MAKALAH

PROGRAMMING LANGUANGES
Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas.

Mata Kuliah : Pendidikan Bahasa Asing

Dosen : I Wayan Astu Werdistira, S.Pd., M,pd

Oleh :

KELOMPOK I
Riyadh Adam (210040016) Ida Ayu Mirah Febriyan Dini (210040198)

Made Bagus Adiyasa (210040029) Ayu Kusuma Dewi (210040225)

I Putu Gede Mahendra Yasa (210040154) Sinlan Kathina Maharani (210040130)

I Made Dwipa Suryaweda P (21004001) I Made Yoga Sancita (210040051)

KELAS BA214

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN BISNIS (ITB) STIKOM BALI

2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................... 3

A. BACKGROUND OF THE PAPER ............................................................................................ 3

B. PROBLEM FORMULATION ................................................................................................. 3

C. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER .................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER II ...................................................................................................................... 4

A. DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ........................................................... 4

1.PHP............................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................ 7

1.3 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................ 7

2.SQL ............................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................ 8

2.3 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................ 9

3.PYTHON ....................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................ 10

3.3 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................ 10

4.JAVASCRIPT ................................................................................................................. 10

4.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................... 10

4.2 ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................ 11

4.3 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................ 11

5.JAVA ............................................................................................................................. 12

5.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................... 12

5.2 ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................ 12

5.3 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................ 14

CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................................... 17

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE PAPER

Basically programming languages are very common among programmers and
decision makers, as engineers we are required to solve problems coherently and
systematically, using the mindset we have, we will optimally consider everything that affects
or factor of the value of whether or not the positive or negative of a decision that we take,
the discussion in this paper will focus on the introduction of programming languages
covering various programming languages based on generation, type, use, and the
advantages or disadvantages of each type of programming language that we define.

B. PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. What is the definition of Programming Languages?

2. What is the 5 most popular and frequently used Programming Languages in 2021

3. What is Advantages and Disadvantages of Programming Languages?

C. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1. To know about definition of Programming Languages

2. To know about 5 most popular and frequently Programming Languages in 2021

3. To know about Advantages and Disadvantages of Programming Languages

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 CHAPTER II

THEORY AND DISCUSION

A.Definition of programming language

Programming language is a standard instruction for commanding a computer to

perform a particular function. This programming language is a set of syntax and
semantic rules used to define computer programs. This language allows a programmer
to determine exactly which data the computer will process, how this data will be
stored/forwarded,and what types of steps will be processed by the computer. Exactly
that will be taken in a variety of situations.

a.function

The function of a programming language is to order the computer to process data

according to the flow of thinking we want. The output of the programming language is in
the form of programs / applications. Examples are programs used by cashiers in malls or
supermarkets, the use of traffic lights on the highway, etc.
Programming languages that we know there are many in parts of the world, about
computer science and technology today. Its development follows the high level of
innovation carried out in the world of technology. Examples of programming languages that
we know include to create game applications, antivirus, web, and other technologies.
Computer programming languages that we know include Java, Visual Basic, C++, C,
Cobol, PHP, .Net, and hundreds of other languages. But of course the needs of this language
must be adjusted to the functions and devices that use it.
In general, programming languages are divided into 4 groups, namely:

 Object Oriented Language (Visual dBase, Visual FoxPro, Delphi, Visual

C)

 High Level Language (such as Pascal and Basic)

 Middle Level Language (such as C language), and
 Low Level Language (such as Assembly language)

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 b.levels

High-Level Languages
Programming languages enter this level because they approach human language. [1]
Examples are Basic, Visual Basic, Pascal, Java, PHP.
Mid-Level Languages
It is called the intermediate level because it can enter into both high and low level
languages. For example, C language.
Low-Level Languages
Programming languages enter this level because the language is still far from human
language. For example, assembly language.
Generation

While according to his generation, programming languages are classified into 5

generations:

 1st Generation: Machine language

 2nd Generation: assembly language: Assembler
 3rd generation: high level programming language,examples: C and

Pascal

 4th generation: 4 GL(fourth-generation language),example: SQL

 Generasi ke-5: Programming Language Based Object Oriented & Web

Development

Program creation process

The process of creating a program is that we write the source code in the editor
text such as notepad then convert it into a machine language that can be executed by
the CPU. The process of converting source code into machine language consists of
two types, namely compilation and interpretation.

