BK Pent 000088
BK Pent 000088
Raymond
LEVEL ONE
Learn In Your Car – French is the only language learning
system designed to teach a foreign language in your car as you
drive, without the aid of a textbook. However, for your
reference, this booklet contains the entire recorded text so that
you can see how the words are spelled. This booklet also con-
tains additional explanations which will be helpful to you if
you have trouble understanding some of the concepts in the
program.
ABOUT THIS COURSE
Learn In Your Car – French is designed and organized with
the traveler in mind. The following guidelines are used:
1. The basic premise is that communicating in a language
requires learning words, phrases and sentences: but you can't
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you
know the individual meaning of each word.
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases or
sentences can be used to communicate. It is not always
necessary to use a complete sentence to convey a thought.
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc.
4. It teaches the most important things first. This course does
not use your valuable memory to store useless words. The
important words you need to survive and get around are taught
first. Grammar is introduced in the later lessons, but it is taught
with examples rather than rules.
5. No more than one new word is introduced at a time. This
means you won't hear a sentence or a phrase and wonder which
sound corresponds to which word.
6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one new
word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs
effectively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are
designed to be used without a textbook so that you can use
them while driving a car or while doing other things that
require similar amounts of concentration.
7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
HOW TO USE
“LEARN IN YOUR CAR – FRENCH”
The first track on the first disk is an introduction. Lessons start
on the following track.
Play Lesson One several times until you learn most of it. Then
start playing Lesson One followed by Lesson Two until you
learn most of Lesson Two. As you progress, keep adding
lessons. Always go back to the beginning of Lesson One to
reinforce the material you have already learned. (As you
progress through the material, you may want to restart at some
place other than the start of Lesson One. This is fine as long as
you know all the material ahead of your starting point. Later
lessons are designed with the assumption that you already
know the material in earlier lessons.)
NOTES ABOUT THE TEXT
• Words that are underlined in phrases in the text have the same
meaning in both English and French. When a new word is
introduced, it will usually be underlined.
• Literal translations are in brackets with an "L." such as:
[L. This is a literal translation.]
• Words in brackets [like this] are understood, but are not heard
on the recording.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Bill Frame, Emily Gignoux, Valorie
Vasquez, Kim Reinert, Annette Norris and Linda Rabin who
helped to make this audio production possible.
—Hank Raymond
“Tu” = familiar “you” singular, used in casual conversation. Use this form when you speak to people you
know well or with children, relatives and friends.
“Vous” = plural “you” as in “you people”. “Vous” is also used as a polite “you” singular. Use this form
when you don’t know people at all, when you are introduced to people for the first time, and to people older
than you are.
“Il” and “elle” generally mean “he” and “she”, but also mean “it” when referring to a masculine or
feminine noun.
“Ils” and “elles” generally mean “they” (masc. or mixed = “ils”) (fem. only = “elles”).
Questions can be formed several ways in French. One way is to change the order of the subject and the verb
as shown above.
LESSON 3 – LEÇON 3
TRANSPORTATION NOUNS – NOMS DE TRANSPORT
train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . train
a train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un train
the train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le train
the trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les trains
an automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une voiture
the automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la voiture
the automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les voitures
the toilets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les toilettes
a taxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un taxi
the taxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le taxi
a boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un bateau
the boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le bateau
4
In French, all nouns have a gender. That is, they are considered either masculine or feminine. Words such
as “the”, “a”, or “an” are called articles (the car, a car, an airplane, etc.) Articles must also agree in both
gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singluar or plural) with the nouns that they modify. The table
below shows gender and number for French articles:
“Je voudrais” in English means “I would like.” The literal translation is “I would want.” “Je voudrais” is
much more polite and should be used instead of “Je veux” whenever possible.
Using “Je voudrais” (instead of “Je veux”) is almost always a good idea when it is followed by a noun: “Je
voudrais un café, s’il vous plaît,” (I would like a coffee, please.) not “Je veux un café.” You are likely to
get a warmer reply and better service, too.
Adding “bien” after “Je veux” often shows agreement to a proposition: “Voulez-vous un café?” (Do you
want a coffee?) “Je veux bien, merci.” (Yes, I would, thank you.) You can see how the tone changes.
8
LESSON 5 – LEÇON 5
MONEY – L’ARGENT
the money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l’argent
European money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l’argent européen
a euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un euro
some euros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . des euros
the bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la banque
Where is the bank? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Où est la banque?
to change some money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . changer de l’argent
I would like to change some money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais changer de l’argent.
to buy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acheter
I would like to buy some euros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais acheter des euros.
the rate of exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le cours / le cours du change
What is the rate of exchange? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quel est le cours du change?
the small change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la monnaie
a coin [L. a piece of money] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une pièce de monnaie
a bank note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un billet
9
French requires the use of “des”, “du”, “de la”, or “de l’” in cases where English doesn’t use an article,
because “some” or “any” is understood. (Ex: We have [some] friends. Nous avons des amis.)
LESSON 6 – LEÇON 6
HOTEL – L’HÔTEL
a hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un hôtel
a room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une chambre
a better room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une meilleure chambre
I would like a room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais une chambre.
10
LESSON 7 – LEÇON 7
IMPORTANT WORDS – MOTS IMPORTANTS
the water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l’eau
the drinkable water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l’eau potable
the luggage (plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les bagages
my luggage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mes bagages
the suitcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la valise
the suitcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les valises
my suitcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ma valise
my suitcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mes valises
this / that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ce / cet / cette
this suitcase here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cette valise-ci
that suitcase there . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cette valise-là
12
“Ce” and “cet” are masculine. “Cette” is feminine. “Cet” is used in front of a word which starts with a
vowel or a mute “h”.
13
LESSON 9 – LEÇON 9
NUMBERS – LES CHIFFRES ET LES NOMBRES
0 ................................................ zéro
1 ................................................ un
2 ................................................ deux
3 ................................................ trois
15
LESSON 10 – LEÇON 10
MORE NUMBERS – PLUS DE NOMBRES
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . onze
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . douze
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . treize
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quatorze
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quinze
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seize
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dix-sept
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dix-huit
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dix-neuf
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vingt
16
To form ordinal numbers larger than “first”, (premier, première) take the cardinal number and add the
suffix “–ième”. Ex: “troisième” (third), “sixième” (sixth). Ordinal numbers formed from numbers
ending in “e” drop the final “e.” Example: quatre becomes quatrième; douze becomes douzième.
