GEHI094(00) / Bowoon Keum

(4-1) The Transition: Occupation and Remodeling

Understanding the Modernity

through Korean History
 Agenda

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 Planned Liberation and Occupation: the U.S. Policy on Korea

 End of Colonial Rule and Trusteeship under the New Order

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 1945.8.15

- the beginning of the contemporary period in Korean History

- defeat of Japan and end of the colonial rule

- completed modernization proceeded from 19th century in Korean history

 What was Shown as Modernization in the Colonial Period

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Exposition

- propaganda for advance of the western imperialism

- an international exhibition in 1851, London

- the large-scale exhibition of industrial technologies, advanced daily life and the world order

- exhibition showing the modern development

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

- celebrating the 20th years of colonization (50days, 9.12~10.31)
- industrial development of Japan : showing direction for Korea
- strengthening of the colonial authority
- propaganda for justification of the colonization and showing its outcome
- internal and external invited / Koreans and Japanese
- development through Japan and modernization
 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

The South Gate (Namdaemun) during the exposition

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

The Rice section in the exposition, 1929

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

The ‘Central Area’(內地, nae-ji), section in the exposition, 1929

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The Chosun Exposition (1929)

The ‘Osaka’ section in the exposition, 1929

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 ‘Modern-boy’ and ‘Modern-girl’

- Gyeongseong (Seoul) as a symbol of ‘the modern’

- city life, westernized appearance, and consumption

- after 1930, erupting of the war and expansion economy

- development by Japan shown as modernization

: hegemonic competition with Western modernization

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The modern in Gyeongseong

‘Bando Hotel’ established in 1938

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The modern in Gyeongseong

‘Chosun Railway Hotel’ established in 1941

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The modern in Gyeongseong

‘Mituskoshi Department’ established in 1930

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule
 The modern in Gyeongseong

‘Hwashin Department’ established in 1931

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 The modern in Gyeongseong

- ‘Bank of Chosun’ in 1911

- financing for colonial ruling in Korea

- symbol of colonial rule

→ symbol of economic development

- ‘Money Museum’

Currently ‘the Bank of Korea Money Museum’

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 Korean Capitalists

- ‘Gyeongseong Bangjik’

(Gyeongseong textile manufacturer)

- established in 1919 by Kim, Seong-su, Kim, Yeon-su

- orientation to development of Korea based on national capital

- cooperation with colonial policy and the war

The former office building of Gyeongseong Bangjuk in Yeongdeongpo

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonialism
 At the same time
 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonial Rule

 Colonial Modernization (modernity) and ‘Exploitation’

- modernization and intrinsic development

- priority for economic development / capitalism

- focusing on the criteria of modernization : recognition on the present

- understanding the colonial policy same as a modern state governance

 the ‘Modern’ under the Japanese Colonialism

 Colonial Modernization

- focusing on the economic development as the modernization

- normalization of colonization

- but sovereignty?
 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 The U.S. Policy on Korea during the WWII

- why Korea was occupied by the U.S. military force after liberation

- connected to the Japanese colonial period and division

- foundation of the relationship with Korea and the U.S.

 Planned Liberation and Occupation
 The Cold-War

- destroying of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)

: the end of the Cold-War

- world competition between the hegemonic power

- Liberalism(the U.S.) / Communism(the USSR)

- re-organization of the colonial order

- division of territory and effort for state building

 Planned Liberation and Occupation
 The U.S. Evaluation on Korean Independence Group

- effort to participate into the war by Korean impendence movement group

- collecting the information on Koreans by the U.S.→ distinguishing ally (1942)

- FBI: surveillance and investigation of crimes and the acts benefiting the enemy

- Office of Strategic Service (OSS), Office of Naval Intelligence(ONI)

: military and industrial facilities in Korea / information on Korean independence group

- Korean student studying abroad / Korean Prison of War(POW)

: ‘the War and Korea’, intelligence report by Yu, Il-han, the founder of Yuhan Yanghaeng (1942)
 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 The U.S. Evaluation on Korean Independence Group

- un-authorization of any independence group including Korean Provisional Government

ex) KPG: lack of domestic basis / no reason for exclusive representativeness / conflict

- more basically about a plan for trusteeship and concerning on the nationalism of KPG

- ally but no authorization

- positive on ability and potential of Partisan group in China and Manchuria

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Concerning on the Communist Group