c.compilation.
In the process of compiling all the source code is read first and if there are no
errors in writing the program then the machine code will be formed so that the program
can be run. Programs that perform this task are called compilers. The compilation
program will be executable. Programs can be directly run without having to have a

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Compiler on the computer running the program. Languages that use compilation
techniques such as C, C++, Pascal, Assembly and many more.
Interpretation (Interpretation)
Languages that use interpretation techniques will read the source code perbaris
and execute perbaris. If an error is found in the writing of the program then in the error
line that the program will be stopped. The program that performs this task is called
interpreter. In the interpretation technique there will be no result of a standalone
program, meaning that to run the program we must have the source code as well as the
interpreter of the program. Languages that use interpretation techniques such as Perl,
Python, Ruby and many more.
Compilation as well as Interpretation
There are also programming languages that produce their programs with
compilation techniques as well as interpretation. For example, the Java language. In java
program creation the source code is converted into bytecode. Although it looks like
machine language, it is not a machine language and is not executable. To run the
bytecode we need a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) that serves as an interpreter so as to
produce programs from the bytecode.
Although each programming language is created to create programs, each
language is created with different purposes and functions. For example, to make
hardware drivers we can not use Visual Basic language. To create a system-based
program such as drivers we can use C or Assembly language. Take, for example, an
open source Linux operating system. If you look at the source code you will find that
Linux is made using the C language. As for desktop programming we can use Visual
Basic. The language was designed by Microsoft for desktop programming with a stunning
GUI display.
There are the 5 most pupular and frequently used programming languanges in 2021

1.PHP
1.1. Definition of PHP

PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open

source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development
and can be embedded into HTML.

The purpose learning PHP

The purpose of learning PHP is to create dynamic and interactive web pages that can
adjust the appearance of the content depending on the situation. In creating a website
application, PHP code is inserted into an HTML document, therefore the PHP programming
language is referred to as a script programming language

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 1.2. Advantages of php

1. Easier to learn

2. Have a large community

3. More concise

4. Open source

5. Has a fairly fast development

6. Has easier maintenance

1.3. Disadvantages of PHP

1. Have a lot of competition

2. Not equipped with data types

3. Prone to piracy

4. Less prestigious

issues about lerning PHP

If it's really early, then the difficulty will start from the syntax. Then the difficulty will
propagate when you want to process data on the server (PHP) to be processed on the client
side (browsers that use html and javascript). In this section it may be difficult to distinguish
which is server side and which is client side.

2.SQL
2.1. Definition of SQL :

SQL (Structures Query Language) is a type of computer language or query that is

used to access data that is contained and also stored in a database alias database.

SQL was sparked by the idea of an IBM researcher on databases or databases, who
discussed the idea of creating a relational database, which was made into a scientific article
in the 1970s. In the end, this system was finally developed by IBM under the name Sequel,
which later changed to SQL, which is used today and developed by various DBMS vendors in
the world, one of which is Microsoft SQL.

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 2.2. Advantages of SQL :

1. Works very well on Windows operating system.

The advantage of the first Microsoft SQL Server is that of course it can work very well
on all windows operating systems. This is of course because Microsoft SQL Servers is also a
DBMS software created and developed by Microsoft itself, therefore Microsoft SQL Server is
very good and also suitable when used and also applied to the Windows operating system.

2. Supports Many Database Software.

Microsoft SQL Servers also has other advantages, namely supporting a variety of
database software. This of course will help simplify your work as a programmer to process
databases. You can use any database software that you want and normally use, without
worrying that it will not be compatible with this Microsoft SQL Servers software.

3. Can facilitate data clustering.

Microsoft SQL Servers also has other advantages that are quite good, which can help
make the creation of data clustering.

4. Control of a centralized database.

Control of a database or database using Microsoft SQL Servers software will also be
centralized. This means that a database will be well managed and also managed centrally, so
it is not possible for a miscommunication to occur due to errors in processing and
implementing the database.

5. Easy to use by clients and users.

Users can make database processing easily when assisted with this software.
Complete features with simple buttons can make it easier to use Microsoft SQL Servers.