LESSON 13 – LEÇON 13
AT THE RESTAURANT – AU RESTAURANT
a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une table
For how many persons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pour combien de personnes?
I would like a table for two. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais une table pour deux.
I would like this one here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais celle-ci.
I would like that one there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais celle-là.
another table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une autre table
19
20
In French, adjectives must agree with the word they modify in both gender (masculine or feminine) and
number (singular or plural). For example, “grand” would become “grande” if it were modifying a feminine
noun. It would become “grands” or “grandes” (depending on gender) if it were modifying a plural noun.
Sometimes this changes the sound and/or the spelling of the adjective significantly; sometimes it doesn’t.
22
“Un an” is used with numbers (1 an, 10 ans, 30 ans… ). “Une année” is used in any other situation.
(L’année dernière; l’année prochaine; bonne année; etc… )
LESSON 16 – LEÇON 16
TIME OF DAY – L’HEURE*
time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le temps
How long? [L. How much time?] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combien de temps?
What time is it? [L. Which hour is it?] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quelle heure est-il?
the morning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le matin
noon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . midi
the afternoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l’après-midi
the evening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le soir
the night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la nuit
midnight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minuit
a second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une seconde
a minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une minute
24
*Time of the day in French is the hour (L’heure) unless you talk about the time you spend (Le temps).
LESSON 17 – LEÇON 17
QUESTIONS – LES QUESTIONS
Who? / Whom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qui?
Who is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qui est-ce?
What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quoi?
What did you say? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comment?
What is it? / What is that? [L. What is it that it is?] . . . . . . . . Qu’est-ce que c’est?
What is this? / What is this here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qu’est-ce que c’est que ceci?
25
The phrase “Qu’est-ce que… ” (literally, “What is it that… ”) when placed in front of a statement, turns the
statement into a question starting with the word “What”.
26
When “what” is followed by a noun as in, “What class?”, “What book?”, “What city?” etc., use “quel(s)”
or “quelle(s)”. This can be thought of as saying: “Which class?” (Quelle classe?); “Which book?” (Quel
livre?); “Which city?” (Quelle ville?); etc.. “Quel” is an adjective and therefore must agree in gender and
number with the noun it modifies.
LESSON 18 – LEÇON 18
SHOPS – LES MAGASINS
the store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le magasin
a bakery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une boulangerie
the butcher shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la boucherie
a pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une pharmacie
the supermarket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le supermarché
the pastry shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la pâtisserie
a post office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une poste
the customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la douane
a laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une blanchisserie
the hairdresser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le coiffeur
27
LESSON 19 – LEÇON 19
NOUNS – DES NOMS
the town / the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la ville
a country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un pays
the name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le nom
the food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la nourriture
a state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un état
the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les Etats-Unis
28
LESSON 20 – LEÇON 20
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS – DES ADJECTIFS ET DES ADVERBES
big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grand [masculine] / grande [feminine]
small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . petit [masculine] / petite [feminine]
good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bon [masculine] / bonne [feminine]
not good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pas bon [masculine] / pas bonne [feminine]
well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bien
not well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pas bien
bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mauvais [masculine] / mauvaise [feminine]
badly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mal
very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . très
“hot” or “warm” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chaud [masculine] / chaude [feminine]
cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . froid [masculine] / froide [feminine]
early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tôt
late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tard
30
Remember, adjectives must agree in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) with
the words they modify. The feminine forms of the adjectives are shown in parentheses. Adjectives can usu-
ally be made into a plural form by adding an “s”. Adverbs do not modify nouns and don't agree with any-
thing.
32
These are the infinitive forms of these verbs (i.e. to be, to go, to see, etc.). To speak correctly you need to
use the correct form (conjugation) of the verb. If you don’t know the correct conjugation, use the infinitive.
You will most likely be understood.
In most smaller dictionaries, only the infinitive form of a verb is listed. (In English, the infinitive form is
listed without the “to”.) For example, in a small English dictionary, you would find “eat”, but most likely
wouldn’t find “ate”, “eaten”, “eats”, etc.
LESSON 22 – LEÇON 22
PREPOSITIONS – LES PREPOSITIONS
to / at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . à
from / of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . de
with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . avec
without . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sans
35
36
Possessive adjectives agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the
nouns they modify, not the gender of the possessor.
The plural forms of these possessive adjectives (mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs) are same for both masculine
and feminine forms.
LESSON 25 – LEÇON 25
CONJUNCTIONS AND OTHER USEFUL WORDS –
CONJONCTIONS ET AUTRES MOTS PRATIQUES
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . et
39
LESSON 26 – LEÇON 26
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GENERAL – PHRASES GENERALES
I speak French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je parle français.
I do not speak French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne parle pas français.
Do you speak French? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parlez-vous français?
a little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un peu
from here to there . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d’ici à là-bas
at the train station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . à la gare
on the platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sur le quai
in the train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dans le train
40
“Puis” means exactly the same thing as “peux” except that “puis” is used when asking a question.
Use “on” to indicate a definite subject, a person or persons in general – (i.e. we, you, they) in the sense of
people in general. “On” is used often in the French language. Even though “on” usually refers to a number
of people, from a grammatical point of view it is a singular pronoun, acting just like “il” and “elle”. For
example: “On va au restaurant” (We're going to the restaurant.) (One goes to the restaurant.)
42
The expression “N’est-ce pas?” is frequently used after a statement to turn it into a question where it takes
the place of many English phrases such as: “Isn’t it?”; “Aren’t you?”; “Can’t they?”; “Won’t he?”; “Doesn’t
she?” etc..
To make a sentence negative in French, place “ne” before and “pas” immediately after the conjugated verb.
If the verb begins with a vowel or a vowel sound “ne” becomes “n’.”
LESSON 28 – LEÇON 28
QUESTIONS WITH “EST-CE QUE” – QUESTIONS AVEC “EST-CE QUE”
Is it that… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que… ?
It is big. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C’est grand.
Is it big? / Is it that it is big? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que c’est grand?
You have a car. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous avez une voiture.
Do you have a car? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que vous avez une voiture?
You understand. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu comprends.
Do you understand? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que tu comprends?
44
The expression “est-ce que...” at the beginning of a statement turns it into a question.
*Est-ce literally means, “Is it?”. “Est-ce” is the shorter way to say “is it?”
LESSON 29 – LEÇON 29
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GENERAL – PHRASES D’ORDRE GENERAL
I must… / I have to… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je dois…
45
LESSON 30 – LEÇON 30
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, TRANSPORTATION – PHRASES; TRANSPORTS
Excuse me, sir, when does the next train
to Paris leave? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S’il vous plaît, monsieur, quand part le
prochain train pour Paris?
