Table of contents

▪ Fundamentals of labour science

▪ Work organisation
▪ Modelling and optimisation of work processes
▪ Analysis and time structure of work processes
▪ Occupational health and safety and safety-related work design
▪ Production ergonomics
▪ Product ergonomics
▪ Computer assisted office work
▪ Remuneration and motivation
▪ Communication management

Work Science SoSe 2023 1 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Table of contents

▪ Fundamentals of labour science

▪ Work organisation
▪ Modelling and optimisation of work processes
▪ Analysis and time structure of work processes
▪ Occupational health and safety and safety-related work design
▪ Historical development of occupational safety and health
▪ Legal framework
▪ Risk assessment
▪ The TOP model of occupational safety
▪ Factors influencing the working environment
▪ Working hours and working time models

Work Science SoSe 2023 2 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 History of occupational safety and health

▪ "If you build a new house, put a parapet on your roof. You would incur
Bible bloodguilt on your house if someone fell down." (5th Book of Moses,
22:8)

▪ King Hammurabi of Babylon (17th century BC) developed one of the oldest
collections of laws in the world. Punishments for accidents caused by others
are described according to the principle of an eye for an eye.
Antiquity
From 1830 ▪ 1839: Friedrich Wilhelm III prohibits work for children < 9 years in
Prussia. Up to the age of 16: maximum 10 hours of work per day.
▪ 1869: Gewerbeordnung (GewO) →sicherheitstechnische General
clause (in Prussia, from 1878 in all German states)
▪ 1881: Kaiser Wilhelm I lays the foundation stone for German social
insurance with his "Imperial Embassy".
▪ 1884: Entry into force of the Accident Insurance Act on the basis of
This social security system is the Imperial Message of 1881.
unique in the world ! ▪ 1905: Reich Insurance Ordinance (RVO)
▪ 1985: Social Code VII (statutory accident insurance)

Work Science SoSe 2023 3 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 An industrial accident and its consequences...

Factors that can be directly quantified in monetary terms

▪ Reduction of continued payment of wages in the event of illness due to reduction of days of sick leave

Factors that can be indirectly quantified in monetary terms

▪ Increasing productivity by reducing downtime due to sick days
▪ Ensuring product quality by avoiding malfunctions and accidents

Indirect factors that are difficult to quantify in monetary terms

▪ Increasing the flexibility of manufacturing by securing personnel flexibility
▪ Increasing the prestige of the company on the labour market
▪ Increase of work motivation

Occupational safety pays off!!!

Work Science SoSe 2023 4 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Actors in the field of occupational safety and health

Supra-company:
▪ State Offices for Occupational Safety and Health
▪ Labour inspectorates
▪ Professional associations
▪ Inter-company security services
▪ Audit companies

In-house:
▪ Employer
▪ Works and staff council
▪ Safety Officer
▪ Company doctors
▪ Workers
Work Science SoSe 2023 5 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Occupational health and safety

▪ "Occupational health and safety is understood to mean all measures aimed at protecting the life and health
of employees from harmful influences in the course of their occupational activity, at protecting them from
impairment and at establishing their well-being in the workplace". (Diekershoff, 1983)

Through occupational Action-oriented

safety Represents the activities that are obligatory
for the actors with the chosen instruments,
in the defined system.

Goal-oriented
...for occupational
safety Represents the optimum achievable safety
and how the measure and degree of safety
to be realised can be brought into line with
the scope of the requirements.
Work Science SoSe 2023 6 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Basic safety science terms DIN VDE 31000

Risk without Marginal risk = 0% risk =

occupational acceptable risk 100%
safety protection

Danger area Residual risk

Required risk mitigation

...justifiable residual risk remains

Possible risk reduction

...through occupational health and safety measures

R > RG RG R < RG R=0

Work Science SoSe 2023 7 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Overview of hazard factors

Psychic mechanical
factors factors

Physical electrical
factors factors

Biological Hot/ cold

factors media
Chemical Other
factors physical
factors

Work Science SoSe 2023 8 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Exercise: Hazard factors

Group work:
Collect examples for the different hazard factors.

