Package ‘iotables’

January 8, 2024
Type Package
Title Reproducible Input-Output Economics Analysis, Economic and
Environmental Impact Assessment with Empirical Data
Date 2024-01-08
Version 0.9.3
Maintainer Daniel Antal <daniel.antal@dataobservatory.eu>
Description Pre-processing and basic analytical tasks related to working
with Eurostat's symmetric input-output tables and provide basic
input-output economics calculations. The package is part of rOpenGov
<http://ropengov.github.io/> to open source open government initiatives.
URL https://iotables.dataobservatory.eu/
BugReports https://github.com/rOpenGov/iotables/issues
License MIT + file LICENSE
Encoding UTF-8
LazyData true
RoxygenNote 7.2.3
Imports dplyr, eurostat, magrittr, tidyr, forcats, utils, plyr,
lubridate, knitr, kableExtra, tibble, readxl, assertthat, glue,
tidyselect, rlang
Suggests testthat, rmarkdown, spelling, covr, roxyglobals
Depends R(>= 3.5.0)
VignetteBuilder knitr
Language en-US
Config/roxyglobals/filename globals.R
Config/roxyglobals/unique FALSE
NeedsCompilation no
Author Daniel Antal [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7513-6760>),
Kasia Kulma [ctb] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-9720>),
Pyry Kantanen [ctb] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-2765>)
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2024-01-08 20:10:02 UTC

1
2 R topics documented:

R topics documented:
airpol_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
backward_linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
coefficient_matrix_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
conforming_vector_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
croatia_2010_1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
croatia_2010_1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
croatia_2010_1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
croatia_employment_2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
croatia_employment_aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
direct_effects_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
employment_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
employment_metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
empty_remove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
equation_solve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
forward_linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
germany_1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
germany_airpol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ghosh_inverse_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
household_column_find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
household_column_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
indirect_effects_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
input_coefficient_matrix_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
input_flow_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
input_indicator_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
input_multipliers_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
iotables_download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
iotables_metadata_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
iotables_read_tempdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iotable_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iotable_year_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
is_html_output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
is_latex_output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
key_column_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
leontief_inverse_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
leontief_matrix_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
matrix_round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
metadata_uk_2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
multiplier_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
netherlands_2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
output_coefficient_matrix_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
output_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
output_multiplier_create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
primary_inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
primary_input_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
rows_add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
airpol_get 3

supplementary_add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
total_tax_add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
uk_2010_data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
uk_2010_results_get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
uk_test_results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
vector_transpose_longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
vector_transpose_wider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Index 52

airpol_get Get air pollutant data

Description

Get air emissions accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity for environmental impact assessments.

Usage

airpol_get(
airpol = "GHG",
geo = "BE",
year = 2020,
unit = "THS_T",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = TRUE
)

Arguments

airpol The code of the air pollutant. Defaults GHG. ACG, CH4, CH4_CO2E, CH4_NMVOCE,
CO, CO2, CO2_BIO, CO_NMVOCE, GHG, HFC_CO2E, N2O, N2O_CO2E, NF3_SF6_CO2E,
NH3, NH3_SO2E, NMVOC, NOX, NOX_NMVOCE, NOX_SO2E, O3PR, PFC_CO2E, PM10,
PM2_5, SOX_SO2E.
geo The country code. The special value 'germany_1995' will return the replication
dataset germany_airpol.
year The year. The average employment will be created for the given year, starting
with 2008, when the NACE Rev 2 was introduced in employment statistics.
unit Defaults to "THS_T" (thousand tons.)
data_directory Defaults to NULL, if a valid directory, it will try to save the pre-processed data
file here with labelling.
force_download Defaults to TRUE. If FALSE it will use the existing downloaded file in the data_directory
or the temporary directory, if it exists.
4 backward_linkages

Details
Currently tested only with product x product tables. The dataset air emissions accounts by NACE
Rev. 2 activity [env_ac_ainah_r2] has five dimensions: The Air pollutant airpol variables are col-
lected on the emissions of the following pollutants: carbon dioxide without emissions from biomass
(CO2), carbon dioxide from biomass (Biomass CO2), nitroux oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), per-
fluorocarbons (PFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) including nitrogen
trifluoride (NF3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), Non-methane volatile organic compounds, (NMVOC),
carbon monoxide (CO), Particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometre (PM10), Particulate matter
smaller than 2,5 micrometre (PM2,5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Ammonia (NH3).
See Reference Metadata in Single Integrated Metadata Structure (SIMS) for further details, partic-
ularly on the calculation of Global warming potential GHG, Acidifying gases ACG and Tropospheric
ozone precursors O3PR.

Value
A data.frame with auxiliary metadata to conform the symmetric input-output tables.

Source
Eurostat folder Air emissions accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity

See Also
Other import functions: employment_get(), iotables_download(), iotables_metadata_get(),
iotables_read_tempdir()

Examples
airpol_get(airpol = "CO2", geo="germany_1995", year = 1995, unit = "THS_T")

backward_linkages Backward linkages

Description
Indicate the interconnection of a particular sector to other sectors from which it purchases inputs
(demand side). When a sector increases its output, it will increase the total (intermediate) demand
on all other sectors, which is measured by backward linkages.

Usage
backward_linkages(Im)

Arguments
Im A Leontief inverse matrix created by the leontief_inverse_create function.
coefficient_matrix_create 5

Details
Backward linkages are defined as the column sum of the Leontief inverse, in line with the Eurostat
Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables (see p506-507.) and the Handbook on Supply and
Use Tables and Input-Output Tables with Extensions and Applications of the United Nations (see
p636,)

Value
The vector of industry (product) backward linkages in a wide data.frame class, following the column
names of the Leontief inverse matrix.

See Also
Other linkage functions: forward_linkages()

Examples
de_coeff <- input_coefficient_matrix_create( iotable_get(),
digits = 4 )
I <- leontief_inverse_create (de_coeff)
backward_linkages (I)

coefficient_matrix_create
Create a coefficient matrix

Description
Create a coefficient matrix from a Symmetric Input-Output Table.

Usage
coefficient_matrix_create(
data_table,
total = "output",
digits = NULL,
remove_empty = TRUE,
households = FALSE,
return_part = NULL
)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, a margins or tax table retrieved by
the iotable_get function.
total Usually an output vector with a key column, defaults to "output" which equals
"P1" or "output_bp". You can use other rows for comparison, for example
"TS_BP" if it exists in the matrix.
6 conforming_vector_create

digits An integer showing the precision of the technology matrix in digits. Default is
NULL when no rounding is applied.
remove_empty Defaults to TRUE. If you want to keep empty primary input rows, choose FALSE.
Empty product/industry rows are always removed to avoid division by zero error
in the analytic functions.
households Defaults to NULL. Household column can be added with TRUE.
return_part Defaults to NULL. You can choose "product" or "industry" to return an input
coefficient matrix or "primary_inputs" to get only the total intermediate use
and proportional primary inputs.

Details
The coefficient matrix is related by default to output, but you can change this to total supply or other
total aggregate if it exists in your table.

Value
A data.frame that contains the matrix of data_table divided by total with a key column. Option-
ally the results are rounded to given digits.

References
See United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables 2010 for explanation on the use of the Coeffi-
cient matrix.

See Also
Other indicator functions: direct_effects_create(), input_indicator_create()

Examples
coefficient_matrix_create(data_table = iotable_get(source = "germany_1995"),
total = "output",
digits = 4 )

conforming_vector_create
Create an empty conforming vector

Description
This helper function creates you a named vector that conforms your analytical objects, such as the
use table, the Leontief-matrix, etc. With 60x60 matrixes it is easy to make mistakes with manual
definition. The empty effects vector can be used in .csv format as a sample to import scenarios
from a spreadsheet application.
croatia_2010_1700 7

Usage
conforming_vector_create(data_table)

Arguments
data_table A use table, Leontief-matrix, Leontief-inverse, a coefficient matrix or other
named matrix / vector.