The train leaves in ten minutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le train part dans dix minutes.
It leaves at ten o’clock in the morning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il part à dix heures du matin.
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48
49
LESSON 33 – LEÇON 33
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, GETTING AROUND – PHRASES D’APPROCHE
Excuse me, sir, where is the nearest post office? . . . . . . . . . . . S’il vous plaît, monsieur, où est la poste
la plus proche?
It’s very far from here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C’est très loin d’ici.
How many kilometers from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A combien de kilomètres d’ici?
I don’t know, but it’s about ten minutes by car. . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne sais pas, mais c’est à peu près à dix
minutes en voiture.
Is there a bus or a taxi near here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce qu’il y a un autobus ou un taxi
près d’ici?
Yes, there is a taxi, but it’s very expensive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oui, il y a un taxi, mais c’est très cher.
How much does the bus cost? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combien coûte l’autobus?
The bus is free, but it’s very difficult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L’autobus est gratuit, mais c’est très difficile.
Why? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pourquoi?
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LESSON 34 – LEÇON 34
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, DIRECTIONS – DEMANDER SON CHEMIN
Excuse me, sir, I am looking for this address. (polite) . . . . . . . S’il vous plaît monsieur, je cherche cette
adresse.
You follow this street. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous suivez cette rue.
As far as the corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jusqu’au coin.
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LESSON 35 – LEÇON 35
SENTENCES AND PHRASES, CONVERSATION – PHRASES DE CONVERSATION
Good morning, John, how’s it going? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonjour, John, ça va?
Fine, and you? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Très bien, et toi?
Not bad. What are you doing today? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . Pas mal. Qu’est-ce que tu fais aujourd’hui?
I’m going to my parents’ house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais chez mes parents.
Are you going there by car? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que tu y vas en voiture?
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“Pour acheter” literally means “for to buy”. “Pour voir” literally means “for to see”. In English, the “for” is
understood.
When using aller, venir, passer, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, retourner, rester, rentrer (motion verbs),
you do not need to use “pour” to connect the following verb. For example: Je viens prendre mon livre.
(meaning “pour prendre… ”)
54
The verb “être” (to be) and the verb “avoir” (to have) (Lesson 38) are the two most important verbs to learn.
These two verbs in their various forms are used the most frequently.
56
57
In French there are three large groups of regular verbs whose infinitive forms end in “er”, “ir” or “re”. (The
infinitive is the form marked by “to” in English such as: to go; to look; to run; to buy; to sell; etc…) “Er”
verbs are the most frequent, followed by “ir” and “re” verbs. These regular verbs follow rules nicely and
are therefore fairly easy to learn.
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SUBJECT ENDING
je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(e)
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(es)
il, elle, on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(e)
nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ons)
vous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ez)
ils, elles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ent)
As you can see from these examples, “to speak” or “to be speaking” both have the same translation in
French. For example, “I speak.” and “I am speaking.” both translate to “Je parle.” This applies generally to
all French verbs.
Irregular verbs don’t follow any particular spelling rules and must be learned individually. “Aller” (to go) is
a good example. See Lesson 42.
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60
SUBJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENDING
je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(is)
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(is)
il, elle, on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(it)
nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(issons)
vous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(issez)
ils, elles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin(issent)
LESSON 41 – LEÇON 41
TYPICAL REGULAR VERBS WITH “RE” ENDINGS (present tense) –
VERBES REGULIERS; TERMINAISONS EN “RE” (troisième groupe)
to sell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vendre
I sell newspapers. / I am selling [some] newspapers. . . . . . . . Je vends des journaux.
You sell magazines. /
You are selling [some] magazines. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . Tu vends des revues.
He is selling his car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il vend sa voiture.
She sells vegetables. / She is selling [some] vegetables. . . . . . Elle vend des légumes.
We are selling our tickets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous vendons nos billets.
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To conjugate a regular “re” verb in the present tense, drop the “re” from the infinitive and add the
appropriate ending:
SUBJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENDING
je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend(s)
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend(s)
il, elle, on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend( )
nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend(ons)
vous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend(ez)
ils, elles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vend(ent)
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Note: Some textbook authors prefer to group all verbs not ending in “–er” or “–ir” as irregular, “third
group” verbs, including those ending in “–re.” Some even recognize “fourth” and “fifth” conjugation verbs.
Others simply prefer to acknowledge that there are regular as well as irregular verbs. For simplicity this
text uses the latter approach. So, apply the “regular verbs” rules where you can (which is most of the time)
and learn the irregular verbs as you need them.
Verbs ending in “re” based on prendre (to take) such as “comprendre” (to understand) and “apprendre” (to
learn), have irregular plural forms. (They drop a “d” and / or add “n”.)
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Both of these slightly irregular patterns are easily pronounced and understood. Other verbs ending in “re”
such as “boire” (to drink), “lire” (to read), as well as a number of verbs ending in “ir”, “oir”, “aire”, etc. are
irregular and must be learned individually as you need them.
LESSON 42 – LEÇON 42
THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE – LE FUTUR PROCHE
I am going to go to the beach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais aller à la plage.
I am going to buy lunch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais acheter le déjeuner.
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The near future tense (le futur proche) is formed by using the appropriate form of the verb “aller” (to go),
plus the infinitive form of the main verb. The near future tense is an easy way to learn to talk about things
65
Of course, “aller” (to go) is also the verb you use to say “where”, “when”, “how” and “with whom” you are
“going.” Examples: Je vais à la plage demain avec ma femme. (I’m going to the beach tomorrow with my
wife.); Où allez-vous demain? (Where are you going tomorrow?)
LESSON 43 – LEÇON 43
SPEAKING WITH THE INFINITIVE OF A VERB –
PARLER AVEC LE VERBE A L’INFINITIF
I want to buy a truck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je veux acheter un camion.
I would like to leave this evening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais partir ce soir.
I would like to go there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais y aller.
I can pay the bill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je peux payer l’addition.
I have to sleep tonight. / I must sleep tonight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je dois dormir cette nuit.
You want to stay here? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu veux rester ici?
You can go now. / You may go now. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu peux t’en aller maintenant.
Can you speak with him? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peux-tu parler avec lui?
He would like to learn to speak French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il voudrait apprendre à parler français.
She must rent a car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle doit louer une voiture.
