CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

B. SC. PHYSICS (Honours Course) Syllabus

Department of Physics
Bodoland University
BTAD, Kokrajhar-783370
Assam.
 Department of Physics
Bodoland University
Curriculum Structures for UG syllabus (B.Sc. Honours)
No. of papers =14+12=26, Total Credits= 140
Total Marks = 2400

SEM-I
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-101H C-1: Mathematica 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Phyiscs-I
PHY-102H C-2: Mechanics 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
PHY-101R GE-1: Mechanics 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
COMM-104HR AECC-1: 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
English/Hind/MIL
(Communication)
Total 20 20 290 60 350

SEM-II
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-201H C-3: Electricity & 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Magnetism
PHY-202H C-4: Waves and 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Optics
PHY-201R GE-2: Electriciy, 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Magnetism and
EMT
ENV-204HR AECC-2: 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
Environmental
Science
Total 20 20 290 60 350
 SEM-III
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-301H C-5: Mathmatical 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Physics - II
PHY-302H C-6: Thermal 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Physics
PHY-303H C-7: Digital System 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
and applications
PHY304HR SEC-1A Physics 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
workshop skill
SEC1B: Weather
Forecasting Skill 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
PHY-301R GE-3: Thermal 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Physics and
statistical
mechanics
Total 26 26 370 80 450

SEM-IV
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-401H C-8: Mathmatical 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Physics - III
PHY-402H C-9: Elements of 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
modern physics
PHY-403H C-10: Analog 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
system &
applications
PHY-404HR SEC-2A: 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
Computational
Physics Skill
SEC2B: Applied 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
Optics Skill
SEC2C: Renewable
Energy and Energy 2 2+0+0 50 - 50
Harvesting Skill
PHY-401R GE-4: Waves and 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Optics
Total 26 26 370 80 450
 SEM-V
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-501H C-11: Quantum 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Mechanics &
applications
PHY-502H C-12: Solid State 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Physics
PHY-503H DSE-1A: Advanced 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Mathematical
Physics-I
DSE-1B: Physics of
Devices and 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Instrumentation
PHY-504H DSE-2A: Nuclear 6 5+1+0 80 20 100
and
Particle Physics
DSE-2B: 6 5+1+0 80 20 100
Biophysics
Total 24 24 320 80 400

SEM-VI
Paper Code Course Credit Credit End Sem Marks Internal Total
Distribution Marks Marks
(L+T+P)
PHY-601H C-13: 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Electromagnetic
Theory
PHY-602H C-14: Statistical 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
Mechanics
PHY-603H DSE-3A: Classical 6 5+1+0 80 20 100
Dynamics
DSE-3B:
Astronomy & 6 5+1+0 80 20 20
Astrophysics
PHY-604H / DSE-4A: 6 4+0+2 60(Theo)+20(Pract) 20 100
PHY-604D Experimental or
Techniques 80 for dissertation
DSE-4B:
Dissertation
Total 24 24 320 80 400
 B. Sc. Physics (Honours course) syllabus under CBCS

Sem CORE COURSE (14) Ability Skill Discipline Generic

ester Enhancement Enhancement Specific Elective
Compulsory Course (SEC) Elective (DSE) (GE) (4)
Course (2) (4)
(AECC) (2)
I C1: Mathmatical (English/Hindi/MIL GE-1
Physics-I (4+2) Communication)
C2: Mechanics (4+2)

II C3: Electricity & Environmental GE-2

Magnetism (4+2) Science
C4: Waves and Optics (4+2)

III C5: Mathmatical SEC-1A GE-3

Physics-II (4+2) Physics
C6:Thermal physics (4+2) workshop
skill
C7: Digital systems and or SEC1B:
applications (4+2) Weather
Forecasting
Skill
IV C8: Mathmatical SEC-2A: GE-4
Physics-III (4+2) Computational
C9: Elements of modern Physics Skill
physics (4+2) or SEC2B:
C10: Analog systems & Applied Optics
applications (4+2) Skill
or SEC2C:
Renewable
Energy and
Energy
Harvesting
Skill
V C11: Quantum DSE-1A:
Mechanics & Advanced
applications (4+2) Mathematical
Physics-I (4+2)
or DSE-1B:
Physics of
Devices and
Instrumentati
on (4+2)
C12:Solid State Physics DSE-2A:
(4+2) Nuclear and
Particle
Physics (5+1)
or DSE-2B:
Biophysics
(5+1)
VI C13: Electromagnetic DSE-3A:
Theory (4+2) Classical
Dynamics
(5+1) or
DSE-3B:
 Astronomy
and
Astrophysics
(5 +1)
C14: Statistical DSE-4A:
Mechanics (4+2) Experimental
Techniques
(4+2) or
DSE-4B:
Dissertation
(6)

Note: Physics student must opt at least two generic elective papers from mathematics to pursue
M.Sc.in physics.
List of Physics generic elective for other discipline:

GE-1: Mechanics (4) + Lab (2)

GE-2: Electricity, Magnetism and EMT (4) + Lab (2)
GE-3: Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics (4) + Lab (2)
GE-4: Waves and Optics (4) + Lab (2)

List of Discipline specific elective (DSE):

DSE-1A: Advanced Mathematical Physics(4+2)

DSE-1B: Physics of Devices and Instrumentation (4+2)
DSE-2A: Nuclear and Particle Physics (5+1)
DSE-2B: Biophysics (5+1)
DSE-3A: Classical Dynamics (5+1)
DSE-3B: Astronomy and Astrophysics (5 +1)
DSE-4A: Experimental Techniques (4+2)
DSE-4B: Dissertation (6)

List of Skill Enhancement Course (SEC):

SEC-1A: Physics workshop skill (2)

SEC-1B: Weather Forecasting Skill (2)
SEC-2A: Computational Physics Skill (2)
SEC-2B: Applied Optics Skill (2)
SEC-2C: Renewable Energy and Energy Harvesting Skill (2)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C 1: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Calculus:
Recapitulation: Limits, continuity, average and instantaneous quantities,differentiation.
Plotting functions. Intuitive ideas of continuous, differentiable, etc. functions and
plotting of curves. Approximation: Taylor and binomial series (statements only).
(2 Lectures)

First Order and Second Order Differential equations: First Order Differential Equations
and Integrating Factor. Homogeneous Equations with constant coefficients. Wronskian
and general solution. Statement of existence and Uniqueness Theorem for Initial Value
Problems. Particular Integral. (13 Lectures)

Calculus of functions of more than one variable: Partial derivatives, exact and inexact
differentials. Integrating factor, with simple illustration. Constrained Maximization
using Lagrange Multipliers. (6 Lectures)

Vector Calculus:
Recapitulation of vectors: Properties of vectors under rotations. Scalar product and
its invariance under rotations. Vector product, Scalar triple product and their
interpretation in terms of area and volume respectively. Scalar and Vector fields.
(5 Lectures)

Vector Differentiation: Directional derivatives and normal derivative. Gradient of a

scalar field and its geometrical interpretation. Divergence and curl of a vector field. Del
and Laplacian operators. Vector identities. (8 Lectures)

Vector Integration: Ordinary Integrals of Vectors. Multiple integrals, Jacobian. Notion

of infinitesimal line, surface and volume elements. Line, surface and volume integrals
of Vector fields. Flux of a vector field. Gauss' divergence theorem, Green's and Stokes
Theorems and their applications (no rigorous proofs). (14 Lectures)

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates:

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates. Derivation of Gradient, Divergence, Curl and
Laplacian in Cartesian, Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems. (6 Lectures)

1
 Introduction to probability:
Independent random variables: Probability distribution functions; binomial, Gaussian,
and Poisson, with examples. Mean and variance.
Dependent events: Conditional Probability. Bayes' Theorem and the idea of hypothesis
testing. (4 Lectures)

Dirac Delta function and its properties:

Definition of Dirac delta function. Representation as limit of a Gaussian function and
rectangular function. Properties of Dirac delta function. (2 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken, H.J. Weber, F.E. Harris, 2013,
7th Edn., Elsevier.
 An introduction to ordinary differential equations, E.A. Coddington, 2009, PHI learning
 Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2007, McGraw Hill.
 Mathematical Tools for Physics, James Nearing, 2010, Dover Publications.
 Mathematical methods for Scientists and Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, 2003, Viva Book
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, D.G. Zill and W.S. Wright, 5 Ed., 2012, Jones
and Bartlett Learning
 Mathematical Physics, Goswami, 1st edition, Cengage Learning
 Engineering Mathematics, S.Pal and S.C. Bhunia, 2015, Oxford University Press
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 2008, Wiley India.
 Essential Mathematical Methods, K.F.Riley & M.P.Hobson, 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press

PHYSICS - C 1 LAB:
60 Lectures
The aim of this Lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis
but to emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
The course will consist of lectures (both theory and practical) in the Lab
Evaluation done not on the programming but on the basis of formulating the problem
Aim at teaching students to construct the computational problem to be solved
Students can use any one operating system Linux or Microsoft Windows

Topics Description with Applications

Introduction and Overview Computer architecture and organization, memory and Input/output
devices
Basics of scientific computing Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers, algorithms,
Sequence, Selection and Repetition, single and double precision
arithmetic, underflow &overflow emphasize the importance of
making equations in terms of dimensionless variables, Iterative
methods
Errors and error Analysis Truncation and round off errors, Absolute and relative errors,
Floating point computations.
Review of C & Introduction to Programming, constants, variables and data types,
2
C++/Python/Matlab/Mathematica operators and Expressions, I/O statements, scanf and printf, cin and
Programming fundamentals cout, Manipulators for data formatting, Control statements
(decision making and looping statements) (If‐statement. If‐else
Statement. Nested if Structure. Else‐if Statement. Ternary
Operator. goto Statement. Switch Statement. Unconditional and
Conditional Looping. While Loop. Do-While Loop. FOR Loop.
Break and Continue Statements. Nested Loops), Arrays (1D & 2D)
and strings, user defined functions, Structures and Unions, Idea of
classes and objects
Programs Sum & average of a list of numbers, largest of a given list of
numbers and its location in the list, sorting of numbers in
ascending descending order, Binary search
Random number generation Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere, value of pi (π)
Solution of Algebraic and Solution of linear and quadratic equation, solving   tan  ;
Transcendental equations by 2
 sin  
Bisection, Newton Raphson I  I0   in optics
and Secant methods   
Interpolation by Newton Gregory Evaluation of trigonometric functions e.g. sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, etc.
Forward and Backward
difference formula, Error
estimation of linear interpolation
Numerical differentiation Given Position with equidistant time data to calculate velocity and
(Forward and acceleration and vice versa. Find the area of B-H Hysteresis loop
Backward difference formula)
and Integration (Trapezoidal and
Simpson rules), Monte Carlo
method
Solution of Ordinary Differential First order differential equation
Equations (ODE)  Radioactive decay
 Current in RC, LC circuits with DC source
First order Differential equation  Newton’s law of cooling
Euler, modified Euler and  Classical equations of motion
Runge-Kutta (RK) second and Attempt following problems using RK 4 order method:
fourth order methods  Solve the coupled differential equations
dx x 3 dy
 yx ;  x
dt 3 dx
for four initial conditions x(0) = 0, y(0) = -1, -2, -3, -4.
Plot x vs y for each of the four initial conditions on the same screen
for 0  t  15
The differential equation describing the motion of a pendulum is
d 2
  sin( ) .
dt 2
The pendulum is released from rest at an angular displacement ,
i. e. υ(0)=  and υ/(0)=0. Solve the equation for  = 0.1, 0.5 and
1.0 and plot υ as a function of time in the range 0  t 8. Also
plot the analytic solution valid for small υ (sin(υ)= υ
3
Reference Books:
 Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw‐Hill Pub.
 Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Pressetal, 3rd Edn., 2007,
Cambridge University Press.
 A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher & C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning.
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3rd Edn., 2007, Wiley India Edition.
 Numerical Methods for Scientists & Engineers, R.W. Hamming, 1973, Courier Dover Pub.
 An Introduction to Computational Physics, T. Pang, 2nd Edn., 2006, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Computational Physics, Darren Walker, 1st Edn., 2015, Scientific International Pvt. Ltd.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C 2: MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Fundamentals of Dynamics: Reference frames. Inertial frames; Review of Newton’s

Laws of Motion. Galilean transformations; Galilean invariance. Momentum of variable-
mass system: motion of rocket. Motion of a projectile in Uniform gravitational field
Dynamics of a system of particles. Centre of Mass. Principle of conservation of
momentum. Impulse. (6 Lectures)

4
Work and Energy: Work and Kinetic Energy Theorem. Conservative and non-
conservative forces. Potential Energy. Energy diagram. Stable and unstable equilibrium.
Elastic potential energy. Force as gradient of potential energy. Work & Potential energy.
Work done by non-conservative forces. Law of conservation of Energy. (4 Lectures)

Collisions: Elastic and inelastic collisions between particles. Centre of Mass and
Laboratory frames. (3 Lectures)

Rotational Dynamics: Angular momentum of a particle and system of particles.

Torque. Principle of conservation of angular momentum. Rotation about a fixed axis.
Moment of Inertia. Calculation of moment of inertia for rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical bodies. Kinetic energy of rotation. Motion involving both translation and
rotation. (12 Lectures)

Elasticity: Relation between Elastic constants. Twisting torque on a Cylinder or Wire.

(3 Lectures)

Fluid Motion: Kinematics of Moving Fluids: Poiseuille’s Equation for Flow of a Liquid
through a Capillary Tube. (2 Lectures)

Gravitation and Central Force Motion: Law of gravitation. Gravitational potential

energy. Inertial and gravitational mass. Potential and field due to spherical shell and
solid sphere. (3 Lectures)

Motion of a particle under a central force field. Two-body problem and its reduction to
one-body problem and its solution. The energy equation and energy diagram. Kepler’s
Laws. Satellite in circular orbit and applications. Geosynchronous orbits.
Weightlessness. Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).
(6 Lectures)

Oscillations: SHM: Simple Harmonic Oscillations. Differential equation of SHM and its
solution. Kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy and their time-average values.
Damped oscillation. Forced oscillations: Transient and steady states; Resonance,
sharpness of resonance; power dissipation and Quality Factor. (7 Lectures)

Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces. Uniformly rotating

frame. Laws of Physics in rotating coordinate systems. Centrifugal force. Coriolis force
and its applications. Components of Velocity and Acceleration in Cylindrical and
Spherical Coordinate Systems. (4 Lectures)

Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley Experiment and its outcome.

Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz Transformations. Simultaneity and
order of events. Lorentz contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic transformation of
velocity, frequency and wave number. Relativistic addition of velocities. Variation of
mass with velocity. Massless Particles. Mass-energy Equivalence. Relativistic Doppler
effect. Relativistic Kinematics. Transformation of Energy and Momentum. (10 Lectures)

5
Reference Books:
 An introduction to mechanics, D. Kleppner, R.J. Kolenkow, 1973, McGraw-Hill.
 Mechanics, Berkeley Physics, vol.1, C.Kittel, W.Knight, et.al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 8/e. 2008, Wiley.
 Analytical Mechanics, G.R. Fowles and G.L. Cassiday. 2005, Cengage Learning.
 Feynman Lectures, Vol. I, R.P.Feynman, R.B.Leighton, M.Sands, 2008, Pearson Education
 Introduction to Special Relativity, R. Resnick, 2005, John Wiley and Sons.
 University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Additional Books for Reference
 Mechanics, D.S. Mathur, S. Chand and Company Limited, 2000
 University Physics. F.W Sears, M.W Zemansky, H.D Young 13/e, 1986, Addison Wesley
 Physics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Phys., J.W. Jewett, R.A. Serway,
2010, Cengage Learning
 Theoretical Mechanics, M.R. Spiegel, 2006, Tata McGraw Hill.

PHYSICS - C 2 LAB 60
Lectures
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and
travelling microscope.
2. To study the random error in observations.
3. To determine the height of a building using a Sextant.
4. To study the Motion of Spring and calculate (a) Spring constant, (b) g and (c)
Modulus of rigidity.
5. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
6. To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing Technique
7. To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method
(Poiseuille’s method).
8. To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
9. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.
10. To determine the elastic Constants of a wire by Searle’s method.
11. To determine the value of g using Bar Pendulum.
12. To determine the value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.

Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Edn, 2011, Kitab Mahal
 Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
 Practical Physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.

6
GE - 1: MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Vectors: Vector algebra. Scalar and vector products. Derivatives of a vector with
respect to a parameter. (4 Lectures)

Ordinary Differential Equations: 1st order homogeneous differential equations. 2nd

order homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients. (6 Lectures)

Laws of Motion: Frames of reference. Newton’s Laws of motion. Dynamics of a

system of particles. Centre of Mass. (10 Lectures)

Momentum and Energy: Conservation of momentum. Work and energy.

Conservation of energy. Motion of rockets. (6 Lectures)

Rotational Motion: Angular velocity and angular momentum. Torque. Conservation

of angular momentum. (5 Lectures)

Gravitation: Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Motion of a particle in a central force

field (motion is in a plane, angular momentum is conserved, areal velocity is
constant). Kepler’s Laws (statement only). Satellite in circular orbit and
applications. Geosynchronous orbits. Basic idea of global positioning
system (GPS). Weightlessness. Physiological effects on astronauts.
(8 Lectures)

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion. Differential equation of SHM and its

solutions. Kinetic and Potential Energy, Total Energy and their time averages.
Damped oscillations. (6 Lectures)

Elasticity: Hooke’s law - Stress-strain diagram - Elastic moduli-Relation between

elastic constants - Poisson’s Ratio-Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic
constants - Work done in stretching and work done in twisting a wire - Twisting
couple on a cylinder - Determination of Rigidity modulus by static torsion - Torsional
pendulum-Determination of Rigidity modulus and moment of inertia - q, η and  by
Searles method. (8 Lectures)
Special Theory of Relativity: Constancy of speed of light. Postulates of Special
Theory of Relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of
velocities. (7 Lectures) .

7
Reference Books:

 University Physics. F.W. Sears, M.W. Zemansky and H.D. Young, 13/e, 1986.
Addison-Wesley
 Mechanics Berkeley Physics, v.1: Charles Kittel, et. al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley
 Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2nd edn., 2015, Oxford
University Press
 University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.

GE - 1 LAB: MECHANICS
60 Lectures

1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and
travelling microscope.
2. To determine the Height of a Building using a Sextant.
3. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
4. To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
5. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.
6. To determine the Elastic Constants of a Wire by Searle’s method.
7. To determine g by Bar Pendulum.
8. To determine g by Kater’s Pendulum.
9. To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant, (b) g.

Reference Books:

 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971,
Asia Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
 Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage
Learning India Pvt. Ltd.
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th
Edition, 2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.

8
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester II
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICS-C 3: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Electric Field and Electric Potential

Electric field: Electric field lines. Electric flux. Gauss’ Law with applications to charge
distributions with spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry. (6 Lectures)

Conservative nature of Electrostatic Field. Electrostatic Potential. Laplace’s and Poisson

equations. The Uniqueness Theorem. Potential and Electric Field of a dipole. Force and
Torque on a dipole. (6 Lectures)

Electrostatic energy of system of charges. Electrostatic energy of a charged sphere.

Conductors in an electrostatic Field. Surface charge and force on a conductor.
Capacitance of a system of charged conductors. Parallel-plate capacitor. Capacitance of
an isolated conductor. Method of Images and its application to: (1) Plane Infinite Sheet
and (2) Sphere. (10 Lectrures)

Dielectric Properties of Matter: Electric Field in matter. Polarization,

Polarization Charges. Electrical Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant. Capacitor
(parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical) filled with dielectric. Displacement vector D.
Relations between E, P and D. Gauss’ Law in dielectrics. (8 Lectures)

Magnetic Field: Magnetic force between current elements and definition of Magnetic
FieldB. Biot-Savart’s Law and its simple applications: straight wire and circular loop.
Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and its Dipole Moment (Analogy with Electric
Dipole). Ampere’s Circuital Law and its application to (1) Solenoid and (2) Toroid.
Properties of B: curl and divergence. Vector Potential. Magnetic Force on (1) point
charge (2) current carrying wire (3) between current elements. Torque on a current loop
in a uniform Magnetic Field. (9 Lectures)

Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetization vector (M). Magnetic Intensity(H).

Magnetic Susceptibility and permeability. Relation between B, H, M. Ferromagnetism.
B-H curve and hysteresis. (4 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s Law. Lenz’s Law. Self Inductance and Mutual
Inductance. Reciprocity Theorem. Energy stored in a Magnetic Field. Introduction to
Maxwell’s Equations. Charge Conservation and Displacement current. (6 Lectures)

Electrical Circuits: AC Circuits: Kirchhoff’s laws for AC circuits. Complex Reactance

and Impedance. Series LCR Circuit: (1) Resonance, (2) Power Dissipation and(3)

9
Quality Factor, and (4) Band Width. Parallel LCR Circuit. (4 Lectures)

Network theorems: Ideal Constant-voltage and Constant-current Sources. Network

Theorems: Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem, Reciprocity
theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem. Applications to dc circuits. (4 Lectures)

Ballistic Galvanometer: Torque on a current Loop. Ballistic Galvanometer: Current

and Charge Sensitivity. Electromagnetic damping. Logarithmic damping. CDR.
(3 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Electricity, Magnetism & Electromagnetic Theory, S. Mahajan and Choudhury,
2012, Tata McGraw
 Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986 McGraw-Hill Education
 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Edn., 1998, Benjamin Cummings.
 Feynman Lectures Vol.2, R.P.Feynman, R.B.Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson Education
 Elements of Electromagnetics, M.N.O. Sadiku, 2010, Oxford University Press.
 Electricity and Magnetism, J.H.Fewkes & J.Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ. Press.

PHYSICS - C 3 LAB
60 Lectures
1. Use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c) DC
Current, (d) Capacitances, and (e) Checking electrical fuses.
2. To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.
3. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer.
4. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Carey Foster’s Bridge.
5. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
6. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a solenoid (determine dB/dx)
7. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.
8. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum power transfer theorems.
9. To determine self inductance of a coil by Anderson’s bridge.
10. To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant
frequency, (b) Impedance at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
11. To study the response curve of a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-
resonant frequency and (b) Quality factor Q.
12. Measurement of charge and current sensitivity and CDR of Ballistic
Galvanometer
13. Determine a high resistance by leakage method using Ballistic Galvanometer.
14. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Rayleigh’s method.
15. To determine the mutual inductance of two coils by Absolute method.

Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal

10
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi and B.Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning.
 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D.P.Khandelwal, 1985, Vani Pub.

PHYSICS-C 4: WAVES AND OPTICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Superposition of Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition
Principle. Superposition of two collinear oscillations having (1) equal frequencies and
(2) different frequencies (Beats). Superposition of N collinear Harmonic Oscillations
with (1) equal phase differences and (2) equal frequency differences. (5 Lectures)

Superposition of two perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and Analytical

Methods. Lissajous Figures with equal an unequal frequency and their uses.
(2 Lectures)

Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves. Plane
Progressive (Travelling) Waves. Wave Equation. Particle and Wave Velocities.
Differential Equation. Pressure of a Longitudinal Wave. Energy Transport. Intensity of
Wave. Water Waves: Ripple and Gravity Waves. (4 Lectures)

Velocity of Waves: Velocity of Transverse Vibrations of Stretched Strings. Velocity of

Longitudinal Waves in a Fluid in a Pipe. Newton’s Formula for Velocity of Sound.
Laplace’s Correction. (6 Lectures)

Superposition of Two Harmonic Waves: Standing (Stationary) Waves in a String:

Fixed and Free Ends. Analytical Treatment. Phase and Group Velocities. Changes with
respect to Position and Time. Energy of Vibrating String. Transfer of Energy. Normal
Modes of Stretched Strings. Plucked and Struck Strings. Melde’s Experiment.
Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes. Open and Closed Pipes.
Superposition of N Harmonic Waves. (7 Lectures)

Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and properties of wave front.
Huygens Principle. Temporal and Spatial Coherence. (3 Lectures)

Interference: Division of amplitude and wavefront. Young’s double slit experiment.

Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stokes’ treatment.
Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal inclination
(Haidinger Fringes); Fringeusal of eq thickness (Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings:
Measurement of wavelength and refractive index. (9 Lectures)

Interferometer: Michelson Interferometer-(1) Idea of form of fringes (No theory

required), (2) Determination of Wavelength, (3) Wavelength Difference, (4) Refractive
Index, and (5) Visibility of Fringes. Fabry-Perot interferometer. (4 Lectures)

11
 Diffraction: Kirchhoff’s Integral Theorem, Fresnel-Kirchhoff’s Integral formula.
(Qualitative discussion only) (2 Lectures)
Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit. Circular aperture, Resolving Power of a telescope.
Double slit. Multiple slits. Diffraction grating. Resolving power of grating. (8 Lectures)
Fresnel Diffraction: Fresnel’s Assumptions. Fresnel’s Half-Period Zones for Plane
Wave. Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Theory of a Zone Plate: Multiple
Foci of a Zone Plate. Fresnel’s Integral, Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a
slit and a wire. (7 Lectures)
Holography: Principle of Holography. Recording and Reconstruction Method. Theory
of Holography as Interference between two Plane Waves. Point source holograms.
Reference Books (3 Lectures)
 Waves: Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 3, Francis Crawford, 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, 1981, McGraw-Hill
 Principles of Optics, Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7th Edn., 1999, Pergamon Press.
 Optics, Ajoy Ghatak, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill
 The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, H. J. Pain, 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
 The Physics of Waves and Oscillations, N.K. Bajaj, 1998, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Fundamental of Optics, A. Kumar, H.R. Gulati and D.R. Khanna, 2011, R. Chand
Publications.

PHYSICS - C 4 LAB
60 Lectures
1. To determine the frequency of an electric tuning fork by Melde’s experiment and
verify λ2 –T law.
2. To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators.
3. To study Lissajous Figures.
4. Familiarization with: Schuster`s focusing; determination of angle of prism.
5. To determine refractive index of the Material of a prism using sodium source.
6. To determine the dispersive power and Cauchy constants of the material of a
prism using mercury source.
7. To determine the wavelength of sodium source using Michelson’s interferometer.
8. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.
9. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
10. To determine the thickness of a thin paper by measuring the width of the
interference fringes produced by a wedge-shaped Film.
11. To determine wavelength of (1) Na source and (2) spectral lines of Hg source
using plane diffraction grating.
12. To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.
Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab
Mahal
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D.P.Khandelwal, 1985, Vani Pub.

12
GE - 2: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM and EMT
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Vector Analysis: Review of vector algebra (Scalar and Vector product), gradient,
divergence, Curl and their significance, Vector Integration, Line, surface and volume
integrals of Vector fields, Gauss-divergence theorem and Stoke's theorem of vectors
(statement only).
(12 Lectures)
Electrostatics: Electrostatic Field, electric flux, Gauss's theorem of electrostatics.
Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge, infinite line of
charge, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet,
charged conductor. Electric potential as line integral of electric field, potential due to a
point charge, electric dipole, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere.
Calculation of electric field from potential. Capacitance of an isolated spherical
conductor. Parallel plate, spherical and cylindrical condenser. Energy per unit volume
in electrostatic field. Dielectric medium, Polarisation, Displacement vector. Gauss's
theorem in dielectrics. Parallel plate capacitor completely filled with dielectric.
(22 Lectures)

Magnetism:
Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart's law and its applications- straight conductor, circular
coil, solenoid carrying current. Divergence and curl of magnetic field. Magnetic
vector potential. Ampere's circuital law.
Magnetic properties of materials: Magnetic intensity, magnetic induction,
permeability, magnetic susceptibility. Brief introduction of dia-, para-and ferro-
magnetic materials. (10 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's

law, self and mutual inductance, L of single coil, M of two coils. Energy stored in
magnetic field. (6 Lectures)

Maxwell`s equations and Electromagnetic wave propagation: Equation of

continuity of current, Displacement current, Maxwell's equations, Poynting vector,
energy density in electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave propagation through
vacuum and isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of EM waves, polarization.
Reference Books: (10 Lectures)
 Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-Hill Education
 Electricity & Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes & J.Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ. Press
 Electricity and Magnetism, D C Tayal, 1988, Himalaya Publishing House.
 University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
 D.J.Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edn, 1998, Benjamin Cummings.

13
GE - 2 LAB: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM and EMT
60 Lectures

1. To use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages,

(c) DC Current, and (d) checking electrical fuses.
2. Ballistic Galvanometer:
(i) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
(ii) Measurement of CDR
(iii) Determine a high resistance by Leakage Method
(iv) To determine Self Inductance of a Coil by Rayleigh’s Method.
3. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
4. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a Solenoid (Determine dB/dx)
5. To study the Characteristics of a Series RC Circuit.
6. To study a series LCR circuit LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant
frequency, (b) Quality factor
7. To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-resonant frequency and
(b) Quality factor Q
8. To determine a Low Resistance by Carey Foster’s Bridge.
9. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems
10. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971,
Asia Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed.2011, Kitab Mahal
 Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd.

