —_(b) rotational (c) vibrational (d) none of these 19. The one, if two vectors are clockwise, the value of Levi-Civita symbol is: (a) zero (b) one (c) infinity (d)-1 20. Hamilton’s principal function $ and Hamilton's characteristic function W for conservative system are related as: (a)-s=w (b)-S =W—-Et (c)-S=W+ET (d)- Sis not related tow E being total energy and ¢ is time. 24, The action arid angle variables have dimensions of: (a)-Angular momentum and angle (b)-Force and angle (c)-Energy and angle (d)-are dimensionless quantities 22, For a particle of mass m moving in an inverse square force field V(r) = —k/r: Scanned with CamScanner1 vB) _& (2)-The Hamiltonian of system is H = +-(p? +28) zp and momenta corresponding to coordinates r and @ respectively oe (b)-The action angle variable analysis gives two eq aH requencio (c)-The action angle variable analysis gives two uneq Po Are Conjugate (@)-Both a and b Ato } Angle variable is a linear function of: anne momentum {b)-Time (c)-Energy ()-Nong f above i 24. In case of a rigid body, having N particles, the number of Gegtees of freedom is (@)-N (b)- 3N (c)-3 (d)-infinite 28. If a rigid body rotating with an angular frequency w about an instantaneous axis through a fixed point of body, the angular momentum vector L about the say ME poir (a)-may be in direction of w (b)-may have different direction to that ofa. (©)-will be perpendicular to direction of » (d)-Both a and b REVIEW QUESTIONS R. 7.4% What are direction cosines? What is an orthogonal transformation? R. 7.2:- Define proper and improper orthogonal transformation, R. 7.33- Define following terms: Orthogonal matrix, Transpose of a matrix, value equation, Symmetric matrix and ske 7.4: What are eigen values of an Define Euler angles. Prove following relations for matrices: (4B) = BT gt (4B)t = ptat R. 7.7% Show that trace of a matrix is invariant under similarity transformations, R. 7.8:- Why we need Euler angles? Just write fotational matrices for most common convention for rotation xy. R. 7.9: Prove that skew symmetry Property of matrix is Preserved under an orthogonal similarity transformation. R. 7.10: For a skew symmetric matrix A Of order 3 x 31tAis non-singular. R. 7.14% Prove that any Totation can be represented by Successive reflection in two Planes, both Passing through axis Of rotation with planar angle /2 between them. R. 7.12: Show that for Levi Cavita tensor, Identity transformation, ‘ew symmetric matrix orthogonal matrix? | Eigen value, Eigen Give at least one example of orthog ‘OW Much faster than it onal transformation which is proper. 9 ON equato; is Present speed shoul t! th rotate so that r may fly off inte apace? ip luld the earth rot Scanned with CamScouner