S Grammar reference

Past simple

Afirmativa You watched TV.

Negativa She did not / didn’t watch TV.
Interrogativa Did you watch TV?
Usos
Utilizamos el past simple si sabemos cuándo se completó una acción en el pasado.
Did you see the film?   We saw the film last night.
Verbos irregulares
No hay reglas para la formación de los verbos irregulares. Hay que aprendérselos en la lista de la página 120.

Present simple and present continuous

Present simple Present continuous

Afirmativa I sometimes eat spicy food. I am learning Greek.
He sometimes eats spicy food. She is learning Greek.
Negativa We don’t eat spicy food. We aren’t learning Greek.
She doesn’t eat spicy food. He isn’t learning Greek.
Interrogativa Do you often eat spicy food? Are you learning Greek?
Does he often eat spicy food? Is she learning Greek?
Usos
El present continuous describe acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos.
They’re shopping for clothes at the moment.
También se utiliza para referirse al futuro inmediato.
I’m having a coffee with my friend this afternoon.
Utilizamos el present simple para hablar de acciones que se repiten y cosas que son, en general, ciertas.
She reads her book every night.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

+ = −
Breve sweet sweeter as/so sweet as not as/so sweet as the sweetest
Largo interesting more interesting as/so interesting as not as/so interesting as the most
interesting
Irregular good better as/so good as not as/so good as the best
bad worse as/so bad as not as/so bad as the worst

Usos
Utilizamos el comparativo + than para comparar dos o más cosas o personas diferentes.
A melon is sweeter than an orange.
Se utiliza as/so + adjetivo + as para comparar dos cosas o personas iguales.
This melon is as/so sweet as the orange I had earlier.
Empleamos el superlativo para comparar tres o más cosas o personas entre sí.
Of the three dishes, the curry is the tastiest one.

82 Starter unit
 S Grammar practice
Past simple Present simple and present
1 Complete the chart. continuous

Infinitive Past simple 4 Write sentences and questions. Use the present
move moved simple or the present continuous.

swim Rachel / like / exploring new places

(1)
Rachel likes exploring new places.
(2) went
1 Jack / cook / very often ?
make (3)

(4) met 2 I / not have / a shower / right now .

live (5)
3 Mum and Dad / watch / TV / at the moment ?
study (6)
watch (7) 4 you / think / Chinese food is tasty ?
stop (8)
5 I / not remember / my first holiday .
2 Complete the rules with verbs from exercise 1.
Regular verbs:
+ -d: moved, (1) Comparative and superlative
double consonant + -ed: (2)
adjectives
-y ➞ -ied: (3)
+ -ed: (4)
The Tandoori Fred’s Fish The Carrot
Irregular verbs:
Palace and Chips Café
(5) (7)
Price? ££ ££ ££££
(6) (8)
Tasty food? ✴✴✴✴ ✴✴✴ ✴✴
3 Rewrite the sentences in the affirmative (+), Healthy food? ✴✴ ✴ ✴✴✴✴✴
negative (–) or question (?) form. Clean? ✴✴✴ ✴✴ ✴✴
I went abroad last year. (–)
5 Look at the restaurant reviews and complete the
I didn’t go abroad last year. sentences. Use the adjectives in brackets.
1 Did they lose your suitcase? (+)
The Carrot Café is the most expensive
restaurant. (expensive)
2 Did you book the B and B? (–)
1 The food at Fred’s is the food
at the Carrot Café. (tasty)
3 We didn’t buy souvenirs. (+)
2 The Palace is Fred’s. (cheap)
3 The Café serves food.
4 You sent a lot of postcards. (?) (healthy)
4 The Carrot Café is than
5 We didn’t eat breakfast in the hotel. (+) Fred’s. (expensive)
5 The Carrot Café is not The
Tandoori Palace. (clean)

Starter unit 83
 1 Grammar reference
Modals of obligation, prohibition and necessity: have to, must and need to

I / You / We / They have to / had to / need to / needed to / must read.

Afirmativa
He / She / It has / had to / needs / needed to read.
I / You / We / They don’t have to / didn’t have to / don’t need to / didn’t need to stay.
Negativa
He / She / It doesn’t have to / didn’t have to / doesn’t need to / didn’t need to / mustn’t stay.
Do / Did I / you / we / they have to / need to finish?
Interrogativa
Does / Did he / she / it have to / need to read?
Must tiene la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto. Se utiliza con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
Usos
• Have to y must se utilizan para describir una obligación o una norma.
• Don’t have to se emplea para referirse a algo que no es obligatorio.
• Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t, que describe una prohibición.
• En la forma interrogativa se utiliza have to, y no must.
• Need to se emplea para hablar de algo que es necesario hacer.

Modals of ability and permission: can, will be able to and allow / be allowed to

Las formas de can, could y will be able to son las mismas para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa I can speak French. They could speak French. We will be able to speak French.
Negativa I can’t speak French. You couldn’t speak French. She won’t be able to speak French.
Interrogativa Can you speak French? Could he speak French? Will you be able to speak French?
Allow sigue el patrón de los verbos regulares. Para utilizar be allowed to, solo hay que cambiar el verbo be.
Afirmativa The teacher allows / allowed Sam to Sam was / The Students were allowed to leave
leave early. early.
Negativa The teacher doesn’t / didn’t allow Sam Students aren’t allowed to leave early.
to leave early. Sam wasn’t allowed to leave early.
Interrogativa Does / Did the teacher allow students to Are / Were students allowed to leave early?
leave early?
Usos
• Allow someone to y be allowed to se utilizan para expresar permiso.

