National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

Lab Manual 01
CL461-Artificial Intelligence Lab

Course Instructor Ms. Maham

Lab Instructor (s) Rida Mahmood,
Zaeem Yousaf
Section K1,K2
Semester Spring 2024
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

Department of Computer Science

FAST-NU, Lahore, Pakistan

Table of Contents
1 Objectives 3
2 Task Distribution 3
3 Online Python Interpreter 4
4 Data Types 5
4.1 Built-in Types 5
4.2 Typecasting 6
5 Operators 6
5.1 Math Operators 6
5.2 Comparison Operators 7
5.3 Boolean Operators 7
6 If-else Conditions 8
6.1 if Statement Example: 8
6.2 if-else Statement Example: 8
6.3 if-elif-else Statement Example: 8
7 Loops 9
7.1 While Loop Example with break Statement 9
7.2 While Loop Example with continue Statement 9
7.3 for Loop Example with range() 9
7.4 for Loop Example with range() arguments 9
8 Functions 10
8.1 Custom Functions 10
8.1.1 Simple Function Example 10
8.1.2 Function Example with Return Statement 10
8.2 Built-in Functions 11
8.2.1 Built-in Function Examples 11
9 Exercise (25 Marks) 12
9.1 Reverse String (5 Marks) 12
9.2 Valid Palindrome (10 Marks) 12
9.3 Sqrt(x) without any built-in methods (10 Marks) 12
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

10 Submission Instructions 13

1 Objectives
After performing this lab, students shall be able to understand:
✔ Python data types.
✔ Python operators (math, comparison, boolean)
✔ Python condition and loops
✔ Python functions

2 Task Distribution
Total Time 170 Minutes

Python data types 15 Minutes

Python operators 10 Minutes

Python if-else conditions 10 Minutes

Python loops 15 Minutes

Python functions 20 Minutes

Exercise 90 Minutes

Online Submission 10 Minutes

 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

3 Online Python Interpreter

We will be working on Google Collab to run Python programs.

Colaboratory, or "Colab" for short, allows you to write and execute Python in your browser
without any configuration. To do that we need to create a Colab notebook.

Colab notebooks allow you to combine executable code and rich text in a single document, along
with images, HTML, LaTeX and more. When you create your own Colab notebooks, they are
stored in your Google Drive account. You can easily share your Colab notebooks with
co-workers or friends, allowing them to comment on your notebooks or even edit them.

Colab notebooks are Jupyter notebooks that are hosted by Colab. The Jupyter Notebook is
an open-source web application that allows you to create and share documents that contain live
code, equations, visualizations and narrative text. Uses include: data cleaning and
transformation, numerical simulation, statistical modeling, data visualization, machine learning,
and much more. Learn more about Jupyter here.

Follow the instructions given below:

● Visit the following link: https://colab.research.google.com/
● Sign in using your nu email id.
● You will be directed to ‘Welcome to Colaboratory’ page.
● Go to File->New Notebook.
● A new notebook is created by the name ‘Untitled0.ipynb’.
● Rename the notebook to your roll number.
● Write your first Python program by typing the following statement in the first cell
o print(‘Hello World’)
● Execute this cell by clicking the play button on the left of the cell or by pressing
Ctrl+Enter.
● You will notice that the notebook will connect to a runtime. RAM and Disk resources are
allocated. (Refer to the screenshot below)
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

For offline usage, PyCharm IDE is recommended. Installation details for PyCharm will be
shared later.

4 Data Types
The following section describes the standard types that are built into the Python interpreter.
These datatypes are divided into different categories like numeric, sequences, mapping etc.
Typecasting is also discussed below.

4.1 Built-in Types

The following chart summarizes the standard data types that are built into the Python interpreter.