Value
A wide-format conforming vector of data frame class, with column names matching the metadata
of the data_table.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: household_column_get(), iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(),
matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(), supplementary_add(),
total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
de_input_flow <- input_flow_get(data_table = iotable_get())

conforming_vector_create (data_table = de_input_flow)

croatia_2010_1700 Input-output table for Croatia, 2010.

Description
1700 - Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product x product) In thousand kunas (T_NAC)

Usage
data(croatia_2010_1700)

Format
A data frame with 13 variables.

t_rows2 Technology codes in row names, following the Eurostat convention.

t_rows2_lab Longer labels for t_rows2
t_cols2 Technology codes in column names, following the Eurostat convention.
t_cols2_lab Longer labels for t_cols2
iotables_col The standardized iotables column labelling for easier reading.
col_order The column ordering to keep the matrix legible.
8 croatia_2010_1800

row_order The row ordering to keep the matrix legible.

iotables_row The standardized iotables row labelling for easier reading.
unit Different from Eurostat tables, in thousand national currency units.
geo ISO / Eurostat country code for Croatia
geo_lab ISO / Eurostat country name, Croatia.
time Date of the SIOT
values The actual values of the table in thousand kunas

Source
Državni zavod za statistiku.

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1800, croatia_2010_1900, croatia_employment_2013,
croatia_employment_aggregation, primary_inputs

croatia_2010_1800 Input-output table for Croatia, 2010.

Description
1800 - Symmetric input-output table for domestic production (product x product) In thousand kunas
(T_NAC)

Usage
data(croatia_2010_1800)

Format
A data frame with 13 variables.
t_rows2 Technology codes in row names, following the Eurostat convention.
t_rows2_lab Longer labels for t_rows2
values The actual values of the table in thousand kunas
t_cols2 Column labels, following the Eurostat convention with differences. CPA_ suffix added to
original DZS column names.
t_cols2_lab Longer labels for t_cols2
iotables_col The standardized iotables column labelling for easier reading.
col_order The column ordering to keep the matrix legible.
iotables_row The standardized iotables row labelling for easier reading.
row_order The row ordering to keep the matrix legible.
unit Different from Eurostat tables, in thousand national currency units.
geo ISO / Eurostat country code for Croatia
geo_lab ISO / Eurostat country name, Croatia.
time Date of the SIOT
croatia_2010_1900 9

Source
Državni zavod za statistiku.

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1700, croatia_2010_1900, croatia_employment_2013,
croatia_employment_aggregation, primary_inputs

croatia_2010_1900 Input-output table for Croatia, 2010.

Description
1900 - Symmetric input-output table for imports (product x product) In thousand kunas (T_NAC)

Usage
data(croatia_2010_1900)

Format
A data frame with 13 variables.
t_rows2 Technology codes in row names, following the Eurostat convention.
t_rows2_lab Longer labels for t_rows2
values The actual values of the table in thousand kunas
t_cols2 Column labels, following the Eurostat convention with differences. CPA_ suffix added to
original DZS column names.
t_cols2_lab Longer labels for t_cols2
iotables_col The standardized iotables column labelling for easier reading.
col_order The column ordering to keep the matrix legible.
iotables_row The standardized iotables row labelling for easier reading.
row_order The row ordering to keep the matrix legible.
unit Different from Eurostat tables, in thousand national currency units.
geo ISO / Eurostat country code for Croatia
geo_lab ISO / Eurostat country name, Croatia.
time Date of the SIOT

Source
Državni zavod za statistiku.

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1700, croatia_2010_1800, croatia_employment_2013,
croatia_employment_aggregation, primary_inputs
10 croatia_employment_aggregation

croatia_employment_2013
Croatian employment data for the year 2013

Description
Aggregate Croatian detailed employment statistics into the Croatian (EU standard) Symmetric
input-output table format.

Usage
data(croatia_employment_2013)

Format
A data frame with 107 observations in 2 variables:

code Short labels

iotables_row iotables style labels
employment Employment in the sector in Croatia, not in thousands!

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1700, croatia_2010_1800, croatia_2010_1900,
croatia_employment_aggregation, primary_inputs

croatia_employment_aggregation
Aggregation table for Croatian employment statistics

Description
Aggregate Croatian detailed employment statistics into the Croatian (EU standard) Symmetric
input-output table format.

Usage
data(croatia_employment_aggregation)

Format
A data frame with 105 rows (including empty ones) and 2 variables.

employment_label Labelling in DZS English language export

t_cols2 Labelling of EU/DZS SIOTs.
direct_effects_create 11

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1700, croatia_2010_1800, croatia_2010_1900,
croatia_employment_2013, primary_inputs

direct_effects_create Create direct effects

Description
The function creates the effects.

Usage
direct_effects_create(input_requirements, inverse, digits = NULL)

Arguments
input_requirements
A matrix or vector created by input_indicator_create
inverse A Leontief-inverse created by leontief_inverse_create.
digits Rounding digits, defaults to NULL, in which case no rounding takes place.

Value
A data.frame containing the direct effects and the necessary metadata to sort them or join them with
other matrixes.

See Also
Other indicator functions: coefficient_matrix_create(), input_indicator_create()

Examples

nl <- netherlands_2006

input_coeff_nl <- input_coefficient_matrix_create(

data_table = netherlands_2006,
households = FALSE)

compensation_indicator <- input_indicator_create(netherlands_2006, 'compensation_employees')

I_nl <- leontief_inverse_create( input_coeff_nl )

direct_effects_create(input_requirements = compensation_indicator,
inverse = I_nl)
12 employment_get

employment_get Get employment data

Description
Download the employment data for a country and arrange it to the 64x64 SIOTs.

Usage
employment_get(
geo,
year = "2010",
sex = "Total",
age = "Y_GE15",
labelling = "iotables",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = FALSE
)

Arguments
geo The country code.
year The year. The average employment will be created for the given year, starting
with 2008, when the NACE Rev 2 was introduced in employment statistics.
sex Defaults to "Total". Enter "Females" or "F" for female employment, "Males"
or "M" for male employment.
age Defaults to "Y_GE15", which is the Eurostat code for employment in all age
groups starting from 15-years-old. Any Eurostat code can be used as a parame-
ter.
labelling Either "iotables" or the applicable short code, for product x product SIOTs
"prod_na" and in the case of industry x industry SIOTs "induse".
data_directory Defaults to NULL, if a valid directory, it will try to save the pre-processed data
file here with labelling.
force_download Defaults to FALSE. It will use the existing downloaded file in the data_directory
or the temporary directory, if it exists.

Details
Currently works only with product x product tables.

Value
A data.frame with auxiliary metadata to conform the symmetric input-output tables.
employment_metadata 13

Source
Eurostat statistic Employment by sex, age and detailed economic activity (from 2008 onwards,
NACE Rev. 2 two digit level) - 1 000

See Also
Other import functions: airpol_get(), iotables_download(), iotables_metadata_get(), iotables_read_tempdir()

Examples
## Not run:
io_tables <- get_employment (
geo = "CZ",
year = "2010",
sex = "Total",
age = "Y_GE15",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = TRUE
)

## End(Not run)

employment_metadata Employment metadata

Description
An arrangement of the Eurostat national accounts vocabulary to match with employment statistics
data.

Usage
data(employment_metadata)

Format
A data frame with 6 variables.
emp_code code used in the employment statistics
code Eurostat labels for SIOTs corresponding to emp_code
label Eurostat label descriptions for SIOTs corresponding to emp_code
variable Eurostat vocabulary source, i.e. t_rows, t_cols, prod_na, induse
group Different from Eurostat tables, in thousand national currency units.
iotables_label Custom, machine_readable snake format variable names

See Also
Other Metadata datasets: metadata_uk_2010, metadata
14 equation_solve

empty_remove Symmetrically remove empty rows and columns

Description
Symmetrically remove columns with only zero values or with missing values.

