TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

MÓDULO III

INGLÉS INTERMEDIO I

TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT
IS THE QUESTION!

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................................. 3
PALABRAS CLAVES .......................................................................................................................................... 3
¨TO DO or TO MAKE"? THAT IS THE QUESTION! ................................................................................................ 4
ELIGE CON PROPIEDAD (DE UN NATIVO DEL LENGUAJE) AMBOS VERBOS TANTO EXPRESANDO SUS
QUEHACERES COTIDIANOS, LABORALES, ETC. ............................................................................................... 4
COMUNICA EXPERIENCIAS DE SUS QUEHACERES DIARIOS.......................................................................... 10
DESCRIBE POR QUÉ PUEDE O NO REALIZAR UNA ACTIVIDAD ..................................................................... 12
DIFERENCIA ENTRE HACER COSAS O CREAR COSAS ..................................................................................... 15
CIERRE .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................................................................... 19

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

INTRODUCCIÓN

Actualmente, el aprendizaje de nuevas lenguas permite alcanzar metas reales. La necesidad de aprender
inglés debido a la gran demanda que esta lengua ha tomado en el campo laboral se ha hecho imprescindible.

Hoy día dominar un idioma aparte del nativo, aumenta las posibilidades de obtener un buen empleo, en el
caso del inglés, hablamos del idioma universal. Es por ello, que durante el desarrollo del módulo el estudiante
adquirirá conocimientos y destrezas para aprender a diferenciar el uso de los verbos “do” y “make”, crear
oraciones en concordancia a las reglas gramaticales que aplican para el uso de estos verbos, al mismo tiempo
que desarrollará destrezas verbales.

Así, es importante tener una noción que permita entablar conversaciones a nivel personal y laboral, al mismo
tiempo, se debe tener una base que permita conectar ideas, reconociendo que el idioma inglés, juega un papel
muy importante a nivel mundial en todos los aspectos.

Finalmente, se indica que en el apunte del módulo las traducciones de las oraciones no han sido realizadas en
su totalidad, a fin de promover el uso de herramientas como el diccionario lo cual ayuda al fortalecimiento
del vocabulario.

PALABRAS CLAVES
To Do, To Make, Verbos.

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TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!
 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

¨TO DO or TO MAKE"? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

ELIGE CON PROPIEDAD (DE UN NATIVO DEL LENGUAJE) AMBOS VERBOS TANTO
EXPRESANDO SUS QUEHACERES COTIDIANOS, LABORALES, ETC.

CUANDO USAR 'MAKE' O 'DO' EN INGLÉS

De acuerdo con Cranfield, S. (2014):

1. Usamos “MAKE” cuando creamos o construimos algo. Por ejemplo:

• She made a cake.

• I've made us some coffee.
• Did you really make those trousers?

2. Usamos "DO" para actividades generales. En este caso, 'hacer' se usa a menudo con 'something',
'nothing', 'anything' o 'everything'. Ejemplos:

• What did you do last weekend?

• I didn't do anything yesterday.
• She's fed up with doing everything herself. She needs some help.
• Are you doing anything interesting during the holidays?

3. Hay muchas, muchas expresiones fijas con 'make' y 'do'. Desafortunadamente, no siguen ninguna regla
fija, por lo que deben ser aprendidas.

A continuación, un listado con el uso de ambos verbos:

DO

30 mph (miles per Many people do more than 30 mph through this town. It's very dangerous.
hour)
badly She did very badly on the exam, so she'll have to retake it.

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

your best Don't worry about getting everything correct. Just do your best.

business It's been a pleasure doing business with you.

chores I have to go home and do some chores this afternoon.

a course John has decided to do a course in computing this autumn.

a crossword She sat on the sofa, doing a crossword and drinking tea.

damage The storm has done a lot of damage to the house.

the dishes / the I really hate doing the dishes. I'm hoping to buy a dishwasher this year.
washing up
a drawing The little boy spent hours doing a drawing.

your duty He has to do his duty and look after his elderly parents.

an exam I have to do three exams and write a huge essay this term.

exercise Julie likes doing exercise, especially running.

an exercise The teacher asked us to do a lot of grammar exercises over the holidays

someone a favour My friend did me a huge favour and lent me some money.

the gardening David often spends Sunday afternoons doing gardening.

good She helps homeless people and tries to do good.

you good You should eat your vegetables. They'll do you good!

your hair Allie spends ages doing her hair in the morning.

harm I spilt coffee on my suit and tried to clean it, but I did more harm than good. It
looks even worse now!
homework Have you finished doing your homework?

housework Let's do the housework quickly this morning, then we can go out for lunch.

the ironing My mother listens to the radio while she does the ironing.

a job I think the students did a great job with this essay. It's excellent.