14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester III
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C 5: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Fourier Series: Periodic functions. Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Dirichlet
Conditions (Statement only). Expansion of periodic functions in a series of sine and
cosine functions and determination of Fourier coefficients. Complex representation
of Fourier series. Expansion of functions with arbitrary period. Expansion of non-
periodic functions over an interval. Even and odd functions and their Fourier
expansions. Application. Summing of Infinite Series. Term-by-Term differentiation
and integration of Fourier Series. Parseval Identity. (10 Lectures)

Frobenius Method and Special Functions: Singular Points of Second Order Linear
Differential Equations and their importance. Frobenius method and its applications to
differential equations. Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre Differential Equations.
Properties of Legendre Polynomials: Rodrigues Formula, Generating Function,
Orthogonality. Simple recurrence relations. Expansion of function in a series of
Legendre Polynomials. Bessel Functions of the First Kind: Generating Function, simple
recurrence relations. Zeros of Bessel Functions (Jo(x) and J1(x))and Orthogonality.
(24 Lectures)
Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and Relation between them.
Expression of Integrals in terms of Gamma Functions. Error Function (Probability
Integral). (4 Lectures)
Theory of Errors: Systematic and Random Errors. Propagation of Errors. Normal Law
of Errors. Standard and Probable Error. Least-squares fit. Error on the slope and
intercept of a fitted line. (6 Lectures)
Partial Differential Equations: Solutions to partial differential equations, using
separation of variables: Laplace's Equation in problems of rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical symmetry. Wave equation and its solution for vibrational modes of a stretched
string, rectangular and circular membranes. Diffusion Equation. (14 Lectures)

15
 Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physicists: Arfken, Weber, 2005, Harris, Elsevier.
 Fourier Analysis by M.R. Spiegel, 2004, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Mathematics for Physicists, Susan M. Lea, 2004, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
 Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2006, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Partial Differential Equations for Scientists & Engineers, S.J. Farlow, 1993, Dover Pub.
 Engineering Mathematics, S.Pal and S.C. Bhunia, 2015, Oxford University Press
 Mathematical methods for Scientists & Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, 2003, Viva Books

PHYSICS - C 5 LAB
60 Lectures
The aim of this Lab is to use the computational methods to solve physical problems.
Course will consist of lectures (both theory and practical) in the Lab. Evaluation done
not on the programming but on the basis of formulating the problem

Topics Description with Applications

Introduction to Numerical Introduction to Scilab/Mathematica/Matlab/Python,
computation softwares Advantages and disadvantages,
Scilab/Mathematica/Matlab/Python environment, Command
window, Figure window, Edit window, Variables and arrays,
Initialising variables in Scilab/Mathematica/Matlab/Python,
Multidimensional arrays, Subarray, Special values, Displaying
output data, data file, Scalar and array operations, Hierarchy
of operations, Built in Scilab/Mathematica/Matlab/Python
functions, Introduction to plotting, 2D and 3D plotting
Curve fitting, Least square fit, Ohms law to calculate R, Hooke’s law to calculate spring
Goodness of fit, standard deviation constant
Solution of Linear system of Solution of mesh equations of electric circuits (3 meshes)
equations by Gauss elimination Solution of coupled spring mass systems (3 masses)
method and Gauss Seidal method.
Diagonalization of
matrices, Inverse of a matrix,
Eigen vectors, eigen values
problems
Generation of Special functions Generating and plotting Legendre Polynomials,
using User defined functions in Generating and plotting Bessel function
Scilab/Mathematica/Matlab/Python
Solution of ODE First order differential equation
 Radioactive decay
First order Differential equation  Current in RC, LC circuits with DC source
Euler, modified Euler and Runge-  Newton’s law of cooling
Kutta second order methods  Classical equations of motion

Second order differential equation Second order Differential Equation

Fixed difference method  Harmonic oscillator (no friction)
16
  Damped Harmonic oscillator
 Over damped
 Critical damped
 Oscillatory
 Forced Harmonic oscillator
 Transient and Steady state solution
 Apply above to LCR circuits also
d2y dy
 Solve x 2 2  4 x(1  x)  2(1  x) y  x 3
dx dx
with the boundary conditions at
1 dy 3
x  1, y  e 2 ,   e 2  0.5
2 dx 2
dy
in the range 1≤x≤3. Plot y and against x in the
dx
given range on the same graph.

Partial Differential Equation:

Partial differential equations  Wave equation
 Heat equation
 Poisson equation
 Laplace equation

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.F Riley, M.P. Hobson and S. J. Bence, 3rd
ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press

 Complex Variables, A.S. Fokas & M.J. Ablowitz, 8th Ed., 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press

 First course in complex analysis with applications, D.G. Zill and P.D. Shanahan,
1940, Jones & Bartlett

 Computational Physics, D.Walker, 1st Edn., 2015, Scientific International Pvt. Ltd.

 A Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3rd Edn.,
Cambridge University Press

 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific

and Engineering Applications: A.V. Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fernández. 2014
Springer
 Scilab by example: M. Affouf 2012, ISBN: 978-1479203444
 Scilab (A free software to Matlab): H.Ramchandran, A.S.Nair. 2011 S.Chand & Company
 Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Betascript Publishing
 www.scilab.in/textbook_companion/generate_book/291

17
PHYSICS-C 6: THERMAL PHYSICS (Credits: Theory-04,
Practicals-02) Theory: 60 Lectures

Introduction to Thermodynamics
Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics: Extensive and intensive Thermodynamic
Variables, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics & Concept of
Temperature, Concept of Work & Heat, State Functions, First Law of Thermodynamics
and its differential form, Internal Energy, First Law & various processes, Applications of
First Law: General Relation between CP and CV, Work Done during Isothermal and
Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility and Expansion Co-efficient. (8 Lectures)

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and Irreversible process with examples.

Conversion of Work intdo Heat an Heat into Work. Heat Engines. Carnot’s Cycle,
Carnot engine & efficiency. Refrigerator & coefficient of performance, 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements and their Equivalence.
Carnot’s Theorem. Applications of Second Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic
Scale of Temperature and its Equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale. (10 Lectures)

Entropy: Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem. Clausius Inequality, Second Law

of Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy. Entropy of a perfect gas. Principle of
Increase of Entropy. Entropy Changes in Reversible and Irreversible processes
with examples. Entropy of the Universe. Entropy Changes in Reversible and
Irreversible Processes. Principle of Increase of Entropy. Temperature–Entropy
diagrams for Carnot’s Cycle. Third Law of Thermodynamics. Unattainability of
Absolute Zero. (7 Lectures)

Thermodynamic Potentials: Thermodynamic Potentials: Internal Energy, Enthalpy,

Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb’s Free Energy. Their Definitions, Properties and
Applications. Surface Films and Variation of Surface Tension with Temperature.
Magnetic Work, Cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization, First and second order
Phase Transitions with examples, Clausius Clapeyron Equation an d Ehrenfest equations.
(7 Lectures)

Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations: Derivations and applications of Maxwell’s

Relations, Maxwell’s Relations:(1) Clausius Clapeyron equation, (2) Values of Cp-Cv,
(3) TdS Equations, (4) Joule-Kelvin coefficient for Ideal and Van der Waal Gases, (5)
Energy equations, (6) Change of Temperature during Adiabatic Process. (7 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Distribution of Velocities: Maxwell-Boltzmann Law of Distribution of Velocities in an
Ideal Gas and its Experimental Verification. Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines and
Stern’s Experiment. Mean, RMS and Most Probable Speeds. Degrees of Freedom. Law
of Equipartition of Energy (No proof required). Specific heats of Gases. (7 Lectures)

18
Molecular Collisions: Mean Free Path. Collision Probability. Estimates of Mean Free
Path. Transport Phenomenon in Ideal Gases: (1) Viscosity, (2) Thermal Conductivity
and (3) Diffusion. Brownian Motion and its Significance. (4 Lectures)

Real Gases: Behavior of Real Gases: Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. The
Virial Equation. Andrew’s Experiments on CO2 Gas. Critical Constants. Continuity of
Liquid and Gaseous State. Vapour and Gas. Boyle Temperature. Van der Waal’s
Equation of State for Real Gases. Values of Critical Constants. Law of Corresponding
States. Comparison with Experimental Curves. P-V Diagrams. Joule’s Experiment. Free
Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas. Joule-Thomson Porous Plug Experiment. Joule-
Thomson Effect for Real and Van der Waal Gases. Temperature of Inversion. Joule-
Thomson Cooling. (10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W. Zemansky, Richard Dittman, 1981, McGraw-Hill.
 A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N.Srivastava, 1958, Indian Press
 Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and Ghosh, 2nd Edition, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill
 Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer.
 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory & Statistical Thermodynamics, Sears & Salinger.
1988, Narosa.
 Concepts in Thermal Physics, S.J. Blundell and K.M. Blundell, 2nd Ed., 2012, Oxford
University Press
 Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S.P. Taneja, 2014, R. Chand Publications.

PHYSICS - C 6 LAB
60 Lectures
1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s
constant flow method.
2. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Searle’s Apparatus.
3. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Angstrom’s Method.
4. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee
and Charlton’s disc method.
5. To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance
Thermometer (PRT).
6. To study the variation of Thermo-Emf of a Thermocouple with Difference of
Temperature of its Two Junctions.
7. To calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified Range using
(1) Null Method, (2) Direct measurement using Op-Amp difference amplifier
and to determine Neutral Temperature.
Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes,D.P.Khandelwal,1985, Vani Pub.

19
PHYSICS-C7 : DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Introduction to CRO: Block Diagram of CRO. Electron Gun, Deflection System and
Time Base. Deflection Sensitivity. Applications of CRO: (1) Study of Waveform,
(2) Measurement of Voltage, Current, Frequency, and Phase Difference. (3 Lectures)

Integrated Circuits (Qualitative treatment only): Active & Passive components.

Discrete components. Wafer. Chip. Advantages and drawbacks of ICs. Scale of
integration: SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI (basic idea and definitions only). Classification of
ICs. Examples of Linear and Digital lCs. (3 Lectures)

Digital Circuits: Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary

Numbers. Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversion. BCD, Octal and
Hexadecimal numbers. AND, OR and NOT Gates (realization using Diodes and
Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates and
application as Parity Checkers. (6 Lectures)

Boolean algebra: De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of

Logic Circuit using Boolean Algebra. Fundamental Products. Idea of Minterms and
Maxterms. Conversion of a Truth table into Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum
of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map. (6 Lectures)

Data processing circuits: Basic idea of Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders,

Encoders. (4 Lectures)

Arithmetic Circuits: Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement.

Half and Full Adders. Half & Full Subtractors, 4-bit binary Adder/Subtractor.
(5 Lectures)

Sequential Circuits: SR, D, and JK Flip-Flops. Clocked (Level and Edge Triggered)
Flip-Flops. Preset and Clear operations. Race-around conditions in JK Flip-Flop. M/S
JK Flip-Flop. (6 Lectures)

Timers: IC 555: block diagram and applications: Astable multivibrator and Monostable
multivibrator. (3 Lectures)
Shift registers: Serial-in-Serial-out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parallel-in-Serial-out and
Parallel-in-Parallel-out Shift Registers (only up to 4 bits). (2 Lectures)

Counters(4 bits): Ring Counter. Asynchronous counters, Decade Counter. Synchronous

Counter. (4 Lectures)

20
Computer Organization: Input/Output Devices. Data storage (idea of RAM and ROM).
Computer memory. Memory organization & addressing. Memory Interfacing. Memory
Map. (6 Lectures)
Intel 8085 Microprocessor Architecture: Main features of 8085. Block diagram.
Components. Pin-out diagram. Buses. Registers. ALU. Memory. Stack memory. Timing
& Control circuitry. Timing states. Instruction cycle, Timing diagram of MOV and MVI.
(8 Lectures)

Introduction to Assembly Language: 1 byte, 2 byte & 3 byte instructions. (4 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino, D.P.Leach and Saha, 7th Ed.,
2011, Tata McGraw
 Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, Anand Kumar, 2nd Edn, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Digital Circuits and systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Digital Electronics G K Kharate ,2010, Oxford University Press
 Digital Systems: Principles & Applications, R.J.Tocci, N.S.Widmer, 2001, PHI Learning
 Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
 Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.
 Digital Electronics, S.K. Mandal, 2010, 1st edition, McGraw Hill
 Microprocessor Architecture Programming & applications with 8085, 2002, R.S.
Goankar, Prentice Hall.

PHYSICS - C 7 LAB
60 Lectures
1. To measure (a) Voltage, and (b) Time period of a periodic waveform using CRO.
2. To test a Diode and Transistor using a Multimeter.
3. To design a switch (NOT gate) using a transistor.
4. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAND gates.
5. To design a combinational logic system for a specified Truth Table.
6. To convert a Boolean expression into logic circuit and design it using logic gate ICs.
7. To minimize a given logic circuit.
8. Half Adder, Full Adder and 4-bit binary Adder.
9. Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Adder-Subtractor using Full Adder I.C.
10. To build Flip-Flop (RS, Clocked RS, D-type and JK) circuits using NAND gates.
11. To build JK Master-slave flip-flop using Flip-Flop ICs
12. To build a 4-bit Counter using D-type/JK Flip-Flop ICs and study timing diagram.
13. To make a 4-bit Shift Register (serial and parallel) using D-type/JK Flip-Flop ICs.
14. To design an astable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
15. To design a monostable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
16. Write the following programs using 8085 Microprocessor
a) Addition and subtraction of numbers using direct addressing mode

21
 b) Addition and subtraction of numbers using indirect addressing mode
c) Multiplication by repeated addition.
d) Division by repeated subtraction.
e) Handling of 16-bit Numbers.
f) Use of CALL and RETURN Instruction.
g) Block data handling.
h) Other programs (e.g. Parity Check, using interrupts, etc.).

Reference Books:
 Modern Digital Electronics, R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994,
Mc-Graw Hill.
 Microprocessor Architecture Programming and applications with 8085, R.S.
Goankar, 2002, Prentice Hall.
 Microprocessor 8085:Architecture, Programming and interfacing, A. Wadhwa,
2010, PHI Learning.