Usage
empty_remove(data_table)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, or a symmetric part of a use table or a supply
table.

Value
A tibble/data.frame with a key row and a symmetric matrix, after removing all empty columns and
rows at the same time.

Examples
test_table <- input_coefficient_matrix_create(iotable_get(source = "germany_1995"))
test_table[, 2] <- 0
empty_remove (test_table)

equation_solve Solve a basic (matrix) equation

Description
The function matches to parts of the matrix equation, using the named formats with row names and
solves the matrix equation.

Usage
equation_solve(LHS = NULL, Im = NULL)

Arguments
LHS A left-hand side vector with a key column containing the industry or product
names for matching, for example the employment coefficients.
Im A Leontief-inverse with a key column containing the industry or product names
for matching.
forward_linkages 15

Details
This function is used in wrapper functions, such as multiplier_create. to solve particular prob-
lems, but it can be used directly, too. The function only performs the lhs pairing industries and
checking for exceptions.

Value
A data.frame with auxiliary metadata to conform the symmetric input-output tables.

Examples
Im = data.frame (
a = c("row1", "row2"),
b = c(1,1),
c = c(2,0))
LHS = data.frame (
a = "lhs",
b = 1,
c = 0.5)
equation_solve (Im = Im, LHS = LHS)

forward_linkages Forward linkages

Description
The increased output of a sector indicates that additional amounts of products are available to be
used as inputs by other sectors which can increase their production, which is captured in this indi-
cator vector.

Usage
forward_linkages(output_coefficient_matrix, digits = NULL)

Arguments
output_coefficient_matrix
An output coefficient matrix created with the output_coefficient_matrix_create
function.
digits Number of decimals for rounding, defaults to NULL.

Details
Forward linkages as defined by the Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables (pp.
506–507) and the United Nations Handbook on Supply and Use Tables and Input-Output Tables
with Extensions and Applications p637.
16 germany_1995

Value
The vector of industry (product) forward linkages in a long-form data.frame, containing the meta-
data column of the the row names from the output_coefficient_matrix.

See Also
Other linkage functions: backward_linkages()

Examples
data_table = iotable_get()

de_out <- output_coefficient_matrix_create (

data_table, "tfu", digits = 4
)

forward_linkages(output_coefficient_matrix = de_out,
digits = 4 )

germany_1995 Simple input-output table for Germany, 1995.

Description
Replication data taken from the Eurostat Manual, Table 15.4: Input-output table of domestic output
at basic prices (Version A)

Usage
data(germany_1995)

Format
A data frame with 228 observations and 10 variables.
prod_na Technology codes in row names, following the Eurostat convention.
prod_na_lab Longer labels for t_rows2.
induse Column labels, following the Eurostat convention with differences.
iotables_row Row labels, i.e. to be used in key column, for iotables package abbreviations.
iotables_col Column labels for iotables package abbreviations.
values The actual values of the table in million euros.
unit MIO_EUR, the same as Eurostat.
unit_lab Million euros. Eurostat usually has euro and national currency unit values, too.
geo ISO/Eurostat country code for Germany, i.e. DE.
geo_lab ISO/Eurostat country name, Germany.
time Date of the SIOT.
germany_airpol 17

Details
For testing and documentation purposes a well documented example is taken the Eurostat Manual.
The table in the Eurostat manual is brought to the format used by the Eurostat database. It is a
small dataset for examples, but it is also instructive to understand how Eurostat stores the highly
structured SIOTs in long-form tidy datasets. The labels were slightly alterred to reflect the transition
from the vocabulary of ESA95 to ESA2010 since the publication of the Manual.

Source
Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables p 482

See Also
Other Validation datasets: germany_airpol, netherlands_2006, uk_2010_data, uk_test_results

germany_airpol Air Pollution Table for Germany, 1995.

Description
Air pollution values for validation.

Usage
data(germany_airpol)

Format
A data frame with 72 observations and 4 variables.
airpol The abbreviation of the air pollutant.
induse Column labels, following the Eurostat convention with differences.
iotables_col Column labels for iotables package abbreviations.
value The actual values of the table in thousand tons.

Details
For testing purposes and cross-checking with the Eurostat manual. The labels were slightly alterred
to reflect the transition from the vocabulary of ESA95 to ESA2010 since the publication of the
Manual.

Source
Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables p 482.

See Also
Other Validation datasets: germany_1995, netherlands_2006, uk_2010_data, uk_test_results
18 ghosh_inverse_create

ghosh_inverse_create Create the inverse of a Ghosh-matrix

Description

Create the Ghosh-inverse from the output coefficients.

Usage

ghosh_inverse_create(output_coefficients_matrix, digits = NULL)

Arguments
output_coefficients_matrix
A technology coefficient matrix created by the output_coefficient_matrix_create.
digits An integer showing the precision of the technology matrix in digits. Default is
NULL when no rounding is applied.

Details

The Ghosh-inverse is
G = (I − B)− 1

where B is the output coefficient matrix created by output_coefficient_matrix_create. See

the United Nations Handbook on Supply and Use Tables and Input-Output Tables with Extensions
and Applications pp 622–639.
For the similar inverse created from input coefficients, see the leontief_inverse_create func-
tion.

See Also

Other analytic object functions: input_flow_get(), leontief_inverse_create(), leontief_matrix_create()

Examples
om <- output_coefficient_matrix_create(
data_table = iotable_get()
)

ghosh_inverse_create( output_coefficients_matrix = om )
household_column_find 19

household_column_find Return the position of final household expenditure

Description
Return the position of final household expenditure

Usage
household_column_find(data_table)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input output table, a use table or a supply table.

Value
An integer value with the final household expenditure. Returns NULL if not found.

Examples
household_column_find( iotable_get ( source = 'germany_1995') )

household_column_get Return Final Household Expenditure

Description
Return Final Household Expenditure

Usage
household_column_get(data_table)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input output table, a use table or a supply table.

Value
The column containing final household expenditure. If not found NULL is returned.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(),
matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(), supplementary_add(),
total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()
20 indirect_effects_create

Examples
household_column_get(iotable_get (source = 'germany_1995'))

indirect_effects_create
Create indirect effects

Description

The function creates the indirect effects vector.

Usage

indirect_effects_create(input_requirements, inverse, digits = NULL)

Arguments
input_requirements
A matrix or vector created by input_indicator_create
inverse A Leontief-inverse created by leontief_inverse_create.
digits Rounding digits, defaults to NULL, in which case no rounding takes place.

Value

A data.frame containing the indirect effects and the necessary metadata to sort them or join them
with other matrixes.

Examples

nl <- netherlands_2006

input_coeff_nl <- input_coefficient_matrix_create(

data_table = netherlands_2006,
households = FALSE)

compensation_indicator <- input_indicator_create(netherlands_2006, 'compensation_employees')

I_nl <- leontief_inverse_create(input_coeff_nl)

indirect_effects_create(input_requirements = compensation_indicator,
inverse = I_nl)
input_coefficient_matrix_create 21

input_coefficient_matrix_create
Create an input coefficient matrix

Description
Create an input coefficient matrix from the input flow matrix and the output vector. The two input
vectors must have consistent labelling, i.e the same column names must be found in the use table
(input flow) and the output vector.

Usage
input_coefficient_matrix_create(data_table, households = FALSE, digits = NULL)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, a margins or tax table retrieved by
the iotable_get function.
households Defaults to NULL. Household column can be added with TRUE.
digits An integer showing the precision of the technology matrix in digits. Default is
NULL when no rounding is applied.