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This lesson shows some ways of using the infinitive. The infinitive is not usually used alone, but in con-
junction with another verb, and is simply another vocabulary word used the same way as in English.
LESSON 44 – LEÇON 44
SPEAKING IN THE PAST TENSE – PARLER AU PASSE COMPOSE
I bought a book. / I have bought a book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai acheté un livre.
I looked for the address. / I have looked for the address. . . . . J’ai cherché l’adresse.
You bought the breakfast. /
You have bought the breakfast. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu as acheté le petit déjeuner.
You paid the bill. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu as payé l’addition.
He rented the room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il a loué la chambre.
He closed the door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il a fermé la porte.
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The compound past (passé composé) tense is used to describe events which have happened, where the
action is finished. (i.e. the event is over or complete).
The compound past (passé composé) is formed by using the present tense form of the verb “avoir” (to
have), or in some cases the verb “être” (to be), followed by the past participle of the main verb. (The past
participle in English is the form of the verb which follows “have”: have seen; have eaten; have watched;
have read; have bought; have opened; etc.)
LESSON 45 – LEÇON 45
COMPOUND PAST WITH VERBS THAT USE “ETRE” –
LE PASSE COMPOSE AVEC LES VERBES QUI UTILISENT “ETRE”
I went to the bakery yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je suis allé(e) à la boulangerie hier.
69
There are some verbs which form the compound past with the verb “être” instead of the verb “avoir”. This
lesson shows four of the most common ones. Verbs which use “être” in the “passé composé” are generally
verbs of motion or change of condition and include: “aller,” “venir,” “entrer,” “sortir,” “monter,”
“descendre,” “arriver,” “partir,” “rester,” “tomber,” “mourir” and “naître.” (to go, to come, to enter, to go
out, to go up, to go down, to arrive, to leave, to stay, to fall, to die, and to be born). Clearly, these last two
are a change of condition! “Passer” takes “être” when used as a motion verb (to go by). Otherwise, “pass-
er” takes “avoir,” as in “I passed the salt” or “We passed / spent a week in Paris.”
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71
LEVEL TWO
Learn In Your Car – French is the only language learning
system designed to teach a foreign language in your car as you
drive, without the aid of a textbook. However, for your
reference, this booklet contains the entire recorded text so that
you can see how the words are spelled. This booklet also con-
tains additional explanations which will be helpful to you if
you have trouble understanding some of the concepts in the
program.
ABOUT THIS COURSE
Learn In Your Car – French, Level Two is a continuation of
Learn In Your Car French, Level One. Level Two begins where
Level One ends. Level One is designed and organized prima-
rily with the traveler in mind. Level Two continues with more
ideas, concepts, and vocabulary that are useful to the traveler,
but introduces more complex vocabulary and grammar. The
following guidelines are used:
1. The basic premise is that communicating in a language
requires learning words, phrases and sentences: but you can't
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you
know the individual meaning of each word.
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases or sen-
tences can be used to communicate. It is not always
necessary to use a complete sentence to convey a thought.
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc.
4. It teaches the most important things first. This course does
not use your valuable memory to store useless words. The
important words you need to survive and get around are taught
first. Grammar is introduced in the later lessons, but it is taught
with examples rather than rules.
5. No more than one new word is introduced at a time. This
means you won't hear a sentence or a phrase and wonder which
sound corresponds to which word. (Various forms of previous-
ly introduced verbs are used along with new words.)
6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one new
word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs
effectively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are
designed to be used without a textbook so that you can use
them while driving a car or while doing other things that
require similar amounts of concentration.
7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
HOW TO USE
“LEARN IN YOUR CAR – FRENCH”
The first track on the first disk is an introduction. Lessons start
on the following track.
Start by playing through the first lesson. For each expression
you will hear the English version followed by a pause, then the
French translation followed by a pause, then the French trans-
lation a second time followed by a third pause. At first, you
will only be able to imitate the French words in the two paus-
es after the French translations (the second and third pauses).
As you learn and progress, you will be able to recall and recite
the French version during the first pause before you hear the
first French translation. Be sure to speak the French expres-
sions out loud. The rate at which you learn will be
significantly slower if you do not speak the expressions aloud.
Play the first lesson several times until you learn most of it.
Then start playing the first lesson followed by the second
lesson until you learn most of the second lesson. As you
progress keep adding lessons. Always go back to the beginning
of the first lesson to reinforce the material you have already
learned. (As you progress through the material, you may want
to restart at some place other than the start of the first lesson.
This is fine as long as you know all the material ahead of your
starting point. Later lessons are designed with the assumption
that you already know the material in earlier lessons.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Mylene Bertorello, Bill Frame, Valerie
Vazquez, Annette Norris and Linda Rabin who helped to make
this audio production possible.
—Hank Raymond
LESSON 48 – LEÇON 48
THE TELEPHONE – LE TÉLÉPHONE
a call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . un appel / un coup de fil
There is a [telephone] call for you. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y a un appel [téléphonique] pour vous.
advance warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . préavis
a person to person call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . une communication avec préavis
4
The phrase “va-t-il” (is he going) is simply the reverse of “il va” (he is going). The “-t-” is added for
pronunciation when two vowels would otherwise appear together in a reversed question form. The “-t-” has
no meaning.
LESSON 49 – LEÇON 49
PRACTICE WITH THE PAST TENSE – PRATIQUE AVEC LE PASSÉ COMPOSÉ
I ate. / I have eaten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai mangé.
You met someone. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu as connu quelqu’un.
You knew something. / You have known something. (polite) . . Vous avez su quelque chose.
Did he understand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-t-il compris?
We wrote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous avons écrit.
We went. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous sommes allés.
You closed. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous avez fermé.
You arrived. (polite) [plural] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous êtes arrivés.
They left. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils sont partis.
They left the house. / They went away from the house. . . . . . . Ils ont quitté la maison.
They left something at my house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils ont laissé quelque chose chez moi.
He stole my backpack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il a volé mon sac à dos.
6
The “passé composé” is formed by using an auxiliary verb conjugated in the present tense followed by the
past participle of the verb being used. (Every verb has one past participle. In English, the past participle is
the form of the verb which follows “have” as in “have eaten”, “have known”, “have understood” etc.) Most
past participles use the auxiliary “avoir”, however some past participles (mostly verbs of motion) use “être.”
This lesson along with the next lesson shows the past participles of the most common French verbs along
with their associated auxiliary verbs. The “passé composé” is equivalent to 3 forms in English. For example,
“J’ai mangé” can be translated as “I have eaten”, “I ate”, or “I did eat.”