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

the laundry / the He did the laundry, cleaned the house, and made dinner.
washing
your nails Jenny likes to do her nails each week.

a painting There was an old man sitting on the bank of the river, doing a painting.

paperwork Does everybody hate doing paperwork?

research I'm doing some research for my thesis at the moment.

the shopping I'll do the shopping tomorrow morning. We need milk, bread, pasta and bananas.

time (= be in prison) He broke into a bank, was caught by the police, and now he's doing time.

well My sister is doing well in her new job.

work Unfortunately, Lucy does a lot of work at the weekends.

your worst I've bought all new winter clothes:– boots, a coat and a very warm hat. Weather,
do your worst!
Fuente: Perfect English Grammar (2021).

MAKE

amends I'm so sorry that I upset you. How can I make amends?

an appointment She had toothache, so she made an appointment with the dentist for the
following day.
arrangements Okay, so we're going to go on holiday in September. Let's make some
arrangements. I'll find a hotel, and you can look at flights.
an attempt I know we might not catch the plane, but let's at least make an attempt to be
on time.
believe The children's favourite game is to make believe that they are kings and queens
from long ago.
certain I think the café opens at six, but let's make certain. I don't want to be standing
in the street waiting!
a change I've made some changes to the document.

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a choice Which job are you going to take? You need to make a choice.

a comment My mother made a comment about my shoes.

a complaint The food took so long to arrive that Julie made a complaint to the manager.

a confession I'd like to make a confession. I was the one who ate the last of the chocolate.

a date I'd love to see you soon. How about if we make a date for next week?

a decision I've made my decision. I'm going to go back to university.

a difference Going to the gym has really made a difference to how I feel.

a discovery When John was last in London he made a discovery - a beautiful little café in a
quiet street.
an effort You're not trying hard enough! Make an effort!

an error He made several errors on the report, and the boss told him to rewrite it.

your escape The bank robbers took £10,000 from the safe and then made their escape.

an exception Usually the children aren't allowed to watch TV but I made an exception today
since the weather was so horrible.
an excuse Why was Lisa late? Did she make an excuse?

a face The child took a bite of the broccoli and made a face.

a fire We put up our tent, made a fire, and had a hot drink.

a fool of yourself You shouldn't sing in front of everyone! You'll make a fool of yourself.

a fortune Lucy made a fortune when she sold her company. Now she doesn't have to
work.
friends She loved university and made lots of friends.

fun of The children love to make fun of the teacher,– but only when she's not looking.

a fuss It's okay! I'm fine, it's just a cough. Don't make a fuss!

an impression Jenny certainly made an impression last night! All my friends are asking about
her.
a joke The interview was very tense at the beginning, but then John made a joke, and
after that it was much more relaxed.

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

a journey Because of the snow, try not to make any journeys which are not absolutely
essential.
a list First, I must make a list of all the things I need to do.

a loss Their business made a loss the first year, but did much better after that.

love The hero and the heroine made love in the film.

a mess What a mess you've made! Can't you tidy up a bit?

a mistake She made so many mistakes in her essay that the teacher couldn't understand
it.
money John made a lot of money in his twenties and was able to retire at the age of 35.

a move Look how late it is! Let's make a move.

a noise Please try not to make a noise when you come home, because I'll be asleep.

an observation Could I make an observation? I don't think some of our customers like the new
adverts.
an offer She made an offer on a house. She's nervous because she'll find out today if it
has been accepted, and she really wants to buy that house.
a payment Hello? I'd like to make a credit card payment, please.

a phone call I'm going to go outside and make a phone call. It's too noisy in here.

plans David is making plans to move to Paris.

a point The professor used lots of examples to make his point.

a prediction The journalist made a prediction about the economy, but in the end it wasn't
correct.
a profit His business made a profit from the beginning.

progress Finally, after being stuck in a traffic jam for an hour, we're making some
progress! We'll arrive by 8pm.
a promise I must study hard today. I made a promise to my mum that I wouldn't fail any
more exams.
a remark John was upset because the boss made a negative remark about his work.

a reservation Could you call the restaurant and make a reservation for tonight?