6. It has a data recovery and restore feature.

Another advantage of Microsoft SQL Servers is that it can perform recovery and
restore data. If there is some data from your database or database that is damaged, then
you can perform the recovery process and also restore data using this Microsoft SQL Servers
software. This ultimately can help solve the problem of missing data or experiencing
damage due to errors from data management performed by the user.

7. Good and secure password management.

The security of Microsoft SQL Servers is also very good. This will affect the security
resilience of a database and also the server. Using a password that will be difficult to hack,

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Microsoft SQL Servers will help the data in your database to be more secure from
irresponsible hands.

8. Can backup data.

The last advantage of Microsoft SQL Servers is that it can backup data. Data that is
implemented into a system through Microsoft SQL Servers software can be backed up, so
that it can be reused when implementing the same or similar system, and also to ensure
that when there is a disturbance the system can be restored thanks to this data backup
feature.

2.3. Disadvantages of SQL

1. The price is quite high.

The selling price of Microsoft software products tends to be high and expensive
when compared to other software. This is indeed a natural thing, because Microsoft SQL
Servers is one of the most competent software in the DBMS field.

2. Not multi OS, can only be used on operating systems made by Microsoft.

Another disadvantage of this Microsoft SQL Servers software is that it is only

identical to the Windows operating system. For those of you who use Mac or Linux and
Ubuntu operating systems, then you can only bite your finger, because Microsoft SQL Server
does not support multi OS yet.

3. Difficult to use in other programming languages.

SQL server is famous for its mate with .net programming language. If you use
another programming language then you must be prepared to struggle because it is not
your match. In addition, this DBMS also requires a fairly large CPU function.

4. Not suitable for large database scale.

Not as good as Oracle's performance, if used on large-scale systems, database

performance is inferior to Oracle's. So if you're running a large-scale system, it's probably
not a good fit.

3.PYTHON
3.1. Definition of python

Python is a programming language that can execute a number of multi-purpose

instructions directly (interpretively) with object orientation methods. Python is the easiest

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programming language to understand. Python was created by a Dutch programmer named
Guido Van Rossum.

3.2. Advantages of Python

Snatched from Pyhton.org, Python is a programming language that is considered

easy to learn, even by beginners. The code contained in it is easy to read and can perform
many complex functions easily because of the many standard libraries.

3.3. Disadvantages of Python

Even so, there are shortcomings of Python that are worth considering. This
disadvantage is that it is quite slow to run especially for the development of Android and iOS
platforms.

Benefit of Python

1. Website development

2. IoT Development

3. Data mining

4. Machine learning development

5. Game development

6. Python for fintech

News about python

Liputan6.com, Jakarta - Guido van Rossum,

The creator of the Python programming language decided to retire and leave his
position at cloud computing company Dropbox.

4.JAVASCRIPT
4.1. Definiton of Javascript

JavaScript is a high-level and dynamic programming language. JavaScript is popular

on the internet and works in most popular web browsers such as Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape and Opera. JavaScript code can be embedded in web
pages using the SCRIPT tag.

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 JavaScript is an important programming language because JavaScript is the language
of web browsers. The relationship with the browser making JavaScript one of the most
popular programming languages in the world world. The web has become an important
platform for application development, and JavaScript is the only language found in all
browsers.

4.2. Advantages of javascript

By learning JavaScript, you also have the potential to learn another programming
language at the same time. This is because JavaScript allows its users to collaborate with
other programming languages

JavaScript has complete control over the web, an example of this control: JavaScript
can modify all HTML elements on a page, JavaScript can change all HTML attributes on the
page, JavaScript can change all CSS styles on web pages, JavaScript can remove elements
and attributes existing HTML, JavaScript can add new HTML elements and attributes,
JavaScript can react to all HTML events in a web page, and JavaScript can create new HTML
events inside web pages (w3schools, 2019).

4.3. Disadvantages of Javascript

Has a lot of JavaScript code snippets that make it not encrypted properly or even
tend to be unencrypted at all. Inconsistent because data from each device is rendered
differently from each other.

