Science, Technology and Society Midterm Study Guide

Note: Please also read the PPTs provided in google drive this is just a guide.

• Please arrive on time for the examination, at least 10-15 minutes before it begins, and ensure
you are in the examination room.
• Use only blur or black ballpoint pens, ither colors are nor permitted.
• Phones are not allowed during the examination; proctors have the authority to confiscate
them.
• If caught cheating, proctors will confiscate your examination booklet.

Introduction to Science and Technology / Scientific Method

What is Science?
- “knowledge”
- Latin word “scientia”
- Systematic study of the structure and behavior of physical and natural world through observation and
experimentation.

What is Technology?
- “Application” of scientific knowledge
- Greek word “techne”
- Solution to practical problem(s)

Science contributes to Technology at least 6 ways.

- Direct source of ideas
- Source of tools and techniques
- Research instrumentation lab. Techniques and analytical methods
- Practice of research
- Assessment of technology
- More efficient technology

Technology contributes to Science in 2 ways.

- Fertile source of novel scientific questions
- Source of otherwise unavailable instrumentations and techniques

What is Scientific Method?

- Mathematic and experimental techniques employed in the sciences
- Used in constructing and testing hypothesis

What is Research?
- Inquiry process that has clear parameters
- Aims to discover or creation of knowledge or theory building

Characteristics of Scientific Method

- Orderly and systematic in process
- Control external factors that are not under direct investigation
- Based on empirical evidences
- Findings can be generalized
- Based on assumptions or hypothesis
- Develop and test hypothesis

Steps in Scientific Method

- State the problem (observe and ask questions)
- Formulate a hypothesis (make an educated guess)
- Test hypothesis (experiment design trial and error of the study)
- Gather data (either qualitative (quality example, long, short, tall etc./ quantitative (quantity example. 25cm. 1
meter, 3ft. etc.)
- Analyze and interpret data (results and conclusion)
- Draw conclusions (state if hypothesis was accepted or rejected)
 - Communicate result (repot the result through research presentation, lab report or research forum)

Limitation of Scientific Method

- Moral and ethical problems
- Human complexity
- Measurement problems
- External variable control problem

Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology

Prehistoric Science (Primitive man must have)

- Conceived that the earth is flat and limitless
- Observed the shifting of the season in connection to the shifting of the sun.
- Recognized the fundamental distinction between living and non-living
- Practiced instinctive therapeutics

3 Stone Age
- Paleolithic (old)
- Mesolithic (middle stone age)
- Neolithic (new) – transition/shift from hunter and gatherers to settlers

Fertile Crescent – The Cradle of Civilization

Sumerian Civilization
- Created the earlier written language (CUNEIFORM)
- Important inventions: wheel, sail, and writing (cuneiform)

Babylonian Civilization
- Astronomy and Astrology
- Mathematics
- Cartography
- Jewelry making
- Calendar system

Egyptian Civilization
- Infrastructure (temple, pyramids)
- Star clock and Merkhet
- Mummification

Mesoamerican Civilization
- Central America
- 4 civilization in central America (Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca)

Indian Civilization
- Aryan empire (writing system: Sanskrit | religion: Hinduism | social system: Caste System)
- Mauryan empire (founder: Chandragupta Maurya | built roads, hospitals, and schools | religion from Hinduism
to Buddhism)
- Gupta empire (Golden age of India | built universities | arts and literature | Arabic numerals)

Chinese Civilization
- Zhou dynasty (established belief call “Mandate of Heaven” | religions appeared Confucianism and Daoism)
- Qin dynasty (built the Great wall of China)
- Han dynasty (invented paper, led glazed ceramics, improved silk weaving | civil service exam was established |
Silk road)
Middle Ages
- Ancient Greek (known people Pythagoras of Samos, Hippocrates, Aristotle) | Technological breakthroughs
(façade of Parthenon, Athens, water mill, old crane, Antikythera mechanisms)
 - Ancient Roman (roman inventions were largely concerned with refinements than new ideas | known people
Cato the Elder, Lucretius, adopted the Greek architectural orders like Aqueduct and Basilica | contribution
medicine De medicina by Aulus Cornelius Celsus and Compositones by Scribonius Largus)
Renaissance Period
- The engineers and scientists that led to a “rebirth” in technology

Scientific Revolution
- Emergence of modern science
- Development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry

Information age
- Digital age
- Focus of science and technology became “information” itself (handling and conveying it)

Intellectual Revolution

Beginning of Modern Astronomy

- Ottoman Turks overrun Constantinople (1453)
- Romans fled west into Europe
- End of middle ages
- People cannot read or right

15th Century: 3 Models of the Universe

- Geocentric model – earth was the center of the universe.
- Ptolemaic model – model included part of the geocentric model
- Copernican model (Heliocentric universe) – opposed by the Catholic church

Galileo Galilei
- 4 major discoveries (saw moon is mountainous and pitted just like earth; saw moon of Jupiter; realized that
Venus has phases; saw sunspot on the sun)
- Invented the telescope
- Believed that earth is not the center of the universe instead the sun (was guilty of case heresy “Heretic”)
- Published the book Heliocentric universe

Charles Darwin
- Theory of Evolution
- Discover the Galapagos Giant Tortoise and Darwins Finches

Sigmund Freud
- Father of “Psychoanalysis”
- Unconscious Mind (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO)

Philippine Science and Technology

- Spanish periods open the Suez Canal (1869) for navigation Europe to Asia vice versa
- American period – Schurman commission and Taft commission
- Jones Law (Philippine Autonomy Act)
- War years (Manuel Quezon, Manuel Roxas)
- Post war years (Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal)
- Pre-Martial Law years ( Ferdinand Marcos Sr.)
- 1986 to present (Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos)

Science and Technology and Nation Building

- Ambisyon Natin 2040 document adopted by the government as a guide for developing and planning and
collective long-term aspirations gof the Filipino people.
- Matatag, Maginhawa and Panatag na buhay
- NEDA formulated the Ambisyon Natin 2040
- Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028 blueprint in developing planning for the next six years
 - 6 cross cutting strategies (Digitalization, Public Private Partnership, Dynamic Innovation Ecosystem,
Servification, Enhanced Connectivity, Greater Collaboration between Local and National Government)
- What can the business sector and international community expect?
• The Philippine government will strengthen and facilitate PPPs, trade and investments, research and
development, and technology transfer while encouraging robust competition.
• Expected to upgrade the country`s energy, logistics, transportation, telecommunications, and water
infrastructure.
• Game-changing reforms to the investment environment such as the amendments to the Foreign Investment
Act, Retail Trade Liberalization Act, and Public Service Act, and passage of the Corporate Recovery and
Tax Incentives for Enterprises Law.
• Policies enabling open and competitive markets
• The Philippines will be open for business as it seeks to regain its position among the most dynamic
economies in Asia and the world.

Philippine Government Science and Technology

- Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda 2023-2024
- Section 1: NIBRA
- Section 2: HRDA
- Section 3: AANRRDA
- Section 4: IEETRDA
- Section 5: DRR and CC

Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology

- S&T during Pandemic (development of rt-pcr, development of of local ventilators, development of telemedicine
for covid patients)

Science and Technology and the Human Condition

- Aristotle: happiness is the ultimate end of human action

- Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), Eudaimonia, and Arete
- Eudaimonia – the ultimate good, the good life, happiness and excellence
- Human flourishing
- Martin Heidegger (meditative thinking and calculative thinking)
- CS Lewis idea about science and magic
- Jason Hickel
- Bill Joy

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