LESSON 50 – LEÇON 50
MORE PAST PARTICIPLES – PLUS DE PARTICIPES PASSÉS
Did he put the information on the table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce qu’il a mis l’information sur la table?
8
11
Some verbs (“passer” for example) can use either “avoir” or “être” as an auxiliary in the “passé composé”
depending on how the verb is being used. In general, when verbs are used as verbs of motion, they use
“être” as an auxiliary.
“Some” and “any” are partitives, words that indicate part of a whole or less than all. They are translated
into French as “de la” (feminine singular), “du” (masculine singular, a contraction of “de” + “le”), and
“des” (masculine or feminine plural, a contraction of “de” + “les”). “De l’ ” is used for masculine or femi-
nine hsingular before a vowel. Unlike English where the words “some” or “any” are often not used, French
requires the use of these partitives before each noun where “some” or “any” is implied.
LESSON 51 – LEÇON 51
THE VERB “ÊTRE”, IMPERFECT TENSE – LE VERBE “ÊTRE”, IMPARFAIT
I was at the bus station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’étais à la gare routière.
You were at my house. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu étais chez moi.
He was fast. / He used to be fast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il était rapide.
She was wet. / It was wet. (feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle était mouillée.
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The imperfect (imparfait) tense is used to talk about something which “was happening”, “used to happen”,
or things which “were happening”. (i.e. action or events which may not be completely finished. Examples
are: “was; were; was running; used to run; was going; used to go; were buying; were taking; used to take;”
etc.) It is also used to talk about circumstances at a past moment or for the description of a scene. This is
different from the “passé composé” which describes events which are over or finished. Examples of some
of the same verbs in the “passé composé” tense are: “ran; went; bought; took”.
The verbs “être” and “avoir” are almost always used in the “imparfait” instead of in the “passé composé”
when speaking about the past. (The “imparfait” of “avoir” is presented in the next lesson.) Therefore if you
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Verbs which have to do with thinking such as “vouloir” (to want), “savoir” (to know how), “croire” (to
believe), “penser” (to think), “espérer” (to hope), “aimer” (to like) and “détester” (to hate or detest) also use
the “imparfait” most of the time when speaking about the past.
In French, the masculine form of a word is used when speaking of groups of objects or people that are
either all masculine or mixed. If all the objects or people are all feminine, then use the feminine form.
LESSON 52 – LEÇON 52
THE VERB “AVOIR”, IMPERFECT TENSE – LE VERBE “AVOIR”, IMPARFAIT
I had a small house. / I used to have a small house. . . . . . . . . J’avais une petite maison.
You were cold. / You were having cold. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . Tu avais froid.
He was having a difficult problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il avait un problème difficile.
We had a big car. / We used to have a big car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous avions une grande voiture.
You people were having too many problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous aviez trop de problèmes.
They had their tickets. / They were having their tickets. . . . . . Ils avaient leurs billets.
There was… / There were… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y avait…
There were several trains at the station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y avait plusieurs trains à la gare.
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LESSON 53 – LEÇON 53
TYPICAL REGULAR VERB WITH “ER” ENDING, IMPERFECT TENSE –
VERBE RÉGULIER, TERMINAISON EN “ER”, IMPARFAIT
I used to speak Spanish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je parlais espagnol.
Were you speaking on the telephone? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . Parlais-tu au téléphone?
He was speaking to his friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il parlait à son ami.
We used to talk every day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous parlions tous les jours.
You were talking too much. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous parliez trop.
They were talking about the game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils parlaient du jeu.
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So for a typical “er” verb like “parler” (to speak), where the “nous” form is “nous parlons”, drop the “-ons”
and to the stem “parl-” and add the appropriate ending.
SUBJECT ENDING
je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ais)
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ais)
il, elle, on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ait)
nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(ions)
vous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(iez)
ils, elles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parl(aient)
LESSON 54 – LEÇON 54
TYPICAL REGULAR VERB WITH “IR” ENDING, IMPERFECT TENSE –
VERBE RÉGULIER, TERMINAISON EN “IR”, IMPARFAIT
I was finishing my work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je finissais mon travail.
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To form the stem of a verb that ends in “ir”, like “finir” (to finish), where the “nous” form is “nous
finissons”, drop the “-ons” and to the stem “finiss” add the appropriate ending.
SUBJECT ENDING
je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(ais)
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(ais)
il, elle, on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(ait)
nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(ions)
vous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(iez)
ils, elles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finiss(aient)
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To form the stem of a verb that ends in “re”, like “vendre” (to sell), where the “nous” form is “nous
vendons”, drop the “-ons” and to the stem “vend-” add the appropriate ending.
And so it goes for the imperfect tense forms of all verbs (except “être”), which was shown in Lesson 51.
LESSON 56 – LEÇON 56
SOME COMMON VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT TENSE –
QUELQUES VERBES COMMUNS À L’IMPARFAIT
I wanted breakfast. / I was wanting breakfast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voulais le petit déjeuner.
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Note the use of the pronoun “y”. This pronoun can have several meanings. One of the most common
meanings of “y” is “there”. It can also be used to replace prepositional phrases (phrases beginning with “à”,
“chez”, “dans”, etc.) that refer to ideas, places or things. It usually is placed before the verb.
“Vieux” (masculine, singular) changes to “vieil” in front of words beginning with vowels or mute “h”.
The pronoun “ce” (it) is often used instead of “il” or “elle” when the verb “être” is followed by a noun.
Example: “C’est Marie.”
LESSON 58 – LEÇON 58
MORE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS – PLUS DE CONCEPTS IMPORTANTS
How often does the bus pass by? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combien de fois est-ce que le bus passe?
How often does the bus leave for [to go in] town? . . . . . . . . . Combien de fois est-ce que le bus passe
pour aller en ville?
every twenty minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . toutes les vingt minutes
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LESSON 59 – LEÇON 59
USEFUL SINGULAR VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES, PRESENT TENSE –
PHRASES COMPORTANT DES FORMES UTILES DE VERBES AU SINGULIER
I am paying for the drinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je paie les boissons.
I drink coffee. / I am drinking some coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je bois du café.
I am taking the airplane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je prends l’avion.
I take some sugar in my coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je prends du sucre dans mon café.
I am sleeping in the room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je dors dans la chambre.
I am doing the laundry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je fais la lessive.
I am making a cup of coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je fais une tasse de café.
I live in Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’habite à Paris.