22
 Skill Enhancement Course (Credit: 02)
(A student has to choose any one skill enhancement course from SEC1A and SEC1B)

SEC1A: PHYSICS WORKSHOP SKILL (Credit: 02)

30 Lectures
The aim of this course is to enable the students to familiar and experience with various mechanical and
electrical tools through hands-on mode

Introduction: Measuring units. conversion to SI and CGS. Familiarization with meter scale, Vernier calliper,
Screw gauge and their utility. Measure the dimension of a solid block, volume of cylindrical beaker/glass,
diameter of a thin wire, thickness of metal sheet, etc. Use of Sextant to measure height of buildings, mountains,
etc. (4 Lectures)
Mechanical Skill: Concept of workshop practice. Overview of manufacturing methods: casting, foundry,
machining, forming and welding. Types of welding joints and welding defects. Common materials used for
manufacturing like steel, copper, iron, metal sheets, composites and alloy, wood. Concept of machine
processing, introduction to common machine tools like lathe, shaper, drilling, milling and surface machines.
Cutting tools, lubricating oils. Cutting of a metal sheet using blade. Smoothening of cutting edge of sheet using
file. Drilling of holes of different diameter in metal sheet and wooden block. Use of bench vice and tools for
fitting. Make funnel using metal sheet.
(10 Lectures)
Electrical and Electronic Skill: Use of Multimeter. Soldering of electrical circuits having discrete components
(R, L, C, diode) and ICs on PCB. Operation of oscilloscope. Making regulated power supply. Timer circuit,
Electronic switch using transistor and relay. (10 Lectures)

Introduction to prime movers: Mechanism, gear system, wheel, Fixing of gears with motor axel. Lever
mechanism, Lifting of heavy weight using lever. braking systems, pulleys, working principle of power
generation systems. Demonstration of pulley experiment. (6 Lectures)

Reference Books:
A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja – S. Chand and Company.
Performance and design of AC machines – M.G. Say, ELBS Edn.
Mechanical workshop practice, K.C. John, 2010, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Workshop Processes, Practices and Materials, Bruce J Black 2005, 3rd Edn.,
Editor Newnes [ISBN: 0750660732]
New Engineering Technology, Lawrence Smyth/Liam Hennessy, The
Educational Company of Ireland [ISBN: 0861674480]

SEC1B: WEATHER FORECASTING SKILL (Credit: 02)

Theory: 30 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to enable them to
develop an awareness and understanding regarding the causes and effects of different weather phenomenon
and basic forecasting techniques

Introduction to atmosphere: Elementary idea of atmosphere: physical structure and composition;

compositional layering of the atmosphere; variation of pressure and temperature with height; air temperature;
requirements to measure air temperature; temperature sensors: types; atmospheric pressure: its measurement
23
 (9 Periods)

Measuring the weather: Wind; forces acting to produce wind; wind speed direction: units, its direction;
measuring wind speed and direction; humidity, clouds and rainfall, radiation: absorption, emission and
scattering in atmosphere; radiation laws. (4 Periods)

Weather systems: Global wind systems; air masses and fronts: classifications; jet streams; local thunderstorms;
tropical cyclones: classification; tornadoes; hurricanes. (3 Periods)

Climate and Climate Change: Climate: its classification; causes of climate change; global warming and its
outcomes; air pollution and its measurement, particulate matters PM 2.5, PM 10. Health hazards due to high
concentration of PM2.5; aerosols, ozone depletion (6 Periods)

Basics of weather forecasting: Weather forecasting: analysis and its historical background; need of measuring
weather; types of weather forecasting; weather forecasting methods; criteria of choosing weather station; basics
of choosing site and exposure; satellites observations in weather forecasting; weather maps; uncertainty and
predictability; probability forecasts. (8 Periods)

Demonstrations and Experiments:

1. Study of synoptic charts & weather reports, working principle of weather station.
2. Processing and analysis of weather data:
(a) To calculate the sunniest time of the year.
(b) To study the variation of rainfall amount and intensity.
(c) To observe the sunniest/driest day of the week.
(d) To examine the maximum and minimum temperature throughout the year.
(e) To evaluate the relative humidity of the day.
(f) To examine the rainfall amount month wise.
3. Exercises in chart reading: Plotting of constant pressure charts, surfaces charts, upper wind charts and its
analysis.
4. Formats and elements in different types of weather forecasts/ warning (both aviation and non aviation).
5. Simulation of weather system
6. Field visits to India Meteorological department and National center for medium range weather forecasting

Reference books:
1. Aviation Meteorology, I.C. Joshi, 3rd edition 2014, Himalayan Books
2. The weather Observers Hand book, Stephen Burt, 2012, Cambridge University Press.
3. Meteorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2001, Agromet Publishers, Nagpur.
4. Text Book of Agrometeorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2005,Agromet Publishers, Nagpur.
5. Atmosphere and Ocean, John G. Harvey, 1995, The Artemis Press.

24
GE - 3: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Laws of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Description of system: Zeroth Law of
thermodynamics and temperature. First law and internal energy, conversion of heat
into work, Various Thermodynamical Processes, Applications of First Law: General
Relation between CP and CV, Work Done during Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes,
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficient, Reversible and irreversible processes,
Second law and Entropy, Carnot’s cycle & theorem, Entropy changes in reversible &
irreversible processes, Entropy-temperature diagrams, Third law of thermodynamics,
Unattainability of absolute zero. (22 Lectures)

Thermodynamical Potentials: Enthalpy, Gibbs, Helmholtz and Internal Energy

functions, Maxwell’s relations and applications - Joule-Thompson Effect, Clausius-
Clapeyron Equation, Expression for (CP – CV), CP/CV, TdS equations. (10 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities

and its experimental verification, Mean free path (Zeroth Order), Transport
Phenomena: Viscosity, Conduction and Diffusion (for vertical case), Law of
equipartition of energy (no derivation) and its applications to specific heat of gases;
mono-atomic and diatomic gases. (10 Lectures)

Theory of Radiation: Blackbody radiation, Spectral distribution, Concept of Energy

Density, Derivation of Planck's law, Deduction of Wien’s distribution law, Rayleigh-
Jeans Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s law.
(6 Lectures)

Statistical Mechanics: Phase space, Macrostate and Microstate, Entropy and

Thermodynamic probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann law - distribution of velocity -
Quantum statistics - Fermi-Dirac distribution law - electron gas - Bose-Einstein
distribution law - photon gas - comparison of three statistics. (12 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and C. Ghosh, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N. Srivastava, 1969, Indian Press.
 Thermodynamics, Enrico Fermi, 1956, Courier Dover Publications.
 Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W.Zemasky and R. Dittman, 1981, McGraw Hill
 Thermodynamics, Kinetic theory & Statistical thermodynamics, F.W.Sears and
G.L. Salinger. 1988, Narosa
 University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
 Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S.P. Taneja, 2014, R. chand Publications.

25
GE - 3 LAB: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL
MECHANICS
60 Lectures
1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s
constant flow method.
2. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation.
3. To determine Stefan’s Constant.
4. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of Cu by Searle’s Apparatus.
5. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Angstrom’s Method.
6. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee
and Charlton’s disc method.
7. To determine the temperature co-efficient of resistance by Platinum resistance
thermometer.
8. To study the variation of thermo emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.
9. To record and analyze the cooling temperature of an hot object as a function of
time using a thermocouple and suitable data acquisition system
10. To calibrate Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) using Null Method/Off-
Balance Bridge.

Reference Books:

 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971,

Asia Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th
Edition, 2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P. Khandelwal,
1985, Vani Publication.

26
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester IV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C8: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-III

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Complex Analysis: Brief Revision of Complex Numbers and their Graphical Representation. Euler's
formula, De Moivre's theorem, Roots of Complex Numbers. Functions of Complex Variables. Analyticity
and Cauchy-Riemann Conditions. Examples of analytic functions. Singular functions: poles and branch
points, order of singularity, branch cuts. Integration of a function of a complex variable. Cauchy's
Inequality. Cauchy’s Integral formula. Simply and multiply connected region. Laurent and Taylor’s
expansion. Residues and Residue Theorem. Application in solving Definite Integrals.
(30 Lectures)

Integrals Transforms:
Fourier Transforms: Fourier Integral theorem. Fourier Transform. Examples. Fourier
transform of trigonometric, Gaussian, finite wave train & other functions.
Representation of Dirac delta function as a Fourier Integral. Fourier transform of
derivatives, Inverse Fourier transform, Convolution theorem. Properties of Fourier
transforms (translation, change of scale, complex conjugation, etc.). Three dimensional
Fourier transforms with examples. Application of Fourier Transforms to differential
equations: One dimensional Wave and Diffusion/Heat Flow Equations. (15 Lectures)

Laplace Transforms: Laplace Transform (LT) of Elementary functions. Properties of

LTs: Change of Scale Theorem, Shifting Theorem. LTs of 1st and 2nd order Derivatives
and Integrals of Functions, Derivatives and Integrals of LTs. LT of Unit Step function,
Dirac Delta function, Periodic Functions. Convolution Theorem. Inverse LT.
Application of Laplace Transforms to 2nd order Differential Equations: Damped
Harmonic Oscillator, Simple Electrical Circuits, Coupled differential equations of 1st
order. Solution of heat flow along infinite bar using Laplace transform.
(15 Lectures)

26
Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.F Riley, M.P. Hobson and S. J.
Bence, 3rd ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press
 Mathematics for Physicists, P. Dennery and A.Krzywicki, 1967, Dover Publications
 Complex Variables, A.S.Fokas & M.J.Ablowitz, 8th Ed., 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Complex Variables, A.K. Kapoor, 2014, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Complex Variables and Applications, J.W. Brown & R.V. Churchill, 7th Ed. 2003,
Tata McGraw-Hill
 First course in complex analysis with applications, D.G. Zill and P.D. Shanahan,
1940, Jones & Bartlett

PHYSICS - C 8 LAB
60 Lectures

Scilab/C++ based simulations experiments based on Mathematical Physics

problems like

1. Solve differential equations:

dy/dx = e-x with y = 0 for x = 0
dy/dx + e-xy = x2
d2y/dt2 + 2 dy/dt = -y
d2y/dt2 + e-tdy/dt = -y
2. Dirac Delta Function:

Evaluate
( )

√
∫ (x+3)dx,
for σ=1, 0.1, 0.01 and
show it tends to 5

3. Fourier Series:
Program to sum ∑ (0.2)

Evaluate the Fourier coefficients of a given periodic function (square wave)

4. Frobenius method and Special functions:

( ) ( ) = ,

Plot Pn(x), jv(x)

Show recursion relation

27
 5. Calculation of error for each data point of observations recorded in experiments
done in previous semesters (choose any two).
6. Calculation of least square fitting manually without giving weightage to error.
Confirmation of least square fitting of data through computer program.
7. Evaluation of trigonometric functions e.g. sin θ, Given Bessel’s function at N
points find its value at an intermediate point. Complex analysis: Integrate
1/(x2+2) numerically and check with computer integration.
8. Compute the nth roots of unity for n = 2, 3, and 4.
9. Find the two square roots of −5+12j.
10. Integral transform: FFT of
11. Solve Kirchoff’s Current law for any node of an arbitrary circuit using Laplace’s
transform.
12. Solve Kirchoff’s Voltage law for any loop of an arbitrary circuit using Laplace’s
transform.
13. Perform circuit analysis of a general LCR circuit using Laplace’s transform.

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.F Riley, M.P. Hobson and S. J.
Bence, 3rd ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press
 Mathematics for Physicists, P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki, 1967, Dover Publications
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB:
Scientific and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V.
Fernández. 2014 Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896
 A Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3rd Edn.,
Cambridge University Press
 Scilab by example: M. Affouf, 2012. ISBN: 978-1479203444
 Scilab (A free software to Matlab): H.Ramchandran, A.S.Nair. 2011 S.Chand & Company
 Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Betascript Publishing
 https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/ee102/laplace_ckts.pdf
 ocw.nthu.edu.tw/ocw/upload/12/244/12handout.pdf

PHYSICS-C 9: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02
Theory: 60 Lectures
Planck’s quantum, Planck’s constant and light as a collection of photons; Blackbody

28
Radiation: Quantum theory of Light; Photo-electric effect and Compton scattering. De
Broglie wavelength and matter waves; Davisson-Germer experiment. Wave description
of particles by wave packets. Group and Phase velocities and relation between them.
Two-Slit experiment with electrons. Probability. Wave amplitude and wave functions.
(14 Lectures)

Position measurement- gamma ray microscope thought experiment; Wave-particle

duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Uncertainty relations involving Canonical pair
of variables): Derivation from Wave Packets impossibility of a particle following a
trajectory; Estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty
principle; Energy-time uncertainty principle- application to virtual particles and range of
an interaction. (5 Lectures)

Two slit interference experiment with photons, atoms and particles; linear superposition
principle as a consequence; Matter waves and wave amplitude; Schrodinger equation for
non-relativistic particles; Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical
interpretation of a wave function, probabilities and normalization; Probability and
probability current densities in one dimension. (10 Lectures)

One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions,

normalization; Quantum dot as example; Quantum mechanical scattering and tunnelling
in one dimension-across a step potential & rectangular potential barrier. (10 Lectures)

Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of
an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of
nuclear force, NZ graph, Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding
energy, Nuclear Shell Model and magic numbers. (6 Lectures)

Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life and half-life;
Alpha decay; Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino;
Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation: electron-positron pair creation
by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus. (8 Lectures)

Fission and fusion- mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of
fragments and emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with
Uranium 235; Fusion and thermonuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief
qualitative discussions). (3 Lectures)

Lasers: Einstein’s A and B coefficients. Metastable states. Spontaneous and Stimulated

emissions. Optical Pumping and Population Inversion. Three-Level and Four-Level
Lasers. Ruby Laser and He-Ne Laser. Basic lasing. (4 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
 Introduction to Modern Physics, Rich Meyer, Kennard, Coop, 2002, Tata McGraw Hill
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2005, Pearson Education.

29
 Physics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Jewett and Serway, 2010,
Cengage Learning.
 Modern Physics, G.Kaur and G.R. Pickrell, 2014, McGraw Hill
 Quantum Mechanics: Theory & Applications, A.K.Ghatak & S.Lokanathan, 2004, Macmillan
Additional Books for Reference
 Modern Physics, J.R. Taylor, C.D. Zafiratos, M.A. Dubson, 2004, PHI Learning.
 Theory and Problems of Modern Physics, Schaum`s outline, R. Gautreau and W.
Savin, 2nd Edn, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
 Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics, Vol.4. E.H.Wichman, 1971, Tata McGraw-Hill Co.
 Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics, K.Heyde, 3rd Edn., Institute of Physics Pub.
 Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, T.A.Moore, 2003, McGraw Hill

PHYSICS - C 9 LAB
60 Lectures
1. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector
2. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light;
maximum energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light
3. To determine work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum
diode.
4. To determine the Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colours.
5. To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.
6. To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
7. To determine the absorption lines in the rotational spectrum of Iodine vapour.
8. To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet.
9. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
10. To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.
11. To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of single slit.
12. To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of double slits.
13. To determine (1) wavelength and (2) angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane
diffraction grating
Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Edn, 2011,Kitab Mahal

PHYSICS-C 10: ANALOG SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02
Theory: 60 Lectures
Semiconductor Diodes: P and N type semiconductors. Energy Level Diagram.
Conductivity and Mobility, Concept of Drift velocity. PN Junction Fabrication (Simple
Idea). Barrier Formation in PN Junction Diode. Static and Dynamic Resistance. Current

30
Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode. Drift Velocity. Derivation for
Barrier Potential, Barrier Width and Current for Step Junction. Current Flow Mechanism
in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode. (10 Lectures)

Two-terminal Devices and their Applications: (1) Rectifier Diode: Half-wave

Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers, Calculation of Ripple Factor
and Rectification Efficiency, C-filter (2) Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation. Principle
and structure of (1) LEDs, (2) Photodiode and (3) Solar Cell. (6 Lectures)

Bipolar Junction transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Characteristics of CB, CE

and CC Configurations. Current gains α and β Relations between α and β. Load Line
analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-point. Physical Mechanism of Current
Flow. Active, Cutoff and Saturation Regions. (6 Lectures)

Amplifiers: Transistor Biasing and Stabilization Circuits. Fixed Bias and Voltage
Divider Bias. Transistor as 2-port Network. h-parameter Equivalent Circuit. Analysis of
a single-stage CE amplifier using Hybrid Model. Input and Output Impedance. Current,
Voltage and Power Gains. Classification of Class A, B & C Amplifiers. (10 Lectures)

Coupled Amplifier: Two stage RC-coupled amplifier and its frequency response.
(4 Lectures)

Feedback in Amplifiers: Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback on Input

Impedance, Output Impedance, Gain, Stability, Distortion and Noise. (4 Lectures)

Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausen's Criterion for self-sustained oscillations. RC Phase

shift oscillator, determination of Frequency. Hartley & Colpitts oscillators. (4 Lectures)

Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach): Characteristics of an Ideal and

Practical Op-Amp. (IC 741) Open-loop and Closed-loop Gain. Frequency Response.
CMRR. Slew Rate and concept of Virtual ground. (4 Lectures)

Applications of Op-Amps: (1) Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3)
Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator, (6) Log amplifier, (7) Zero crossing
detector (8) Wein bridge oscillator. (9 Lectures)

Conversion: Resistive network (Weighted and R-2R Ladder). Accuracy and Resolution.
A/D Conversion (successive approximation) (3 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
 Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
 Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G.Streetman & S.K.Banerjee, 6th Edn.,2009, PHI Learning
 Electronic Devices & circuits, S.Salivahanan & N.S.Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
 OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall
31
 Microelectronic circuits, A.S. Sedra, K.C. Smith, A.N. Chandorkar, 2014, 6th Edn.,
Oxford University Press.
 Electronic circuits: Handbook of design & applications, U.Tietze, C.Schenk,2008, Springer
 Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology, S.M. Sze, 2nd Ed., 2002, Wiley India
 Microelectronic Circuits, M.H. Rashid, 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning
 Electronic Devices, 7/e Thomas L. Floyd, 2008, Pearson India

PHYSICS - C 10
LAB 60 Lectures
1. To study V-I characteristics of PN junction diode, and Light emitting diode.
2. To study the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode and its use as voltage regulator.
3. Study of V-I & power curves of solar cells, and find maximum power point & efficiency.
4. To study the characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in CE configuration.
5. To study the various biasing configurations of BJT for normal class A operation.
6. To design a CE transistor amplifier of a given gain (mid-gain) using voltage
divider bias.
7. To study the frequency response of voltage gain of a RC-coupled transistor
amplifier.
8. To design a Wien bridge oscillator for given frequency using an op-amp.
9. To design a phase shift oscillator of given specifications using BJT.
10. To study the Colpitt`s oscillator.
11. To design a digital to analog converter (DAC) of given specifications.
12. To study the analog to digital convertor (ADC) IC.
13. To design an inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) for dc voltage of given gain
14. To design inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) and study its frequency response
15. To design non-inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) & study its frequency response
16. To study the zero-crossing detector and comparator
17. To add two dc voltages using Op-amp in inverting and non-inverting mode
18. To design a precision Differential amplifier of given I/O specification using Op-amp.
19. To investigate the use of an op-amp as an Integrator.
20. To investigate the use of an op-amp as a Differentiator.
21. To design a circuit to simulate the solution of a 1st/2nd order differential equation.

Reference Books:
 Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994,
Mc-Graw Hill.
 OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall.
 Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
 Electronic Devices & circuit Theory, R.L. Boylestad & L.D. Nashelsky, 2009, Pearson

32
 Skill Enhancement Course (Credit: 02)
(A student has to choose any one skill enhancement course from SEC2A, SEC2B and SEC2C)

SEC 2A: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS SKILL (Credit: 02)

Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics and Science.
 Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
 Use of computer language as a tool in solving physics/science problems
 Course will consist of hands on training on the Problem solving on Computers.

Introduction: Importance of computers in Physics, paradigm for solving physics problems for
solution. Usage of linux as an Editor. Algorithms and Flowcharts: Algorithm: Definition, properties
and development. Flowchart: Concept of flowchart, symbols, guidelines, types. Examples: Cartesian to
Spherical Polar Coordinates, Roots of Quadratic Equation, Sum of two matrices, Sum and Product of a
finite series, calculation of sin(x) as a series, algorithm for plotting (1) lissajous figures and (2)
trajectory of a projectile thrown at an angle with the horizontal. (4 Lectures)

Scientific Programming: Some fundamental Linux Commands (Internal and External commands).
Development of FORTRAN, Basic elements of FORTRAN: Character Set, Constants and their types,
Variables and their types, Keywords, Variable Declaration and concept of instruction and program.
Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and Assignment Operators. Expressions: Arithmetic,
Relational, Logical, Character and Assignment Expressions. Fortran Statements: I/O Statements
(unformatted/formatted), Executable and Non-Executable Statements, Layout of Fortran Program,
Format of writing Program and concept of coding, Initialization and Replacement Logic. Examples
from physics problems. (5 Lectures)
Control Statements: Types of Logic (Sequential, Selection, Repetition), Branching Statements
(Logical IF, Arithmetic IF, Block IF, Nested Block IF, SELECT CASE and ELSE IF Ladder
statements), Looping Statements (DO-CONTINUE, DO-ENDDO, DOWHILE, Implied and Nested
DO Loops), Jumping Statements (Unconditional GOTO, Computed GOTO, Assigned GOTO)
Subscripted Variables (Arrays: Types of Arrays, DIMENSION Statement, Reading and Writing
Arrays), Functions and Subroutines (Arithmetic Statement Function, Function Subprogram and
Subroutine), RETURN,
CALL, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE Statements), Structure, Disk I/O Statements, open a file,
writing in a file, reading from a file. Examples from physics problems.
Programming:
1. Exercises on syntax on usage of FORTRAN
2. Usage of GUI Windows, Linux Commands, familiarity with DOS commands and working in an
editor to write sources codes in FORTRAN.
3. To print out all natural even/ odd numbers between given limits.
4. To find maximum, minimum and range of a given set of numbers.
5. Calculating Euler number using exp(x) series evaluated at x=1 (6 Lectures)
Scientific word processing: Introduction to LaTeX: TeX/LaTeX word processor, preparing a basic
LaTeX file, Document classes, Preparing an input file for LaTeX, Compiling LaTeX File, LaTeX tags
for creating different environments, Defining LaTeX commands and environments, Changing the type
33
 style, Symbols from other languages. Equation representation: Formulae and equations, Figures and
other floating bodies, Lining in columns- Tabbing and tabular environment, Generating table of
contents, bibliography and citation, Making an index and glossary, List making environments, Fonts,
Picture environment and colors, errors. (6 Lectures)
Visualization: Introduction to graphical analysis and its limitations. Introduction to Gnuplot.
importance of visualization of computational and computational data, basic Gnuplot commands: simple
plots, plotting data from a file, saving and exporting, multiple data sets per file, physics with Gnuplot
(equations, building functions, user defined variables and functions), Understanding data with Gnuplot
Hands on exercises:
1. To compile a frequency distribution and evaluate mean, standard deviation etc.
2. To evaluate sum of finite series and the area under a curve.
3. To find the product of two matrices
4. To find a set of prime numbers and Fibonacci series.
5. To write program to open a file and generate data for plotting using Gnuplot.
6. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected horizontally.
7. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected making an angle with the horizontally.
8. Creating an input Gnuplot file for plotting a data and saving the output for seeing on the screen.
Saving it as an eps file and as a pdf file.
9. To find the roots of a quadratic equation.
10. Motion of a projectile using simulation and plot the output for visualization.
11. Numerical solution of equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator and plot the outputs for
visualization.
12. Motion of particle in a central force field and plot the output for visualization. (9 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Computer Programming in Fortran 77”. V. Rajaraman (Publisher:PHI).
 LaTeX–A Document Preparation System”, Leslie Lamport (Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1994).
 Gnuplot in action: understanding data with graphs, Philip K Janert, (Manning 2010)
 Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with Fortran, S Lipsdutz and A Poe,
1986Mc-Graw Hill Book Co.
 Computational Physics: An Introduction, R. C. Verma, etal. New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi (1999)
A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E.Atkinson,3rd Edn. , 2007, Wiley India Edition.

SEC 2B: APPLIED OPTICS SKILL (Credit: 02)

THEORY: 30 Lectures

The quest to understand the 'nature of light' is a favorite inquiry of mankind since ancient times. By the
advent of lasers, holography, and optical fibres in twentieth century the optics now-a-days finds
application in several branches of science and engineering. This paper provides the conceptual
understanding of these branches of modern optics to the students. Theory includes only qualitative
explanation. Minimum five experiments should be performed covering minimum three sections.

(i) Photo-sources and Detectors (9 lectures)

Lasers: an introduction, Planck’s radiation law (qualitative idea), Energy levels, Absorption process,
34
Spontaneous and stimulated emission processes, Theory of laser action, Population of energy levels,
Einstein’s coefficients and optical amplification, properties of laser beam, Ruby laser, He-Ne laser, and
semiconductor lasers; Light Emitting Diode (LED) and photo-detectors.

Experiments on Lasers:
a. To determine the grating radial spacing of the Compact Disc (CD) by reflection
using He-Ne or solid state laser.
b. To find the width of the wire or width of the slit using diffraction pattern obtained
by a He-Ne or solid state laser.
c. To find the polarization angle of laser light using polarizer and analyzer
d. Thermal expansion of quartz using laser
e. To determine the wavelength and angular spread of laser light by using plane
diffraction grating.

Experiments on Semiconductor Sources and Detectors:

a. V-I characteristics of LED
b. Study the characteristics of solid state laser
c. Study the characteristics of LDR
d. Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cell/ Photodiode.
e. Characteristics of IR sensor

(ii) Fourier Optics and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (Qualitative explanation) (6 lectures)
Concept of Spatial frequency filtering, Fourier transforming property of a thin lens, Fourier Transform
Spectroscopy (FTS): measuring emission and absorption spectra, with wide application in atmospheric
remote sensing, NMR spectrometry, and forensic science.

Experiments on Fourier Optics:

a. Optical image addition/subtraction
b. Optical image differentiation
c. Fourier optical filtering
d. Construction of an optical 4f system

Experiments on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

To study the interference pattern from a Michelson interferometer as a function of mirror separation in
the interferometer. The resulting interferogram is the Fourier transform of the power spectrum of the
source. Analysis of experimental interferograms allows one to determine the transmission
characteristics of several interference filters. Computer simulation can also be done.

(iii) Holography (6 lectures)

Introduction, Basic principle and theory: recording and reconstruction processes, Requirements of
holography-coherence, etc. Types of holograms: The thick or volume hologram, Multiplex hologram,
white light reflection hologram; application of holography in microscopy, interferometry, and character
recognition.
Experiments on Holography and interferometry:
a. Recording and reconstruction of holograms (Computer simulation can also be done).
b. To construct a Michelson interferometer or a Fabry Perot interferometer.
35
c. To determine the wavelength of sodium light by using Michelson’s interferometer.
d. To measure the refractive index of air.

(iv) Photonics: Fibre Optics (9 lectures)

Optical fibres: Introduction and historical remarks, Total Internal Reflection, Basic characteristics of
the optical fibre: Principle of light propagation through a fibre, the coherent bundle, The numerical
aperture, Attenuation in optical fibre and attenuation limit; Single mode and multimode fibres, Fibre
optic sensors: Fibre Bragg Grating.

Experiments on Fibre Optics

a. To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fibre
b. To measure the near field intensity profile of a fibre and study its refractive index profile
c. To study the variation of the bending loss in a multimode fibre
d. To determine the power loss at a splice between two multimode fibre
e. To determine the mode field diameter (MFD) of fundamental mode in a single mode fibre by
measurements of its far field Gaussian pattern

Reference Books:
LASERS: Fundamentals & applications, K.Thyagrajan& A.K.Ghatak, 2010, Tata McGraw Hill
Introduction to Fourier Optics, Joseph W. Goodman, The McGraw- Hill, 1996.
Introduction to Fiber Optics, A. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press.
Fibre optics through experiments, M.R.Shenoy, S.K.Khijwania, et.al. 2009, Viva Books
Optical Electronics, Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, 2011, Cambridge University Press
Optics, Karl Dieter Moller, Learning by computing with model examples, 2007, Springer.
Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S.C. Gupta, 2005, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

SEC2C: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING SKILL

(Credit: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to provide them
with exposure and hands-on learning wherever possible
Fossil fuels and Alternate Sources of energy: Fossil fuels and nuclear energy, their limitation, need
of renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of developments in Offshore
Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy,
biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity.
(3 Lectures)
Solar energy: Solar energy, its importance, storage of solar energy, solar pond, non convective solar
pond, applications of solar pond and solar energy, solar water heater, flat plate collector, solar
distillation, solar cooker, solar green houses, solar cell, absorption air conditioning. Need and
characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, and sun tracking
systems. (6 Lectures)
Wind Energy harvesting: Fundamentals of Wind energy, Wind Turbines and different electrical
machines in wind turbines, Power electronic interfaces, and grid interconnection topologies.
36
 (3 Lectures)
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics and Statistics,
Wave Energy Devices. (3 Lectures)
Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power,
Ocean Bio-mass. (2 Lectures)
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies. (2 Lectures)
Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact of hydro
power sources. (2 Lectures)
Piezoelectric Energy harvesting: Introduction, Physics and characteristics of piezoelectric effect,
materials and mathematical description of piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric parameters and modeling
piezoelectric generators, Piezoelectric energy harvesting applications, Human power (4 Lectures)
Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Linear generators, physics mathematical models, recent
applications (2 Lectures)
Carbon captured technologies, cell, batteries, power consumption (2 Lectures)
Environmental issues and Renewable sources of energy, sustainability. (1 Lecture)
Demonstrations and Experiments:
1. Demonstration of Training modules on Solar energy, wind energy, etc.
2. Conversion of vibration to voltage using piezoelectric materials
3. Conversion of thermal energy into voltage using thermoelectric modules.