Modals of advice: should, ought to

Should / ought to tienen la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Lauren should / ought to be more We shouldn’t / ought not to make What should Kay do?
hard-working. a lot of noise.
Usos
• Should / ought to se utilizan para dar consejos o hacer recomendaciones. Empleamos ought to en frases
afirmativas y negativas, mientras que should se utiliza en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

86 Unit 1 Time for change

 1 Grammar practice
Modals of obligation, prohibition and Modals of ability, permission and
necessity advice
1 Put the bold words in the correct order. Add 3 Complete the sentences with the words.
capital letters where necessary.
able allow allowed can can’t
go / to / don’t / we / have to school on
could couldn’t will won’t
Saturdays.
We don’t have to go Tom won’t be able to go out next weekend. He’s
1 have / go / to / Korean students to classes in got a tennis match.
the evenings. 1 I invite Oscar to have dinner with
us, please?
2 to / practise / I / needed my science 2 Sally was always good at music. She
presentation yesterday. play the violin when she was five.
3 you be able to work in your dad’s
3 did / to / walk / have / you to school? company when you leave school?
4 I’m good at running but I swim.

4 to / have / students / don’t / wear a uniform. 5 I’ll be to make my own clothes

when I finish my fashion course.
6 Where were you? I looked for you but I
5 need / bring / they / to / don’t their own lunch
find you.
to school.
7 They don’t pets on the bus.
8 He wasn’t to interrupt the meeting.
2 Complete the second sentence with one word so
that it has a similar meaning to the first. 4 Complete the sentences and questions with the
correct form of the verbs.
It was necessary for them to arrive early.
Kim ought to play the piano more often. She’s
They had to arrive early.
very good. (ought / play)
1 It’s obligatory to do your homework.
1 Where I to buy
You do your homework.
stamps? (should / go)
2 It was necessary for us to buy food.
2 William his coat. It’s cold.
We to buy food.
(should / put on)
3 It wasn’t obligatory for us to pay.
3 We TV – we’ve got exams
We have to pay. tomorrow! (should / watch)
4 Wearing a green jumper at school is a rule. 4 Sam his parents about the
We to wear a green jumper at party. (ought / tell)
school. 5 we the Science
5 German is optional. Museum in London? (should / visit)
You have to study German. 6 your dog on
6 It’s necessary for me to go out later. your bed? (be allowed / sleep)
I go out later. 7 The teacher me
the test again. I didn’t get
another chance. (allow / take)

Time for change Unit 1 87

 2 Grammar reference
Quantifiers: too, too much, too many, Past simple
(not) enough
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They
watched a film last night.
Adjetivos Sustantivos Sustantivos
contables incontables Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They
didn’t watch a film last night.
The plot is too There are too There’s too much
predictable. many special dialogue in the Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they
effects. film. watch a film last night?
The film Are there There’s enough
isn’t exciting enough tickets action.
enough! for everybody? Past continuous
too many / too much = más de lo necesario
enough = la cantidad necesaria Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
not enough = no la cantidad necesaria I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?
Usos You were You weren’t Were you
Too se utiliza delante de los adjetivos. reading. reading. reading?
The novel is too long.
He / She was He / She wasn’t Was he / she
Utilizamos too many delante de los sustantivos reading. reading. reading?
contables en plural. It was raining. It wasn’t raining. Was it raining?
 There are too many short films in the competition.
We / They We / They Were we / they
Empleamos too much delante de los sustantivos were reading. weren’t reading. reading?
incontables.
There was too much violence in the film. Usos
El past continuous se utiliza para describir
Se utiliza (not) enough detrás de los adjetivos.
acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el
Lily’s story isn’t interesting enough.
pasado.
Utilizamos (not) enough delante de sustantivos Jess was writing a review.
incontables y sustantivos contables en plural.
The play didn’t have enough romance.
The film received enough awards. Past simple and past continuous;
when / while
Verbs with -ing and to
Usos
Verbo + -ing Verbo + to Ambos El past simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción
dislike, don’t agree, appear, like, love, hate, que se completó en el pasado.
mind, enjoy, learn, decide, can’t stand, prefer,  Andy met his friends at the Zombie Lab
recommend, plan, promise, start yesterday afternoon.
miss, stop seem, want El past continuous describe una acción que se
estaba desarrollando en el pasado.
A menudo necesitamos utilizar un verbo seguido
What were you doing at seven o’clock?
de otro. El segundo verbo puede adoptar formas
They weren’t showing the film.
distintas. En algunos casos, va seguido de una forma
en -ing. When y while
 I enjoy singing. Utilizamos el past continuous y el past simple en la
Otros verbos van seguidos del infinitivo con to. misma frase cuando una acción interrumpe otra.
I wanted to go home. El past continuous describe la acción más larga,
y el past simple la acción que la interrumpe. En
Hay verbos a los que pueden acompañar tanto la
general, utilizamos while con el past continuous, y
forma en -ing como el infinitivo con to.
when con el past simple.
I’d love to come to your party.
While we were watching the film at the cinema,
They love travelling.
my mobile phone rang!
 I was watching a short film on the internet
90 Unit 2 Storytelling when the electricity went off.
 2 Grammar practice
Quantifiers Verbs with -ing and to
1 Complete the sentences with enough and the 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
words in brackets. the verbs in brackets.
1 I don’t have to help you Sue avoids watching (watch) horror films
today. (time) because they are frightening.
2 He wasn’t to be a 1 The thieves wanted (steal) the
professional footballer. (good) painting.
3 Are there for everyone? 2 The council agreed (change) the
(sandwiches) law.
4 There’s for eight people in 3 Jo recommends (see) that film.
this lift. (space) 4 Harry seemed (be) angry with me.
5 Are you in that jacket? 5 I enjoy (read) romantic novels.
(warm) 6 Mum can’t stand (listen)
2 Are the bold words in the film review correct (✓) to pop.
or incorrect (✗)? Correct them where necessary. 7 They’re learning (design) clothes.
8 I don’t mind (help) you.
Car Chase IV 1/10 (terrible)
Past simple and past continuous;
when / while
5 Look at the notes and complete the sentences
about Max and his mum. Use the past simple and
past continuous in each sentence and choose
when or while.