Sr# Categories Data Type Examples

1 Numeric Types int -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, int(20)

2 float -1.25, -1.0, --0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25,

float(20.5)

3 complex 1j, complex(1j)

4 Text Sequence Type str 'a', 'Hello!', str("Hello World")

5 Boolean Type bool True, False, bool(5)

6 Sequence Types list ["apple", "banana", "cherry"], list(("apple",

"banana", "cherry"))

7 tuple ("apple", "banana", "cherry"), tuple(("apple",

"banana", "cherry"))

8 range range(6)
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

9 Mapping Type dict {"name" : "John", "age" : 36},

dict(name="John", age=36)

10 Set Types set {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}, set(("apple",

"banana", "cherry"))

11 frozenset frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"})

12 Binary Sequence bytes b"Hello", bytes(5)

Types
13 bytearray bytearray(5)

14 memoryview memoryview(bytes(5))

Python has no command for declaring a variable for any datatype. A variable is created the
moment you first assign a value to it. Variable names are case-sensitive. Just like in other
languages, Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line.

4.2 Typecasting
The process of explicitly converting the value of one data type (int, str, float, etc.) to another data
type is called type casting. In Type Casting, loss of data may occur as we enforce the object to a
specific data type.

# cast to float
x=float(2)
y=float(30.0)
z=float("20")
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

# cast to str
x=str(2)
y=str(30.0)
z=str("20")
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

# Sum two numbers using typecast

num_int = 123
num_str = "456"
print("Data type of num_int:",type(num_int))
print("Data type of num_str before Type Casting:",type(num_str))
num_str = int(num_str)
print("Data type of num_str after Type Casting:",type(num_str))
num_sum = num_int + num_str
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

print("Sum of num_int and num_str:",num_sum)

print("Data type of the sum:",type(num_sum))

Notice the type() function used in the above example. Find out what it does. Execute the given
example in Jupyter notebook to observe the result of type casting.

5 Operators
This section contains the details of different Python operators i.e. Math operators, comparison
operators and Boolean operators.

5.1 Math Operators

From Highest to Lowest precedence:

Operators Operation Example

** Exponent 2 ** 3 = 8

% Modulus/Remainder 22 % 8 = 6

// Integer division 22 // 8 = 2

/ Division 22 / 8 = 2.75

* Multiplication 3 * 3 = 9

- Subtraction 5 - 2 = 3

+ Addition 2 + 2 = 4

5.2 Comparison Operators

Operator Meaning

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

< Less than

> Greater Than

<= Less than or Equal to

>= Greater than or Equal to

 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

5.3 Boolean Operators

There are three Boolean operators: and, or, and not.

The and Operator’s Truth Table:

Expression Evaluates to

True and True True

True and False False

False and True False

False and False False

The or Operator’s Truth Table:

Expression Evaluates to

True or True True

True or False True

False or True True

False or False False

The not Operator’s Truth Table:

Expression Evaluates to

not True False

not False True

6 If-else Conditions
Python supports conditional statements i.e. if, elif, else. Comparison operators and
Boolean operators written in the previous section can be used in if-elif-else statements.
Python uses indentation instead of curly-brackets to define the scope in the code.
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

6.1 if Statement Example:

name = 'Alice'
if name == 'Alice':
print('Hi, Alice.')

6.2 if-else Statement Example:

name = 'Bob'
if name == 'Alice':
print('Hi, Alice.')
else:
print('Hello, stranger.')

6.3 if-elif-else Statement Example:

name = 'Bob'
age = 30
if name == 'Alice':
print('Hi, Alice.')
elif age < 12:
print('You are not Alice, kiddo.')
else:
print('You are neither Alice nor a little kid.')
Python conditional statements only require if statement to execute. Both elif and else are
optional and used as per requirement.

7 Loops
Python has two types of loops i.e. while, for. Use Jupyter notebook to execute all code
snippets given in the examples below to observe their results.

7.1 While Loop Example with break Statement

With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true or the loop
execution reaches a break statement.

while True:
print('Please type your name.')
name = input()
if name == 'your name':
break
print('Thank you!'

input() in the above example is a built-in Python function which is discussed in the functions
section below.

7.2 While Loop Example with continue Statement

When the program reaches a continue statement, the program execution immediately jumps
back to the start of the loop.
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

while True:
print('Who are you?')
name = input()
if name != 'Joe':
continue
print('Hello, Joe. What is the password? (It is a fish.)')
password = input()
if password == 'swordfish':
break
print('Access granted.')