- military performance of Kim, Il-seong and Choi, Hyeon and their infliction damage to Japan

- concerning on their relations with the USSR

: political propaganda learning, training for terror and guerrilla

- the ability of autonomy and potential of naturalized Koreans in the territory of USSR (200,000)

- concerns over the possibility of setting up a government in Korea with military resistance
 planned Liberation and Occupation

 A Plan for Re-organized World Order and Trusteeship

- the U.S. Department of State (February 1942)

: “Korea needs to be protected and guided by the powers for considerable period of time”

- reason: devaluation on ability of Korean independence movement group

- political, military, economic powerless and lack of awareness and will on self-defense

because of long time domination

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Reaction of Business Groups and Other Countries

- “Pacific Relationships” , <Fortune> , July 1942

: control by the UN / Koreans’ lack of political ability and need of guidance by the powers

- China

: securing their influential power to the Korean peninsula with support to KPG / no opposition

- USSR: no direct comment on Korea’s independence / approval of U.S. consent request

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Purpose of the Trusteeship

- general policy for the liberated state as the post war process

- reflecting the U.S. goal for realizing political, military and economic interest

- international: checking the Soviet Union and Japan securing the security interest

- internal: reorganize the Korean economy into the global economy leading by the U.S.
 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Cairo Conference (November and December 1943)

- agreement on overall plan for trusteeship with the U.S., the U.K., China

- “…in due course Korea shall become free and independent…”

- in due course : an ambiguous expression (Roosevelt: decades / 40years)

- choice for the partner for trusteeship among Korean independence movement group

: continuing intelligence collecting

- direct contact to Koreans in the late 1944

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Yalta Talk (February 1945)

- postwar procedure and defeat of Germany

- participating of the USSR into the war

- Trusteeship

〮 Roosevelt: 20~30years for trusteeship

〮 Stalin: the shorter is the better

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Complete the Draft of the Policy on Korea (March 1945)

- State-War-Navy Coordination Committee (SWNCC)

- occupation of Korea by the allied countries with military government

: policy guidance for agreement with the powers

- the formation of the occupation forces

- principles to manage Koreans under the military government

- issues of the use Koreans for administration

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Divisional Administration

- lack of manpower and time to cover whole territory

- strategic zone

: port facilities and naval base (Pusan and Jinhae) / political importance (Seoul) /

main port on the west coast (Incheon) / the border between Korea and Manchuria

(Cheongjin and Najin)

- checking the military power of USSR in northern area

- securing the scope of the US influence

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Potsdam Talks (July 1945)

- preparation for defeat of Japan and post war

- no specific discussion on Korean issue but a provisional agreement for the trusteeship

- providing the zonal occupation and division line by the US

- acceptance of the 38 parallel by the USSR after the talks

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Preparing for the End of the War

- strategic target: Pusan and Seoul

- after occupying Tokyo dispatch at least 1 division or more to Korea

: the 24th Corps of the U.S. army as the occupation force

- cooperation with Koreans for infiltration by OSS (the early 1945)

〮 Operation Napko and Eagle project: with the Liberation

〮 North China Project: Korean Partisan in Manchuria and Koreans Northern China
 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 Preparing for the End of the War

- assigning a role as support activities for the US policy to Koreans

〮 infiltration into Korea, connection with domestic underground organizations, sabotage,

destruction, propaganda activities for landing the Allied Forces

- not simply military but political : not officially applied

- trained and prepared but not proceeded with the surrender of Japan

- KPG request for authorize the projects and approval as the combatant→ no comment
 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 The U.S. Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) and Trusteeship

- no organization given representation

- consideration on who will be welcomed by the public and exercise their political power

- prevention of the rapid eruption of national movements

- securing and maintenance of the US influential power to supervise them after independence

- incorporation of Korea into the US led global economic system

 Planned Liberation and Occupation

 The U.S. Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) and Trusteeship

- August 22, 1945: SWNCC 176/8

: the basic order to the commander of the US Army Pacific on the civil administration in

the zone of the US occupation in Korea

〮 separation from Korea’s social, economic and financial control from Japan

〮 Re-confirm of divisional administration with the US and USSR

〮 the establishment of a Korean civil government organization under the USAMGIK

〮 building the united government centering the southern government of the USAMGIK
 Conclusion

 Colonial Modernization as Development and its meaning

 Beginning of the Contemporary or Beginning of the Modern period?

 Modern State and Sovereignty, and the Direction of the Society