Max: Max’s mum:

9.00: get up 8.45–9.15: make breakfast
3 Rewrite the sentences with the opposite 9.15–9.45: watch TV 9.30: feed the dog
meaning. 10.00–10.15: write emails 10.10: go to the shops
10.30: phone his friend Adam 10.15–10.45: buy food
You don’t drink enough milk.
11.00–11.30: relax on the sofa 11.15: get angry!
You drink too much milk.
1 These shoes are too big. 1 Max while / when his mum
breakfast.
2 I haven’t got enough homework. 2 Max’s mum the dog while / when
Max TV.
3 This coffee isn’t strong enough. 3 Max while / when his
mum to the shops.
4 I play too much football. 4 When / While his mum

5 There’s too much sugar in this tea. 5 When / While

Storytelling Unit 2 91
 3 Grammar reference
Present perfect Present perfect with for and since

Afirmativa En las frases de present perfect, for y since

I / You have started. I’ve / You’ve started. describen la duración de una acción o un hecho
que empezó en el pasado y sigue en el presente.
He / She / It has He’s / She’s / It’s started.
started. Utilizamos “for + periodo de tiempo” para
describir la duración de una actividad (for five
We / They have started. We’ve / They’ve started. years). For suele ir seguido de una expresión
Negativa temporal: for three months, for five days, etc.
I / You have not started. I / You haven’t started.  I’ve had the same mobile phone for two years.
(And I still have it.)
He / She / It has not He / She / It hasn’t started.
Utilizamos “since + expresión de tiempo” para
started.
indicar en qué momento del pasado se inició la
We / They have not We / They haven’t started. acción (since last week). Since se coloca delante
started. de la expresión de tiempo.
Interrogativa My mum has been a shop owner since 2011.
Have I / you started? Where have I / you started? How long se utiliza con el present perfect para
preguntar acerca de la duración de una acción.
Has he / she / it Why has he / she / it
En general, la respuesta contiene for o since.
started? started?
 ‘How long has your mum been a shop owner?’
Have we / they started? Why have we / they ‘Since 2011’ / ‘For three years.’
started?
En la forma oral de las frases afirmativas se suelen
utilizar las formas contractas Present perfect with still, yet and
(’s / ’ve / haven’t / hasn’t) precedidas de un
pronombre sujeto. En los textos formales utilizamos already
las formas completas ( have / has, have not / has
not). Usos
Nota: no se debe confundir la forma breve de has (’s) Utilizamos still, yet y already con el present
con la de is (también ’s). perfect.
El participio pasado se construye como el past simple. Still y yet refuerzan la idea de que una situación
Verbos regulares: no ha cambiado. Still se utiliza en frases
start ➞ started negativas, delante de has / have. Yet se coloca al
study ➞ studied final de la frase.
Verbos irregulares:  Kylie still hasn’t bought a dress for the
wedding.
Consulta la lista de la página 120.
 Tim hasn’t picked up any rock climbing skills
Usos yet.
El present perfect se utiliza para hablar de
Yet se coloca al final de la forma interrogativa
experiencias y hechos del pasado, en aquellos casos
del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha
en los que no se sabe, o no es importante saber,
hecho algo.
cuándo sucedieron.
Have you taken up Italian yet?
I’ve borrowed £20.
I haven’t taken up athletics this year. Already se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del
There has been a lot of noise upstairs lately. present perfect para subrayar el hecho de que
alguien ha hecho algo. Se coloca entre has /
A veces usamos ever en cuestiones a significar
have y el participio pasado.
en cualquier momento en nuestra vida hasta este
 Beth has already caught up with the other
momento.
riders.
Have you ever tried out wakeboarding?

94 Unit 3 Choices, choices

 3 Grammar practice
Present perfect with for and since Present perfect with still, yet and
1 Choose the correct option. already
We’ve picked up a lot of new skills since 4 Rewrite the sentences with the words in brackets
September / three weeks. in the correct places.
1 The sales have been on for a week / last Mark hasn’t learned to swim. (still)
weekend.
Mark still hasn’t learned to swim.
2 We’ve known Sandy for last year / six months.
1 Has Katie joined in? (yet)
3 They’ve lived here for 2013 / two years.
4 I’ve taken up three new sports since April /
2 There have been two art workshops. (already)
three months.
5 There’s been torrential rain since three days /
3 Has Marco fed the hamster? (yet)
last Monday.

2 Write sentences. Use the present perfect, for or 4 They haven’t been shopping. (yet)
since and the time expressions in brackets.
Jon / have / those shoes . (two years) 5 I haven’t tried out my new trainers. (still)
Jon has had those shoes for two years.
1 we / not see / Sally . (last summer)
5 Write sentences to complete the dialogue about
the Johnsons’ holiday. Use still, yet or already in
2 I / study / German . (five years) each sentence.
Mum we / book / the hotel
3 they / not write / to us . (a long time)
We’ve already booked the hotel.
(1) you / buy / the plane tickets / ?
4 Mum / live / in London . (1975)

Dad Yes, I have. But (2) I / not hire / a car

5 I / not eat / anything . (8 o’clock)

3 Write questions for the answers. Use How long. Mum OK. We need to do that. (3) you / find / the
How long have they lived in Bilbao? guide book / ?
They’ve lived in Bilbao for ten years.
1 Dad No, I haven’t. I don’t know where it is. But
Tom has had that jacket since January. (4) I / buy / a new one

2
Emily has known Ryan since last summer. Mum Great – thanks. We also need to ask the
neighbours to feed the cat. (5) you / speak /
3
to them / ?
I’ve lived here for three years.
4
Dad Sorry – no, I haven’t. (6) I / not have / a
My dad’s been a journalist for fifteen years.
chance
5
Eli has ridden a motorbike since last year.