Details
The input coefficients of production activities may be interpreted as the corresponding cost shares
for products and primary inputs in total output. Our terminology follows the Eurostat Manual of
Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables. Input-Output Multipliers Specification Sheet and Supporting
Material, Spicosa Project Report, which cannot be linked due to a malformatted url, but can be found
with a search engine. this matrix is called ’technological coefficients’. The results of the function
are tested on both sources. This is a wrapper function around coefficient_matrix_create.

Value
A data frame that contains the matrix of first quadrant of the use table as input_flow divided by
output supported by a key column of product or industries, with a key column. Optionally the
results are rounded to given digits.
An input coefficient matrix of data.frame class. The column names are ordered, and the row names
are in the first, auxiliary metadata column.

Examples
input_coefficient_matrix_create (
iotable_get(),
digits = 4 )

#This is a wrapper function and equivalent to

22 input_flow_get

coefficient_matrix_create( iotable_get(),
total = "total",
return = "products")

input_flow_get Create an inter-industry or input flow matrix

Description
Select the first quadrant of the symmetric input-output table.

Usage
input_flow_get(data_table, empty_remove = FALSE, households = TRUE)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table or use table retrieved by the iotable_get func-
tion.
empty_remove Defaults to TRUE. If you want to keep empty primary input rows, choose FALSE.
Empty product/industry rows are always removed to avoid division by zero error
in the analytic functions.
households Defaults to FALSE. If TRUE, the final household expenditure is added to the input
flow table.

Details
The first quadrant is called the input flow matrix, or the input requirements matrix, or the inter-
industry matrix in different contexts.

Value
A data flow matrix (a symmetric use table) with a key column.

See Also
Other analytic object functions: ghosh_inverse_create(), leontief_inverse_create(), leontief_matrix_create()

Examples
input_flow <- input_flow_get(data_table = iotable_get(),
empty_remove = FALSE,
households = TRUE)
input_indicator_create 23

input_indicator_create
Create input indicator(s)

Description
The function creates the input indicators from the inputs and the outputs.

Usage
input_indicator_create(
data_table,
input_row = c("gva_bp", "net_tax_production"),
digits = NULL,
households = FALSE,
indicator_names = NULL
)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, a margins or tax table retrieved by
the iotable_get function.
input_row The name of input(s) for which you want to create the indicator(s). Must be
present in the data_table.
digits Rounding digits, if omitted, no rounding takes place.
households If the households column should be added, defaults to FALSE.
indicator_names
The names of new indicators. Defaults to NULL when the names in the key
column of input_matrix will be used to create the indicator names.

Value
A tibble (data frame) containing the input_matrix divided by the output_vector with a key
column for products or industries.

See Also
Other indicator functions: coefficient_matrix_create(), direct_effects_create()

Examples

input_indicator_create( data_table = iotable_get(),

input_row = c("gva", "compensation_employees"),
digits = 4,
indicator_names = c("GVA indicator", "Income indicator"))
24 input_multipliers_create

input_multipliers_create
Create input multipliers

Description
The function creates the multipliers (direct + indirect effects).

Usage
input_multipliers_create(
input_requirements,
Im,
multiplier_name = NULL,
digits = NULL
)

Arguments
input_requirements
A matrix or vector created by input_indicator_create
Im A Leontief-inverse created by leontief_inverse_create.
multiplier_name
An optional name to be placed in the key column of the multiplier. Defaults to
NULL.
digits Rounding digits, defaults to NULL, in which case no rounding takes place. Round-
ing is important if you replicate examples from the literature, rounding differ-
ences can add up to visible differences in matrix equations.

Value
A data frame with the vector of multipliers and the an auxiliary metadata column, containing an
automatically given row identifier (for joining with other matrixes) which can be overruled with
setting multiplier_name.

See Also
Other multiplier functions: multiplier_create()

Examples

nl <- netherlands_2006

input_coeff_nl <- input_coefficient_matrix_create(

data_table = netherlands_2006,
households = FALSE)
iotables_download 25

compensation_indicator <- input_indicator_create(netherlands_2006, 'compensation_employees')

I_nl <- leontief_inverse_create(input_coeff_nl)

input_multipliers_create(input_requirements = compensation_indicator,
Im = I_nl)

iotables_download Download input-output tables

Description
This function downloads standard input-output table files. Currently only Eurostat files are sup-
ported. You are not likely to use this function, because iotable_get will call this function if
necessary and properly filter out an input-output table.

Usage
iotables_download(
source = "naio_10_cp1700",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = FALSE
)

Arguments
source See the available list of sources above in the Description.
data_directory Defaults to NULL when the files will be temporarily stored in the path retrieved by
tempdir. If it is a different valid directory, it will try to save the pre-processed
data file here with labelling.
force_download Defaults to FALSE which will use the existing downloaded file in the data_directory
or the temporary directory, if it exists. TRUE will try to download the file from
the Eurostat warehouse.

Details
The data is downloaded in the tempdir()under the name the statistical product as an rds file. (For
example: naio_10_cp1750.rds) The temporary directory is emptied at every normal R session
exit.
To save the file for further use (which is necessary in analytical work because download times are
long) set the download_directory [see parameters]. The function will make a copy of the rds file
in this directory.

naio_10_cp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product)

naio_10_pyp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product) (previous
years prices)
26 iotables_metadata_get

naio_10_cp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry)

naio_10_pyp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry) (previous
years prices)
naio_10_cp15 Supply table at basic prices incl. transformation into purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp16 Use table at purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp1610 Use table at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1610 Use table at basic prices (previous years prices) (naio_10_pyp1610)
naio_10_cp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at previous years’ prices
naio_10_cp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at previous years’ prices
uk_2010_siot United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables data

Value
A nested data frame. Each input-output table is in a separate row of the nested output, where all the
metadata are in columns, and the actual, tidy, ordered input-output table is in the data data column.
The data is saved into the actual tempdir(), too.

See Also
Other import functions: airpol_get(), employment_get(), iotables_metadata_get(), iotables_read_tempdir()

Examples

io_tables <- iotables_download(source = "naio_10_pyp1750")

iotables_metadata_get Get Metadata from Nested iotables File

Description
Remove the data column and return only the metadata information of input-output (or related tables)
from a source. If dat is not inputed as a nested data frame created by iotables_download, validate
the source input parameter and try to load the table from the current sessions’ temporary directory.
naio_10_cp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product)
naio_10_pyp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product) (previous
years prices)
naio_10_cp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry)
naio_10_pyp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry) (previous
years prices)
iotables_metadata_get 27

naio_10_cp15 Supply table at basic prices incl. transformation into purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp16 Use table at purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp1610 Use table at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1610 Use table at basic prices (previous years prices) (naio_10_pyp1610)
naio_10_cp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at previous years’ prices
naio_10_cp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at previous years’ prices
uk_2010_siot United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables data

Usage

iotables_metadata_get(dat = NULL, source = "naio_10_cp1700")

Arguments

dat A nested data file created by iotables_download. Defaults to NULL in which

case an attempt is made to find and read in the nested data from the current R
sessions’ temporary directory.
source See the available list of sources above in the Description.

Value

A data frame, which contains the metadata of all available input-output tables from a specific
source.

See Also

Other import functions: airpol_get(), employment_get(), iotables_download(), iotables_read_tempdir()

Examples

# The table must be present in the sessions' temporary directory:

iotables_download(source = "naio_10_pyp1750")

# Now you can get the metadata:

iotables_metadata_get(source = "naio_10_pyp1750")
28 iotables_read_tempdir

iotables_read_tempdir Read input-output tables from temporary directory

Description
Validate the source input parameter and try to load the table from the current sessions’ temporary
directory.