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a scene Susie made a scene in the café when her order was wrong. She shouted at all
the staff and demanded to speak to the manager.
a sound Don't make a sound! We need to be completely quiet.

a speech The bride's father often makes a speech at her wedding.

a suggestion Could I make a suggestion? How about going out for dinner?

sure I don't think I left the gate open, but I'm just going to go and make sure.

the bed Could you please make the bed before you leave the house? Otherwise it looks
so messy with the duvet and the pillows everywhere.
time (=find time to do Everybody's busy, but you need to make time to study. Otherwise you won't be
something) able to get a better job.
trouble That employee is trying to make trouble. He is always telling the boss bad things
about his colleagues.
a visit I'll call you this afternoon.– I need to make a visit to my granny this morning.

your mind up Do you want chocolate or strawberry ice cream? Make your mind up quickly!

your way
After the film, John made his way to a café, where he had two cups of coffee
and some cake.
Fuente: Perfect English Grammar (2021).

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COMUNICA EXPERIENCIAS DE SUS QUEHACERES DIARIOS

A continuación, se presentan expresiones que son necesarias para construir oraciones que permiten
comunicar experiencias rutinarias:

CAN

Uno de los usos más comunes de este verbo modal es expresar habilidad. En este caso, can es otra forma de
decir “be able to”.

• I can play piano.

• He can run very fast.

Esto también funciona si quieres hacer una pregunta. Para preguntar sobre la habilidad/capacidad de alguien
de hacer algo, normalmente dirías: Can you?

• Can you speak English?

De forma similar, can también se usa a veces para ofrecer ayuda o pedir permiso.
• I can watch your dog while you’re on vacation.
• Can you please pass the butter?

También escucharás este verbo modal para expresar la posibilidad de algo.

• Houses can flood in this region during rainstorms.

COULD

Could es el pasado de can. Úsalo para expresar habilidad, pero cuando hables del pasado.

• I could understand German when I was a kid.

• Could you hear the birds chirping yesterday morning?

Could se utiliza a veces para expresar posibilidad, parecido a can. Sin embargo, a diferencia de can, se utiliza
para posibilidades menos concretas y para sugerencias.

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• We could go to the park or we could go to the mall.

Para hacer una frase negativa con los verbos can y could, basta con agregar la conjunción not después del
verbo modal. Si queremos abreviar los verbos y la conjunción podemos usar can’t o couldn’t, así:

Subject + can / could + not + main verb + complement

• I can’t play the guitar.

• I could not have been an astronaut.

A continuación, se presentan frases de ejemplo de una rutina diaria al levantarnos:

• Me despierto a las 8 en punto. “I wake up at 8 o’clock.”

• Me levanto a las 7:50. “I get up at 7.50.”
• Me hago una taza de té y plancho la ropa. “I make a cup of tea and iron my clothes.
• Me ducho y me visto. “I have a shower and get dressed.”

El siguiente ejemplo muestra un párrafo que describe una rutina diaria en la mañana, de acuerdo con Austen
(2021):

“I brush my hair, put on my make-up. I pack my bag with all my teaching materials. I then put on my coat and
leave the house. I walk to the bus stop. I catch the bus at 8.15, and then I pay my fare and sit down. It takes
about 45 minutes to get to my destination three miles away. I get off the bus and walk to the school where I
teach English. I have to sign in and get the key. Class starts at 9.25 and ends at 11.25.”

Ahora, se muestra un párrafo que describe una rutina en horas de la tarde, de acuerdo con Austen (2021):
“I have lunch at 12. I eat a baguette or sandwich at the local café. I sometimes do some shopping before I walk
back to school. I do some photocopying and go back to my classroom. I teach in the afternoon from 1 to 3pm.
I then catch the bus back home and spend a couple of hours relaxing before I cook dinner.”

My son goes to work shortly after I come home. Sometimes he cooks dinner before I get home, and sometimes
I cook. I like to eat rice or pasta with a sauce. I chop the onions, fry them and then mix them with garlic,
tomatoes, carrots, spinach and chilies. I boil the rice and then add the sauce. After dinner I wash up, sweep
the floor, and tidy up a bit.” Finalmente, una rutina nocturna, para Austen (2021):

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“Then I make phone calls, mark my students’ work, do the laundry. Then I go on Facebook or watch TV until
about 10.30 when my son comes home. We catch up on our day, and at about 11 o’clock I go to bed.

Other days I get up early, go downstairs, put on my computer and teach on IPCHILE for three hours. Then I
have a break, eat dinner with my son, have a walk or go shopping before returning to work and teaching again
for another three hours. Working at home can be very convenient and I love being able to talk to people
around the world. It is also nice working in a school and seeing people on a regular basis and working in a
team. So I feel I have the best of both worlds.”

DESCRIBE POR QUÉ PUEDE O NO REALIZAR UNA ACTIVIDAD

Siguiendo las estructurales gramaticales estudiadas con anterioridad, se presentan algunos ejemplos de
oraciones que expresan actividades, en este caso enfocadas al entorno laboral:

• The staff watched a safety video.

