Research report

Culinary characteristics and ingredients of special, lifestyle, medical, allergen, cultural and religious
diets
Complete the following table by providing a brief description of each diet or regime, the health or other implications of failing to address the special dietary
requirement, and at least one suitable adjustment, replacement or substitute ingredient.

Health/other implications
Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Special lifestyle diets

Eating a broad range of foods and dairy products is possible when one
Lacto ovo People who fail are less Plant-based proteins
follows a vegetarian diet. There won't be any meat, fish, eggs, or milk
accessible for consumption. likely to suffer from obesity, derived from legumes such
heart disease, high blood as peas and beans.
pressure, type 2 diabetes,
and several forms of cancer.

You have an increased risk

Vegetarian Vegetarians abstain from consuming any food derived from animals that Seitan and jackfruit
of heart disease, cancer,
were slaughtered for the purpose of consumption. Their diet provides them type 2 diabetes, weight
with sufficient amounts of iron, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids. gain, and even more
serious medical disorders.

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redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Vegan A vegan abstains from consuming fish, prawns, or any other animal- There is an increasing Substitute cheese with
derived products. They obtain none of their sustenance from animals. They number of individuals who seitan, tofu, or tempeh.
exclusively consume plant-based food. are experiencing sadness
and anxiety.

Pescatarian A person who avoids eating meat but consumes fish and crabs is known Possible symptoms include Fruits and vegetables
as a pescatarian. They will eat a good deal of fruits, grains, legumes, nuts, impaired peripheral vision,
and seeds. We'll incorporate more fish and other sources to make sure compromised fine motor
you're getting adequate calories and healthy fats. skills, tremors, migraines,
insomnia, and mood
fluctuations.

Low or no fat Beans, grains, fruits, and vegetables are examples of low-fat foods. Inadequate vitamin intake Unsweetened applesauce,
Adopting this dietary approach may assist you in managing diabetes more can lead to many issues mashed bananas, and
effectively. As a result, cardiovascular issues and obesity improve. such as dry skin, hair loss, prune juice
compromised immunity, and
other related problems.

High or low Consuming a diet that is rich in both fibre and carbohydrates may enhance What caused the alteration Reduced-carbohydrate
carbohydrate diabetics' ability to manage their blood sugar and cholesterol levels. This in weight? What is the alternatives to potatoes,
is because they will not be introducing additional insulin or lipids into their treatment for diabetes? rice, and pasta
bloodstream.

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 Health/other implications
Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

High or low protein Lunches high in protein will come first in the series, and dinners lower in The sickness can induce The soybean and dairy
protein will come last. Dairy products, legumes, fish, poultry, eggs, and tree edoema, fatigue, products
nuts are all derived from living things. It is very advised to eat meat and dermatological issues,
other high-protein foods. Fruit is not regarded as a source of lactic acid, anxiety, muscle atrophy,
even though it can generate more of it. and perhaps result in
mortality.

Fad diets

Paleo The Paleo diet recommends consuming low-glycemic index foods such as There is a high likelihood of Rice and potato
lean meat, fish, fruit, nuts, and vegetables. It is derived from the dietary experiencing many
habits of contemporary humans who lived in caves. fractures and developing
rickets.

Raw The raw food diet, commonly referred to as the foodist diet, permits only Pathogenic microorganisms Cream and cake
uncooked and unprocessed meals. Food cooked above 104°F (118°C) such as Salmonella,
cannot be used. It is advisable not to clean, poison, or alter it in any kind. Listeria, Campylobacter,
and E. coli have the
potential to cause illness if
they contaminate your food.

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 Health/other implications
Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Ketogenic The ketogenic diet is highly stringent in many aspects. One of the three Possible health conditions Kelan Athlete offers high-
most crucial nutrients is nearly depleted. On the ketogenic diet, you will include hypotension, quality soy proteins
abstain from consuming any plants, grains, fruits, or vegetables that have nephrolithiasis, emesis, extracted with utmost
a high sugar or carbohydrate content. inadequate caloric intake, purity.
and an elevated
susceptibility to
cardiovascular disease.

Macrobiotic By adhering to a macrobiotic diet, you can effectively avoid consuming Reduce the quantity of fat. Some examples of grains
hazardous substances. If you are a vegan, you abstain from consuming are buckwheat, barley,
any food derived from animals. However, some individuals opt to consume brown rice, and oats.
only a little amount, often a few ounces, of organic meat and fish on a
weekly basis.

Flexitarian Plant-based diets and minimally processed whole plant foods are preferred Result in inadequate intake Free from gluten and
by flexitarians over animal products. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, green of vitamin B12, zinc, or iron. lactose.
beans, bell peppers, and leafy greens are examples of non-starchy
vegetables. Foods high in plant-based protein that are good for you include
lentils, tempeh, tofu, soy, and legumes.