Usage
iotables_read_tempdir(source = "naio_10_cp1700")

Arguments
source See the available list of sources above in the Description. Defaults to source =
"naio_10_cp1700".

Details
Possible source parameters:
naio_10_cp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product)
naio_10_pyp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by product) (previous
years prices)
naio_10_cp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry)
naio_10_pyp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry) (previous
years prices)
naio_10_cp15 Supply table at basic prices incl. transformation into purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp16 Use table at purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp1610 Use table at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1610 Use table at basic prices (previous years prices) (naio_10_pyp1610)
naio_10_cp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at previous years’ prices
naio_10_cp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at previous years’ prices
uk_2010_siot United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables data

Value
A nested data frame. Each input-output table is in a separate row of the nested output, where all the
metadata are in columns, and the actual, tidy, ordered input-output table is in the data data column.

See Also
Other import functions: airpol_get(), employment_get(), iotables_download(), iotables_metadata_get()
iotable_get 29

Examples

# The table must be present in the sessions' temporary directory:

iotables_download(source = "naio_10_pyp1750")

iotables_read_tempdir (source = "naio_10_pyp1750")

iotable_get Get An Input-Output Table Fom Bulk File

Description
This function is used to filter out a single input-output table from a database, for example a raw file
downloaded from the Eurostat website. It provides some functionality to avoid some pitfalls.

Usage
iotable_get(
labelled_io_data = NULL,
source = "germany_1995",
geo = "DE",
year = 1990,
unit = "MIO_EUR",
stk_flow = "DOM",
labelling = "iotables",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = TRUE
)

Arguments
labelled_io_data
If you have downloaded a bulk data file with iotables_download, it is faster
to work with the data in the memory. Defaults to NULL when the data will be
retrieved from the hard disk or from the Eurostat website invoking the same
function.
source A data source, for example naio_10_cp1700.
naio_10_cp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by prod-
uct)
naio_10_pyp1700 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (product by
product) (previous years prices)
naio_10_cp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by in-
dustry)
naio_10_pyp1750 Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by
industry) (previous years prices)
30 iotable_get

naio_10_cp15 Supply table at basic prices incl. transformation into purchasers’

prices
naio_10_cp16 Use table at purchasers’ prices
naio_10_cp1610 Use table at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1610 Use table at basic prices (previous years prices) (naio_10_pyp1610)
naio_10_cp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1620 Table of trade and transport margins at previous years’ prices
naio_10_cp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at basic prices
naio_10_pyp1630 Table of taxes less subsidies on products at previous years’
prices
For further information consult the Eurostat Symmetric Input-Output Tables
page.
geo A country code or a country name. For example, SK or as Slovakia.
year A numeric variable containing the year. Defaults to 2010, because this year has
the most data.
unit A character string containing the currency unit, defaults to MIO_NAC (million
national currency unit). The alternative is MIO_EUR.
stk_flow Defaults to DOM as domestic output, alternative IMP for imports and TOTAL for
total output. For source = 'naio_10_cp1620' and trade and transport margins
and source = 'naio_10_cp1630' taxes less subsidies only TOTAL is not used.
labelling Defaults to iotables which gives standard row and column names regardless
of the source of the table, or if it is a product x product, industry x industry
or product x industry table. The alternative is short or eurostat which is the
original short row or column code of Eurostat or OECD.
data_directory Defaults to NULL, if a valid directory, it will try to save the pre-processed data
file here with labelling.
force_download Defaults to TRUE. If FALSE it will use the existing downloaded file in the data_directory
or the temporary directory, if it exists. Will force download only in a new ses-
sion.

Details
Unless you want to work with bulk data files, you should not invoke iotables_download directly,
rather via this function, if and when it is necessary.

Value
A wide format data.frame with a well-ordered input-output table. The bulk data files on the Eurostat
website are in a long form and they are not correctly ordered for further matrix equations.

Examples
germany_table <- iotable_get( source = "germany_1995",
geo = 'DE', year = 1990, unit = "MIO_EUR",
labelling = "iotables" )
iotable_year_get 31

iotable_year_get Get the available years from bulk downloaded input-output tables

Description
The function selects the available tables by year or time as a date for a specific country and currency
unit in the Eurostat bulk file.

Usage
iotable_year_get(
labelled_io_data = NULL,
source = "germany_1995",
geo = "DE",
unit = "MIO_EUR",
time_unit = "year",
stk_flow = "TOTAL",
data_directory = NULL,
force_download = TRUE
)

Arguments
labelled_io_data
If you have downloaded a bulk data file with iotables_download, it is faster
to work with the data in the memory. Defaults to NULL when the data will be
retrieved from the hard disk or from the Eurostat website invoking the same
function.
source A data source, for example naio_10_cp1700. Symmetric input-output table
at basic prices (product by product) (naio_10_cp1700) Symmetric input-output
table at basic prices (industry by industry) (naio_10_cp1750) Symmetric input-
output table at basic prices (product by product) (previous years prices) (naio_10_pyp1700)
Symmetric input-output table at basic prices (industry by industry) (previous
years prices) (naio_10_pyp1750) Table of trade and transport margins at basic
prices (naio_10_cp1620) and at previous’ years prices (naio_10_pyp1620) Ta-
ble of taxes less subsidies on products at basic prices (naio_10_cp1630) and at
previous’ years prices (naio_10_pyp1630) For further information consult the
Eurostat Symmetric Input-Output Tables page.
geo A country code or a country name. For example, SK or as Slovakia.
unit A character string containing the currency unit, defaults to MIO_NAC (million
national currency unit). The alternative is MIO_EUR.
time_unit Defaults to 'year' and years are returned as numbers. Alternative is to return
'time' as vector of dates.
stk_flow Defaults to DOM as domestic output, alternative IMP for imports and TOTAL for
total output. For source = 'naio_10_cp1620' and trade and transport margins
and source = 'naio_10_cp1630' taxes less subsidies only TOTAL is not used.
32 is_latex_output

data_directory Defaults to NULL. Use if it you used a data_directory parameter with iotable_get
or iotables_download.
force_download Defaults to TRUE. If FALSE it will use the existing downloaded file in the data_directory
or the temporary directory, if it exists. Will force download only in a new ses-
sion.

Details
Unless you want to work with bulk data files, you should not invoke iotables_download directly,
rather via this function, if and when it is necessary.

Value
A vector with the years that have available input-output tables.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
germany_years <- iotable_year_get ( source = "germany_1995", geo = 'DE',
unit = "MIO_EUR" )

is_html_output Check if HTML output is required

Description
Check if HTML output is required

is_latex_output Check if Latex output is required

Description
Check if Latex output is required
key_column_create 33

key_column_create Create a key columnn

Description

Create a key column for matching the dimensions of matrixes.

Usage

key_column_create(key_column_name, key_column_values = NULL)

Arguments
key_column_name
The name of the key column.
key_column_values
The value(s) of the key column

Details

This function will likely be used with the creation of coefficients that need to be matched with a
matrix that has a key column.

Value

A tibble with one column, named key_column_name and with values key_column_values.

See Also

Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),

iotable_year_get(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples

key_column_create ("iotables_row", c("CO2_multiplier", "CH4_multiplier"))

34 leontief_inverse_create

leontief_inverse_create
Create the inverse of a Leontief-matrix

Description

Create the Leontief inverse from the technology coefficient matrix.

Usage

leontief_inverse_create(technology_coefficients_matrix, digits = NULL)

leontieff_inverse_create(technology_coefficients_matrix, digits = NULL)

Arguments
technology_coefficients_matrix
A technology coefficient matrix created by the input_coefficient_matrix_create.
digits An integer showing the precision of the technology matrix in digits. Default is
NULL when no rounding is applied.

Details

The Leontief-inverse is
L = (I − A)− 1

where B is the input coefficient matrix created by input_coefficient_matrix_create. For the

similar inverse created from output coefficients, see the ghosh_inverse_create function.

