Convective mass transfer

ผศ. ดร. สิ ริชยั ส่ งเสริ มพงษ์

1
 Mass convection
(Convective mass transfer)

When the transport of a component due to a concentration

gradient is enhanced by convection, the mass flux of the
component will be higher than would occur by molecular
diffusion.
2
 Mass convection
(Convective mass transfer)

Concentration
boundary layer

1. Thin viscous sublayer film (molecular diffusion)

Few or no eddies are present. A large concentration drop occurs across this film as
a result of the slow diffusion rate.
2. Transition or buffer region (molecular diffusion + turbulent mass transfer)
Some eddies are present.
3. Turbulent region (turbulent mass transfer with a small amount by molecular diffusion)
The concentration decrease is very small here since the eddies tend to keep the fluid
3
Concentration uniform.
Mass convection
(Convective mass transfer)

cA1 = cA,S
cA2 = cA,∞

4
 Mass convection
(Convective mass transfer)
The interfacial region is treated
as a hypothetical stagnant film
c A, of thickness x, called the
boundary layer, and it is
assumed that all the
concentration changes occur in
this layer.

c A, S  conv  hmass As (c A, S  c A, )

m

5
 Mass convection
Convective heat transfer (Newton’s law of cooling)

qconv  hconv As (Ts  T )

Convective mass transfer
 conv  hmass As (c A, S  c A, )
m
m conv is mass transfer rate (kg/s)
hmass is convective mass transfer coefficient (m3/m2s, m/s)

As is area (m2)

cA is concentration of component A (kg/m3)

6
Convective mass transfer
Mass basis

m conv  hmass A (  A, s   A, )

 hmass A ( w A, s  w A, )

m conv :mass transfer rate (kg/s)

ρ: average mass concentration of the fluid in the boundary layer (kg/m3)
ρA,s : mass concentration of component A in fluid at surface (kg/m3)
 A, : mass concentration of component A in fluid at free steam (kg/m3)
hmass: mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
wA,s : mass fraction of component A in fluid at surface
wA, : mass fraction of component A in fluid at free steam
A : Area (m2)

7
Convective mass transfer
Mass basis

pA m conv  hmass A (  A, s   A, )

CA 
RT
 p A, s M A p A, M A 
CA 
A  hmass A   
 RT RT 
MA  
A pA
 
 hmass A M A
M A RT m conv  p A, s  p A,
RT
p AM A
A 
RT 8
Convective mass transfer
Mole basis


N conv  hy A  A, s   A, 
N conv :Mole transfer rate (kmol/s)

hy : mass transfer coefficient (kmol/m2 s)

 A, s : mole fraction of component A in fluid at surface

 A, : mole fraction of compon ent A in fluid at free steam

9
Convective mass transfer
hmass M
m conv  A( p A, s  p A, )
RT

Gas  conv  hG A ( p A, s  p A, )

m

N conv  hG' A ( p A, s  p A, )

m conv :Mass transfer rate (kg/s) N conv :Mole transfer rate (kmol/s)
pA,s : partial pressure of component A in fluid at surface (Pa)
p A,: partial pressure of component A in fluid at free steam (Pa)
hG: mass transfer coefficient (kg/s m2 Pa)
hG’: mass transfer coefficient (kmol/s m2 Pa)
A : Area (m2)
M: Molecular weight (kg/kmol)
R: universal gas constant (8314.3 m3Pa/kmol K)
10
T: Temperature (K)
 Mass convection
Convective mass transfer coefficients can be
predicted using dimensional analysis

Dimensionless number used in mass transfer

 Reynolds number (NRe)
 Schmidt number (NSC)
 Sherwood number (NSh)
 Lewis Number (NLe)
11
 Mass convection
Dimensionless number used in mass transfer
 Reynolds number (NRe)

uLc
N Re 

ρ: fluid density (kg/m3)
u : velocity of fluid (m/s)
Lc: tube diameter or length of flat surface (m)
μ: fluid viscosity (kg/m s)
12
 Mass convection
Laminar flow (การไหลแบบเป็นระเบียบ)

Smooth stream lines and highly-ordered motion

Turbulent flow (การไหลแบบปั่นป่วน)

Velocity fluctuations and highly-disordered motion

13
 Mass convection
Dimensionless number used in mass transfer
 Schmidt number (NSC) Heat transfer
Velocity and concentration profiles C p 
N Pr  
k 
molecular diffusion of momentum
N sc 
molecular diffusion of mass
 
N SC  
D D
Fluid viscosity(  )[kg / m  s] 
Kinemetic viscosity( )[m2 / s]    14
Fluid density( )[kg / m3 ] 
 Mass convection
Dimensionless number used in mass transfer
 Sherwood number (NSh)
Heat transfer
NSh=f(NRE, NSC) hconv Lc
N Nu 
Velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles k
hmass Lc
N sh 
DAB
Total mass transfered
N sh 
Total masss transfer by molecular diffusion
Lc: tube diameter or length of flat surface (m)
15
Mass transfer coefficient
 Laminar flow over a flat plate
NRe < 5 x 105