• The supervisors gave instructions to their departments.
• She finished her report at 7 o’clock.
• José accepted a new position.
• The Director read the memo and asked the employees questions.
• The HR Officer conducted the investigation.
• Our secretary worked very hard.
• Mister Brown never attended any meeting. He always sent me.
• I was sitting in a meeting, when my mobile suddenly rang.
• What a horrible day: first my computer crashed, then our best customer cancelled their order and on
my way home my car broke down.
• We wrote two reports this morning.

Para realizar una acción utilizamos el auxiliar CAN, y la imposibilidad de realidad algo se expresa mediante la
negación CAN’T o CAN NOT.

Can significa poder. El negativo de can es cannot, cuya versión abreviada es can’t.

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De acuerdo con Murphy, R. (2018) la estructura CAN se refiere a la capacidad y posibilidad de realizar una
acción, así como la posibilidad de que ocurra determinado evento. Por eso, las palabras can y can’t suelen
estar acompañadas por otro verbo (aquello que se puede hacer o no). En castellano, “can” puede traducirse
en muchas oportunidades como “saber”, en el sentido de saber hacer algo.

Se trata de un verbo defectivo, es decir que tienen ciertas características que sólo tienen los verbos defectivos:

• No se modifica en la tercera persona del singular en presente (he, she o it)

• No utiliza el auxiliar “do” o “does” para formular preguntas o negaciones.
• No utiliza preposición “to”.

Es importante resaltar que en cualquier tipo de frase (afirmativas, negativas o interrogativas) con can o can’t
el verbo que las acompaña tampoco cambia en la tercera persona del singular en presente (no se le agrega
“s” ni “es”).

Pedir permiso: Can o shall

Can suele utilizarse también, en el lenguaje coloquial, para pedir permiso para realizar ciertas acciones. Sin
embargo, en lenguaje formal es más apropiado utilizar “shall” en lugar de can.

Pedir ayuda: Can o would

Para pedir que alguien lleve a cabo una acción, puede utilizarse can en el lenguaje coloquial. Sin embargo, la
forma más formal para pedir ayuda es utilizar would en lugar de can. En estos casos suele agregarse la palabra
“please” (por favor).

1. Oraciones afirmativas con can

La estructura básica de la frase con can es:

Sujeto (pronombre o sustantivo) + can + verbo + complemento.

Tanto en afirmativo como en negativo y en interrogación, el complemento puede no estar presente. Ejemplos:

• Anna can swim very fast.

• I can play guitar.

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• You can cook very well.

• The baby can walk.
• We can travel by bus.
• He can climb the tree.
• The can fix cars.
• It can rain tomorrow.

Oraciones negativas con can’t

La estructura básica de la frase con can’t es:

Sujeto (pronombre o sustantivo) + can’t + verbo + complemento.

Ejemplos:
• She can’t stay up all night. (Ella no puede quedarse despierta toda la noche.)
• Michael can’t drive very well. (Michael no puede conducir muy bien.)
• You can’t do this task in one hour. (No puedes hacer esta tarea en una hora.)
• She can’t walk. (Ella no puede caminar.)
• I can’t play the trombone. (No sé tocar el trombón.)
• They can’t hear you. (Ellos no pueden oirte.)
• I can’t end this way. (No puede terminar así.)
• We can’t visit Susan today. (No podemos visitar a Susan hoy.)

2. Oraciones interrogativas con can y can’t

La estructura de la pregunta con can o can’t es:

Can/Can’t + sujeto (pronombre o sustantivo) + verbo + complemento + ?

• Can you dance? (¿Sabes bailar?)

• Can she travel abroad? (¿Puede viajar al exterior del país?)
• Can the baby talk? (¿El bebé puede hablar?)
• Can your mother play piano? (¿Tu madre sabe tocar el piano?)
• Can you drink beer? (¿Puedes tomar cerveza?

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• Can’t you walk faster? (¿No puedes caminar más rápido?)

• Can’t you ask your father for help? (¿No puedes pedirle ayuda a tu padre?)
• Can’t you turn on the light? (¿No puedes encender la luz?)

Pedir permiso:
• Can I go to the bathroom? (¿Puedo ir al baño?)
• Can Andrew come with me to the party? (¿Puede venir Andrew conmigo a la fiesta?)
• Can I call you tonight? (¿Puedo llamarte esta noche?)
• Can I borrow your dress? (¿Puedo tomar prestado tu vestido?)
• Can we use your car? (¿Podemos usar tu auto?)
• Can I take the kitten home? (¿Puedo llevar el gatito a casa?