Duration: approx. 20 minutes

Work Science SoSe 2023 9 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 CIP through risk assessment

The aim of risk assessment is to prevent occupational accidents

and work-related health hazards and to ensure that work is
designed in a humane way. This goal is achieved when existing
D x A x P < 125
hazards are specifically and systematically identified, assessed
and suitable measures are derived and implemented
D = Damage severity
1.
Preparation A = avoidability of the damage
P = Probability of occurrence
6. Check 2. Detect

Documen
tation

▪ Corrective approach
5. Do 3. Asses

▪ Preventive approach
4. Specify

Source: REFA, 2008

Work Science SoSe 2023 10 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Exercise: Hazard factors

Group work:
Collect examples for corrective and preventive approaches.

Duration: approx. 15 minutes

Work Science SoSe 2023 11 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Safety concept according to Pahl

Environment safety

Work safety
Functional reliability: What loads can be
exerted on the components in the type
of use used (plus safety reserve)?
Operational safety

Component reliability: What loads

can the materials / material
combinations in the components used
withstand?
Function reliability

Component
reliability

Source: Pahl, 1985

Work Science SoSe 2023 12 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Ensuring operational safety

Operating principles to ensure operational safety

▪ Safe existence (safe-life)

▪ Design of the product so that all components and their interaction are such that all probable and even all
possible incidents are survived over the intended period of use without a failure or malfunction. (e.g.
cooling systems in power plants)
▪ Limited failure (fail-safe)
▪ Malfunctions may occur during the period of use, but these have no influence on the safe operation of
the system. Safe operation is guaranteed at all times (e.g. fuses, predetermined breaking points,
emergency braking systems, etc.).
▪ Redundant systems
▪ Functional redundancy: Multiple use of system components with the same function. In the event of
failure, the second etc. system takes over the function. system takes over the function (e.g. suspension
cables in lifts, rear lights in cars).
▪ Diverse redundancy: avoidance of systematic errors by using different operating principles (e.g. electric
and mechanical brake)

Source: RWTH Aachen, 2016

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 TOP model of occupational safety

S Substitution
Replacing hazardous substances.

T Technical requirements:
Constructional-technical means for accident prevention work through the
safety-oriented design of the material environment.
T O
O Organisational requirements:
An organisationally-functionally safe system enables freedom from accidents S
through fault-free conditions and processes with enforced-hazard-free,
optimal interdependencies.

P Personal requirements:
P
People as individuals and in the community contribute to safety actively or
passively, directly or indirectly for themselves and others, for example by
designing the technical and organisational conditions.

Source: Luczak et al., 2010

Work Science SoSe 2023 14 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 TOP model of occupational safety

TECHNICAL
▪ Machines, devices, plants
▪ Workplaces, workstations
▪ Manufacturing process
▪ Working materials, work
equipment

ORGANISATION PERSONNEL
▪ Work organisation ▪ Leadership
▪ Workflows ▪ Qualification, motivation
▪ Work tasks, contents ▪ Rules of conduct
▪ Working time, breaks ▪ Instruction
▪ pers. Requirements

Work Science SoSe 2023 15 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Hierarchy of measures: ranking of occupational health and safety
measures

▪ Based on the risk assessment, the company must take and implement measures to ensure
occupational safety and health in accordance with the hierarchy.

Avoid/ eliminate sources of danger S

T O T
T security measuresO
Technical

S
S
Origanisational measures O

P P
P
Personal security equipment

Behavioral measures P

Work Science SoSe 2023 16 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Examples of protective systems

Two-hand circuit

Two-hand circuit

Protective fence
Safety laser scanner
Work Science SoSe 2023 17 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Design of protective devices

Protective devices shall...

▪ be permanently and firmly attached,
▪ fulfil their protective function even in critical stress situations,
▪ Hazardous areas completely surrounded,
▪ cannot be easily circumvented or rendered ineffective,
▪ can only be loosened with tools,
▪ be coupled to the drive or function of the machine in such a way as to force its use,
▪ do not hinder, prolong or complicate the workflow more than necessary,
▪ not create further danger spots and
▪ be adapted to the technical process.