Special medical diets

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redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Type one and two The pancreas will adhere to the type one diet. The inability of this organ to They are at a higher risk of Sucralose and stevia
diabetes produce insulin is due to an autoimmune response, where cells of the developing health
same name have targeted and damaged it. Type 2 diabetes is conditions such as
characterised by reduced insulin production and diminished insulin myocardial infarction,
efficacy. cerebrovascular accidents,
and renal failure.

Gluten free Eliminating carbohydrates from their diet may improve the well-being of An example of a medical Maize flour and potato
certain individuals with diabetes. Most individuals with diabetes do not condition is anaemia, which flour.
require a gluten-free food long as there is little evidence to support the occurs due to insufficient
notion that gluten is detrimental to their health. iron intake. An insufficiency
of folate or vitamin B12 can
lead to the development of
anaemia.

Dairy free When following a dairy-free diet, you abstain from consuming any food or Osteoporosis is The soy bowl has milk,
beverage derived from cow milk. Put simply, milk, cream, cheese, yoghurt, characterised by a gradual cream, and meat. The
and other dairy products are not edible. reduction in bone density, ingredients include oats,
leading to weakened bones. almonds, coconut, walnuts,
This increases the quinoa, and rice.
susceptibility of bones to
fractures.

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Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

FODMAPs FODMAPs are present in legumes and grains such as beans and wheat. Consuming food might Substitute canned
If your digestive system is unable to efficiently metabolise short-chain induce feelings of stress or garbanzo beans and lentils
carbohydrates, they can accumulate. This condition is referred to as anxiety. Experiencing for the dried ones.
glucose malabsorption. Items such as wheat, garlic, onions, vegetables, gastrointestinal difficulties?
beans, and others will be included in this category. Methods for resolving the
issue

Modified texture Food can undergo a change in its shape by being mashed or pureed prior Exposure to it can induce Shepherd's Pie
to consumption. In this scenario, the consistency of the meal has been symptoms such as appetite
altered due to processes such as excavation, transformation into viscous loss, persistent coughing,
fluids, or mashing. Residents or individuals receiving care will have access respiratory difficulties, and
to the necessary food and beverages. exacerbation of asthma.

Low or no salt Individuals adhering to low-sodium or sodium-free diets must limit their Exposure to it can induce Limon juice and vinegar
sodium intake. One of its primary objectives is to consume approximately illness, vomiting, muscular
the same amount of salt (2,300 mg) as a tablespoon of salt. spasms, and dizziness.

Food allergens

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redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Peanuts Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal reaction to food that requires immediate This will exacerbate skin, Seed and bean
medical attention. Peanuts are a common culprit for causing it. There is a facial, and throat edoema,
critical issue that requires immediate resolution. acne, and respiratory
distress.

Tree nuts Less than 10% of individuals with tree nut allergies, such as pecans, One can have Sunflower and cookie
almonds, pine nuts, and pistachios, experience resolution of their allergy. gastrointestinal discomfort butter
and flatulence.

Eggs Eggs are the most common allergen among children. The majority of Macular degeneration is a Vinegar and baking soda
individuals with an egg allergy can promptly discern the presence of eggs condition that can occur in
in their diet, whether it be from direct consumption of an egg or ingestion certain eyes as people get
of a food item containing eggs. older.

Cow’s milk However, it is still most common for babies and young children to have an Increasing the susceptibility Almond and cashew milks
allergy to cow's milk, although the majority of individuals will overcome it of individuals to Alzheimer's
by adulthood. The primary responsibility can be attributed to the alpha s1- disease, heart disease, and
casein proteins present in cow's milk. type 2 diabetes.

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Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Fish Individuals with allergies to scaly fish or shellfish are unable to consume a Experiencing symptoms Bananas, jackfruit and Tofu
variety of crab species and other marine organisms. Individuals with fish such as nausea, abdominal
or shellfish allergies may have mild discomfort or severe symptoms. discomfort, distention,
vomiting, or experiencing
loose bowel movements.

Crustacea Crustaceans frequently consist of proteins that form the defence It can cause illnesses such
mechanisms of sea organisms. Shrimp, crab and mussels are all as yellow head disease and
Fin Fish and milk
crustaceans, and the majority of individuals who only consume them have white spot disease.
an allergic reaction to these seafood varieties.