 0.664N Re 1 / 2 N Sc 1 / 3
hmass Lc
N sh 
D

16
Mass transfer coefficient
 Turbulent flow over a flat plate
NRe > 5 x 105

hmass Lc 0.8 0.33

N sh   0.036 N Re N Sc
D

17
Mass transfer coefficient
 Laminar flow in a pipe
 NRe < 10,000

1/ 3
N N 
hmass Lc  Re Sc 
N sh   1.86 
D  L 
 d c 
dc : diameter of the pipe

18
Mass transfer coefficient
 Turbulent flow in a pipe
 NRe > 10,000

hmass Lc 0.8 1/ 3
N sh   0.023N N
D Re Sc

dc : diameter of the pipe

19
Mass transfer coefficient
 Mass transfer over spherical objects
NRe < 70,000

1/ 2 1/ 3
N sh  2  0.6 N N
Re Sc

20
Mass convection
Dimensionless number used in mass transfer
 Lewis Number (NLe)

Concentration and temperature profiles

k 
N Le  
CP DAB DAB

21
 Example 7
 Determine the rate of water evaporated from a tray full of water. Air at a
velocity of 2 m/s is flowing over the tray. The temperature of water and
air is 25oC. The width of the tray is 45 cm and its length along the
direction of air flow is 20 cm. The diffusivity of water vapor in air is
D = 0.26 x 10-4 m2/s. The relative humidity of air is 50%. Kinematic
viscosity of air is 16.14 x 10-6m2/s.
Fluid viscosity(  )[kg / m  s]
Kinemetic viscosity( )[m2 / s] 
Fluid density( )[kg / m3 ]
Air, 
1. หา NRe Surface, s
2. เลือกสมการ NSh ทีเ่ หมาะสมเพือ ่ หาค่า hmass
3. หา NSc
4. หา hmass 20 cm
5. หา A,s และ A,∞
6. แทนค่าในสูตร  conv  hmass A ( 
m   A, ) 22
A, s
 Example 7
1. หา Nre

uLc uLc uLc 2  100

20
N Re      24,783
   16.14 106
N Re  5105 The flow is laminar.
2. เลือกสมการ NSh ทีเ่ หมาะสมเพือ
่ หาค่า hmass

 0.664N Re  N Sc 
hmass Lc 1/ 2 1/ 3
N sh 
D
23
 Example 7
3. หา NSc

  16.14 106
N sc     0.62
D D 0.26 10 4

4. หา hmass

hmass  0.2
N sh   0.66424,7831 / 2 0.621 / 3
0.26 10 4
hmass  1.1587 10 2 m/ s
5. หา A,s และ A,∞ 24
052231 อ.สาวิตรี รัตนสุมาวงศ ์ 25
 Example 7
5. หา A,s และ A,∞

 A, S  0.02298kg / m 3

 A,  0.50.02298  0.01149kg / m3

6. แทนค่าในสูตร  conv  hmass A ( 
m   )
A, s A,

 
m conv  1.1587 10 2 0.45  0.2(0.02298  0.01149)
5
 1.1982 10 kg / s  0.043kg / hr
The water evaporation rate from the tray is 0.043 kg/h. 26
 Air, 

Example 7 Surface, s

 Determine the rate of water evaporated from a tray full of water by using
the partial pressures of water vapor in the air and at the water surface.
 Air at a velocity of 2 m/s is flowing over the tray. The temperature of
water and air is 25oC. The width of the tray is 45 cm and its length along
the direction of air flow is 20 cm. The diffusivity of water vapor in air is
D = 0.26 x 10-4 m2/s. The relative humidity of air is 50%. Kinematic
viscosity of air is 16.14 x 10-6m2/s.
hmass  1.1587 102 m/ s
hmass M
 % RH  m conv  A( p A, s  p A, )
p A,    p As RT
 100  5
 1.2 10 kg / s  0.043kg / h
 50 
 3.179  1.5895kPa
 100  27
052231 อ.สาวิตรี รัตนสุมาวงศ ์ 28
 Example 8
 A 0.3175 cm of glucose is placed in a water
stream flowing at a rate of 0.15 m/s. The
temperature of water is 25oC. The diffusivity of
glucose in water is 0.69 x 10-5 cm2/s. Determine
the mass transfer coefficient.

29
052231 อ.สาวิตรี รัตนสุมาวงศ ์ 30
 Example 9
uLc N sh  2  0.6 N 1 / 2 N 1 / 3
N Re  Re Sc


997.10.150.003175  2  0.6(539)1 / 2 (1279)1 / 3
880.637 10  6  153
 539 hmass Lc N sh D AB
N sh   hmass 
  D AB Lc
N Sc  
1530.69 10 9 
D D

880.637 10  6  hmass 
997.10.69 109 
 0.003175

 1279
 3.32 10 5 m / s
31
Homework
 Air flow over the surface of a solid tray 0.5 m x 0.5 m filled
with a vegetable cut into small cubes that completely cover the
tray. Calculate the rate of water vapor transfer from the
surface of the tray to the air stream if the mass transfer
coefficient is 0.03 kg/s m2 Pa. The water vapor pressure is
12000 Pa at the surface of the vegetable and 5000 Pa at the
bulk of the air stream.
PA, =
 conv  hG A ( p A, s  p A, )
m
hG =

PA,s =

32
Homework
 The Sherwood Number for vapor transport from the
surface of a high moisture food product to the
surrounding air is 2.48. Compute the convective mass
transfer coefficient, when the dimension of the
product in the direction of air movement is 15 cm,
and the mass diffusivity for water vapor in air is 1.8 x
10-5 m2/s

33