Work Science SoSe 2023 18 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Design of protective devices

Protection against reaching through Minimum lateral distance between person and source of danger

Dimensions in [mm]

Source: Berufsgenossenschaften
Dimensions in [mm]
Source: VBG, 2016

Work Science SoSe 2023 19 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Actors in occupational safety and health (internal)

Actor Tasks/ Responsibilities

Employer ▪ Responsible for in occupational safety and health
▪ Safety-compliant corporate governance
▪ Occupational safety and health is a relevant part of leadership
▪ Occupational safety and health is part of performance evaluation
Employee ▪ Responsible for in occupational safety and health at their work place/ worl
area
Works council ▪ Control of the labor law regulations
▪ Co-determination in the regulation of occupational health and safety
Company doctor ▪ Advice to the employer and medical assessment of the employee

occupational safety ▪ Support in the control of the implementation of occupational safety and
specialists health

Source: RWTH Aachen, 2016

Work Science SoSe 2023 20 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Duties of the employees

▪ According to §§15-18 DGUV Regulation 1, §§15 and 16 ArbSchG

▪ Carry out assigned tasks in such a way that they do not endanger themselves or others
▪ Follow instructions
▪ Use personal protective equipment
▪ Use equipment as intended
▪ Remedy or report defects
▪ Support occupational health and safety measures

➢ Take care of your own safety and health and that of your employees

Work Science SoSe 2023 21 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Workplace ordinances (ArbStV)

Parts of the ArbStV:

▪ Air, climate, lighting – e.g. 20°C in offices
▪ Elimination of causes of accidents – e.g. no trip hazards
▪ Protection against hazardous or harmful effects – Noise in offices less than 55 dB(A)
▪ Safety in in-plant transport and traffic – e.g. transport ways, walking ways
▪ Health protection in workrooms – e.g. minimum office size of 8m²
▪ Social and hygienic conditions – e.g. restrooms breakrooms
▪ Company and workplaces – e.g. escape and rescue routes

Source: RWTH Aachen, 2016

Work Science SoSe 2023 22 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

▪ If hazards cannot be excluded by technical and organisational protective measures, employers are obliged
to provide their employees with the necessary personal protective equipment. Employees must use the
personal protective equipment provided as long as a hazard exists.

S T O P
▪ Personal protective equipment, depending on its design and procurement, places a significant additional
burden on employees.
▪ Employees must be instructed in the use of personal protective equipment. In the case of PPE intended to
protect against lethal hazards or permanent damage to health (category III), additional instruction is
required, e.g. for respiratory protective equipment.
▪ The personal protective equipment must be suitable for the conditions at the workplace, meet the
ergonomic requirements, meet the health requirements of the workers, fit the workers, be intended for
one person (otherwise hygienic measures must be taken) and be cleaned, maintained and stored properly
on a regular basis.

Source: BGBAU, 2020

Work Science SoSe 2023 23 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Markings for occupational safety (I)

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Markings for occupational safety (II)

Work Science SoSe 2023 25 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Markings for occupational safety

Contents of a safety data sheet

▪ Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
▪ Possible dangers
▪ Composition/information on ingredients
▪ First aid measures
▪ Fire fighting measures
▪ Accidental release measures
▪ Handling and storage
▪ Exposure controls / Personal protective equipment
▪ Physical and chemical
▪ Stability and reactivity
▪ Toxicological information
▪ Environmental information
▪ Notes on disposal
▪ Transport information
▪ Legislation
▪ Other information
Ex:Safety data sheet

Work Science SoSe 2023 26 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 The CE conformity marking

▪ The conformity marking indicates that the product complies with the
requirements of all relevant directives (EC directives).
▪ The CE marking is primarily intended for the authorities of the member states
for control purposes. It is not a quality or safety mark. This marking can be
understood as a market approval mark or a machine passport.

▪ The GS mark, on the other hand, is a voluntary test in accordance with the
Equipment Safety Act.
▪ Only machines and devices that have been subjected to a safety-related type
test by a recognised testing body (e.g. VDE, TÜV, BG etc.) may be provided
with the "GS" safety mark by the manufacturer.

Work Science SoSe 2023 27 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Factors influencing the working environment

Lightning

Noise Radiation

Climate Microorganisms and

viruses

Dust, gases Vibrations

Work Science SoSe 2023 28 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Alarm signals of the body

Immune system: weakened Brain: sleep disorders, anxiety,

resistance, frequent depression, poor concentration
infections, allergies and memory, irritability.