Reference Books:
Non-conventional energy sources, B.H. Khan, McGraw Hill
Solar energy, Suhas P Sukhative, Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
Renewable Energy, Power for a sustainable future, Godfrey Boyle, 3rd Edn.,
2012, Oxford University Press.
Renewable Energy, 3rd Edition,
Solar Energy: Resource Assesment Handbook, P Jayakumar, 2009
J. Balfour, M. Shaw and S. Jarosek, Photovoltaics, Lawrence J Goodrich (USA).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

37
GE - 4: WAVES AND OPTICS (Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

Theory: 60 Lectures

Superposition of Two Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity & Superposition

Principle. (1) Oscillations having equal frequencies and (2) Oscillations having
different frequencies (Beats). (4 Lectures)

Superposition of Two Perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and

Analytical Methods. Lissajous Figures with equal an unequal frequency and their
uses. (2 Lectures)

Waves Motion- General: Transverse waves on a string. Travelling and standing

waves on a string. Normal Modes of a string. Group velocity, Phase velocity. Plane
waves. Spherical waves, Wave intensity. (7 Lectures)

Fluids: Surface Tension: Synclastic and anticlastic surface - Excess of pressure -

Application to spherical and cylindrical drops and bubbles - variation of surface
tension with temperature - Jaegar’s method. Viscosity - Rate flow of liquid in a
capillary tube - Poiseuille’s formula - Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a
liquid - Variations of viscosity of liquid with temperature- lubrication. (6 Lectures)

Sound: Simple harmonic motion - forced vibrations and resonance - Fourier’s

Theorem - Application to saw tooth wave and square wave - Intensity and loudness of
sound - Decibels - Intensity levels - musical notes - musical scale. Acoustics of
buildings: Reverberation and time of reverberation - Absorption coefficient - Sabine’s
formula - measurement of reverberation time - Acoustic aspects of halls and auditoria.
(6 Lectures)
Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and Properties of wave
front. Huygens Principle. (3 Lectures)
Interference: Interference: Division of amplitude and division of wavefront. Young’s
Double Slit experiment. Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on
reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped
films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness
(Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: measurement of wavelength and refractive index.
(10 Lectures)

Michelson’s Interferometer: Idea of form of fringes (no theory needed),

Determination of wavelength, Wavelength difference, Refractive index, and Visibility
of fringes. (3 Lectures)

Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction- Single slit; Double Slit. Multiple slits and
Diffraction grating. Fresnel Diffraction: Half-period zones. Zone plate. Fresnel
Diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit and a wire using half-period zone analysis.
(14 Lectures)

38
Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Plane polarized light – production
and analysis. Circular and elliptical polarization. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Fundamentals of Optics, F.A Jenkins and H.E White, 1976, McGraw-Hill
 Principles of Optics, B.K. Mathur, 1995, Gopal Printing
 Fundamentals of Optics, H.R. Gulati and D.R. Khanna, 1991, R. Chand Publications
 University Physics. F.W. Sears, M.W. Zemansky and H.D. Young. 13/e, 1986.
Addison-Wesley

GE - 4 LAB: WAVES AND OPTICS

60 Lectures
1. To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators
2. To determine the Frequency of an Electrically Maintained Tuning Fork by
Melde’s Experiment and to verify λ2 – T Law.
3. To study Lissajous Figures
4. Familiarization with Schuster`s focussing; determination of angle of prism.
5. To determine the Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method
(Poiseuille’s method).
6. To determine the Refractive Index of the Material of a Prism using Sodium Light.
7. To determine Dispersive Power of the Material of a Prism using Mercury Light
8. To determine the value of Cauchy Constants.
9. To determine the Resolving Power of a Prism.
10. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.
11. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
12. To determine the wavelength of Laser light using Diffraction of Single Slit.
13. To determine wavelength of (1) Sodium and (2) Spectral lines of the Mercury
light using plane diffraction Grating
14. To determine the Resolving Power of a Plane Diffraction Grating.
15. To measure the intensity using photosensor and laser in diffraction patterns of
single and double slits.

Reference Books:
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971,
Asia Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th
Edition, 2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.

39
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICS-C 11: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND APPLICATIONS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Time dependent Schrodinger equation: Time dependent Schrodinger equation and

dynamical evolution of a quantum state; Properties of Wave Function. Interpretation of
Wave Function Probability and probability current densities in three dimensions;
Conditions for Physical Acceptability of Wave Functions. Normalization. Linearity and
Superposition Principles. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Position, momentum and
Energy operators; commutator of position and momentum operators; Expectation values
of position and momentum. Wave Function of a Free Particle. (6 Lectures)

Time independent Schrodinger equation-Hamiltonian, stationary states and energy

eigenvalues; expansion of an arbitrary wavefunction as a linear combination of energy
eigenfunctions; General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of
linear combinations of stationary states; Application to spread of Gaussian wave-packet
for a free particle in one dimension; wave packets, Fourier transforms and momentum
space wavefunction; Position-momentum uncertainty principle. (10 Lectures)

General discussion of bound states in an arbitrary potential- continuity of wave

function, boundary condition and emergence of discrete energy levels; application to
one-dimensional problem-square well potential; Quantum mechanics of simple harmonic
oscillator-energy levels and energy eigenfunctions using Frobenius method; Hermite
polynomials; ground state, zero point energy & uncertainty principle. (12 Lectures)

Quantum theory of hydrogen-like atoms: time independent Schrodinger equation in

spherical polar coordinates; separation of variables for second order partial differential
equation; angular momentum operator & quantum numbers; Radial wavefunctions from
Frobenius method; shapes of the probability densities for ground & first excited states;
Orbital angular momentum quantum numbers l and m; s, p, d,.. shells. (10 Lectures)

Atoms in Electric & Magnetic Fields: Electron angular momentum. Space

quantization. Electron Spin and Spin Angular Momentum. Larmor’s Theorem. Spin
Magnetic Moment. Stern-Gerlach Experiment. Zeeman Effect: Electron Magnetic
Moment and Magnetic Energy, Gyromagnetic Ratio and Bohr Magneton. (8 Lectures)

Atoms in External Magnetic Fields:- Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect. Paschen
Back and Stark Effect (Qualitative Discussion only). (4 Lectures)

Many electron atoms: Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Symmetric & Antisymmetric Wave
Functions. Periodic table. Fine structure. Spin orbit coupling. Spectral Notations for
Atomic States. Total angular momentum. Vector Model. Spin-orbit coupling in atoms-
L-S and J-J couplings. Hund’s Rule. Term symbols. Spectra of Hydrogen and Alkali
Atoms (Na etc.). (10 Lectures)

40
  Reference Books:

 A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M.Mathews and K.Venkatesan, 2nd Ed.,

2010, McGraw Hill
 Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2nd Edn., 2002, Wiley.
 Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3rd Edn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, 2nd Edn. 2002, PHI Learning of India.
 Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 2008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
 Quantum Mechanics: Foundations & Applications, Arno Bohm, 3rd Edn., 1993, Springer
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffith, 2nd Ed. 2005, Pearson Education
 Quantum Mechanics, Walter Greiner, 4th Edn., 2001, Springer

PHYSICS - C 11 LAB
60 Lectures
Use C/C++/Scilab for solving the following problems based on Quantum Mechanics like
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited
state of the hydrogen atom:

= ( ) ( ), ( )= [ ( ) − ] where ( ) = −
ℏ

Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and plot
the corresponding wavefunctions. Remember that the ground state energy of the
hydrogen atom is  -13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)1/2, ħc=1973 (eVÅ) and m =
0.511x106 eV/c2.

2. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for an atom:

= ( ) ( ), ( )= [ ( )− ]
ℏ

where m is the reduced mass of the system (which can be chosen to be the mass of
an electron), for the screened coulomb potential

( )=− /

Find the energy (in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of three
significant digits. Also, plot the corresponding wavefunction. Take e = 3.795
(eVÅ)1/2, m = 0.511x106 eV/c2, and a = 3 Å, 5 Å, 7 Å. In these units ħc = 1973
(eVÅ). The ground state energy is expected to be above -12 eV in all three cases.

3. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m:

= ( ) ( ), ( )= [ ( )− ]
ℏ

For the anharmonic oscillator potential

( )= +
for the ground state energy (in MeV) of particle to an accuracy of three significant digits.
41
Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Choose m = 940 MeV/c2, k = 100 MeV fm-2, b
= 0, 10, 30 MeV fm-3In these units, cħ = 197.3 MeV fm. The ground state energy I expected
to lie between 90 and 110 MeV for all three cases.

42
 4. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen
molecule:

= ( ) ( ), ( ) = [ ( )− ]
ℏ
Where  is the reduced mass of the two-atom system for the Morse potential
/ /
( )= − , / = ( − )/

Find the lowest vibrational energy (in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of
three significant digits. Also plot the corresponding wave function.
Take: m = 940x106eV/C2, D = 0.755501 eV, α = 1.44, ro = 0.131349 Å
Laboratory based experiments:
5. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the
resonance frequency
6. Study of Zeeman effect: with external magnetic field; Hyperfine splitting
7. To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.
8. Quantum efficiency of CCDs

Reference Books:
 Schaum's outline of Programming with C++. J.Hubbard, 2000 , McGraw‐Hill Publication
 Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Pressetal., 3rd Edn.,
2007, Cambridge University Press.
 An introduction to computational Physics, T.Pang, 2 nd Edn.,2006, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific &
Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V. Fernández.2014 Springer.
 Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab): H. Ramchandran, A.S. Nair. 2011 S. Chand & Co.
 A Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3rd Edn.,
Cambridge University Press
 Scilab Image Processing: L.M.Surhone.2010 Betascript Publishing ISBN:978-6133459274

PHYSICS-C 12: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Crystal Structure: Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Lattice Translation

Vectors. Lattice with a Basis – Central and Non-Central Elements. Unit Cell. Miller
Indices. Reciprocal Lattice. Types of Lattices. Brillouin Zones. Diffraction of X-rays by
Crystals. Bragg’s Law. Atomic and Geometrical Factor. (12 Lectures)

Elementary Lattice Dynamics: Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic

and Diatomic Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons. Qualitative Description of the

43
 Phonon Spectrum in Solids. Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of
specific heat of solids. T3 law (10 Lectures)

Magnetic Properties of Matter: Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferromagnetic Materials.

Classical Langevin Theory of dia– and Paramagnetic Domains. Quantum Mechanical
Treatment of Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s Theory of Ferromagnetism and
Ferromagnetic Domains. Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.
(8 Lectures)

Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization. Local Electric Field at an Atom.

Depolarization Field. Electric Susceptibility. Polarizability. Clausius Mosotti Equation.
Classical Theory of Electric Polarizability. Normal and Anomalous Dispersion. Cauchy
and Sellmeir relations. Langevin-Debye equation. Complex Dielectric Constant. Optical
Phenomena. Application: Plasma Oscillations, Plasma Frequency, Plasmons, TO modes.
(8 Lectures)

Ferroelectric Properties of Materials: Structural phase transition, Classification of

crystals, Piezoelectric effect, Pyroelectric effect, Ferroelectric effect, Electrostrictive
effect, Curie-Weiss Law, Ferroelectric domains, PE hysteresis loop. (6 lectures)

Elementary band theory: Kronig Penny model. Band Gap. Conductor, Semiconductor
(P and N type) and insulator. Conductivity of Semiconductor, mobility, Hall Effect.
Measurement of conductivity (04 probe method) & Hall coefficient. (10 Lectures)

Superconductivity: Experimental Results. Critical Temperature. Critical magnetic field.

Meissner effect. Type I and type II Superconductors, London’s Equation and Penetration
Depth. Isotope effect. Idea of BCS theory (No derivation) (6 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Edition, 2004, Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd.
 Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 4th Edition, 2015, Prentice-Hall of
India
 Introduction to Solids, Leonid V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
 Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin, 1976, Cengage Learning
 Solid-state Physics, H. Ibach and H. Luth, 2009, Springer
 Solid State Physics, Rita John, 2014, McGraw Hill
 Elementary Solid State Physics, 1/e M. Ali Omar, 1999, Pearson India
 Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, 2011, Narosa Publications
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

44
-PHYSICS - C 12 LAB
60 Lectures
1. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck`s Tube Method)
2. To measure the Magnetic susceptibility of Solids.
3. To determine the Coupling Coefficient of a Piezoelectric crystal.
4. To measure the Dielectric Constant of a dielectric Materials with frequency
5. To determine the complex dielectric constant and plasma frequency of metal using
Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)
6. To determine the refractive index of a dielectric layer using SPR
7. To study the PE Hysteresis loop of a Ferroelectric Crystal.
8. To draw the BH curve of Fe using Solenoid & determine energy loss from Hysteresis.
9. To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) with temperature by four-probe
method (room temperature to 150 oC) and to determine its band gap.
10. To determine the Hall coefficient of a semiconductor sample.

Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
 Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of India.

45
DSE – 1A: ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Linear Vector Spaces: Abstract Systems. Binary Operations and Relations.

Introduction to Groups and Fields. Vector Spaces and Subspaces. Linear Independence
and Dependence of Vectors. Basis and Dimensions of a Vector Space. Change of basis.
Homomorphism and Isomorphism of Vector Spaces. Linear Transformations. Algebra of
Linear Transformations. Non-singular Transformations. Representation of Linear
Transformations by Matrices. (12 Lectures)
Matrices: Addition and Multiplication of Matrices. Null Matrices. Diagonal, Scalar and
Unit Matrices. Upper-Triangular and Lower-Triangular Matrices. Transpose of a Matrix.
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices. Conjugate of a Matrix. Hermitian and Skew-
Hermitian Matrices. Singular and Non-Singular matrices. Orthogonal and Unitary
Matrices. Trace of a Matrix. Inner Product. (8 Lectures)
Eigen-values and Eigenvectors. Cayley- Hamiliton Theorem. Diagonalization of
Matrices. Solutions of Coupled Linear Ordinary Differential Equations. Functions of a
Matrix. (10 Lectures)

Cartesian Tensors: Transformation of Co-ordinates. Einstein’s Summation Convention.

Relation between Direction Cosines. Tensors. Algebra of Tensors. Sum, Difference and
Product of Two Tensors. Contraction. Quotient Law of Tensors. Symmetric and Anti-
symmetric Tensors. Invariant Tensors : Kronecker and Alternating Tensors. Association
of Antisymmetric Tensor of Order Two and Vectors. Vector Algebra and Calculus using
Cartesian Tensors : Scalar and Vector Products, Scalar and Vector Triple Products.
Differentiation. Gradient, Divergence and Curl of Tensor Fields. Vector Identities.
Tensorial Formulation of Analytical Solid Geometry : Equation of a Line. Angle
Between Lines. Projection of a Line on another Line. Condition for Two Lines to be
Coplanar. Foot of the Perpendicular from a Point on a Line. Rotation Tensor (No
Derivation). Isotropic Tensors. Tensorial Character of Physical Quantities. Moment of
Inertia Tensor. Stress and Strain Tensors : Symmetric Nature. Elasticity Tensor.
Generalized Hooke’s Law. (20 lectures)

General Tensors: Transformation of Co-ordinates. Minkowski Space. Contravariant &

Covariant Vectors. Contravariant, Covariant and Mixed Tensors. Kronecker Delta and
Permutation Tensors. Algebra of Tensors. Sum, Difference & Product of Two Tensors.
Contraction. Quotient Law of Tensors. Symmetric and Anti-symmetric Tensors.
Metric Tensor. (10 Lectures)

46
 Reference Books:

 Mathematical Tools for Physics, James Nearing, 2010, Dover Publications

 Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken, H.J. Weber, and F.E. Harris,
1970, Elsevier.
 Modern Mathematical Methods for Physicists and Engineers, C.D. Cantrell, 2011,
Cambridge University Press
 Introduction to Matrices and Linear Transformations, D.T. Finkbeiner, 1978, Dover Pub.
 Linear Algebra, W. Cheney, E.W.Cheney & D.R.Kincaid, 2012, Jones & Bartlett Learning
 Mathematics for Physicists, Susan M. Lea, 2004, Thomson Brooks/Cole
 Mathematical Methods for Physicis & Engineers, K.F.Riley, M.P.Hobson, S.J.Bence, 3rd
Ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press

DSE -1A LAB: ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I

60 Lectures
Scilab/ C ++ based simulations experiments based on Mathematical Physics problems
like

1. Linear algebra:
 Multiplication of two 3 x 3 matrices.
 Eigenvalue and eigenvectors of
2 1 1 1 − 3+4 2 − 2
1 3 2 ; + 2 4 ; + 4 3
3 1 4 3−4 4 3 −2 3 5

2. Orthogonal polynomials as eigenfunctions of Hermitian differential operators.

3. Determination of the principal axes of moment of inertia through diagonalization.
4. Vector space of wave functions in Quantum Mechanics: Position and momentum
differential operators and their commutator, wave functions for stationary states as
eigenfunctions of Hermitian differential operator.
5. Lagrangian formulation in Classical Mechanics with constraints.
6. Study of geodesics in Euclidean and other spaces (surface of a sphere, etc).
7. Estimation of ground state energy and wave function of a quantum system.

