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A2 2211002 Enkh-Erdene.d

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A2 2211002 Enkh-Erdene.d

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1. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin twice.

a) Experimental outcomes: h-head t-tail


a. hh (two heads)
b. ht (one head, one tail)
c. th (one head, one tail)
d. tt (two tails)
Random variable:
b) let y represent the number of heads occurring on the two tosses.
c) Values of the random variable for each experimental outcome:
e. hh: y = 2
f. ht: y = 1
g. th: y = 1
h. tt: y = 0
d) This random variable is discrete.

3. a. Experimental outcomes:

● Offer, No offer, Offer (ONO)


● Offer, Offer, No offer (OON)
● Offer, Offer, Offer (OOO)
● No offer, No offer, No offer (NNN)
● No offer, No offer, Offer (NNO)
● No offer, Offer, No offer (NON)
● No offer, Offer, Offer (NOO)
● Offer, No offer, No offer (ONN)

b. Random variable:

Let X represent the number of offers made.

The random variable X is discrete because it represents a count of the number of offers, which
can only be whole numbers (0, 1, 2, or 3).

c. Values of the random variable for each experimental outcome:

● NNN: X = 0 (no offers made)


● NNO, NON, ONN: X = 1 (one offer made)
● NOO, ONO, OON: X = 2 (two offers made)
● OOO: X = 3 (three offers made)

7. a. Yes, this probability distribution is valid. To be valid, the sum of all probabilities for all
possible values of the random variable must equal 1. Checking:

0.20+0.15+0.25+0.40=10.20+0.15+0.25+0.40=1 So, the sum equals 1, making it a valid


probability distribution.
b. x=30, we look at the corresponding probability value in the distribution: 0.25

c. P(x≤25)=P(x=20)+P(x=25)=0.20+0.15=0.35

d. P(x>30)=P(x=35)=0.40

8. a. To construct a probability distribution using the relative frequency approach, we divide the
frequency of each event by the total number of days (20 in this case).

● Days with 1 operating room: 3/20=0.15


● Days with 2 operating rooms: 5/20=0.25
● Days with 3 operating rooms: 8/20=0.40
● Days with 4 operating rooms: 4/20=0.20

So, the probability distribution is:

● P(1)=0.15
● P(2)=0.25
● P(3)=0.40
● P(4)=0.20

b.

c. To ensure the probability distribution is valid, the sum of all probabilities should equal 1. Let's
check:
0.15+0.25+0.40+0.20=10.15+0.25+0.40+0.20=1

So, the sum equals 1, satisfying the condition for a valid discrete probability distribution.

16. a.To compute the expected value, we multiply each value of y by its corresponding
probability and then sum the results:

E(y)=(2×0.20)+(4×0.30)+(7×0.40)+(8×0.10)

E(y)=0.40+1.20+2.80+0.80

E(y)=5.20

b. To compute the variance

Var(y)=E(y*y)−[E(y)*E(y)]

E(y*y)=0.80+3.60+19.60+6.40=30.40

Var(y)=30.40−(5.20*5.20)=30.40−27.04

Var(y)=3.36

Finally, to compute the standard deviation (σ), we take the square root of the variance:

So, the variance of y is 3.36 and the standard deviation is approximately 1.83.

18. a. P(x=0)= 547/15760≈ 0.035 P(x=1)= 5012/15760≈ 0.318

P(x=2)= 6100/15760≈ 0.387 P(x=3)= 2644/15760≈ 0.168

P(x≥4)= 557/15760≈ 0.035

b. Expected value: E(x)≈1.86

Variance: Var(x)≈1.32

c. P(y=0)= 23/22159≈ 0.001 P(y=1)= 541/22159≈ 0.024

P(y=2)= 3832/22159≈ 0.173 P(y=3)= 8690/22159≈ 0.393

P(y≥4)= 3783/22159≈ 0.171

d. Expected value: E(y)≈2.77


Variance: Var(y)≈ 1.25

e. Renter-occupied homes tend to have fewer bedrooms on average (1.86) compared to


owner-occupied homes (2.77).
● The variance in the number of bedrooms is slightly higher for renter-occupied homes
(1.32) compared to owner-occupied homes (1.25)
● Owner-occupied homes are more likely to have 3 bedrooms, while renter-occupied
homes are more likely to have 2 bedrooms.