See Also

Other analytic object functions: ghosh_inverse_create(), input_flow_get(), leontief_matrix_create()

Examples

tm <- input_flow_get (
data_table = iotable_get(),
households = FALSE)
I <- leontief_inverse_create( technology_coefficients_matrix = tm )
leontief_matrix_create 35

leontief_matrix_create
Create a Leontief matrix

Description
Create a Leontief matrix from technology matrix after some basic error handling. Most likely you
will need this function as a step to invoke the function to create its inverse: leontief_inverse_create.

Usage
leontief_matrix_create(technology_coefficients_matrix)

leontieff_matrix_create(technology_coefficients_matrix)

Arguments
technology_coefficients_matrix
A technology coefficient matrix created by the input_coefficient_matrix_create
or output_coefficient_matrix_create.

Value
A Leontief matrix of data.frame class. The column names are ordered, and the row names are in the
first, auxiliary metadata column.

See Also
Other analytic object functions: ghosh_inverse_create(), input_flow_get(), leontief_inverse_create()

Examples
tm <- input_flow_get (
data_table = iotable_get(),
households = FALSE)
L <- leontief_matrix_create( technology_coefficients_matrix = tm )

matrix_round Round all matrix values to required number of digits.

Description
For comparison with results created with other software or published with rounding, systematically
round the values of an input-output table, a use, supply, tax or margins table.
36 metadata

Usage
matrix_round(data_table, digits = 0)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input output table, a use, supply, tax or margins table.
digits An integer number, defaults to 0.

Value
The matrix, with the intact key column and the numeric columns rounded.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), output_get(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

metadata Metadata

Description
An arrangement of the Eurostat national accounts vocabulary, used to correctly order wide format
rows and columns from bulk long-form tables.

Usage
data(metadata)

Format
A data frame with 8 variables.
variable Eurostat vocabulary source, i.e. t_rows, t_cols, prod_na, induse
group Informal labelling for macroeconomic groups
code Eurostat labels
label Eurostat label descriptions
quadrant Where to place the data from a long-form raw data file
account_group Different from Eurostat tables, in thousand national currency units.
numeric_label ordering from quadrant, account_group, digit_1, digit_2
iotables_label Custom, machine_readable snake format variable names

See Also
Other Metadata datasets: employment_metadata, metadata_uk_2010
metadata_uk_2010 37

metadata_uk_2010 Multipliers and effects (product) for testing from the United Kingdom
Input-Output Analytical Tables, 2010

Description

The Excel-imported UK data.

Usage

data(uk_2010_data)

Format

A data frame with 10 variables.

variable Constant for the iotable_get function.

uk_row The UK row identifier. Dots and ’&’ converted to ’-’.
uk_col The UK row identifier. Dots and ’&’ converted to ’-’.
uk_row_label The original UK row labels.
uk_col_label The original UK column labels.
eu_prod_na The Eurostat vocabulary equivalent of uk_row
row_order Ordering variable for rows.
col_order Ordering variable for columns.
prod_na The Eurostat-like key values for rows.
induse The Eurostat-like column names

See Also

Other Metadata datasets: employment_metadata, metadata

multiplier_create Create multipliers

Description

This function is in fact a wrapper around the equation_solve function, adding a key column with
the name to the multiplier the maintain structural consistency.
38 multiplier_create

Usage
multiplier_create(
input_vector,
Im,
multiplier_name = "multiplier",
digits = NULL
)

Arguments
input_vector An input matrix or vector created by the input_indicator_create function.
Im The Leontief inverse as a named object created by the leontief_inverse_create
function.
multiplier_name
A variable name to be given to the returned multipliers. Defaults to multiplier.
digits Rounding digits, if omitted, no rounding takes place.

Details
As opposed to direct effects, multipliers are expressed per input of product/industry.

Value
A data frame with the vector of multipliers and the an auxiliary metadata column (for joining with
other matrixes.)

See Also
Other multiplier functions: input_multipliers_create()

Examples
data_table <- iotable_get()

coeff_de <- input_coefficient_matrix_create( data_table )

de_gva_indicator <- input_indicator_create (

data_table = data_table,
input = 'gva') #this is a correct input

I_de <- leontief_inverse_create( coeff_de )

de_gva_multipliers <- multiplier_create (

input_vector = de_gva_indicator,
Im = I_de,
multiplier_name = "employment_multiplier",
digits = 4 )
netherlands_2006 39

netherlands_2006 Simple input-output table for the Netherlands, 2006.

Description
This simplified SIOT is taken from the Science Policy Integration for Coastal Systems Assessment
project’s input-output multiplier specification sheet. It is used as a simple example SIOT for con-
trolled analytical results. The column names were slightly altered to resemble more the current
Eurostat conventions and the main example dataset germany_1995.

Usage
data(netherlands_2006)

Format
A data frame with 14 observations and 13 variables.
A data frame of 13 observations in 14 variables.
prod_na Product name, simplified, following the Eurostat conventions
agriculture_group Simple aggregated agricultural products
mining_group Simple aggregated mining products
manufacturing_group Simple aggregated manufacturing products
construction_group Construction
utilities_group Simple aggregated utilities products/services
services_group Simple aggregated services products
TOTAL Column / row sums, simple summary, not included in the original source
final_consumption_private Simple aggregated final private use
final_consumption_households Simple aggregated final household consumption
final_consumption_government Simple aggregated final government consumption
gross_fixed_capital_formation Gross fixed capital formation ’GFCF’
exports Simple aggregated exports
total_use Simple aggregated total use

Source
Source: Input-Output Multipliers Specification Sheet and Supporting Material in the Spicosa Project
Report

See Also
Other Validation datasets: germany_1995, germany_airpol, uk_2010_data, uk_test_results
40 output_coefficient_matrix_create

output_coefficient_matrix_create
Create an output coefficient matrix

Description
Create an output coefficient matrix from the input flow matrix or a symmetric input-output table.

Usage
output_coefficient_matrix_create(data_table, total = "tfu", digits = NULL)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, a margins or tax table retrieved by
the iotable_get. In case you use type="tfu" you need to input a full iotable,
create by the iotable_get, because the final demand column is in the second
quadrant of the IOT.
total The output='total' (or CPA_TOTAL, depending on the names in your ta-
ble, default) returns the output coefficients for products (intermediates) while
the final_demand returns output coefficients for final demand. See Eurostat
Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables p495 and p507.
digits An integer showing the precision of the technology matrix in digits. Default is
NULL when no rounding is applied.

Details
The output coefficients may be interpreted as the market shares of products in total output. If there
are zero values in present, they will be changed to 0.000001 and you will get a warning. Some
analytical equations cannot be solved with zero elements. You either have faulty input data, or you
have to use some sort of data modification to carry on your analysis.

Value
An output coefficient matrix of data.frame class. The column names are ordered, and the row names
are in the first, auxiliary metadata column.

Examples
data_table <- iotable_get()

output_coefficient_matrix_create (data_table = data_table,

total = 'tfu',
digits = 4)
output_get 41

output_get Get an output vector

Description
This is a wrapper function around the primary_input_get function.

Usage
output_get(data_table)

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table or use table retrieved by the iotable_get func-
tion.

Value
A data frame with the vector of multipliers and the an auxiliary metadata column (for joining with
other matrixes.)

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), primary_input_get(), rows_add(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
output_get ( data_table = iotable_get () )

output_multiplier_create
Create output multipliers

Description
Create a data frame of output multipliers.

Usage
output_multiplier_create(input_coefficient_matrix)
42 primary_inputs

Arguments
input_coefficient_matrix
A Leontief inverse matrix created by the input_coefficient_matrix_create
function.

Details
Output multipliers as defined by the Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables on
p500.