Reference Books:
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB:
Scientific and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V.
Fernández. 2014 Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896
 Scilab by example: M. Affouf, 2012, ISBN: 978-1479203444
 Scilab Image Processing: L.M.Surhone. 2010, Betascript Pub., ISBN: 978-
6133459274

47
 DSE 1B: PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Devices: Characteristic and small signal equivalent circuits of UJT and JFET. Metalsemiconductor Junction.
Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) device. Ideal MOS and Flat Band voltage. SiO2-Si based MOS. MOSFET–
their frequency limits. Enhancement and Depletion Mode MOSFETS, CMOS. Charge coupled devices. Tunnel
diode. (15 Lectures)
Power supply and Filters: Block Diagram of a Power Supply, Qualitative idea of C and L Filters. IC
Regulators, Line and load regulation, Short circuit protection (3 Lectures)
Active and Passive Filters, Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and band Reject Filters. (3 Lectures)
Multivibrators: Astable and Monostable Multivibrators using transistors. (3 Lectures)
Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic Principles, Phase detector(XOR & edge triggered), Voltage Controlled
Oscillator (Basics, varactor). Loop Filter– Function, Loop Filter Circuits, transient response, lock and capture.
Basic idea of PLL IC (565 or 4046). (5 Lectures)
Processing of Devices: Basic process flow for IC fabrication, Electronic grade silicon. Crystal plane and
orientation. Defects in the lattice. Oxide layer. Oxidation Technique for Si. Metallization technique. Positive and
Negative Masks. Optical lithography. Electron lithography. Feature size control and wet anisotropic etching. Lift
off Technique. Diffusion and implantation. (12 Lectures)
Digital Data Communication Standards: Serial Communications: RS232, Handshaking, Implementation of
RS232 on PC. Universal Serial Bus (USB): USB standards, Types and elements of USB transfers. Devices
(Basic idea of UART). Parallel Communications: General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), GPIB signals and
lines, Handshaking and interface management, Implementation of a GPIB on a PC. Basic idea of sending data
through a COM port. (4 Lectures)
Introduction to communication systems: Block diagram of electronic communication system, Need for
modulation. Amplitude modulation. Modulation Index. Analysis of Amplitude Modulated wave. Sideband
frequencies in AM wave. CE Amplitude Modulator. Demodulation of AM wave using Diode Detector. basic
idea of Frequency, Phase, Pulse and Digital Modulation including ASK, PSK, FSK. (15 lectures)

Reference Books:
• Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S.M. Sze & K.K. Ng, 3rd Ed.2008, John Wiley & Sons
• Electronic devices and integrated circuits, A.K. Singh, 2011, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Op-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad,4 Ed. 2000,PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
• Electronic Devices and Circuits, A. Mottershead, 1998, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Introduction to Measurements & Instrumentation, A.K. Ghosh, 3rd Ed., 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N. Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of India
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
PRACTICAL- DSE 1B LAB: PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS
60 Lectures
1. To design a power supply using bridge rectifier and study effect of C-filter.
2. To design the active Low pass and High pass filters of given specification.
3. To design the active filter (wide band pass and band reject) of given specification.
4. To study the output and transfer characteristics of a JFET.
5. To design a common source JFET Amplifier and study its frequency response.
6. To study the output characteristics of a MOSFET.
7. To study the characteristics of a UJT and design a simple Relaxation Oscillator.
8. To design an Amplitude Modulator using Transistor.
9. To design PWM, PPM, PAM and Pulse code modulation using ICs.
10. To design an Astable multivibrator of given specifications using transistor.
48
11. To study a PLL IC (Lock and capture range).
12. To study envelope detector for demodulation of AM signal.
13. Study of ASK and FSK modulator.
14. Glow an LED via USB port of PC.
15. Sense the input voltage at a pin of USB port and subsequently glow the LED connected with another pin of
USB port.

SPICE/MULTISIM simulations for electrical networks and electronic circuits

1. To verify the Thevenin and Norton Theorems.
2. Design and analyze the series and parallel LCR circuits
3. Design the inverting and non-inverting amplifier using an Op-Amp of given gain
4. Design and Verification of op-amp as integrator and differentiator
5. Design the 1st order active low pass and high pass filters of given cutoff frequency
6. Design a Wein`s Bridge oscillator of given frequency.
7. Design clocked SR and JK Flip-Flop`s using NAND Gates
8. Design 4-bit asynchronous counter using Flip-Flop ICs
9. Design the CE amplifier of a given gain and its frequency response.
10. Design an Astable multivibrator using IC555 of given duty cycle.

Reference Books:
• Basic Electronics:A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A.Miller,1994, Mc-Graw Hill 44
• Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
• Electronics : Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
• OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edn., 2000, Prentice Hall.
• Introduction to PSPICE using ORCAD for circuits & Electronics, M.H. Rashid, 2003, PHI Learning.
• PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N.Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of India
............................................................................
DSE – 2A: Nuclear and Particle Physics
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures

General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of nucleus and their Intrinsic properties,

quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density (matter density), binding energy,
average binding energy and its variation with mass number, main features of binding
energy versus mass number curve, N/A plot, angular momentum, parity, magnetic
moment, electric moments, nuclear excites states. (10 Lectures)

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and
significance of its various terms, condition of nuclear stability, two nucleon separation
energies, Fermi gas model (degenerate fermion gas, nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi
gas), evidence for nuclear shell structure, nuclear magic numbers, basic assumption of
shell model, concept of mean field, residual interaction, concept of nuclear force.
(12 Lectures)
Radioactivity decay:(a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α-
emission, Gamow factor, Geiger Nuttall law, α-decay spectroscopy. (b) -decay: energy

kinematics for -decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c)
Gamma decay: Gamma rays emission & kinematics, internal conversion. (10 Lectures)
49
Nuclear Reactions: Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, kinematics of reactions,
Q-value, reaction rate, reaction cross section, Concept of compound and direct Reaction,
resonance reaction, Coulomb scattering (Rutherford scattering). (8 Lectures)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Energy loss due to ionization (Bethe-
Block formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation. Gamma ray interaction
through matter, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, neutron
interaction with matter. (8 Lectures)

Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility
of particle, for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation
Detectors and construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si
and Ge) for charge particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and
mobility), neutron detector. (8 Lectures)

Particle Accelerators: Accelerator facility available in India: Van-de Graaff generator

(Tandem accelerator), Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotrons. (5 Lectures)

Particle physics: Particle interactions; basic features, types of particles and its families.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity,
baryon number, Lepton number, Isospin, Strangeness and charm, concept of
quark model, color quantum number and gluons. (14 Lectures)

50
 Reference Books:

Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).

Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L. Cohen. (Tata Mcgraw Hill, 1998).

Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A. Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004).

Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkins, Cambridge Univ. Press

Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons

Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi

Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by
K. Heyde (IOP- Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
 Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
 Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (Academic
Press, Elsevier, 2007).
 Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F.Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

DSE 2B: Bio-Physics

(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures

Building Blocks & Structure of Living State: Atoms and ions, molecules essential for life, what is life. Living
state interactions: Forces and molecular bonds, electric & thermal interactions, electric dipoles, casimir
interactions, domains of physics in biology. (18 Lectures)
Heat Transfer in biomaterials: Heat Transfer Mechanism, The Heat equation, Joule heating of tissue. Living
State Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic equilibrium, fIrst law of thermodynamics and conservation of
energy. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics, Physics of many particle systems, Two state systems,
continuous energy distribution, Composite systems, Casimir contribution of free energy, Protein folding and
unfolding. (19 Lectures)
Open systems and chemical thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Gibbs Free Energy and chemical potential, activation
energy and rate constants, enzymatic reactions, ATP hydrolysis & synthesis, Entropy of mixing, The grand
canonical ensemble, Hemoglobin.
Diffusion and transport Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Fick’s law of diffusion, sedimentation of Cell Cultures,
diffusion in a centrifuge, diffusion in an electric field, Lateral diffusion in membranes, Navier stokes equation,
low Reynold’s Number Transport, Active and passive membrane transport. (19 Lectures)
Fluids: Laminar and turbulent fluid flow, Bernoulli’s equation, equation of continuity, venture effect, Fluid
dynamics of circulatory systems, capillary action. Bioenergetics and Molecular motors: Kinesins, Dyneins,
and microtubule dynamics, Brownian motion, ATP synthesis in Mitochondria, Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts,
Light absorption in biomolecules, vibrational spectra of bio-biomolecules. (19 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Introductory Biophysics, J. Claycomb, JQP Tran, Jones & Bartelett Publishers
• Aspects of Biophysics, Hughe S W, John Willy and Sons.
• Essentials of Biophysics by P Narayanan, New Age International

45
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester VI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C 13: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Maxwell Equations: Review of Maxwell’s equations. Displacement Current. Vector

and Scalar Potentials. Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge. Boundary
Conditions at Interface between Different Media. Wave Equations. Plane Waves in
Dielectric Media. Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector. Electromagnetic (EM)
Energy Density. Physical Concept of Electromagnetic Field Energy Density, Momentum
Density and Angular Momentum Density. (12 Lectures)

EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media: Plane EM waves through vacuum and

isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refractive index and
dielectric constant, wave impedance. Propagation through conducting media, relaxation
time, skin depth. Wave propagation through dilute plasma, electrical conductivity of
ionized gases, plasma frequency, refractive index, skin depth, application to propagation
through ionosphere. (10 Lectures)

45
EM Wave in Bounded Media: Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two
media. Reflection & Refraction of plane waves at plane interface between two dielectric
media-Laws of Reflection & Refraction. Fresnel's Formulae for perpendicular & parallel
polarization cases, Brewster's law. Reflection & Transmission coefficients. Total
internal reflection, evanescent waves. Metallic reflection (normal Incidence)
(10 Lectures)

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves: Description of Linear, Circular and Elliptical

Polarization. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Anisotropic Media. Symmetric Nature of
Dielectric Tensor. Fresnel’s Formula. Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals. Light Propagation
in Uniaxial Crystal. Double Refraction. Polarization by Double Refraction. Nicol Prism.
Ordinary & extraordinary refractive indices. Production & detection of Plane, Circularly
and Elliptically Polarized Light. Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-Wave and Half-Wave
Plates. Babinet Compensator and its Uses. Analysis of Polarized Light (12 Lectures)
Rotatory Polarization: Optical Rotation. Biot’s Laws for Rotatory Polarization. Fresnel’s
Theory of optical rotation. Calculation of angle of rotation. Experimental verification of
Fresnel’s theory. Specific rotation. Laurent’s half-shade polarimeter. (5 Lectures)

Wave Guides: Planar optical wave guides. Planar dielectric wave guide. Condition of
continuity at interface. Phase shift on total reflection. Eigenvalue equations. Phase and
group velocity of guided waves. Field energy and Power transmission. (8 Lectures)

Optical Fibres:- Numerical Aperture. Step and Graded Indices (Definitions Only).
Single and Multiple Mode Fibres (Concept and Definition Only). (3 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Ed., 1998, Benjamin Cummings.
 Elements of Electromagnetics, M.N.O. Sadiku, 2001, Oxford University Press.
 Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory, T.L. Chow, 2006, Jones & Bartlett Learning
 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics, M.A.W. Miah, 1982, Tata McGraw Hill
 Electromagnetic field Theory, R.S. Kshetrimayun, 2012, Cengage Learning
 Engineering Electromagnetic, Willian H. Hayt, 8th Edition, 2012, McGraw Hill.
 Electromagnetic Field Theory for Engineers & Physicists, G. Lehner, 2010, Springer
Additional Books for Reference
 Electromagnetic Fields & Waves, P.Lorrain & D.Corson, 1970, W.H.Freeman & Co.
 Electromagnetics, J.A. Edminster, Schaum Series, 2006, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals, B. Guru and H. Hiziroglu, 2004,
Cambridge University Press

-PHYSICS PRACTICAL-C 13 LAB

60 Lectures
1. To verify the law of Malus for plane polarized light.
2. To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution using Polarimeter.
3. To analyze elliptically polarized Light by using a Babinet’s compensator.
4. To study dependence of radiation on angle for a simple Dipole antenna.
5. To determine the wavelength and velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid (Kerosene
Oil, Xylene, etc.) by studying the diffraction through ultrasonic grating.

46
 6. To study the reflection, refraction of microwaves
7. To study Polarization and double slit interference in microwaves.
8. To determine the refractive index of liquid by total internal reflection using
Wollaston’s air-film.
9. To determine the refractive Index of (1) glass and (2) a liquid by total internal
reflection using a Gaussian eyepiece.
10. To study the polarization of light by reflection and determine the polarizing angle
for air-glass interface.
11. To verify the Stefan`s law of radiation and to determine Stefan’s constant.
12. To determine the Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristics of PN junction
diode.
Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
 Electromagnetic Field Theory for Engineers & Physicists, G. Lehner, 2010, Springer

PHYSICS-C 14: STATISTICAL MECHANICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Classical Statistics: Macrostate & Microstate, Elementary Concept of Ensemble, Phase

Space, Entropy and Thermodynamic Probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law,
Partition Function, Thermodynamic Functions of an Ideal Gas, Classical Entropy
Expression, Gibbs Paradox, Sackur Tetrode equation, Law of Equipartition of Energy
(with proof) – Applications to Specific Heat and its Limitations, Thermodynamic
Functions of a Two-Energy Levels System, Negative Temperature. (18 Lectures)

Classical Theory of Radiation: Properties of Thermal Radiation. Blackbody Radiation.

Pure temperature dependence. Kirchhoff’s law. Stefan-Boltzmann law: Thermodynamic
proof. Radiation Pressure. Wien’s Displacement law. Wien’s Distribution Law. Saha’s
Ionization Formula. Rayleigh-Jean’s Law. Ultraviolet Catastrophe. (9 Lectures)

Quantum Theory of Radiation: Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation.