Cardiovascular system: high

Gastrointestinal tract: ulcers, blood pressure, arteriosclerosis,
gastritis, irritable bowel cardiac arrhythmias, heart attack,
syndrome stroke

Blood: increased blood Lungs: accelerated breathing,

sugar and blood fat levels, susceptibility to infections, dilated
high stress hormone levels bronchi
(adrenaline, cortisol).

Sexual life: lack of libido, Skin: cold limbs, sweating,

impotence, infertility paleness

Work Science SoSe 2023 29 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Sound / Noise

▪ Sound is the vibration of air or other elastic media in a certain frequency range. Sound
vibrations can occur and propagate in gases as well as in liquids and solids.

Airborne sound Structure-borne sound

▪ Noise is sound that is unwanted, annoying and damaging to hearing.
▪ Noise is always a subjective evaluation of the perceived sound. Sound, on the other hand, is a
physically determined event.
▪ Among the effects of sound on humans, a distinction is made between aural (affecting the
auditory system) and extraaural (not limited to the auditory system) effects.

Work Science SoSe 2023 30 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Noise protection
Schall-
▪
Schall-
Noise abatement in the workplace must be preventive. The order of the intensität
intensitäts-
pegel
Schallquelle
possibilities for control are here: in W/m2
in dB(A)

schädlicher 140 Düsentriebwerk (25 m)

1. Preventing noise generation Bereich
102
130 Nietpistole
SCHMERZSCHWELLE
2. Prevent noise propagation 100 120 Propellerflußzeug (50 m)
Drucklufthammer (1 m)
3. Wear personal protective equipment 110 Gesteinsbohrer
Schmiede
Gefahrenzone 10-2 100 Metallbearbeitungswerkstatt

▪ Technical noise protection 90 schwerer LKW

GRENZE DES LÄRMBEREICHS
▪ Modified manufacturing processes or tools, active/passive vibration 10-4 80 verkehrsreiche Straße
laute Musik
damping elements, etc. 70 PKW

▪ Organisational noise protection

10-6 60 normales Gespräch (1 m)
▪ Spatial separation of sound source and staff, separate areas for very Schreibmaschine
50 leises Gespräch
loud equipment, isolation of the sound source, sound absorbing sicherer Großraumbüro
bodies, change of workplace with rest period for staff, etc. Bereich 10-8 40 leise Musik
Wohngebiet (ohne Verkehr)

▪ Personal noise protection 30 Flüstern (1 m)

ruhiger Garten
10-10 20 ruhige Stadtwohnung

10 raschelndes Blatt

10-12 0
HÖRSCHWELLE

Source: REFA, 2008

Work Science SoSe 2023 31 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Classification of pollutants according to aggregate state

hazardous materials

solid hazardous Hazardous substances

Liquid hazards
substances suspended in the air

Solid substances Luquid substances gaseous hazardous

suspended in the air suspended in the air substances

Dust Smoke Fog Gas Steam

Source: RWTH Aachen, 2016; REFA, 2008

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 Effect of hazardous substances

▪ The strength of the effect produced and the risk of disease

depend on:
▪ specific effect of the substance (quality of effect) and the
▪ Amount of substance (dose) absorbed by the organism
during the exposure period.

All things are poison, and nothing is without poison -

only the quantity dos makes the poison
Paracelsus (1493 - 1541)

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Uptake pathways of pollutants into the human body

▪ Absorption into the human body can occur through:

▪ Inhalation (inhalation exposure)
▪ Skin contact (dermal exposure)
▪ Gastrointestinal tract (oral exposure)

▪ The effect on humans depends on:

▪ Manner of contact
▪ Substance type
▪ Substance concentration
▪ Exposure time
▪ Individual constitution
▪ Activity

Source: IPG, Fraunhofer, 2015

Work Science SoSe 2023 34 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Labelling of hazardous substances

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 GHS - Hazard pictograms

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Definitions vibrations

▪ Vibrations:
▪ Low-frequency vibrations between 1 and 80 Hz that affect people
via the standing surface, the seat, the work surface or the work
equipment.
▪ Higher vibration frequencies experience strong damping when
transmitted to the body in the tissue between skin and bone.
The following quantities are particularly relevant for mechanical vibration:
1. Vibration path
▪ Deflection of the body or a part of the body from a rest position
[measured in metres (m)].
2. Vibration speed
▪ Velocity that the vibrating part has when passing through the rest
position (zero line). [Measured in metres per second (m/s)].
3. Vibration acceleration
▪ Since these are mostly sinusoidal forms of vibration, the vibrating
part starts to move with increasing speed after overcoming the top
or bottom dead centre.
▪ After passing through the rest position (zero line), the vibrating part
slows down and is decelerated to zero until the next dead centre. [It
is measured in metres per square second (m/s2)].