Pedir ayuda:
• Can you pass the salt, please? (¿Puedes darme la sal, por favor?)
• Can your father pick me up from school? (¿Tu padre puede ir a buscarme al colegio?)
• Can your mother cook a cake for my birthday? (¿Tu madre puede preparar una torta para mi
cumpleaños?)
• Can you hurry up, please? (¿Puedes apurarte, por favor?)
• Can you buy me dog? (¿Puedes comprarme un perro?)

DIFERENCIA ENTRE HACER COSAS O CREAR COSAS

La principal diferencia entre estos dos verbos radica en su manera de usarlos. Según Murphy, R. (2018):

¿Cuándo usar DO?

DO se utiliza de la siguiente manera:

1. DO se utiliza cuando se habla de trabajo, trabajos o tareas. Debemos tener en cuenta que no producen
ningún objeto físico.

• Have you done your homework?

• I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doing the housework now.
• I wouldn't like to do that job.

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 TO DO OR TO MAKE¨? THAT IS THE QUESTION!

2. DO se utiliza cuando nos referimos a actividades en general sin ser específicos. En estos casos,
normalmente usamos palabras como cosa, algo, nada, cualquier cosa, todo, etc.

• Hurry up! I've got things to do!

• Don't just stand there – do something!
• Is there anything I can do to help you?

3. A veces usamos DO para reemplazar un verbo cuando el significado es claro u obvio. Esto es más común
en el inglés hablado de manera informal:

• Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb)

• Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed)
• I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)

¿Cuándo usar MAKE?

Según Cranfield, S. (2014), el verbo Make significa producir, construir, crear o construir algo nuevo. También
se utiliza para indicar el origen de un producto o los materiales que se utilizan para hacer algo.

• His wedding ring is made of gold.

• The house was made of adobe.
• Wine is made from grapes.
• The watches were made in Switzerland.

También usamos Make para producir una acción o reacción.

• Onions make your eyes water.
• You make me happy.
• It’s not my fault. My brother made me do it!

Antes de hacer ciertos sustantivos sobre planes y decisiones.

• He has made arrangements to finish work early.
• They're making plans for the weekend.
• You need to make a decision right now.

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Usamos Make con sustantivos sobre hablar y ciertos sonidos.

• She made a nice comment about my dress.
• The baby is asleep so don't make any noise.
• Can I use your phone to make a call?
• Don't make a promise that you cannot keep.

Usamos Make with alimentos, bebidas y comidas.

• I made a cake for her birthday.
• She made a cup of tea.
• I must go now. I have to make dinner.

Cuadro comparativo de “to do” frente a “to make”:

Imagen 1. Cuadro comparativo de “to do” frente a “to make”

Fuente: Woodward (2020)

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CIERRE

En el idioma inglés existen muchas palabras y verbos que en algunos casos no siguen ninguna regla
gramatical, tal es el caso de estos dos verbos “to do” y “to make” que como hemos visto en algunos
casos siguen ciertas reglas, pero también existen muchas expresiones fijas que no siguen ninguna regla,
por lo que deben ser aprendidas. Es importante distinguir ambos verbos ya que a nivel profesional son
acciones necesarias que componen una rutina diaria, ya sea en un contexto personal o laboral.

Para los que hablan el idioma desde niños se les hace fácil, pues ya están acostumbrados a cuándo y
dónde deben utilizarlos, por lo que se recomienda ampliamente en este caso revisar los ejemplos,
leerlos en voz alta, hacer ejercicios de memorización y tratar de construir estructuras gramaticales a
partir de lo presentado.

La utilidad del idioma inglés abarca prácticamente todos los campos profesionales, financieros y
educativos a nivel mundial. En este sentido, lo ideal es profundizar los elementos estudiados a fin de
poder comprender desde la práctica todas las estructuras e incorporarlas como herramientas
laborales.

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Murphy, R. (2018) English Grammar in Use Intermediate. Ed.4. Cambridge University Press Disponible en
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/

Clouet, Richard. Cranfield, S. (2014) Lenguaje: Spanish: Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Servicio
de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica. España. Recuperado de
https://elibro.net/ereader/ipchile/57196

Perfect English Grammar (2021). DO / MAKE. Recuperado de: https://www.perfectenglish- grammar.com

Enciclopedia de Ejemplos (2019). "Oraciones con Can y Can’t". Recuperado de:
https://www.ejemplos.co/ejemplos-de-oraciones-con-can-y-cant/

Austen H: (2021). Frases útiles para describir tu rutina diaria en inglés.

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FIN DE MÓDULO

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