25. a.

b. Probability of one success, f(1):

The probability of getting exactly one success in two trials is calculated using the binomial
probability formula:

f(1)=2C1×(0.4)×(0.6)=2×0.4×0.6=0.48

c. Probability of zero successes, f(0):

f(0)=(0.6)*(0.6)=0.36

d. Probability of two successes, f(2):

f(2)=(0.4)*(0.4)=0.16

e. Probability of at least one success:

To find the probability of at least one success, we sum the probabilities of getting one success
and two successes:

P(at least one success)=f(1)+f(2)=0.48+0.16=0.64

f. Expected value, variance, and standard deviation:


The expected value E of a binomial distribution is given by E=np, where n is the number of trials
and p is the probability of success.

E=2×0.4=0.8

The variance Var of a binomial distribution is given by Var=np(1−p)

Var=2×0.4×0.6=0.48

The standard deviation σ is the square root of the variance σ≈0.69

30. a. Conditions for a binomial experiment:

1. There are a fixed number of trials: In this case, we are selecting two parts.
2. Each trial is independent: The outcome of selecting one part does not affect the outcome
of selecting another.
3. There are only two possible outcomes for each trial: Defective or non-defective.
4. The probability of success (finding a defective part) is constant: 3% in this case.

b.

c. Experimental outcomes resulting in exactly one defect:

● There are two outcomes where exactly one defective part is found: (Non-defective,
Defective) and (Defective, Non-defective).

d. Probabilities:

● Probability of finding no defects: 0.97×0.97=0.9409


● Probability of finding exactly one defect: 2×(0.97×0.03)=0.0582
● Probability of finding two defects: 0.03×0.03=0.0009
39. a. Poisson probability function: The Poisson probability function for a given number of
occurrences x in a time period with a mean of a occurrences per time period is:

b. Expected number of occurrences in three time periods: If the mean number of occurrences
per time period is two, then the expected number of occurrences in three time periods is 2×3=6

c. Poisson probability function for three time periods:

To determine the probability of x occurrences in three time periods, we use the Poisson
probability function with a=2×3=6

d. Probability of two occurrences in one time period:

Using the Poisson probability function with a=2, we find P(x=2;2):

e. Probability of six occurrences in three time periods: Using the Poisson probability function
with a=6, we find P(x=6;6):

f. Probability of five occurrences in two time periods:

Using the Poisson probability function with a=2×2=4, we find P(x=5;4):


42. a. Probability of no website visitors in a one-minute period:

We can model the number of website visitors in a one-minute period with a Poisson distribution,
where the mean rate of visitors λ=7 (visitors per minute). To find the probability of no visitors
(x=0), we use the Poisson probability function:

b. Probability of two or more website visitors in a one-minute period:To find the probability
of two or more visitors (x≥2), we subtract the probability of no visitors and the probability of one
visitor from 1: P(x≥2;7)=1−[P(0;7)+P(1;7)]

c. Probability of one or more website visitors in a 30-second period:

Since the rate is given to visitors per minute, we need to adjust the rate for a 30-second period.
The mean rate for a 30-second period is λ=7/2=3.5 Then, we find the probability of at least one
visitor in a 30-second period: P(x≥1;3.5)=1−P(0;3.5)

d. Probability of five or more website visitors in a one-minute period:

We can find the probability of five or more visitors (x≥5) using the Poisson probability function:
P(x≥5;7)=1−[P(0;7)+P(1;7)+P(2;7)+P(3;7)+P(4;7)]

50. N as the total number of employees in both plants (40 + 20 = 60)

K as the number of employees in the Hawaii plant (20)

n as the sample size (10)

a. Probability that none of the employees in the sample work at the Hawaii plant:

b. Probability that one of the employees in the sample works at the Hawaii plant:
c. Probability that two or more of the employees in the sample work at the Hawaii plant:

P(two or more from Hawaii)=1−P(none from Hawaii)−P(one from Hawaii)

d. Probability that nine of the employees in the sample work at the Texas plant:

Chapter 6:

1. a. Graph of the probability density function (PDF):

Since the random variable x is uniformly distributed between 1.0 and 1.5, the probability density
function is a horizontal line with a constant value over this interval. The PDF is given by:
f(x)=1/(b-a)=1/0.5=2

b. Probability P(x=1.25):

Since x is uniformly distributed, the probability at any specific point is 0. Therefore,


P(x=1.25)=0

c. Probability P(1.0≤ x ≤1.25):

Since the PDF is constant over the interval [1.0, 1.5], the probability of x falling within this
interval is equal to the width of the interval times the height of the PDF. Therefore, P(1.0≤ x
≤1.25)=(1.25−1.0)×2=0.25×2=0.5

d. Probability P(1.20< x <1.5):

Similarly, the probability of x falling within the interval [1.20, 1.5] is:

P(1.20< x <1.5)=(1.5−1.20)×2=0.30×2=0.60

4. a. Graph of the probability density function (PDF):

Since the random variable x is uniformly distributed between 0 and 1, the PDF is a horizontal
line with a constant value of 1 over the interval [0, 1]. Outside this interval, the PDF is 0.
Therefore, the graph is a flat line at y=1 over the interval [0, 1] and y=0 elsewhere.
b. Probability of generating a random number between 0.25 and 0.75:

The probability of generating a random number between 0.25 and 0.75 is equal to the width of
the interval times the height of the PDF, which is 1. Therefore,

P(0.25≤x≤0.75)=0.75−0.25=0.5

c. Probability of generating a random number less than or equal to 0.30:

Since the PDF is constant and equal to 1 over the interval [0, 1], the probability of generating a
random number less than or equal to 0.30 is simply 0.30.

d. Probability of generating a random number greater than 0.60:

Similar to part (c), the probability of generating a random number greater than 0.60 is 1 - 0.60 =
0.40.

13. a. To find this probability, we look up the corresponding values in the standard normal
distribution table. For z=−1.98, the probability is approximately 0.0244, and for z=0.49, the
probability is approximately 0.6861. Therefore,

P(−1.98≤ z ≤0.49)=0.6861−0.0244=0.6617

b. Probability P(0.52≤ z ≤1.22)

for z=0.52, the probability is approximately 0.6985, and for z=1.22, the probability is
approximately 0.8888. Therefore,

P(0.52 ≤ z ≤ 1.22)=0.8888−0.6985=0.1903

c. Probability P(−1.75≤ z ≤−1.04)

For z=−1.75, the probability is approximately 0.0401, and for z=−1.04, the probability is
approximately 0.1492. Therefore, P(−1.75≤ z ≤−1.04)=0.1492−0.0401=0.1091

15. a. Find z when the area to the left of z is 0.2119:

To find z, we look up 0.2119 in the standard normal distribution table. The closest value to
0.2119 is 0.2123, which corresponds to z≈−0.81
b. Find z when the area between −z and z is 0.9030: z ≈ 1.67

c. Find z when the area between −z and z is 0.2052: z ≈ −0.82

d. Find z when the area to the left of z is 0.9948: z ≈ 2.57

e. Find z when the area to the right of z is 0.6915:

Since the standard normal distribution is symmetric, the area to the right of z is the same as the
area to the left of −z. Therefore, we can find z for the area to the left of −z, which is
1−0.6915=0.3085. Looking up 0.3085 in the standard normal distribution table, the closest
value corresponds to z ≈ −0.51

18. a. z = (x−μ) / σ

x is the value of interest ($40 in this case), μ is the mean ($30), σ is the standard deviation
($8.20) z ≈ 1.22 standard normal distribution table or use a calculator to find that the probability
corresponding to this z-score is approximately 0.8888.
So, the probability that a company will have a stock price of at least $40 is approximately
88.88%.
b. To find the probability that a company will have a stock price no higher than
$20, we calculate the z-score for $20: z=(20-30)/8.20 ≈−1.22
z-score of -1.22 in a standard normal distribution table or use a calculator to find that the
probability corresponding to this z-score is approximately 0.1112.
So, the probability that a company will have a stock price no higher than $20 is approximately
0.1112 or 11.12%.
c. To find out how high a stock price has to be to put a company in the top 10%, we need to find
the z-score corresponding to the top 10% of the distribution, which is approximately 1.28. We
find this using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator. Then, we use the z-score
formula again to find the corresponding stock price: z=(x−μ)/σ​1.28=(x−30)/8.20​ x ≈ 40.54
So, a company needs to have a stock price of approximately $40.54 to be in the top 10%.
33.

35.
Chapter 7:

1. a. The 10 possible simple random samples of size 2 from the population {A, B, C, D, F}
are:
1. AB
2. AC
3. AD
4. AF
5. BC
6. BD
7. BF
8. CD
9. CF
10. DF

b. Each sample of size 2 has an equal probability of being selected. Since there are 10 possible
samples and each has an equal chance of being selected, the probability of selecting any specific
sample is 1/10

c. If we use the random digits 8 0 5 7 5 3 2, corresponding to the elements A, B, C, D, F


respectively, then the simple random sample of size 2 selected would be BC.

23. a. When n=30, the probability of obtaining a sample mean within ±$500 of the population
mean is 0.5034

b. For a sample of size 60, the probability remains the same at 0.5034 since increasing the
sample size doesn't affect the probability in this scenario.

c. For a sample of size 120, the probability also remains the same at 0.5034
11, 13, 19:
32, 35:

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