Value
A data frame with a key column and the output multipliers of the industries.

Examples

de_input_coeff <- input_coefficient_matrix_create(

iotable_get(),
digits = 4)

output_multiplier_create (de_input_coeff)

primary_inputs Primary input abbreviations

Description
Only currently used primary inputs. Abbreviations for filtering.

Usage
data("croatia_employment_aggregation")

Format
A data frame with 105 rows (including empty ones) and 2 variables.
t_rows2 Eurostat code of the input.
t_rows2_lab Labelling of the input by Eurostat.
source Eurostat / DZS
indicator Human readable abbreviation

See Also
Other Croatia 2010 datasets: croatia_2010_1700, croatia_2010_1800, croatia_2010_1900,
croatia_employment_2013, croatia_employment_aggregation
primary_input_get 43

primary_input_get Get primary inputs

Description
This function will retrieve any primary input from the input-output table.

Usage
primary_input_get(data_table, primary_input = "compensation_employees")

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, or a supply table retrieved by the
iotable_get function.
primary_input The primary input to be returned from the table.

Value
A data frame with the vector of multipliers and the an auxiliary metadata column (for joining with
other matrixes.)

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), rows_add(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
comp_employees_de <- primary_input_get(
data_table = iotable_get(),
primary_input = "compensation_employees")

rows_add Add conforming row(s)

Description
Add a conforming row, or elements of a conforming row to a names matrix.

Usage
rows_add(data_table, rows_to_add, row_names = NULL, empty_fill = 0)
44 supplementary_add

Arguments
data_table A symmetric input-output table, a use table, a margins or tax table retrieved by
the iotable_get function.
rows_to_add A data frame or a named numeric vector.
row_names An optional name or vector of names for the key column. Defaults to NULL.
empty_fill What should happen with missing column values? Defaults to 0. If you want to
avoid division by zero, you may consider a very small value such as 0.000001.

Details
If you want to add a single row manually, you can input a named numeric vector or a data frame
with a single row. For multiple rows, input them as wide form data frame (see examples.)

Value
An extended data_table with the new row(s) binded.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(),
supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
rows_to_add <- data.frame(iotables_row = "CO2_emission",
agriculture_group = 10448,
industry_group = 558327, # -> construction is omitted
trade_group = 11194)

rows_add (iotable_get(), rows_to_add = rows_to_add)

rows_add (iotable_get(),
rows_to_add = c(industry_group = 1534,
trade_group = 4),
row_names = "CH4_emission" )

supplementary_add Add supplementary data

Description
Add supplementary data to a SIOT, a use, supply or margins table.

Usage
supplementary_add(data_table, supplementary_data, supplementary_names = NULL)
supplementary_add 45

Arguments
data_table A SIOT, a use table, a supply table, or a margins table.
supplementary_data
Supplementary data to be added. It must be a data.frame or tibble with a key
column containing the indicator’s name, and the column names must match with
the data_table. Can be a vector or a data frame of several rows.
supplementary_names
Optional names for the new supplementary rows. Defaults to NULL.

Details
This function is a wrapper around the more general rows_add function.

Value
An extended data_table with the new row(s) binded.
A symmetric input-output table with supplementary data, of data.frame class. The column names
are ordered, and the row names are in the first, auxiliary metadata column.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(),
rows_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
de_io <- iotable_get()
CO2_coefficients <- data.frame(agriculture_group = 0.2379,
industry_group = 0.5172,
construction = 0.0456,
trade_group = 0.1320,
business_services_group = 0.0127,
other_services_group = 0.0530)
CH4_coefficients <- data.frame(agriculture_group = 0.0349,
industry_group = 0.0011,
construction = 0,
trade_group = 0,
business_services_group = 0,
other_services_group = 0.0021)
CO2 <- cbind (data.frame(iotables_row = "CO2"),
CO2_coefficients)
CH4 <- cbind(data.frame (iotables_row = "CH4_coefficients"),
CH4_coefficients)
de_coeff <- input_coefficient_matrix_create ( iotable_get() )
emissions <- rbind (CO2, CH4)

# Check with the Eurostat Manual page 494:

supplementary_add(de_io, emissions)
46 total_tax_add

total_tax_add Summarize and add tax data

Description

Create and add a total tax row, if there are multiple tax rows present in the data_table.

Usage

total_tax_add(
data_table,
tax_names = c("d21x31", "d29x39"),
total_tax_name = "TOTAL_TAX"
)

Arguments

data_table A SIOT, a use table, a supply table, or a margins table that has product and
production tax rows in among the primary inputs.
tax_names Defaults to ("d21x31", "d29x39"), which are the Eurostat names for taxes.
The parameter is not case sensitive.
total_tax_name Defaults to 'TOTAL_TAX'. The name of the summarized row. It is case sensitive.

Value

A data frame with the vector of multipliers and the an auxiliary metadata column (for joining with
other matrixes.)

See Also

Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),

iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(),
rows_add(), supplementary_add(), vector_transpose_longer(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
de_io <- iotable_get()

total_tax_add (de_io,
tax_names = c("net_tax_products", "net_tax_production"),
total_tax_name = "total_tax")
uk_2010_data 47

uk_2010_data United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables, 2010

Description
Replication data exported from the Office of National Statistics.

Usage
data(uk_2010_data)

Format
A data frame with 10 variables.
uk_row The UK row identifier. Dots and ’&’ converted to ’-’.
uk_row_lab The original UK row labels.
uk_col The UK row identifier. Dots and ’&’ converted to ’-’.
uk_col_lab The original UK column labels.
geo Eurostat-style geocode, i.e. UK
geo_lab United Kingdom
indicator The name of the indicator, i.e. Excel sheet.
unit Eurostat label equivalents units, i.e. MIO_NAC.
unit_lab Eurostat label equivalents, i.e. millions of national currency unit.
values The numeric values of the variable
year Constant = 2010.

Details
You can retrieve the data with iotable_get, setting the source parameter as follows:
uk_2010_siot Input-Output table (domestic use, basic prices, product by product)
uk_2010_use Domestic use table at basic prices (product by industry)
uk_2010_imports Imports use table at basic prices (product by product)
uk_2010_coeff Matrix of coefficients (product by product)
uk_2010_inverse Leontief Inverse (product by product)

Source
United Kingdom Input-Output Analytical Tables 2010

See Also
Other Validation datasets: germany_1995, germany_airpol, netherlands_2006, uk_test_results
48 uk_test_results

uk_2010_results_get Get United Kingdom Multipliers and Effects, 2010

Description

This function will retrieve the published effects and multipliers from the United Kingdom Input-
Output Analytical Tables, 2010 (consistent with UK National Accounts Blue Book 2013 & UK
Balance of Payments Pink Book 2013) by Richard Wild.

Usage

uk_2010_results_get(path = NULL)

Arguments

path A path to the downloaded file, if already exists, given with file.path() func-
tion.

Source

ukioanalyticaltablesio1062010detailedpubversion.xls

Examples
## Not run:
uk_results <- iotables:::uk_2010_results_get ()

## End(Not run)

uk_test_results Multipliers and effects (product) for testing from the United Kingdom
Input-Output Analytical Tables, 2010

Description

The Excel-imported UK data.

Usage

data(uk_test_results)
vector_transpose_longer 49

Format
A data frame with 12 variables.
uk_row_label The UK row label
Output multiplier The imported Output multipliers
output_multiplier_rank The imported ranking of output multipliers
Employment cost multiplier The imported Employment cost multipliers.
employment_cost_multiplier The imported ranking of Employment cost multipliers.
Employment cost effects The imported Employment cost multipliers.
employment_cost_effects_rank The imported ranking of employment cost multipliers.
GVA effects The imported GVA effects.
gva_effects_rank The imported ranking GVA effects.
gva_multiplier_rank The imported ranking GVA multipliers.
GVA multiplier The imported GVA multipliers.
indicator Indicator names.