Choices, choices Unit 3 95

 4 Grammar reference
Present perfect and past simple Subject and object questions

Present perfect Subject questions

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa En las preguntas sobre el sujeto, la partícula
I / You / We / I / You / We / Have I / you / interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la
They have They haven’t we / they seen persona o cosa que realiza la acción (el sujeto del
seen the film. seen the film. the film? verbo).
He / She / It He / She / It Has he / she / ‘Who phoned you last night?’ ‘Carl phoned me.’
has arrived. hasn’t arrived. it arrived?
‘
What caused the accident?’ ‘The icy weather
Consulta el past simple en la página 82. caused it.’
Usos
Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se construyen con
El present perfect se utiliza para describir
acciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen una partícula interrogativa y el verbo principal.
en la actualidad. Tienen la misma estructura que las frases
He has lived in Canada since 2013. afirmativas, y no incluyen verbos auxiliares.
El past simple describe acciones que se
Who painted the Mona Lisa ?
completaron en el pasado, si sabemos
exactamente cuándo. partícula verbo objeto
He moved to Canada two years ago. interrogativa principal
Utilizamos distintas expresiones temporales con (= sujeto)
cada tiempo verbal.
Object questions
Con el past simple, se utilizan expresiones que
especifican el momento concreto en el que se En las preguntas sobre el objeto, la partícula
dio la acción: interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la
yesterday, last night, last week, last year, at six persona o cosa que recibe la acción (el objeto del
o’clock, etc. verbo).
Con el present perfect, incluimos expresiones
‘What did you drink?’ ‘I drank orange juice.’
referidas al momento en el que comenzó la
acción, o al periodo que va desde entonces hasta ‘Where did you go?’ ‘I went to the cinema.’
ahora: Las preguntas sobre el objeto se construyen con
since (2010), for (10 years) un verbo auxiliar y el infinitivo del verbo principal.

Who did you call ?

Present perfect with ever and never partícula auxiliar sujeto infinitivo
interrogativa del verbo
Usos (= objeto) principal
Utilizamos ever con la forma interrogativa
del present perfect para preguntar si alguien
ha hecho algo a lo largo de su vida, hasta el
momento actual. Ever va detrás de have/has y el
sujeto, y delante del participio pasado.
Has Pete ever visited his aunt in Canada?
Never se utiliza en frases en present perfect
para decir que no hemos algo en nuestra vida,
al menos hasta este momento. Se utiliza con
la forma afirmativa del verbo, y se coloca ente
have/has y el participio pasado.
They have never eaten Japanese food.

98 Unit 4 Communication
 4 Grammar practice
Present perfect and past simple Subject and object questions
1 Are the sentences in the past simple (PS) or 4 Choose the correct option.
present perfect (PP)? Which film … ?
Megan had an upsetting experience. PS A did Leah see B saw Leah
1 I’ve already updated the software. 1 What … you about the teacher’s question?
2 She’s been in Girona since last week. A did confuse B confused
3 We still haven’t practised our Italian. 2 Who … about your problem?
4 Luca lived in Cardiff in 2012. A did you tell B you told
5 I ate fish and chips for lunch. 3 Who … Joe a new phone for his birthday?
6 He finished his arts project during A did give B gave
the night. 4 What … to Anjali?
2 Complete the sentences with the time A you said B did you say
expressions in the box. 5 Which shop … the new tablet?
A sells B does sell5 Read
ago already for from … to the news report. Then look at the answers and
last yesterday  yet complete the questions.
They arrived in Manchester last night.
1 We haven’t spoken to Jim .
2 Alex’s family moved to Australia four years NEWS
SPORT SCIENCE WEATHER MUSIC LIFESTYLE
.
Researchers in China have discovered a fossil
3 They’ve lived in Thailand six years. of a flying dinosaur which had four wings.
4 William didn’t go to class . The expedition leader said this predator had
5 I’ve seen that film. 30 cm-long tail feathers, which it used to slow
down and land safely. The skeleton was discovered
6 They had Maths 10 o’clock
by a team of Chinese and American researchers.
12 o’clock this morning.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of

the verbs in brackets.
I charged (charge) my laptop last night.
1 Maya (write) to me yet.
2 I (already / drink) three cups
1 the dinosaur
of coffee today.
fossil? In China.
3 Kieran (fly) to Los Angeles
2 How many ?
last weekend.
Four.
4 I (eat) Japanese food for a
3 that this predator had very
long time.
long tail feathers? The expedition leader.
5 Dad (tell) a really bad joke
4 What its tail feathers for?
yesterday.
To slow down when landing.
6 My brother and I (volunteer)
5 the fossil? Chinese and
to clean our local beach during the summer.
American researchers.

Communication Unit 4 99
 5 Grammar reference
Past perfect Relative pronouns

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Se utiliza para…

I / You / He / I / You / He / Had I / you / who personas
She / It / We / She / It / We / he / she / it / which cosas/ideas
They had They hadn’t we / they
started. begun. fallen? where lugares