Despite its drawbacks, JavaScript is very light in performance, but so that

can use JavaScript well, the limitations are necessary clearly known (Crockford, 2008).
Client-side JavaScript contains several features that set it apart from other programming
languages. First,JavaScript is executed under an asynchronous model. It allows events
handlers execute on demand, when the user interacts with web application components.
Second, most parts of JavaScript are designed to interact with an external entity known as a
Document Object Models (DOM). Using the DOM, JavaScript can be used to access or
manipulate the components stored in the DOM so that allows web pages to change without
requiring a page reload.

3.Although these features allow a web application to be more interactively, it also

introduces errors to the JavaScript code. Majority (65%) of JavaScript code errors are DOM
related,it means that the errors and exceptions that are obtained when developing a web
come from. from the wrong programmer in interacting with the DOM (Ocariza, et al al.,
2013).

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 Due to the problems found, an application is needed learning to help beginners who
already understand the basics of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in order to make the web
interactive and reduce confusion or error of developers who are not yet fluent in
development web applications when interacting with the Document Object Model. Already
available research on the gamification of learning the Java programming language (Beltran
et al al., 2016). There is already a gamification study of learning about the concept
programming (Elshiekh & Butgerit, 2017). However, the application has not been found
gamification method about learning JavaScript HTML Document Object The model so that it
is very suitable to be used as a research topic. In 2015, Yu Kai Chou launched a gamification
framework which can accommodate the creation of a gamification application called

Octalysis. Economou, et al. conclude, “We analyzed the platform's gamified features
using a small number of expert evaluators against Octalysis gamified framework and we
Encouraging review of a fairly balanced simulations that can lead to the creation of
motivating and engaging experiences.” (Economou, et al. 2015)

Therefore, applications with the Octalysis framework are considered to be able to

create a motivating and engaging experience for users. Making Octalysis suitable to be used
as a JavaScript learning application development framework HTML Document Object Model.

5.JAVA

5.1. Definition of java

Java is a programming language that powerful for general-use with class-based

object-oriented language, designed for embedded network applications running on multiple
platforms as well compiled to the bytecode instruction set and binary format defined in the
Java Virtual Machine Specification. Java

Why we should use Java? Java was originally designed for embedded network
applications running on multiple platforms. Therefore, Java is extremely portable. The same
Java application will run identically on any computer, regardless of hardware features or
operating system, as long as it has a Java interpreter. It can used to develop desktop and
mobile applications, big data processing, embedded systems, and so on.

5.2. Advantages of Java

Java has significant advantages over other languages and environments that make it
suitable for just about any programming task.

The advantages of Java are as follows:

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 1.Java is easy to learn.

Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to write, compile, debug,
and learn than other programming languages. Any language can be considered as simple if it
is easy to learn and understand. The syntax of Java is straightforward, easy to write, learn,
maintain, and understand, the code is easily debuggable.

Moreover, Java is less complex than the languages like C and C++, because many of
the complex features of these languages are being removed from Java such as explicit
pointers concept, storage classes, operator overloading, and many more.

2.Java is object-oriented.

This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code. Java is an object-
oriented language that helps us to enhance the flexibility and reusability of the code. Using
the OOPs concept, we can easily reuse the object in other programs.

It also helps us to increase security by binding the data and functions into a single
unit and not letting it be accessed by the outside world. It also helps to organize the bigger
modules into smaller ones so they are easy to understand.

3.Java is a secure language

Java reduces security threats and risks by avoiding the use of explicit pointers. A
pointer stores the memory address of another value that can cause unauthorized access to
memory.

This issue is resolved by removing the concept of pointers. Also, there is a Security
manager in Java for each application that allows us to define the access rules for classes. JRE
also provides a classloader, which is used to load the class into JVM dynamically. It separates
the class packages of the local file system from the ones that are being imported from the
network.

4.Java is cheap and economical to maintain

Java programs are cheap to develop and maintain as these programs are dependent
on a specific hardware infrastructure to run. We can easily execute them on any machine
that reduces the extra cost to maintain.

4.Java is platform-independent.

One of the most significant advantages of Java is its ability to move easily from one
computer system to another. The ability to run the same program on many different

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systems is crucial to World Wide Web software, and Java succeeds at this by being platform-
independent at both the source and binary levels.

5.Java supports portability feature

Java is a portable language due to its platform independence feature. As the Java
code can be run on any platform, it is portable and can be taken to any platform and can be
executed on them. Therefore Java also provides the advantage of portability.