See Also
Other Validation datasets: germany_1995, germany_airpol, netherlands_2006, uk_2010_data

vector_transpose_longer
Transpose a vector to a long form

Description
Many vectors (indicators, multipliers) are create in the wide form to conform matrixes in analytical
functions. For printing it is more useful to have them in long form.

Usage
vector_transpose_longer(
data_table,
names_to = "nace_r2",
values_to = "value",
key_column_name = NULL,
.keep = FALSE
)

vector_transpose(
data_table,
names_to = "nace_r2",
values_to = "value",
key_column_name = NULL,
.keep = FALSE
)
50 vector_transpose_wider

Arguments
data_table A matrix or vector that normally has a key column.
names_to Defaults to 'nace_r2'.
values_to Defaults to 'value'.
key_column_name
The name of the first column. Defaults to NULL when it is not changed. It should
usually match the key column of the matrix or vector you would like to join the
new vector created with vector_transpose_longer.
.keep Keep the indicator identifier column? Defaults to FALSE.

Details
This is a wrapper around pivot_longer so you do not necessarily need to import or load the entire
tidyr package.

Value
A long form vector with a key column, and optionally the identifier of the indicator in the first
column.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(),
rows_add(), supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_wider()

Examples
vector_transpose_longer(
data.frame(indicator = "my_inidcator",
agriculture = 0.0123,
manufacturing = 0.1436,
trade = 0.0921)
)

vector_transpose_wider
Transpose a vector to wider format

Description
Many vectors (indicators, multipliers) are create in the wide form to conform matrixes in analytical
functions. For binding it is more useful to have them in wide format.
vector_transpose_wider 51

Usage
vector_transpose_wider(
data_table,
names_from,
values_from,
key_column_name = NULL,
key_column_values = NULL
)

Arguments
data_table A matrix or vector that normally has a key column. If the key column must be
created or replaced, used key_column_name and key_column_values.
names_from, values_from
A pair of arguments describing which column (or columns) to get the name of
the output column (‘names_from‘), and which column (or columns) to get the
cell values from (‘values_from‘).
key_column_name
The name of the key column.
key_column_values
You can explicitly supply key column values. Defaults to NULL when the key
column values will be created from the long data.

Details
This is a wrapper around pivot_wider so you do not necessarily need to import or load the entire
tidyr package.

See Also
Other iotables processing functions: conforming_vector_create(), household_column_get(),
iotable_year_get(), key_column_create(), matrix_round(), output_get(), primary_input_get(),
rows_add(), supplementary_add(), total_tax_add(), vector_transpose_longer()

Examples
vector_transpose_wider (data_table = germany_airpol[, -2],
names_from = 'induse',
values_from = 'value')

vector_transpose_wider (data_table = germany_airpol[1:8, 3:4],

names_from = 'induse',
values_from = 'value',
key_column_values = "CO2_emission" )
Index

∗ Croatia 2010 datasets employment_get, 12

croatia_2010_1700, 7 iotables_download, 25
croatia_2010_1800, 8 iotables_metadata_get, 26
croatia_2010_1900, 9 iotables_read_tempdir, 28
croatia_employment_2013, 10 ∗ indicator functions
croatia_employment_aggregation, 10 coefficient_matrix_create, 5
primary_inputs, 42 direct_effects_create, 11
∗ Metadata datasets input_indicator_create, 23
employment_metadata, 13 ∗ iotables import functions
metadata, 36 iotable_get, 29
metadata_uk_2010, 37 ∗ iotables processing functions
∗ Validation datasets conforming_vector_create, 6
germany_1995, 16 household_column_get, 19
germany_airpol, 17 iotable_year_get, 31
netherlands_2006, 39 key_column_create, 33
uk_2010_data, 47 matrix_round, 35
uk_test_results, 48 output_get, 41
∗ analytic object functions primary_input_get, 43
ghosh_inverse_create, 18 rows_add, 43
input_flow_get, 22 supplementary_add, 44
leontief_inverse_create, 34 total_tax_add, 46
leontief_matrix_create, 35 vector_transpose_longer, 49
∗ datasets vector_transpose_wider, 50
∗ linkage functions
croatia_2010_1700, 7
backward_linkages, 4
croatia_2010_1800, 8
forward_linkages, 15
croatia_2010_1900, 9
∗ multiplier functions
croatia_employment_2013, 10
input_multipliers_create, 24
croatia_employment_aggregation, 10
multiplier_create, 37
employment_metadata, 13
germany_1995, 16 airpol_get, 3, 13, 26–28
germany_airpol, 17
metadata, 36 backward_linkages, 4, 16
metadata_uk_2010, 37
netherlands_2006, 39 coefficient_matrix_create, 5, 11, 21, 23
primary_inputs, 42 conforming_vector_create, 6, 19, 32, 33,
uk_2010_data, 47 36, 41, 43–46, 50, 51
uk_test_results, 48 croatia_2010_1700, 7, 9–11, 42
∗ import functions croatia_2010_1800, 8, 8, 9–11, 42
airpol_get, 3 croatia_2010_1900, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 42

52
INDEX 53

croatia_employment_2013, 8, 9, 10, 11, 42 metadata, 13, 36, 37

croatia_employment_aggregation, 8–10, metadata_uk_2010, 13, 36, 37
10, 42 multiplier_create, 15, 24, 37

direct_effects_create, 6, 11, 23 netherlands_2006, 17, 39, 47, 49

employment_get, 4, 12, 26–28 output_coefficient_matrix_create, 15,

employment_metadata, 13, 36, 37 18, 35, 40
empty_remove, 14 output_get, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43–46, 50,
equation_solve, 14, 37 51
output_multiplier_create, 41
forward_linkages, 5, 15
pivot_longer, 50
germany_1995, 16, 17, 39, 47, 49
pivot_wider, 51
germany_airpol, 3, 17, 17, 39, 47, 49
primary_input_get, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43,
ghosh_inverse_create, 18, 22, 34, 35
44–46, 50, 51
household_column_find, 19 primary_inputs, 8–11, 42
household_column_get, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41,
rows_add, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43, 43, 45, 46,
43–46, 50, 51
50, 51
indirect_effects_create, 20
input_coefficient_matrix_create, 21, 34, supplementary_add, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43,
35, 42 44, 44, 46, 50, 51
input_flow_get, 18, 22, 34, 35
tempdir, 25
input_indicator_create, 6, 11, 20, 23, 24,
total_tax_add, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43–45,
38
46, 50, 51
input_multipliers_create, 24, 38
iotable_get, 5, 21–23, 25, 29, 32, 40, 41, 43, uk_2010_data, 17, 39, 47, 49
44, 47 uk_2010_results_get, 48
iotable_year_get, 7, 19, 31, 33, 36, 41, uk_test_results, 17, 39, 47, 48
43–46, 50, 51
iotables_download, 4, 13, 25, 26–32 vector_transpose
iotables_metadata_get, 4, 13, 26, 26, 28 (vector_transpose_longer), 49
iotables_read_tempdir, 4, 13, 26, 27, 28 vector_transpose_longer, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36,
is_html_output, 32 41, 43–46, 49, 51
is_latex_output, 32 vector_transpose_wider, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36,
41, 43–46, 50, 50
key_column_create, 7, 19, 32, 33, 36, 41,
43–46, 50, 51

leontief_inverse_create, 4, 11, 18, 20, 22,

24, 34, 35, 38
leontief_matrix_create, 18, 22, 34, 35
leontieff_inverse_create
(leontief_inverse_create), 34
leontieff_matrix_create
(leontief_matrix_create), 35

matrix_round, 7, 19, 32, 33, 35, 41, 43–46,

50, 51