Week-1

WHAT IS DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION?

According to Christensen, disruptive innovation is the process in which a smaller company, usually
with fewer resources, is able to challenge an established business (often called an “incumbent”) by
entering at the bottom of the market and continuing to move up-market. This process usually
happens over a number of steps:

 Incumbent businesses innovate and develop their products or services in order to appeal to
their most demanding and/or profitable customers, ignoring the needs of those down-
market.
 Entrants target this ignored market segment and gain traction by meeting their needs at a
reduced cost compared to what is offered by the incumbent.
 Incumbents don’t respond to the new entrant, continuing to focus on their more profitable
segments.
 Entrants eventually move upmarket by offering solutions that appeal to the incumbent’s
“mainstream” customers.
 Once the new entrant has begun to attract the incumbent business’s mainstream customers
en masse, disruption has occurred.

Week - 4

Personas- A character assumed by an author in a written work. A persona is the image or personality
that a person presents in public or in a specific setting—as opposed to their true self

What are digital products?

Digital products are products you sell and deliver online. If you can download or stream it, it's a
digital product. Common examples include ebooks, PDFs, online courses, tools, media, and reports.

Digital products are intangible goods that exist in a digital format. These include ebooks, music,
digital art, software, online courses, and virtual goods in video games. They're typically delivered to
customers via download or email, and offer businesses a way to provide value without physical
inventory.

Why sell digital products versus physical goods?

There are many advantages to selling digital products, which makes them uniquely attractive to
entrepreneurs:

Low overhead costs: You don’t have to hold inventory or incur any shipping charges.

High profit margins: There’s no recurring cost of goods, so you retain the majority of your sales in
profits. Calculate your profit margins ahead of time.
Potential to automate: Orders can be delivered instantly with no oversight.

Flexible products: You can offer free products to build your email list, monthly paid subscriptions for
access to exclusive digital content, or licenses to use your digital products. There are many options
for incorporating digital products into your business.

E-learning is increasingly popular: Online educators have a massive opportunity to expand their
business and impact with e-learning, an industry expected to be worth $840 billion by 2030.

But online digital products also come with specific challenges you’ll need to watch out for:

You’re competing with free content: With digital goods, consumers will usually have access to free
alternatives to what you’re selling. This necessitates careful thinking about your niche, the types of
products you sell, and how to write your product descriptions.

You’re susceptible to piracy: You'll need to reduce the risk of content theft by employing tools to
protect your products.

Personas: Personas are the a way to bridge the gap between product developers and the product
users.

Personas are the personification of the users needs.

The part of the Personas

1- Empathy
2- User needs

Multiple personas

Notes for Week -4

Tech enabled business models

 Profit
 Growth

Different ways of innovation?

Invent or ideate or innovate ?

6 innovation model

Tech innovatimon & type

PDLC curve, technology S curve

Week -5

Internet of things – The instrumentation of physical things to capture data covering everything from
environmental conditions to usage patterns and behaviours.

Three Core Elements:

1- Physical component
 Implants
 Automobiles
 Buildings
 Equipment
2- Digital or Smart components: Technologies that digitize the physical components and
embody them with communication capabilities
 Sensors
 Microprocessors
 Data Storage
 Controls
 Software
 Embedded operating systems
3- Connectivity: Comprises the ports, antennae and protocols that enable wired or wireless
connections with the product
 Ports
 The antennae
 The protocol that enable wired or wireless connection with the product

Forms of Connectivity:

1- One to One – An individual product connects to the user, manufactures or another product
through a port or an interface.
2- One to Many – A central system is connected to many products simultaneously
3- Many to many - Multiple products connects to multiples other products and often to
external data sources as well.