Sesame seeds Both children and adults have a somewhat high likelihood of being allergic Consuming excessive Sunflower seed and flax
to sesame, ranking it as the tenth most common allergen. A multitude of amounts of sesame seeds seed
individuals derive pleasure from consuming sesame seeds. Consuming carries a risk of fatality.
sesame seeds may alleviate allergy symptoms. Sesame seeds contain
many fibres. This fibre can
induce discomfort and
flatulence in the abdominal
region.

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 Health/other implications
Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Soy or soy beans Soy allergies, commonly referred to as soybean allergies, are most Heart disease, stroke, and Liquid Amines or Coconut
prevalent among infants and young children. The Food Allergen Labelling coronary artery disease are amines.
and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 2004, identified eight primary among the several
allergens. However, soy is not included in that group. conditions.

Cereals (or grains) The protein bands of sizes 9, 14, and 31 include allergens related to gluten. Increase the probability of Bananas and coconuts
These bands trigger symptoms of rice allergy. Cereals, often known as encountering obstacles and
grains, are now available in several forms including flour, oil, and milk. experiencing a significant
While it is uncommon to have an allergy to rice, it is possible for anyone to delay in catching up.
develop such an allergy.

Lupin Certain individuals exhibit an allergic reaction to the protein found in lupins, These conditions will The flour is derived from
similar to their allergic response to peanuts and soy. In addition, a variety enhance the growth of the meat of coconuts and
of other food options are available, including pies, waffles, pancakes, Phytophthora, is combined with maize
pizza, and various deep-fried vegetables such as onion rings. Peronospora, and Downy starch.
mildew.

Sulphites Similar to processed meats such as sausages and burgers, prepackaged This has the potential to Chitosan, being an
foods will include sulphites. The beverage will contain fruit juice and exacerbate asthma and antioxidant, can be utilised
carbonation. In addition, you will have the opportunity to purchase allergy symptoms, which as a substitute for
dehydrated onions and several other vegetables. can range from minor sulphites.
swelling to severe allergic

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redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

reactions that may be life-

threatening.

Special religious diets

Halal Products that are designated as "Halal" are allowed to be consumed by Experience physical or Red or white wine and
Muslims in conformity with the principles of Islamic law. Muslims are mental health conditions vanilla spice
prohibited from consuming meals that contain haram, or banned, that result in stress and
substances. exhaustion.

Hindu While the majority of Hindus adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet, it is There is a potential for a Substitute amaranth for
worth noting that there are certain Hindus who do consume meat. decrease in our need for rice, coconut for avocado,
According to this group, eggs and dairy products are environmentally minerals such as iron and and spinach for kale.
compatible and harmonious with all other life forms. When eating at vitamin B12.
restaurants, individuals like to be seated among others who share a similar
social standing.

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 Health/other implications
Characteristic/ing Adjustment/replacement/
Description of failing to address
redient substitute ingredient
special requirements

Kosher Meats, cheeses, and other kosher goods are classified into several If you violate a kosher law, Cream soup and frosting
categories. In order to be deemed kosher, food must be sourced from you deserve to be punished
animals that have not been unlawfully killed or modified in any manner. with either being expelled
The main objects to be taken are livestock, anatomical components, dairy from the market or receiving
products, and other goods. 39 lashes.

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Food allergies, food intolerances and cultural and religious dietary sanctions
Complete the following table by providing a brief definition of each of the following terms and providing two examples of each.

Term Definition Examples

Food Food proteins have the potential to trigger an immunological response, and immunoglobulins may The cow's milk and the egg will constitute
allergy play a role in these reactions. Individuals worldwide have various impacts as a result of this these two items.
phenomenon.

Food Food sensitivity occurs when our bodies are unable to metabolise specific foods or components of For certain individuals, consuming coffee
intolerance meals. Instances like this occur when the body is unable to efficiently metabolise meals. and gluten can be challenging to digest.

Religious Most of the time, their dietary choices are guided by their religious beliefs. Muslims strictly adhere Friday is the sole day when the
dietary to consuming only halal foods, which are prepared according to Islamic dietary laws. Conversely, consumption of meat is prohibited during
sanctions Jews strictly adhere to consuming only kosher foods, which are prepared according to Jewish Lent. In addition, it is customary for
dietary laws. individuals to observe fasting on Good
Friday and Ash Wednesday.

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Key health and legal consequences of failing to address special requirements
Complete the following table by providing at least one health and one legal consequence of the following scenarios.

Scenario type Scenario Possible consequences

Allergic reaction A customer orders coffee and cake in a bistro during a busy weekend lunch service. At the Health consequences
time of ordering, they clearly state that they have an allergy to eggs and egg products and
Anaphylactic situation, asthma, nausea
check that the cake they are ordering is egg-free as advertised on the menu. The waiter
assures the customer that it is. When the waiter takes the order through to the kitchen, they
are careful to communicate to the kitchen staff that the customer has an egg allergy and they Legal consequences
write the allergy carefully on the docket. However, when the cake is served, a sauce
Penalties or fines
containing egg protein is added to the plate and it is served to the customer. The customer
suffers an allergic reaction requiring hospitalisation.