7.3 for Loop Example with range()

print('My name is')
for i in range(5):
print('Jimmy Five Times ({})'.format(str(i)))

7.4 for Loop Example with range() arguments

The range() function can also be called with three arguments. The first two arguments will be
the start and stop values, and the third will be the step argument. The step is the amount that the
variable is increased by after each iteration.

for i in range(0, 10, 2):

print(i)

8 Functions
This section contains the details of Python user defined or custom function along with a few
examples of Python built-in functions.

8.1 Custom Functions

Programmers can define their own functions in Python. Functions can contain all types of Python
statements like variables, conditions and loops etc.

8.1.1 Simple Function Example

A function in Python starts with def keyword followed by the function name with round
brackets. Function parameters can be passed depending on the requirement.

def hello(name):
print('Hello {}'.format(name))
hello('Alice') #Hello Alice
hello('Bob') #Hello Bob

8.1.2 Function Example with Return Statement

A return statement consists of the following:
● The return keyword.
● The value or expression that the function should return.
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

import random #Syntax to import Python libraries

def getAnswer(answerNumber):
if answerNumber == 1:
return 'It is certain'
elif answerNumber == 2:
return 'It is decidedly so'
elif answerNumber == 3:
return 'Yes'
elif answerNumber == 4:
return 'Reply hazy try again'
elif answerNumber == 5:
return 'Ask again later'
elif answerNumber == 6:
return 'Concentrate and ask again'
elif answerNumber == 7:
return 'My reply is no'
elif answerNumber == 8:
return 'Outlook not so good'
elif answerNumber == 9:
return 'Very doubtful'

r = random.randint(1, 9)
fortune = getAnswer(r)
print(fortune)

8.2 Built-in Functions

The Python interpreter has a number of functions built into it that are always available. We have
already covered a few built-in functions in the datatypes section above. Refer to this link for the
complete list of Python built-in functions.

8.2.1 Built-in Function Examples

Execute the code given below in your Jupyter notebook to find the results of built-in functions.

# abs integer number

num = -5
print('Absolute value of -5 is:', abs(num))
# Notice print here, it is also a built-in function

# abs floating number

fnum = -1.45
print('Absolute value of 1.45 is:', abs(fnum))

# input function
x = input('Enter your name:')
print('Hello, ' + x)

# max function
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

number = [3, 2, 8, 5, 10, 6]

largest_number = max(number);
print("The largest number is:", largest_number)

# print usage
print('Hands-on','python','programming','lab',sep='\n')

# sum function
my_list = [1,3,5,2,4]
print "The sum of my_list is", sum(my_list)

9 Exercise (25 Marks)

Complete all tasks given below

9.1 Reverse String (5 Marks)

Write a function that reverses a string. The input string is given as an array of characters. You
can use Python list to create the array of characters. Do not allocate extra space for another array,
you must do this reversal by modifying the input array in-place with O(1) extra memory.

Example 1:
Input: ["h","e","l","l","o"]
Output: ["o","l","l","e","h"]

Example 2:
Input: ["H","a","n","n","a","h"]
Output: ["h","a","n","n","a","H"]

9.2 Valid Palindrome (10 Marks)

Given a string s, determine if it is a palindrome, considering only alphanumeric characters and
ignoring cases. Refer to this link to learn about Python string functions which might come handy
in this task.
 CL461: Artificial Intelligence Lab

Example 1:
Input: s = "A man, a plan, a canal: Panama"
Output: true
Explanation: "amanaplanacanalpanama" is a palindrome.

Example 2:
Input: s = "race a car"
Output: false
Explanation: "raceacar" is not a palindrome.

9.3 Sqrt(x) without any built-in methods (10 Marks)

Given a non-negative integer x, compute and return the square root of x.
Since the return type is an integer, the decimal digits are truncated, and only the integer part of
the result is returned.

Example 1:
Input: x = 4
Output: 2

Example 2:
Input: x = 8
Output: 2
Explanation: The square root of 8 is 2.82842…, and since the decimal part is truncated, 2 is
returned.

10 Submission Instructions
Always read the submission instructions carefully.
● Rename your Jupyter notebook to your roll number and download the notebook as .ipynb
extension.
● To download the required file, go to File->Download .ipynb
● Only submit the .ipynb file. DO NOT zip or rar your submission file
● Submit this file on Google Classroom under the relevant assignment.
● Late submissions will not be accepted