I / You / He / I / You / He / whose posesión / pertenencia

She / It / We / She / It / We / Usos
They’d started. They hadn’t Los pronombres relativos who y which muestran la
begun. persona, el objeto o la idea a la que nos referimos.
El past perfect se construye con had + el  He’s the man who the police arrested.
participio pasado del verbo. The sandwich which I made wasn’t very nice.
Usos Utilizamos el adverbio relativo where para indicar el
El past perfect se utiliza cuando hablamos lugar al que nos estamos refiriendo.
del pasado y hacemos referencia a un pasado This is the office where she works.
anterior a él. Para la acción más reciente, Whose hace referencia a una persona que posee o
utilizamos el past simple. es dueña de algo.
I thought I had locked the door, but I hadn’t. He’s the boy whose bag she took.
Had you seen my note when I phoned?
(dueño) (posesión)
El past perfect se emplea para responder a
preguntas sobre el pasado encabezadas por How
long? Modals of deduction
 How long had you been a detective when you
retired?
Certeza must She / He must be the thief.
I’d been a detective for twenty years.
Imposibilidad She / He can’t be the thief
can’t
Used to + infinitive Posibilidad could She / He may / might be the
/ may / might thief.
Afirmativa My uncle used to be a police He could be the thief.
officer. Now he is a private Usos
detective. Must describe certeza cuando creemos que algo es,
Negativa They didn’t use to have security sin ninguna duda, cierto.
in the shopping centre, but now  You saw the crime, so you must know who
they do. did it.
Interrogativa Did he use to create false En ocasiones, incluimos probably en la frase.
identities?  You saw the crime, so you probably know who
did it.
Usos
Utilizamos used to + infinitivo para hablar de A veces, cuando describimos algo que puede ser
hábitos o estados del pasado que ya no se dan cierto, utilizamos perhaps.
en la actualidad. Perhaps you left your keys in the car.
Empleamos can’t para hablar de algo que creemos
imposible, o, sin duda, falso.
 This can’t be Mia’s house. It’s too big.
Could, may, might se utilizan para hablar de algo que
es posiblemente cierto.
 We may go to the concert, depending on the
price of the tickets.
 My mum might be at home, but I’m not sure.
Your keys could be in the cupboard.

102 Unit 5 A life of crime

 5 Grammar practice
Past perfect Relative pronouns
1 Complete the sentences and questions. Use the 3 Choose the correct option.
past perfect. It’s a story which / who is about a detective.
Had he reported (report) the crime to the 1 That’s the police station whose / where they
police? filmed the crime series.
1 He (leave) his laptop on a train. 2 She’s the woman who / whose husband is a
2 We (not realize) the man was traffic warden.
dishonest. 3 Brighton is the town which / where Tom lives.
3 you (hear) any strange noises? 4 That’s the thief who / whose stole our car!
4 The police (speak) to local 5 He’s the boy who / which wants to be a lawyer.
residents.
4 Complete with who, which, where and whose.
5 We (not see) the ‘No parking’
sign.

2 Complete the second sentence using the past WANTED

simple and the past perfect.
He worked as a lawyer. Then he became a judge. A man who has escaped from prison.
Before he became a judge, he’d worked as a He is a dangerous man (1) crimes include
lawyer. mugging and armed robbery.
1 The police found my bike, so they called me. The man is tall with brown hair (2) is very
The police long and curly. He has got lots of tattoos (3)
. include flowers and birds.
2 Joe didn’t finish his work so we couldn’t go out. If you see a person (4) corresponds to this
We description, please contact us immediately. Please give
. details of the place (5) you saw the man.
3 I had a nice day. Then a mugger stole my bag. Detective P. Marlowe 496 0567
a nice
day.
4 Everyone went home. Then we arrived at the
Modals of deduction
party.
5 Complete the dialogue with might, can’t or must.
home.
Detective Is that the shoplifter?
5 The fraudster was a respected politician. Then
Woman  o, he (1)
N be because
he went to prison.
he has blonde hair. The man who did
it had dark hair. It (2) be
a respected politician. that man over there, but I’m not sure.
6 Lee was a policeman when he was younger. Now Detective  ell he (3)
W be here
he works as a private detective. somewhere – no one can leave
Lee used because we’ve locked all the shop
, but now he works as a private doors.
detective.

A life of crime Unit 5 103

 6 Grammar reference
Present simple passive Usos
La voz pasiva se utiliza para decir lo que le ocurre al
Para construir el present simple de la voz pasiva, sujeto de la frase. En las frases pasivas, el énfasis
utilizamos la siguiente estructura: se centra en la acción, que es más importante que
sujeto + present simple de be + participio pasado la persona que la realiza.
English is spoken here.
We’re invited to the party.
Past simple passive
Para formar la negativa, empleamos esta
estructura: sujeto + present simple de be + not + Para construir el past simple de la voz pasiva,
participio pasado utilizamos esta estructura:
The dresses are not made by hand. sujeto + past simple de be + participio pasado
Ice hockey isn’t played in the summer. The laptop was stolen.
Afirmativa Negativa The emails were written by me.
I’m invited. I’m not invited. Para construir la forma negativa, se emplea esta
You’re invited. You aren’t invited. estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + not +
participio pasado
He’s / She’s / It’s He / She / It isn’t
invited. invited. The burgers were not cooked properly.
We’re / You’re / They’re We / You / They aren’t The house wasn’t cleaned.
invited. invited. Afirmativa Negativa
Construimos la forma interrogativa del presente de I was told. I wasn’t told.
la voz pasiva con esta estructura: You were told. You weren’t told.
present simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado: He / She / It was told. He / She / It wasn’t
Is football played in the summer? told.

En las respuestas breves, solo incluimos la forma We / You / They were We / You / They
told. weren’t told.
de present simple de be.
Are the fish fed every day? Construimos el past simple de la forma
Yes, they are. interrogativa de la voz pasiva con esta estructura:
Interrogativa Respuestas breves past simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado
Was the thief caught?
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I invited? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. En las respuestas breves, solo utilizamos la forma
de past simple del verbo be.
Are you invited? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Were trainers worn in the 1800s?
Is he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
invited? it is. it isn’t. No, they weren’t.

Are we / you / Yes, we / you/ No, we / you / Interrogativa Respuestas breves

they invited? they are. they aren’t.
Afirmativa Negativa
Utilizamos by para introducir el complemento Was I told? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
agente, es decir, la persona o el objeto que realiza Were you told? Yes, you were. No, you
la acción. weren’t.
All the songs are written by James. Was he / she / Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
Many accidents are caused by speeding. it told? it was. it wasn’t.
Were we / you / Yes, we / you/ No, we / you /
they told? they were. they weren’t.