Purpose of Connectivity:

 Allows information to be exchanged between products and its stakeholders

 Enable some functions of the products to exist outside the physical device.
Key of IOT

Digital transformation: Changes introduced in GE resulted in new characters and functions

1- Spin off the non-core businesses and build up traditional businesses

2- To shift from a product business model to a service business model
3- Development of a company that is comfortable with technology
 Week -6 – 11/05/2025

Downstream Innovation: This refers to innovation that occurs closer to the end user or consumer. It
focuses on improving existing products or services, enhancing customer experiences, or developing
new products that directly meet consumer needs. Downstream innovation typically involves
marketing, distribution, and customer service enhancements. For example, introducing a new
feature to a smartphone or developing a more user-friendly interface for a software application are
examples of downstream innovation.

Upstream Innovation: On the other hand, upstream innovation occurs earlier in the production
process, closer to the raw materials or fundamental technologies. It involves research and
development (R&D) efforts aimed at creating new materials, components, or technologies that can
be incorporated into products downstream. Upstream innovation often involves significant
investments in research, experimentation, and technological advancement. For instance, developing
a new material with superior strength and durability for use in manufacturing automotive parts
would be considered upstream innovation.

Upstream Value Chain: The upstream value chain refers to the stages of the production process that
occur early on, starting from the acquisition of raw materials or inputs and extending through the
initial stages of processing or manufacturing. It encompasses activities such as sourcing raw
materials, transportation, processing, and manufacturing of intermediate goods.

Resolution Information Asymmetry:

1- Integration of information and process flow

2- Standardization of business process
 Week-7

Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles,
appliances, and other physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and network
connectivity, allowing them to collect and share data.

Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence is a broad field, which refers to the use of technologies to
build machines and computers that have the ability to mimic cognitive functions associated with
human intelligence, such as being able to see, understand, and respond to spoken or written
language, analyze data, make recommendations, and more.

Although artificial intelligence is often thought of as a system in itself, it is a set of technologies

implemented in a system to enable it to reason, learn, and act to solve a complex problem.

Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that automatically enables a
machine or system to learn and improve from experience. Instead of explicit programming, machine
learning uses algorithms to analyze large amounts of data, learn from the insights, and then make
informed decisions.

Machine learning algorithms improve performance over time as they are trained—exposed to more
data. Machine learning models are the output, or what the program learns from running an
algorithm on training data. The more data used, the better the model will get.

Enterprise IT:

Network IT: Network IT fuelled by Web 2.0

Capabilities of Network IT:

1- Facilitate unstructured interactions

2- People and groups come together
3- Share information
4- Collaborate

New Information Platforms and channels

1- Valuable resources, skill and knowledge are scattered

2- Who has these resources or skill knowledge

Ivory Tower: a state of privileged seclusion or separation from the facts and practicalities of the real
world
 Week – 9

Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence is a set of algorithms that can perform tasks that required
human intelligence.

AI is a broader term that describes the capability of the machine to learn and solve problems just like
humans. In other words, AI refers to the replication of humans, how it thinks, works and functions.

Relation of AI with ML and DL

There are two ways of incorporating intelligence in artificial things i.e., to achieve artificial
intelligence. One is through machine learning and another is through deep learning. That means DL
and ML are ways of achieving AI.

Machine Learning: Technique to learn from data through training and then apply learning to make
an informed decision.

Deep Learning: Deep learning is an emerging field that has been in steady use since its inception in
the field in 2010. It is based on an artificial neural network which is nothing but a mimic of the
working of the human brain.

Just like the ML model, the DL model requires a large amount of data to learn and make an informed
decision and is therefore also considered a subset of ML. This is one of the reasons for the
misconception that ML and DL are the same. However, the DL model is based on artificial neural
networks which have the capability of solving tasks which ML is unable to solve.

https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/machine-learning-vs-artificial-intelligence-vs-
deep-learning/

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Machine Learning (ML) Deep Learning (DL)