6.Java provides Automatic Garbage Collection

There is automatic memory management in Java that is managed by the Java Virtual
Machine(JVM).

Whenever the objects are not used by programs anymore and they do not refer to
anything that they do not need to be dereferenced or removed by the explicit programming.

Java automatically removes the unused objects with the help of the automatic
Garbage Collection process.

7.Java supports Multithreading

Java is a multithreaded language that is in Java more than one thread can run at the
same time. A thread is the smallest unit of a process. Multithreading helps us to gain the
maximum utilization of CPU.

Multiple threads share a common memory area and increase the efficiency and
performance of the application. These threads run independently of each other without
affecting each other.

8.Java is robust.

Java is said to be a most reliable and powerful language. Its compilers manage to
identify every single type of error in your code. Besides that, Java has such great features as
exception handling and garbage collection which also prove Java to be reliable.

5.3. Disadvantages of Java

1.Java is slow and has a poor performance

Java is memory-consuming and significantly slower than native languages such as C

or C++. It is also slow compared to other languages like C and C++ because each code has to
be interpreted to the machine level code. This slow performance is due to the extra level of

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compilation and abstraction by the JVM. Moreover, sometimes the garbage collector leads
in the poor performance of Java as it consumes more CPU time.

2.Java provides not so attractive look and feels of the GUI

Though there are many GUI builders in Java for creating the graphical interface still
they are not suitable for creating complicated UI. There are many inconsistencies while
using them. Therefore, as soon as the conversation goes to the user interface of desktop
programs, Java is certainly lagging behind and you’ll have to conduct really thorough
research to find a tool that will be just fine to create your graphical user interface.

3.Java provides no backup facility

Java mainly works on storage and not focuses on the backup of data. This is a major
drawback that makes it lose the interest and ratings among users.

4.Java requires significant memory space

Java requires a significant or major amount of memory space as compared to other

languages like C and C++. In Java, the memory is managed through garbage collection, so
anytime the garbage collector works, it deteriorates the way the app performs. The main
reason for that is that the garbage collector works only when all other threads are not
working.

Verbose and Complex codes

Java codes are verbose, meaning that there are many words in it and there are many
long and complex sentences that are difficult to read and understand. This can reduce the
readability of the code. Java focuses on being more manageable but at the same time, it has
to compromise it with the overly complex codes and long explanations for each thing. Java
implies that one needs to use many words used as it’s quite similar to the natural language
of humans a lot

5.Costs for the commercial license.

Since 2019 Oracle expects the users to pay for Java Standard Edition 8 when used for
purposes such as business, commerce and production. So when you need updates and bug
fixing, you’ll be charged by the number of users you have or for the processor. It hurts a lot
when you start counting the new costs.

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 Related Issues:

According to Oracle, Java 17 was announced at September 14, 2021 as the latest
version of Java. Java 17 delivers thousands of performance, stability, and security updates
that further improve the Java language and platform to help developers be more
productive.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUTION

The conclution of this paper is Programming language is a standard instruction for

commanding a computer to perform a particular function. This programming language
is a set of syntax and semantic rules used to define computer programs. This language
allows a programmer to determine exactly which data the computer will process, how
this data will be stored/forwarded,and what types of steps will be processed by the
computer. Exactly that will be taken in a variety of situations.

And the function of programming languages is to order the computer to process data
according to the flow of thinking we want. The output of the programming language is in
the form of programs / applications. Examples are programs used by cashiers in malls or
supermarkets, the use of traffic lights on the highway, etc.
Programming languages that we know there are many in parts of the world, about
computer science and technology today. Its development follows the high level of
innovation carried out in the world of technology. Examples of programming languages that
we know include to create game applications, antivirus, web, and other technologies.
Computer programming languages that we know include Java, Visual Basic, C++, C,
Cobol, PHP, .Net, and hundreds of other languages. But of course the needs of this language
must be adjusted to the functions and devices that use it.
And the 5 most of popular and frequently programming languages in 2021 include
PHP,SQL,PYTHON,JAVASCRIPT and JAVA which have their own Advantages and
Disadvantages. But in general it has the same function. The function of the programming
language is to tell the computer to process data according to the flow of thinking we want.
The output of the programming language is a program/application.

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