106 Unit 6 Creativity

 6 Grammar practice
Present simple passive Past simple passive
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Match 1–5 with A–F to complete the quiz
We save / are saved money by recycling. questions. Can you complete them with the
correct dates?
1 Cotton uses / is used to make clothes.
2 Tennis plays / is played in lots of countries. 1789 1846 1905 1919 1982 2000
3 Some supermarkets don’t give / aren’t given
plastic bags to customers. The first mobile phones with cameras … . D
4 In England, some old buildings preserve / 1 The first pizzeria in New York … .
are preserved by the National Trust. 2 Toasters … .
5 Are forests destroyed / destroy to make 3 The French flag, the Tricolore … .
furniture? 4 The planet Neptune … .
6 Why do astronauts wear / worn space suits? 5 The animated characters Wallace and
Gromit … .
2 Complete the sentences. Use the correct
affirmative or negative form of be. A was first flown in
B was discovered in
These shoes are made by hand.
C were created in
1 The bags dumped. We reuse them.
D were sold in Japan in 2000
2 A lot of water used to make one
bottle. E was opened in

3 All the vegetables locally grown. F were invented in

4 Food sold here. We only sell drinks. 5 Write questions or affirmative (+) or negative (–)
5 Plants poisoned by toxic chemicals. sentences using the past simple passive.
6 A lot of burgers eaten in European Basketball was invented by James Naismith. (?)
countries. Was basketball invented by James Naismith?
3 Complete the sentences and questions with the 1 The fish was cooked in the oven. (–)
present simple passive form of the verbs in the
box. 2 The event wasn’t organized by the students. (+)

drink not find make recycle sell

3 Andy’s bike was found in the street. (?)
not speak wear

Are books sold in charity shops? 4 Were the houses built in 1920? (–)
1 tea with milk in your
country? 5 John wasn’t told about the meeting. (?)
2 Uniforms in most British
schools.
3 glass here?
4 Spanish here.
5 Snakes in the wild in Ireland.
6 Crêpes from eggs, flour and
milk.

Creativity Unit 6 107

 7 Grammar reference
Future with will Future continuous

Afirmativa He will go. Afirmativa Tomorrow at this time I’ll be

Negativa They won’t go. relaxing on the beach. I really
need a holiday!
Interrogativa Will you go?
Negativa They won’t be waiting for me at
Will se utiliza con el infinitivo sin to. La forma es the airport when I arrive.
la misma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
 He will play in the match. Interrogativa Will you be staying with your
aunt in Rome?
La forma negativa es will not, que a menudo se
contrae como won’t. Usos
 I will not arrive on time. = I won’t arrive on El future continuous describe hechos que se
time. estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto
Usos del futuro.
Utilizamos will y won’t para expresar una opinión
sobre el futuro, y para hacer predicciones
basadas en lo que nosotros creemos, sin Indefinite pronouns
evidencias externas (consulta el apartado sobre
be going to). Afirmativa Negativa e
We’ll have a good time at the weekend. interrogativa
También empleamos will para describir Cosas something anything
decisiones espontáneas. everything
It’s hot. I’ll open the window. nothing
Lugares somewhere anywhere
everywhere
Future with be going to
nowhere

Afirmativa I’m going to stay here. Personas someone / somebody anyone /

He / She / It’s going to stay here. everyone / everybody anybody
We / You / They’re going to stay no one / nobody
here. Usos
Negativa I’m not going to stay here. Los pronombres indefinidos con some- y any-
He / She / It isn’t going to stay hacen referencia a cosas, personas y lugares, sin
here. decir exactamente qué o quiénes son.
We / You / They aren’t going to   There’s someone in the kitchen.
stay here. Is there anything in the fridge?
Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere
Interrogativa Am I going to stay here?
significan “todas las cosas”, “toda la gente” y
Is he / she / it going to stay here?
“(en) todos los lugares”.
Are we / you / they going to stay
She’s already been everywhere in Europe.
here?
Utilizamos nothing, no one / nobody y nowhere
Usos
con un verbo en afirmativa para referirnos a
Utilizamos be going to / not going to para
“ninguna cosa” “ninguna persona” y “ningún
describir planes y decisiones sobre el futuro.
lugar”. También podemos emplear anything,
 We’re going to go rock climbing at the
anyone / anybody y anywhere y un verbo en
weekend.
negativa. El significado es el mismo.
Be going to describe predicciones basadas en   There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody
evidencias externas que vemos o de las que here.
somos conocedores.
 He’s driving too fast. He’s going to have an
accident!

110 Unit 7 A big improvement

 7 Grammar practice
Future tenses Indefinite pronouns

1 Complete the dialogues with the correct future 3 Choose the correct option.
forms. Is there … that I can do to help?

A What time is football practice tomorrow? A everything B nothing C anything

B It ’s going to start at 6.15 because the 1 … has cleaned the floor for two weeks. It’s dirty!