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Definitions vibrations

3. Vibration frequency
▪ Indicates how many times the vibrating part passes through one of the dead centres or the rest position in one second. [It
is measured in Hertz (Hz)].
4. Direction of oscillation
▪ Indicates whether the vibration is vertical in the direction of the body axis (foot - head), horizontal (back - chest) or lateral
(shoulder - shoulder).
5. Vibration force
▪ The force with which the vibrating part is set in motion. It is particularly important for shock-like vibrations. [It is
measured in Newton (N).
6. Vibration type
▪ Indicates whether the oscillating movement is linear or circular.
7. Vibration time
▪ This is the exposure duration and distribution of the vibration on humans. [It is measured in seconds (s) or hours (h)].
8. Point of application on the body
▪ It is important how the vibration affects the person; via the feet, via the hands, via the buttocks, when lying down via the
back or the stomach or via other parts of the body.

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Effect of oscillations (vibrations)

▪ Deterioration of sensory perceptions, especially vision

▪ Deterioration of eye - hand coordination and thus
▪ Reduction of human performance and well-being
▪ [In the case of very low-frequency vibrations - e.g. during journeys with sprung motor vehicles, the railway or during flying -
impairments of the well-being of humans can occur, in particular due to disturbances of the organ of equilibrium (kinetosis)].
▪ Symptoms of this can be, for example:
▪ Loss of appetite, apathy, lack of interest
▪ increased salivation
▪ Sweats
▪ Dizziness and headaches
▪ Nausea and vomiting.
▪ Due to the structure of the body, there are different natural resonances for the individual body parts and vibration directions,
which can be particularly detrimental to the performance and health of the worker:
▪ For vertical vibrations this critical range is between 4 and 8 Hz, for horizontal and lateral vibrations between 1 and 2 Hz.
Attention: At values of approx. 5.0 m/s2 vibration acceleration for vertical and 4.0 m/s2 for horizontal vibrations, health
impairment already occurs after one minute.

Source: Hettinger/Wobbe, 1993

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Special health hazards

▪ Circulatory disorders in the extremities, especially in the fingertips with "whitening" and dying off as well as
a feeling of cold), thereby:
▪ limited sense of touch
▪ Visual disturbances caused by the consequences of resonance vibrations of the eyeball
▪ Damage to the central nervous system
▪ Deformations of the joints, especially of the elbow and wrist when working with tools that cause recoil when
handled, as a result:
▪ Restriction of the ability to move the joints
▪ Rheumatic pain
▪ Annoying trembling of the guide hand
▪ Mechanical damage to the connections of the organs with each other and with the body
▪ Impairment of people's sense of comfort at work

Work Science SoSe 2023 40 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Climate

▪ In human terms, climate means the interaction of the following four climate factors:
1. Air temperature
2. Humidity
3. Wind speed
4. Thermal radiation

Work Science SoSe 2023 41 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Effect of radiation on humans

Work Science SoSe 2023 42 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Light

▪ Definition: Light
▪ Spectral brightness sensitivity
▪ Through the eye, light receives a special physiological evaluation that depends on
the wavelength of the radiation. The relative sensitivity of the eye to the perceived
radiation depending on the wavelength is called spectral brightness sensitivity.
▪ The relative evaluation of electromagnetic radiation makes it necessary to define
special photometric or photometric quantities that allow the specific effect of light
radiation on the human eye to be expressed by means of a reference standard.
▪ Light is an electromagnetic radiation that the human eye perceives. The wave range
of visible radiation is between 380 nm and 780 nm. (1nm =10-9 m)

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Basic lighting parameters:

▪ Luminous flux:
▪ The amount of radiation emitted by the light source and received by the eye.
▪ The luminous flux is measured with φ (pronounced Phi) and in the unit lumen (lm).
▪ Information on the luminous flux of various light sources can be found in the corresponding tables of the manufacturers.
▪ e.g. a fluorescent lamp with an electrical output of 40 watts has a luminous flux of about 1600 to 3100 lm
▪ Light intensity:
▪ The luminous flux emitted in a solid angle unit, which is related to the irradiated solid angle.
▪ The luminous intensity is abbreviated in I and measured in the unit candela (cd).
▪ In practice, however, the use of the unit "luminous intensity" only makes sense for point-shaped light sources.
▪ Illuminance:
▪ The unit of measurement for illuminance is lux (lx), which is measured in luminous flux per area, with an illuminance of 1
lux being given when a luminous flux of 1 lumen hits an area of 1 sqm.
▪ Luminance:
▪ The luminance characterises the impression of brightness that the observer has of different light sources or of luminous
surfaces.
▪ For a light source, the luminance results from the luminous intensity and from the area seen by the eye.
▪ The unit of measurement of luminance is (cd/sqm).

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Lighting systems

1. General lighting
▪ Lighting of a room without consideration of special requirements of individual parts of the room.
2. Workplace-oriented general lighting
▪ Lighting of a room taking into account the different requirement(s) of individual parts of the room.
3. Workplace lighting
▪ Local lighting in addition to general lighting to achieve a sufficiently high lighting level at the workplace.
4. Combined lighting
▪ Task lighting in combination with general lighting. The height values of the illuminance are to be
assigned to each other.
5. Special lighting
▪ Special type of emergency lighting for the purpose of securing the technological process and machine
equipment in case of failure of the ordinary lighting system.

Work Science SoSe 2023 45 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Lighting

▪ Nominal illuminance levels for selected visual tasks

Work Science SoSe 2023 46 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Historical development of working time | Today

Weekly working hours

Unions achieve 10-
hour day
1975: 40-hour
1918: week is the rule
Statutory 8-
hour day

1922: World
economic crisis

Source: www.Kontrast.at, 2020

Work Science SoSe 2023 47 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School
Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Breaks and rest periods

▪ Rest periods, breaks

▪ Break regulations (§4): 6-9 h work/day: min. 30 minutes; > 9 h/day: 45 minutes; the
employer decides on the possible division of the total break time in consultation with the
works council or staff council. The rest breaks may be divided into periods of 15 minutes
each.
▪ A rest break must be taken after 6 hours of uninterrupted work.
▪ Rest period (§5): 11 hours of rest without interruption between the end of work and the
next start of work is mandatory. The rest period may be temporarily reduced in some areas
(e.g. doctors on stand-by duty), but appropriate compensation is then required.

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Rest on Sundays and public holidays

▪ Regulation of Sunday and public holiday rest

▪ Businesses may apply to the labour inspectorates for a special permit to work on Sundays
and public holidays if (§13, para. 5):
▪ the statutory weekly operating hours of 144 hours are exhausted (production virtually
around the clock from Monday to Saturday) or
▪ no competitiveness is possible due to even longer working hours of foreign
competitors

▪ The supervisory authorities must then approve the Sunday and holiday work. The company has
to prove that the operating hours are already 144 h/week, that the competition produces even
longer and that it is no longer competitive without Sunday and holiday work or that jobs would
then be lost.

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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Acceptance of working time systems and models

A positive acceptance rating can be contributed to:

▪ Explain operational necessity appropriately
▪ Involve employees in decision-making
▪ Provide a choice of several working time models
▪ Compensate for disadvantages that arise, e.g. through blocks of free time or allowances.
▪ Provision of special infrastructure for shift workers (catering, etc.)
▪ Granting of agreed scope for disposition by the supervisor
▪ Deviations from the working model are presented transparently.

Negative acceptance ratings can be contributed to:

▪ Only operational requirements are taken into account
▪ Employees' suggestions are not taken into account without justification
▪ Promised exchange opportunities are not granted
▪ Comparable working hours at the same location are provided with different conditions
▪ Lack of synchronisation of working hours with other organisations or companies.
Source: Ferreira, 2001
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Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck
 Factors influencing the working environment

Group work:
Define measures and name for measures in companies, which
prevent/minimize the 7 mentioned factors.

Duration: approx. 30 minutes

Work Science SoSe 2023 51 © 2020 - Bavarian Business School

Dipl.- Ing. Matthias Miesbeck