Anaphylaxis A resident in an aged care facility has a known allergy to tree nuts causing anaphylaxis. The Health consequences
allergy is clearly recorded in the resident’s medical records, in meal plans and as required by
Death of the customer
all the legislation. However, there is a change to an ingredient in one of the sauces used in a
standard recipe which is not picked up when stock is delivered. The resident unfortunately
consumes a tiny amount of the sauce, suffers an anaphylactic reaction and passes away as a Legal consequences
result.
Imprisonment
Cancelling license.

Food A person with a food intolerance to lactose is eating at a new restaurant. They forget to Health consequences
intolerance advise the staff about their dietary issue and, when the meal is brought to the table, they
They are experiencing stomach issues
notice that it has been topped with cheese. The addition of cheese wasn’t described on the resembling the symptoms of lactose
menu. They then advise the staff they have a lactose intolerance and ask them to return the intolerance
dish to the kitchen and prepare a new one. When the dish comes back to the table, the waiter

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 Scenario type Scenario Possible consequences

assumes that it is safe for them to eat. The next day, they suffer dietary symptoms similar to Nausea, vomiting and dizziness
having eaten lactose and the only thing that they can put it down to is the meal that they had
in the new restaurant. When they contact the restaurant, they discover that the cheese was
removed from the top of the dish and the same dish was re-served. The restaurant advises Legal consequences
the customer that there may have been some cheese throughout the dish as well. Imprisonment, penalty.

Basic principles and practices of nutrition

Complete the following table for the seven nutrient groups and provide at least two examples of sources.

Nutrient group Definition Examples

Vitamins The term "nutrient" is used to describe a substance that is Green leafy vegetables, potatoes
essential for the body to function properly and maintain physical
fitness. Minerals and vitamins are present in a wide variety of
diets, including those derived from plants and animals.
Consuming certain types of food can provide individuals with
essential vitamins. Choline, vitamins B6, B12, A, C, D, E, and K,
as well as thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin are present.

Minerals The chemical and physical structures of minerals are widely Fruit and meats
recognised. Minerals are artificial objects that occur naturally in
the environment. Minerals are naturally occurring solid
substances. Their chemical and atomic structures are widely
recognised.

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Nutrient group Definition Examples

Fibre A strand is an extremely slender piece of material that has the Chia seed and beans
potential to be transformed into yarn or rope. Fibre is derived from
non-edible portions of plants and seeds.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates consist of sugar, glucose, cellulose, and other Bread and beans
chemically similar substances. They provide a sense of euphoria
and are easily metabolised by your body.

Fats Organisms produce adipose tissue internally, which adheres to Butter and the dairy products
surfaces. It frequently develops a stratum directly beneath the
epidermis or encircling vital body structures.

Protein Proteins are essential components of cells, including muscle Lean meat and the pork
cells, and are present in all living organisms. Proteins are the
primary components of protein-rich diets.

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Nutrient group Definition Examples

Water Hydrogen and oxygen are two chemical components that Cucumber and bell peers
combine to form water. It has the ability to either move or remain
still.

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Australian Dietary Guidelines
Complete the following table by providing a brief summary of each of the five guidelines included in the current Australian Dietary Guidelines. Ensure that you
use your own words. Include a source for your information.

Guideline Summary Source/s

Guideline 1 Maintaining a healthy weight requires being occupied and consuming an adequate amount https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/
of allergen-free food and water.

Guideline 2 In order to achieve your weight loss objectives, consume a variety of items from these five https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/
categories. Various grain-based meals include bread, cereal, quinoa, barley rice, pasta,
noodles, polenta, couscous, oats, and other noodle-like foods.

Guideline 3 Reduce your consumption of cookies, cakes, pies, fast food burgers, pizza, fried meals, https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/
potato chips, and other salty items.

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Guideline Summary Source/s

Guideline 4 Ensure the safety and convenience of individuals who are engaged in breastfeeding. https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/
Health care facilities have the ability to establish peer therapy workshops and mother-to-
mother support groups with assistance from the community. Lactating mothers may
benefit from engaging in conversations with other mothers who are also breastfeeding.

Guideline 5 Exercise caution when handling food, ensuring that it is properly cooked and has not been https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/
previously utilised for storage purposes. Ensure that the food storage bins are thoroughly
sanitised prior to our arrival.

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