coach has got a meeting until 6.00. A Anybody B Nobody C Somebody

1 A I can’t find the sports hall. 2 You’ve done nothing, but Kate has done … !

B I show you where it is. A nothing B anything C everything

2 A What are your plans for the summer? 3 I rang the bell twice, but there wasn’t … at home.

B I visit my grandma in Asturias. A anybody B nobody C everybody

3 A There isn’t any food at this party. 4 I can’t find my bag … .

B I know. We be hungry later. A anywhere B nowhere C somewhere

4 A Tim hasn’t started his Geography project. 5 I want … interesting to read.

B I’m sure he manage to finish it on A nothing B something C anything

time. 4 Complete with the words in the boxes.
5 A I’m worried about my surfing lesson.
B Why? I think you love it. anything everything something
6 A Are you going anywhere nice this weekend? 1 A Have you got everything for Anne’s party?
B O
 n Saturday I (pack) and B N
 o! I haven’t got (1) to give
on Sunday morning I (fly) to Anne! I forgot to buy a present!
Madrid. A Y
 ou should make (2) for her.
2 Are the bold verb forms correct (C) or incorrect You’re very creative.
(I)? Write the correct verb forms.
anywhere nowhere somewhere (x2)
We’ll go on a school trip tomorrow. I
2 A Where are you going to go on holiday?
We’re going to go
B W
 ell, we want to go (3) hot.
1 ‘I can’t empty the bin. It’s too heavy.’
But Paul doesn’t want to go (4)
‘I’m going to do it for you.’
which is too far away.
A Y
 ou should go (5) in Eastern
2 Joe always manages to win everything. He’ll win
Europe. How about Bulgaria?
one million pounds in the lottery one day.
B M
 aybe. But I love Italy. (6) is as
3 There is no electricity on this campsite. You
romantic as Venice.
aren’t going to be able to use your hair dryer.
anybody everybody nobody somebody
4 ‘I’m cold.’ ‘We’re going to switch on the central
3 A I need to speak to (7) who
heating.’
knows about computers. Is there
5 It’s 35°C. I’m not going to need my coat today.
(8) who can help me?
B I’m sorry, there’s (9) available at
6 ‘I’m going to wash up for hours after the party.
the moment. (10) is busy. Can
you call back later, please?

A big improvement Unit 7 111

 8 Grammar reference
First conditional Second conditional

Afirmativa Negativa Afirmativa Negativa

If I / you go to the If I / you don’t go to the If I / you got up earlier, If I / you didn’t go
party, I’ll / you’ll see party, I / you won’t see I / you wouldn’t be late. to bed late, I / you
Joshua. Joshua. wouldn’t be so tired.
If he / she / it helps, If he / she / it doesn’t If he / she / it acted If he / she / it didn’t
things will be easier. help, things won’t be well, he / she / it would act badly, he / she /
easier. get a good review. it wouldn’t get a bad
If we / they study hard, If we / they don’t study review.
we’ll / they’ll go to hard, we / they won’t go If we / they did more If we / they didn’t
university. to university. sport, we / they would do sport, we / they
Interrogativa be fitter. wouldn’t be very fit.
If you go to the party, will you see Joshua? Interrogativa
If he /she / it helps, will things be easier? If you got up earlier, would you walk to school?
If we / they study hard, will we / they go to If he / she / it acted well, would he / she / it get
university? a good review?
El condicional de primer grado se forma con if + If we / they studied more, would we / they do
sujeto + present simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo. better at school?
Solemos utilizar las formas contractas. El condicional de segundo grado se forma con
La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir if + sujeto + past simple, + would / wouldn’t +
en la segunda parte de la frase. infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.
Usos La proposición encabezada por if también puede
Utilizamos el condicional de primer grado para ir en la segunda parte de la frase. El significado
describir el resultado de una determinada situación es el mismo.
en el futuro.  If Mark had a mobile phone, I’d call him.
If you ask Liam, he’ll help you. Amy would make up with Nigel if he
 If we don’t rescue these cubs, they won’t apologized.
survive. Para formular preguntas, añadimos una partícula
  You’ll upset your friends if you are too interrogativa al comienzo de la proposición
competitive. encabezada por would.
En ocasiones, unless sustituye a if … not.   What would you upload if you had a website?
 He won’t tell you about his problems unless you  If you had a website, what would you upload?
insist. Cuando empleamos el verbo be en el past simple,
Unless you speak slowly, I won’t understand debemos utilizar la forma was para I, he, she, it.
you. Sin embargo, en el condicional de segundo grado,
también podemos utilizar were. Ambas formas
son correctas.
will for promises   If I was / were rich, I’d travel around the world.
  She’d learn better if she wasn’t / weren’t so
Usos tired.
Will se utiliza para hacer promesas. Usos
(I promise) I’ll arrive on time tomorrow. Utilizamos el condicional de segundo grado para
  (We promise) We’ll be home by 10.00 p.m. describir situaciones imaginarias, y los resultados
Cuando nos disculpamos, a menudo empleamos will de las mismas.
para prometer que eso no volverá a suceder, o que  If Maria was here, she would tell us what she
la situación mejorará pronto. thinks.
I promise it won’t happen again.
We’ll do better next time.

114 Unit 8 Living together

 8 Grammar practice
First conditional Second conditional
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Match 1–5 with A–E.
1 I’ll be really upset if he doesn’t / won’t 1 If you listened in class
remember my birthday this year. 2 She’d be really angry
2 Will you tell me if there’s / there’ll be any news? 3 I won’t go out on Saturday
3 I’ll come on holiday with you unless I fail / will 4 If I didn’t love burgers so much,
fail my exam. 5 Would you tell me
4 Someone steals / will steal your wallet if you
A if she knew I had her tablet.
aren’t careful.
B if I don’t feel well enough.
5 They’ll be very excited if Barça wins / will win
C if there was a problem?
the match.
D I’d be a vegetarian.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of E you’d understand the homework.
the verbs in brackets.
5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the
1 You’ll soon make new friends if we
box.
(move) to a different city.
2 The concert will be a disaster if Tim not be buy not do feel know say
(not practise) his songs.
What would your parents say if you got a pet
3 You (be) cold unless you
rat?
wear a coat.
1 The teacher would tell us off if we
4 (you / buy) me a drink if I give
the homework.
you some money?
2 I wouldn’t get angry with my sister if she
5 We (not be) hungry later if
so irritating!
we eat too much now.
3 We would invite Steve if we
3 Write sentences and questions. where he was.
if / we / go / to Africa / we / see / giraffes ? 4 If you had a lot of money, you
If we go to Africa, will we see giraffes? designer clothes?
1 We / go / to the picnic / unless / it / start / 5 If Mark did more exercise, he
raining . better.