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LESSON 61 – LEÇON 61
USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN SENTENCES –
UTILISATION DES PRONOMS COMPLÉMENTS DIRECTS DANS LES PHRASES
They want me. [L. They me want.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils me veulent.
They want you. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils te veulent.
They want her. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils la veulent.
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This lesson shows the use of direct object pronouns in sentences. Pronouns are words that take the place of
nouns such as: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, you (plural), they, them, etc. A direct object is the
noun or pronoun that the action of the verb happens to. For example, in the sentences “I bought a car.” and
“I bought it.”, the words “car” and “it” are direct objects.
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Reminder: “le” and “la” = “l’ ” before a vowel or a vowel sound. Likewise, “me”, “te”, and “se” = “m’ ”,
“t’ ”, “s’ ” before vowels or vowel sounds. For example: (Je m’appelle.)
Note the use of the pronoun “en” in French. This pronoun as used in the above examples means “of them”.
In French, one can’t simply say “I want one.” Instead one must say “I want one of them.” as shown in the
above examples. The pronoun “en” can also mean “of it”, “some”, “any” or “from there”.
LESSON 63 – LEÇON 63
USING INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN SENTENCES –
UTILISATION DES PRONOMS COMPLÉMENTS INDIRECTS DANS LES PHRASES
I’m giving a gift to Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je donne un cadeau à Paul.
I’m giving it to Paul.
[L. I it am giving to Paul.] (masculine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je le donne à Paul.
I’m giving a gift to him. / I’m giving a gift to her.
[L. I to him/her am giving a gift.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je lui donne un cadeau.
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This lesson introduces indirect object pronouns. An indirect object is something the action is done “to” or
“for”. For example, in the sentence “I bought a car for her.”, the word “her” is the indirect object. The direct
object is “car” because the car is the thing that is “bought”.
The normal order of object pronouns in French sentences is as follows. (Not all sentences contain all
elements all the time of course.):
me (m’)
te (t’) le (1’)
Subject + ne (n’) + se (s’) + la (l’) + lui + y + en + verb or auxiliary + pas + past participle
nous les leur
vous
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Notice that the spelling of the past participles “vendu” (sold) and “loué” (rented) changes. This is because
the past participles of verbs which use “avoir” to form the “passé composé” must agree with preceding
direct objects in gender and number (except for “en”). Generally verbs which use “être” to form the “passé
composé” must agree in gender and number with the subject. These rules of agreement affect spelling,
usually by adding an “e” (feminine), an “s” (masculine plural), or an “es” (feminine plural) to the past
participle, but have little effect on pronunciation in most cases.
LESSON 65 – LEÇON 65
PRONOUNS IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES –
PRONOMS DANS DES PHRASES NÉGATIVES
They do not want me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils ne me veulent pas.
They don’t want us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils ne nous veulent pas.
He does not want it. (feminine object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il ne la veut pas.
We don’t want them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous ne les voulons pas.
I don’t see him. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne le vois pas.
I don’t like it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne l’aime pas.
I would not like any [of them]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je n’en voudrais pas.
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Refer to lesson 63 for a diagram of word order for sentences containing pronouns.
The phrase “pas de” is used frequently in this lesson to convey the idea of “no” as in “no gift”. If one were
to use the phrase “pas un” or “pas une”, this would convey the idea of “not one”.
LESSON 66 – LEÇON 66
THE CAR – LA VOITURE
to drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . conduire
She knows how to drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle sait conduire.
Do you know how to drive? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savez-vous conduire?
Yes, I have driven my parents’ car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oui, j’ai conduit la voiture de mes parents.
Yesterday, I drove to the school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hier, j’ai conduit à l’école.
But now the motor doesn’t work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mais maintenant le moteur ne marche pas.
You need some gasoline. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous avez besoin d’essence.
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The phrase “il faut” is a special phrase which is heard frequently in French. It comes from the verb “falloir”
which usually means “to be necessary” or “must”. This verb is only conjugated in the third person singular
where it usually means “It is necessary.” or “It must.” The phrase “il faut” is usually followed by a verb in
the infinitive form where it means “it is necessary to do something” or it is followed by the word “que”
(that) which means “it is necessary that...” If “il faut” is followed by “que”, then the following phrase is
normally in the subjunctive mood which is a more advanced topic that has not yet been presented.
LESSON 68 – LEÇON 68
MORE SENTENCES WITH IMPORTANT WORDS AND CONCEPTS –
PLUS DE PHRASES AVEC DES MOTS ET DES CONCEPTS IMPORTANTS
Where is the dog? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Où est le chien?
He is outside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il est dehors.
I put him outside an hour ago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je l’ai mis dehors il y a une heure.
There is a gift in my suitcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y a un cadeau dans ma valise.
There is something inside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y a quelque chose dedans.
They want to stay here until tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils veulent rester ici jusqu’à demain.
I’m on vacation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je suis en vacances.
He must work until the end of the week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il doit travailler jusqu’à la fin de la semaine.
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LESSON 69 – LEÇON 69
THE VERB “ÊTRE”, FUTURE TENSE – LE VERBE “ÊTRE” AU FUTUR
Tomorrow, I will be late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demain, je serai en retard.
Will you be home next month? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seras-tu chez toi le mois prochain?
Will you be in France soon? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serez-vous bientôt en France?
He will be with his uncle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il sera avec son oncle.
She will be with her aunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle sera avec sa tante.
Today will be a good day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aujourd’hui sera une bonne journée.
We will be tired by noon. [masculine] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous serons fatigués d’ici midi.
Will you people be on [in] the next plane? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serez-vous dans le prochain avion?
They will be together next week. (masculine or mixed) . . . . . Ils seront ensemble la semaine prochaine.
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LESSON 70 – LEÇON 70
THE VERB “AVOIR”, FUTURE TENSE – LE VERBE “AVOIR” AU FUTUR
I will have a new job next month. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’aurai un nouvel emploi le mois prochain.
Will you have time to go to the store? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . Auras-tu le temps d’aller au magasin?
You will have plenty of time to do it. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous aurez beaucoup de temps pour le faire.
He will have a lot of time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il aura beaucoup de temps.
She will have [some] good luck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle aura de la chance.
Michael will have a problem if he doesn’t go there. . . . . . . . . Michel aura un problème s’il n’y va pas.
We will have our tickets by tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous aurons nos billets d’ici demain.
Will you have enough time to buy groceries? (polite) . . . . . . . Aurez-vous assez de temps pour acheter
des provisions?
They will have too many things to sell within one day. . . . . . . Ils auront trop de choses à vendre dans
une journée.