AI simulates human ML is a subset of AI that DL is a subset of ML that
intelligence to perform uses algorithms to learn employs artificial neural
tasks and make decisions. patterns from data. networks for complex tasks.
DL requires extensive
AI may or may not require ML heavily relies on
labeled data and performs
large datasets; it can use labeled data for training
exceptionally with big
predefined rules. and making predictions.
datasets.
AI can be rule-based, DL automates feature
ML automates learning
requiring human extraction, reducing the
from data and requires
programming and need for manual
less manual intervention.
intervention. engineering.
ML specializes in data- DL excels at complex tasks
AI can handle various
driven tasks like like image recognition,
tasks, from simple to
classification, natural language processing,
complex, across domains.
regression, etc. and more.
AI algorithms can be ML employs various DL relies on deep neural
simple or complex, algorithms like decision networks, which can have
depending on the trees, SVM, and random numerous hidden layers for
application. forests. complex learning.
AI may require less ML training time varies DL training demands
training time and with the algorithm substantial computational
resources for rule-based complexity and dataset resources and time for deep
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Machine Learning (ML) Deep Learning (DL)
systems. size. networks.
ML models can be DL models are often
AI systems may offer
interpretable or less considered less interpretable
interpretable results
interpretable based on due to complex network
based on human rules.
the algorithm. architectures.
AI is used in virtual ML is applied in image DL is utilized in autonomous
assistants, recognition, spam vehicles, speech recognition,
recommendation systems, filtering, and other data and advanced AI
and more. tasks. applications.
AI in managerial function;

 Money laundering
 Driver less Car
 Surgery
 Understand the customer needs
 Marketing

GPT – General purpose technology

 Pervasive: Applied to a wide range of industries as it is pervasive

 Potential for improvement: Inherent potential for downstream technical improvements
 Innovations: Ability to spawn complementary innovation

Price to Sales Ratio: = Price Per Share/ Sales Per Share

 The price-to-sales (P/S) ratio shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of sales
for a stock.
 The P/S ratio is calculated by dividing the stock price by the underlying company's sales per
share.
 A low ratio could imply the stock is undervalued, while a ratio that is higher-than-average
could indicate that the stock is overvalued.
 One of the downsides of the P/S ratio is that it doesn’t take into account whether the
company makes any earnings or whether it will ever make earnings.

Price to Earning ratio = Market value per share/Earning per share

  The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is the proportion of a company's share price to its earnings
per share.
 A high P/E ratio could mean that a company's stock is overvalued or that investors expect
high growth rates.
 Companies with no earnings or are losing money don't have a P/E ratio because there's
nothing to put in the denominator.
 The two most used P/E ratios are forward and trailing P/E.
 P/E ratios are most valuable when comparing similar companies in the same industry or for a
single company over time.

Enterprise value to Revenue Ratio = Market Capitalization + Preference Shares + Total Debt – Cash & Cash Equivalents

Gaussian Mixture Model:

K-means:

Augmenting the Intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and machine intelligence

AlphaGo - The Movie | Full award-winning documentary (youtube.com)

 Week – 10

Social Computing: The social and interactive aspect of online activity is known as social computing.
The phrase may be interpreted in contrast to personal computing, which refers to the activities of
single users.

Component of Social Media

1. Nature and characteristics of social web

2. Social media noise
3. Structure of social network
4. Content of social media
5. Social commerce

Web 1.O- Has Internet & Intranet, the nature of web is that there are few writers and many readers.
There is few publishers and many subscribers.

Web 2.O- Which is called social web, it has many readers and many writers.

Web 3.O – which is called as Semantic Web, this is not limited to humans just like you and I. and this
is where even the computer programmers, cyber creatures like crawlers, robots, various kind bots.
They consume and produce information along with all of us humans.

Nature of social media: The social media is a good proxy for the real word.

Characteristic of the Social Network

1- Centrality
 Degree Centrality
 Closeness Centrality
 Betweenness Centrality
 Eigenvector centrality
2- Degree Distribution
3- Density
4- Connectivity

NLP Techniques:

Goal

 Customer reach
 Find our more their social presentence
 Social listing
 Invreased ourrewxhc
 More customer engagement