2 Dad / not be / happy / if / we / use / his will for promises

computer .
6 Choose the correct option.
3 if / we / decide / to go out / I / call / you . 1 I won’t / will forget your birthday this year!
2 I promise I ’ll / won’t be better at match
4 I / tell / the teacher / if / you / pick on / me . practice tomorrow.
3 Sorry we are late – we ’ll / won’t be late
5 if / you / move / to LA / you / learn / to surf ? tomorrow.

Living together Unit 8 115

 9 Grammar reference
Reported speech

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Susan: ‘My parents often participate in charity Susan said that her parents often participated in
campaigns.’ charity campaigns.
Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to help as volunteers at the Ali and Tom told me that they planned to help as
hospital next month.’ volunteers at the hospital the following month.
Peter: ‘I love my new waterproof coat.’ Peter said he loved his new waterproof coat.
Maria and Luc: ‘We don’t mind the rain today Maria and Luc said that they didn’t mind the rain that
because it’s Sunday.’ day because it was Sunday.
The students: ‘This is our history project for this The students told the teacher that was their history
term.’ project for that term.
Alice: ‘These patterned T-shirts aren’t very Alice told her friend those patterned T-shirts weren’t
popular here.’ very popular there.
Usos
Utilizamos el estilo indirecto para contarle a alguien lo que ha dicho otra persona.
El estilo indirecto tiene sus propios verbos introductorios. Los más comunes son say y tell. Siempre
incluimos un objeto después de tell, pero nunca detrás de say. Podemos utilizar that tanto detrás de say
como de tell, pero no es obligatorio.
‘There is a demonstration for peace this afternoon’, Tom said.
Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace that afternoon.
Anne: ‘Your new glasses are very stylish.’
Anne told me (that) my new glasses were very stylish.’
Al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto, a menudo cambia el verbo. El present simple del estilo directo
se convierte en past simple en el estilo indirecto.
Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school every year.’
The students said that they organized a charity sports day at school every year.
Otros elementos también cambian en el estilo indirecto:
Pronombres sujeto y objeto:
I ➞ he / she we ➞ they
Eva: ‘I like old-fashioned clothes.’ ➞ Eva said that she liked old-fashioned clothes.
 Mario and his brother: ‘We fight, but we always make up.’ ➞ Mario and his brother said they fought, but
they always made up.
Adjetivos posesivos:
my ➞ his / her our ➞ their
‘I can’t find my flip flops’, Lucia said. ➞ Lucia said that she couldn’t find her flip flops.
 Students: ‘Our school doesn’t have a very big gym.’ ➞ The students said their school didn’t have a very
big gym.
Expresiones de tiempo:
next (week, year, etc.) ➞ the following (week, year, etc.) today ➞ that day
 Sarah: ‘I plan to buy a winter coat at the sales next week.’ ➞ Sarah said she planned to buy a winter coat
at the sales the following week.
 ‘We want to join in the street dance class today,’ Javier said. ➞ Javier said that they wanted to join in the
street dance class that day.
Expresiones de lugar:
here ➞ there this ➞ that these ➞ those
 ‘You can buy souvenirs here’, the guide told the tourists. ➞ The guide told the tourists that they could
buy souvenirs there.
‘This yoghurt is too sweet.’ Mark said. ➞ Mark said that that yoghurt was too sweet.
Luis: ‘These trainers only cost €10!’ ➞ Luis said that those trainers only cost €10.
118 Unit 9 Coming together
 9 Grammar practice
Reported speech 4 Look at the pairs of statements. Circle the words
in the direct statements that are different in
1 Match reported statements 1–5 with direct reported speech.
statements A–E. Then complete 1–5 with the ‘ These boots are very stylish.’
correct form of the verb.
She said those boots were very stylish.
1 She said she . 1 ‘ Wecan’t wear casual clothes here .’
2 She said that the charity . He said they couldn’t wear casual clothes there.
2 ‘ My jacket isn’t waterproof.’
3 She told us that elderly people often He told me that his jacket wasn’t waterproof.
.
3 ‘ These are our wellington boots.’
4 She said the shop .
They said that those were their wellington
boots.
5 She told us they .
4 ‘ We don’t wear old-fashioned clothes.’
They said they didn’t wear old-fashioned
A ‘Elderly people often feel lonely.’ clothes.
B ‘We don’t have enough volunteers .’ 5 ‘ I want a new dress for the party next week.’
C ‘I work in a charity shop.’ She told her mum that she wanted a new dress
D ‘The charity helps elderly people.’ for the party the following week.
E ‘The shop doesn’t raise a lot of money.’
5 Complete the reported statements.
2 Choose the correct option. ‘I don’t like these jeans.’
Yesterday, a woman from a wildlife charity came She said that she didn’t like those jeans.
to talk to us at school. She said / told that the 1 ‘We need to go shopping next weekend.’
charity helped to protect endangered species. He said that
She (1) said / told the audience that some people .’
didn’t donate money to animal charities. She
2 ‘These bags aren’t very durable.’
(2) said / told that a lot of people believed humans
She said that .
were more important. She also (3) said / told
3 ‘My jacket is more fashionable than this one.’
some animals were more popular than others.
She (4) said / told the students that the charity He said that
believed all endangered species were important. .’
4 ‘We don’t sell flip-flops here.’
3 Read the report in exercise 2 again and complete
He said that .
the direct speech.
5 ‘These are our shoes.’
‘The charity helps to protect endangered
They told me that .
species.’
1 ‘
.’
2 ‘
.’
3 ‘ .’
4 ‘
.’

Coming together Unit 9 119