There will be a party tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y aura une fête demain.
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In French, the future tense of regular verbs is formed by adding the endings shown below to the complete
infinitive forms of the verbs. (Except for regular verbs with infinitive forms that end in “re”. For a regular
“re” verb, drop the final “e” before adding the future ending.) All future verb stems end in “r”:
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LESSON 72 – LEÇON 72
THE FUTURE TENSE WITH A TYPICAL “IR” VERB –
VERBE RÉGULIER EN “IR” AU FUTUR
to finish / to end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finir
I will finish this book soon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je finirai bientôt ce livre.
Will you finish by tomorrow? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finiras-tu d’ici demain?
Will you finish your job today? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finirez-vous votre travail aujourd’hui?
He will finish his trip next week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il finira son voyage la semaine prochaine.
She will finish her homework tonight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle finira ses devoirs ce soir.
We will finish working within an hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous finirons de travailler dans une heure.
We will finish our housework by ten o’clock this evening. . . . Nous finirons notre ménage d’ici dix heures
ce soir.
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LESSON 73 – LEÇON 73
THE FUTURE TENSE WITH A TYPICAL “RE” VERB – VERBE EN “RE”, AU FUTUR
to sell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vendre
I will sell my skis to my friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vendrai mes skis à mon ami.
Will you sell your sailboat soon? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendras-tu bientôt ton voilier?
Will you sell your boat in the spring? (polite). . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendrez-vous votre bateau au printemps?
He will sell his car this winter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il vendra sa voiture cet hiver.
She will sell her house this summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle vendra sa maison cet été.
We will sell our property next year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous vendrons notre propriété l’année
prochaine.
Will you sell your vacation home this year? (polite) . . . . . . . . Vendrez-vous votre maison secondaire
cette année?
They will sell their new travel trailer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils vendront leur nouvelle caravane.
I will sell my business to my son. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vendrai mon entreprise à mon fils.
They will sell everything during the autumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils vendront tout pendant l’automne.
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LESSON 75 – LEÇON 75
DAYS OF THE WEEK – LES JOURS DE LA SEMAINE
Today it is Sunday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aujourd’hui, c’est dimanche.
Yesterday, it was Saturday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hier, c’était samedi.
Tomorrow, it will be Monday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demain, ce sera lundi.
The day after tomorrow [it] will be Tuesday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Après-demain, ce sera mardi.
The day before yesterday was Friday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avant-hier, c’était vendredi.
I went to the movie last Wednesday. [masculine] . . . . . . . . . . . Je suis allé au cinéma mercredi dernier.
There was a big party Thursday night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y a eu une grande fête jeudi soir.
My grandfather will be here [there] Tuesday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mon grand-père sera là mardi.
My grandmother left Monday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma grand-mère est partie lundi.
My nephew is going to arrive this Saturday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mon neveu va arriver ce samedi.
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In French, the days of the week and the months of the year are not capitalized (unless they begin a
sentence.)
“Le lundi”, “le mardi”, etc. are translator as “on Mondays”, “on Tuesdays”, etc…
LESSON 76 – LEÇON 76
MONTHS OF THE YEAR – LES MOIS DE L’ANNÉE
I traveled in France in January. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai voyagé en France en janvier.
In February the weather was very cold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En février, le temps était très froid.
In March, there was a lot of wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En mars, il y avait beaucoup de vent.
I drove from France to Germany in April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai conduit de France en Allemagne en avril.
I took the boat as far as Sweden in May. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai pris le bateau jusqu’en Suède en mai.
In June, I traveled by train in Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . En juin, j’ai voyagé en train en Norvège.
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LESSON 77 – LEÇON 77
AT THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE – CHEZ LE DOCTEUR
I need a doctor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai besoin d’un médecin.
as soon as possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le plus tôt possible
Do you know a good dentist? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connaissez-vous un bon dentiste?
What’s your problem? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quel est votre problème?
I’m very sick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je suis très malade.
I feel nauseous. / I have [the] nausea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai la nausée.
I [myself] don’t feel well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne me sens pas bien.
I have a pain here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai une douleur ici.
It hurts [me] here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cela me fait mal ici.
He has an injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il a une blessure.
49
50
LESSON 78 – LEÇON 78
AT THE DINNER TABLE – À TABLE
We have a reservation for seven o’clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous avons une réservation pour sept heures.
May I have a bottle of wine please? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puis-je avoir une bouteille de vin,
s’il vous plaît?
Pass me the vegetables, please. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passe-moi les légumes, s’il te plaît.
Bring me some mineral water, please. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apportez-moi de l’eau minérale,
s’il vous plaît.
Carbonated or non-carbonated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gazeuse ou non-gazeuse?
What are your specials today? / What is the dish of the day? . Quel est le plat du jour?
What is the specialty of the house? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quelle est la spécialité de la maison?
What time do you open for lunch? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A quelle heure ouvrez-vous pour
le déjeuner?
What time does the restaurant close? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A quelle heure le restaurant ferme-t-il?
What’s for dessert? / What is there for dessert? . . . . . . . . . . . . Qu’est-ce qu’il y a comme dessert?
one more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . encore un / encore une
51
Note: The French usually use milk (du lait) in their coffee, not cream.
LESSON 79 – LEÇON 79
PRONOMINAL VERBS – LES VERBES PRONOMINAUX
to wash oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se laver
I wash my car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je lave ma voiture.
I wash myself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je me lave.
We wash ourselves. / We wash each other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous nous lavons.
We see ourselves. / We see each other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous nous voyons.
You see yourselves. / You see each other. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . Vous vous voyez.
They see themselves. / They see each other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils se voient.
to recall to oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se rappeler / se souvenir de
53
This lesson shows several examples of pronominal verbs (verbs that use the personal object pronouns “me”,
“te”, “se”, “nous” or “vous”). The infinitive form of a pronominal verb is recognized by the “se” (or “s’ ” if
the following word starts with a vowel) which precedes the remainder of the verb. (For example: “se
54
LESSON 80 – LEÇON 80
PRONOMINAL VERBS – DES VERBES PRONOMINAUX
Will you get up early?
[L. Yourself will get up you early?] (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . Te lèveras-tu tôt?
When [yourself] will you get up? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quand te lèveras-tu?
to take a walk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se promener
I’m going [myself] to take a walk now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais me promener maintenant.
I [myself] will take a walk tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je me promènerai demain.
Are you going [yourself] to take
a walk this afternoon? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allez-vous vous promener cet après-midi?