Planck’s Quantum Postulates. Planck’s Law of Blackbody Radiation: Experimental
Verification. Deduction of (1) Wien’s Distribution Law, (2) Rayleigh-Jeans Law, (3)
Stefan-Boltzmann Law, (4) Wien’s Displacement law from Planck’s law. (5 Lectures)

Bose-Einstein Statistics: B-E distribution law, Thermodynamic functions of a strongly

Degenerate Bose Gas, Bose Einstein condensation, properties of liquid He
(qualitative description), Radiation as a photon gas and Thermodynamic functions of
photon gas. Bose derivation of Planck’s law. (13 Lectures)

47
Fermi-Dirac Statistics: Fermi-Dirac Distribution Law, Thermodynamic functions of a
Completely and strongly Degenerate Fermi Gas, Fermi Energy, Electron gas in a Metal,
Specific Heat of Metals, Relativistic Fermi gas, White Dwarf Stars, Chandrasekhar Mass
Limit. (15 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, Butterworth Heinemann: 2nd Ed., 1996, Oxford
University Press.
 Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course, F. Reif, 2008, Tata McGraw-Hill
 Statistical and Thermal Physics, S. Lokanathan and R.S. Gambhir. 1991, Prentice Hall
 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Francis W.
Sears and Gerhard L. Salinger, 1986, Narosa.
 Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer
 An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics & Thermodynamics, R.H. Swendsen,
2012, Oxford Univ. Press

PHYSICS - C 14 LAB

60 Lectures
Use C/C++/Scilab/other numerical simulations for solving the problems based on
Statistical Mechanics like
1. Computational analysis of the behavior of a collection of particles in a box that
satisfy Newtonian mechanics and interact via the Lennard-Jones potential,
varying the total number of particles N and the initial conditions:
a) Study of local number density in the equilibrium state (i) average; (ii)
fluctuations
b) Study of transient behavior of the system (approach to equilibrium)
c) Relationship of large N and the arrow of time
d) Computation of the velocity distribution of particles for the system and
comparison with the Maxwell velocity distribution
e) Computation and study of mean molecular speed and its dependence on
particle mass
f) Computation of fraction of molecules in an ideal gas having speed near
the most probable speed

2. Computation of the partition function Z() for examples of systems with a finite
number of single particle levels (e.g., 2 level, 3 level, etc.) and a finite number of
non-interacting particles N under Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-
Einstein statistics:
a) Study of how Z(), average energy <E>, energy fluctuation E, specific
heat at constant volume Cv, depend upon the temperature, total number of
particles N and the spectrum of single particle states.
b) Ratios of occupation numbers of various states for the systems considered
above

48
 c) Computation of physical quantities at large and small temperature T and
comparison of various statistics at large and small temperature T.

3. Plot Planck’s law for Black Body radiation and compare it with Raleigh-Jeans
Law at high temperature and low temperature.

4. Plot Specific Heat of Solids (a) Dulong-Petit law, (b) Einstein distribution
function, (c) Debye distribution function for high temperature and low
temperature and compare them for these two cases.

5. Plot the following functions with energy at different temperatures

a) Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
b) Fermi-Dirac distribution
c) Bose-Einstein distribution

Reference Books:
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E.Atkinson, 3 r d Edn . 20 07 , Wiley India Edition
 Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, Butterworth Heinemann: 2nd Ed., 1996, Oxford
University Press.
 Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics, D. Chandler, Oxford University
Press, 1987
 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Francis W.
Sears and Gerhard L. Salinger, 1986, Narosa.
 Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer
 Statistical and Thermal Physics with computer applications, Harvey Gould and Jan
Tobochnik, Princeton University Press, 2010.
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific
and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V. Fernández. 2014
Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896
 Scilab by example: M. Affouf, 2012. ISBN: 978-1479203444
 Scilab Image Processing: L.M.Surhone. 2010, Betascript Pub., ISBN: 978-
6133459274
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

49
 DSE 3A: CLASSICAL DYNAMICS
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures

Classical Mechanics of Point Particles: Review of Newtonian Mechanics; Application

to the motion of a charge particle in external electric and magnetic fields- motion in
uniform electric field, magnetic field- gyroradius and gyrofrequency, motion in crossed
electric and magnetic fields. Generalized coordinates and velocities, Hamilton’s
principle, Lagrangian and the Euler-Lagrange equations, one-dimensional examples of
the Euler-Lagrange equations- one-dimensional Simple Harmonic Oscillations and
falling body in uniform gravity; applications to simple systems such as coupled
oscillators Canonical momenta & Hamiltonian. Hamilton's equations of motion.

Applications: Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator, solution of Hamilton’s equation for

Simple Harmonic Oscillations; particle in a central force field- conservation of angular
momentum and energy. (22 Lectures)

Small Amplitude Oscillations: Minima of potential energy and points of stable

equilibrium, expansion of the potential energy around a minimum, small amplitude
oscillations about the minimum, normal modes of oscillations example of N identical
masses connected in a linear fashion to (N -1) - identical springs. (10 Lectures)

Special Theory of Relativity: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz

Transformations. Minkowski space. The invariant interval, light cone and world lines.
Space-time diagrams. Time-dilation, length contraction and twin paradox. Four-vectors:
space-like, time-like and light-like. Four-velocity and acceleration. Metric and
alternating tensors. Four-momentum and energy-momentum relation. Doppler effect
from a four-vector perspective. Concept of four-force. Conservation of four-momentum.
Relativistic kinematics. Application to two-body decay of an unstable particle.
(33 Lectures)

Fluid Dynamics: Density  and pressure P in a fluid, an element of fluid and

its velocity, continuity equation and mass conservation, stream-lined motion, laminar
flow, Poiseuille’s equation for flow of a liquid through a pipe, Navier-Stokes
equation, qualitative description of turbulence, Reynolds number. (10 Lectures)
 Reference Books:

 Classical Mechanics, H.Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safko, 3rd Edn. 2002,Pearson Education.
 Mechanics, L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, 1976, Pergamon.
 Classical Electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson, 3rd Edn., 1998, Wiley.
 The Classical Theory of Fields, L.D Landau, E.M Lifshitz, 4th Edn., 2003, Elsevier.
 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 2012, Pearson Education.
 Classical Mechanics, P.S. Joag, N.C.ERdann.a,,M1cstGraw Hall.
 Classical Mechanics, R. Douglas Gregory, 2015, Cambridge University Press.
 Classical Mechanics: An introduction, Dieter Strauch, 2009, Springer.
 Solved Problems in classical Mechanics, O.L. Delange and J. Pierrus, 2010, Oxford Press

50
DSE 3B: Astronomy & Astrophysics
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
Astronomical Scales: Astronomical Distance, Mass and Time, Scales, Brightness, Radiant Flux and
Luminosity, Measurement of Astronomical Quantities Astronomical Distances, Stellar Radii, Masses of
Stars, Stellar Temperature. Basic concepts of positional astronomy: Celestial Sphere, Geometry of a
Sphere, Spherical Triangle, Astronomical Coordinate Systems, Geographical Coordinate Systems, Horizon
System, Equatorial System, Diurnal Motion of the Stars, Conversion of Coordinates. Measurement of Time,
Sidereal Time, Apparent Solar Time, Mean Solar Time, Equation of Time, Calendar. Basic Parameters of
Stars: Determination of Distance by Parallax Method; Brightness, Radiant Flux and Luminosity, Apparent
and Absolute magnitude scale, Distance Modulus; Determination of Temperature and Radius of a star;
Determination of Masses from Binary orbits; Stellar Spectral Classification, Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.
(22 Lectures)
Astronomical techniques: Basic Optical Definitions for Astronomy (Magnification Light Gathering Power,
Resolving Power and Diffraction Limit, Atmospheric Windows), Optical Telescopes (Types of Reflecting
Telescopes, Telescope Mountings, Space Telescopes, Detectors and Their Use with Telescopes (Types of
Detectors, detection Limits with Telescopes).
Physical principles: Gravitation in Astrophysics (Virial Theorem, Newton versus Einstein), Systems in
Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Theory of Radiative Transfer (Radiation Field, Radiative Transfer Equation),
Optical Depth; Solution of Radiative Transfer Equation, Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (6 Lectures)
The sun (Solar Parameters, Solar Photosphere, Solar Atmosphere, Chromosphere. Corona, Solar Activity,
Basics of Solar Magnetohydrodynamics. Helioseismology). The solar family (Solar System: Facts and
Figures, Origin of the Solar System: The Nebular Model, Tidal Forces and Planetary Rings, Extra-Solar
Planets.
Stellar spectra and classification Structure (Atomic Spectra Revisited, Stellar Spectra, Spectral Types and
Their Temperature Dependence, Black Body Approximation, H R Diagram, Luminosity Classification)
(7 Lectures)
Stellar structure: Hydrostatic Equilibrium of a Star, Some Insight into a Star: Virial Theorem, Sources of
Stellar Energy, Modes of Energy Transport, Simple Stellar Model, Polytropic Stellar Model. Star formation:
Basic composition of Interstellar medium, Interstellar Gas, Interstellar Dust, Formation of Protostar, Jeans
criterion, Fragmentation of collapsing clouds, From protostar to Pre-Main Sequence, Hayashi Line.
(8 Lectures)
Nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution: Cosmic Abundances, Stellar Nucleosynthesis, Evolution of Stars
(Evolution on the Main Sequence, Evolution beyond the Main Sequence), Supernovae. Compact stars: Basic
Familiarity with Compact Stars, Equation of State and Degenerate Gas of Fermions, Theory of White Dwarf,
51 Chandrasekhar Limit, Neutron Star (Gravitational Red-shift of Neutron Star, Detection of Neutron Star:
Pulsars), Black Hole. The milky way: Basic Structure and Properties of the Milky Way, Nature of Rotation
of the Milky Way (Differential Rotation of the Galaxy and Oort Constant, Rotation Curve of the Galaxy and
the Dark Matter, Nature of the Spiral Arms), Stars and Star Clusters of the Milky Way, Properties of and
around the Galactic Nucleus (11 Lectures)
Galaxies: Galaxy Morphology, Hubble’s Classification of Galaxies, Elliptical Galaxies (The Intrinsic Shapes
of Elliptical, de Vaucouleurs Law, Stars and Gas). Spiral and Lenticular Galaxies (Bulges, Disks, Galactic
Halo) The Milky Way Galaxy, Gas and Dust in the Galaxy, Spiral Arms, Active Galaxies
(5 Lectures)
51
Active galaxies: ‘Activities’ of Active Galaxies, How ‘Active’ are the Active Galaxies? Classification of the
Active Galaxies, Some Emission Mechanisms Related to the Study of Active Galaxies, Behaviour of Active
Galaxies (Quasars and Radio Galaxies, Seyferts, BL Lac Objects and Optically Violent Variables), The
Nature of the Central Engine, Unified Model of the Various Active Galaxies (8 Lectures)
Large scale structure & expanding universe: Cosmic Distance Ladder (An Example from Terrestrial
Physics, Distance Measurement using Cepheid Variables), Hubble’s Law (Distance- Velocity Relation),
Clusters of Galaxies (Virial theorem and Dark Matter), Friedmann Equation and its Solutions, Early Universe
and Nucleosynthesis (Cosmic Background Radiation, Evolving vs. Steady State Universe) (8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
• Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, 4th Edition, Saunders College
Publishing.
• The physical universe: An introduction to astronomy, F.Shu, Mill Valley: University Science Books.
• Fundamental of Astronomy (Fourth Edition), H. Karttunen et al. Springer
• K.S. Krishnasamy, ‘Astro Physics a modern perspective,’ Reprint, New Age International (p) Ltd, New
Delhi,2002.
• Baidyanath Basu, ‘An introduction to Astro physics’, Second printing, Prentice - Hall of India Private
limited, New Delhi,2001.
• Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B. Bhatia, Narosa Publication.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

DSE - 4A: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Measurements: Accuracy and precision. Significant figures. Error and uncertainty analysis.
Types of errors: Gross error, systematic error, random error. Statistical analysis of data
(Arithmetic mean, deviation from mean, average deviation, standard deviation, chi-square)
and curve fitting. Guassian distribution. (7 Lectures)
Signals and Systems: Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function
and frequency response of first and second order systems. Fluctuations and Noise in
measurement system. S/N ratio and Noise figure. Noise in frequency domain. Sources of
Noise: Inherent fluctuations, Thermal noise, Shot noise, 1/f noise (7 Lectures)

Shielding and Grounding: Methods of safety grounding. Energy coupling. Grounding.

Shielding: Electrostatic shielding. Electromagnetic Interference. (4 Lectures)

Transducers & industrial instrumentation (working principle, efficiency, applications):

Static and dynamic characteristics of measurement Systems. Generalized performance of
systems, Zero order first order, second order and higher order systems. Electrical, Thermal
and Mechanical systems. Calibration. Transducers and sensors. Characteristics of
Transducers. Transducers as electrical element and their signal conditioning. Temperature
transducers: RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouples, Semiconductor type temperature sensors
(AD590, LM35, LM75) and signal conditioning. Linear Position transducer: Strain gauge,
52
Piezoelectric. Inductance change transducer: Linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT), Capacitance change transducers. Radiation Sensors: Principle of Gas filled
detector, ionization chamber, scintillation detector. (21 Lectures)

Digital Multimeter: Comparison of analog and digital instruments. Block diagram of

digital multimeter, principle of measurement of I, V, C. Accuracy and resolution of
measurement. (5 Lectures)

Impedance Bridges and Q-meter: Block diagram and working principles of RLC bridge.
Q-meter and its working operation. Digital LCR bridge. (4 Lectures)

Vacuum Systems: Characteristics of vacuum: Gas law, Mean free path. Application of
vacuum. Vacuum system- Chamber, Mechanical pumps, Diffusion pump & Turbo Modular
pump, Pumping speed, Pressure gauges (Pirani, Penning, ionization). (12 Lectures)

53
Reference Books:
 Measurement, Instrumentation and Experiment Design in Physics and Engineering,
M. Sayer and A. Mansingh, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Experimental Methods for Engineers, J.P. Holman, McGraw Hill
 Introduction to Measurements and Instrumentation, A.K. Ghosh, 3rd Edition, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Transducers and Instrumentation, D.V.S. Murty, 2nd Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Instrumentation Devices and Systems, C.S. Rangan, G.R. Sarma, V.S.V. Mani, Tata
McGraw Hill
 Principles of Electronic Instrumentation, D. Patranabis, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Electronic circuits: Handbook of design & applications, U.Tietze, Ch.Schenk, Springer

DSE – 4A LAB: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

60 Lectures
1. Determine output characteristics of a LVDT & measure displacement using LVDT
2. Measurement of Strain using Strain Gauge.
3. Measurement of level using capacitive transducer.
4. To study the characteristics of a Thermostat and determine its parameters.
5. Study of distance measurement using ultrasonic transducer.
6. Calibrate Semiconductor type temperature sensor (AD590, LM35, or LM75)
7. To measure the change in temperature of ambient using Resistance Temperature
Device (RTD).
8. Create vacuum in a small chamber using a mechanical (rotary) pump and
measure the chamber pressure using a pressure gauge.
9. Comparison of pickup of noise in cables of different types (co-axial, single
shielded, double shielded, without shielding) of 2m length, understanding of
importance of grounding using function generator of mV level & an oscilloscope.
10. To design and study the Sample and Hold Circuit.
11. Design and analyze the Clippers and Clampers circuits using junction diode
12. To plot the frequency response of a microphone.
13. To measure Q of a coil and influence of frequency, using a Q-meter.
Reference Books:
 Electronic circuits: Handbook of design and applications, U. Tietze and C. Schenk,
2008, Springer
 Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1990,
Mc-Graw Hill
 Measurement, Instrumentation and Experiment Design in Physics & Engineering, M.
Sayer and A. Mansingh, 2005, PHI Learning.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DSE-4B: Dissertation (6)

***************************************************************************
52