[Yourself] will you take a walk tomorrow? (polite) . . . . . . . . . Vous promènerez-vous demain?
to go to bed / to put oneself to bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se coucher
We are going to bed. / We are putting ourselves to bed. . . . . . Nous nous couchons.
55
This lesson shows several examples of pronominal verbs (verbs that use pronouns as objects). The
infinitive form of a pronominal verb is recognized by the “se” (or “s’ ” if the following word starts with a
vowel) which precedes the remainder of the verb. (For example: “se rappeler”, “se lever”, “s’endormir”, “se
tordre”, “se fouler”, “se faire”, etc.) “Se” in this case refers to one’s “self’ or “each other”. There are two
categories of pronominal verbs, “reflexive” and “reciprocal”. A reflexive verb does the action to the subject
as in “I wash myself.” or “We wash ourselves.” A reciprocal verb always has a plural subject, and the
subjects do the action to each other as in “We wash each other.” or “They see each other.” The context of
the conversation usually makes it clear as to whether subjects are doing action to themselves or to each
other.
LESSON 81 – LEÇON 81
PRONOMINAL VERBS, PAST TENSE –
LES VERBES PRONOMINAUX, AU PASSÉ COMPOSÉ
I remembered. / I have remembered.
[L. I, to myself am reminded.] [masculine] . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je me suis rappelé.
57
In forming the past tense (passé composé) pronominal verbs are conjugated with the verb “être”. For
example, the sentence “I twisted my ankle” uses the reflexive verb “se tordre”. The translation is, “Je me
suis tordu la cheville.” The literal translation of this sentence is “I, to myself, am twisted the ankle.” This
may not make much sense at first, but if one thinks of the verb “être” as meaning “have”, then the literal
translation becomes “I, to myself, have twisted the ankle” which makes more sense. This alternate
translation is shown in brackets in some of the examples above.
When using a reflexive verb in the “passé composé” tense, the verb is conjugated with “être”, and the past
participle agrees in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with a preceding direct
object. (AAAGH!). For example: “réveillé” becomes “réveillée” (singular, feminine), “réveillés” (masculine
or mixed plural), or “réveillées” (feminine, plural). Often, for all practical purposes, this means the past
participle agrees with the subject. (Take heart, the French people also have difficulty with this.) There is
usually no effect on sound.
59
LESSON 83 – LEÇON 83
COLORS – LES COULEURS
I would like a red wine please. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais un vin rouge s’il vous plaît.
Do you like white wine? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aimez-vous le vin blanc?
the sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le ciel
The sky is very grey today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le ciel est très gris aujourd’hui.
the sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le coucher du soleil
The sky will be orange at sunset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le ciel sera orange au coucher du soleil.
The sky should be blue tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le ciel devrait être bleu demain.
I would like to buy a yellow shirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais acheter une chemise jaune.
the forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la forêt
The forest is very green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La forêt est très verte.
I don’t like the color purple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je n’aime pas la couleur violette.
The sky is very black at night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le ciel est très noir la nuit.
61
Since colors are usually adjectives, the spellings and pronunciations will often change depending on
whether a masculine or feminine object is being described. However, some colors are the same whether they
are masculine or feminine. (Modified colors such as “light brown” or “dark brown” retain the masculine
singular form.)
In French, brown objects are usually “marron”, while hair is usually “châtain” (chestnut), “brun”
62
In French, with body parts and clothes, one usually says “les cheveux” (the hair) instead of “mes cheveux”
(my hair) when there is little or no chance of mistaking whose body parts or clothes are being referred to.
LESSON 84 – LEÇON 84
ORDINAL NUMBERS – LES NOMBRES ORDINAUX
first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . premier / première
the second guest house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la deuxième pension
the third finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le troisième doigt
the fourth bed and breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la quatrième chambre d’hôte
He was the twelfth cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il était le douzième cuisinier.
She will be the seventeenth nurse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle sera la dix-septième infirmière.
I will be the twentieth driver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je serai le vingtième chauffeur.
You will be the twenty-first secretary. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . Tu seras la vingt-et-unième secrétaire.
You will be the twenty-second fireman. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . Vous serez le vingt-deuxième pompier.
It was my thirtieth birthday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C’était mon trentième anniversaire.
It will be their seventieth marriage anniversary. . . . . . . . . . . . Ce sera leur soixante-dixième
anniversaire de mariage.
I wrote my eightieth postcard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai écrit ma quatre-vingtième carte postale.
63
Abbreviations of ordinal numbers may appear, for example, as: 3ième or 3e.
64
LEVEL THREE
Learn In Your Car – French is the only language learning
system designed to teach a foreign language in your car as you
drive, without the aid of a textbook. However, for your
reference, this booklet contains the entire recorded text so that
you can see how the words are spelled. This booklet also con-
tains additional explanations which will be helpful to you if
you have trouble understanding some of the concepts in the
program.
ABOUT THIS COURSE
Learn In Your Car – French, Level Three is a continuation
of Learn In Your Car French, Level Two. Level Three begins
where Level Two ends. Level One is designed and organized
primarily with the traveler in mind. Level Two continues with
more complex vocabulary and grammar. Level Three intro-
duces more advanced grammar and vocabulary for the contin-
uing student. The following guidelines are used:
1. The basic premise is that communicating in a language
requires learning words, phrases and sentences: but you can't
learn to communicate effectively in a language unless you
know the individual meaning of each word.
2. The emphasis is on communication. Words, phrases or sen-
tences can be used to communicate. It is not always
necessary to use a complete sentence to convey a thought.
3. It teaches the way a child learns. Children start by learning
one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, etc. progress-
ing to more complex sentences as they learn more vocabulary
and grammar.
4. The important words you need to survive and get around are
taught first. Grammar is taught with examples rather than
rules.
5. Usually no more than one new word is introduced at a time.
(Level Three occasionally introduces more than one word
when it is easy to distinguish the new words.) This means you
won't hear a sentence or phrase and wonder which sound cor-
responds to which word. (Various forms of previously intro-
duced verbs are used along with new words.)
6. No textbook is required. The fact that no more than one new
word is introduced at a time enables you to use the CDs
effectively without referring to a textbook. The CDs are
designed to be used without a textbook so that you can use
them while driving a car or while doing other things that
require similar amounts of concentration.
7. Literal (word-for-word) translations are used as much as
possible. This enables you to understand how a sentence or
phrase is constructed and what the individual words mean.
HOW TO USE
“LEARN IN YOUR CAR – FRENCH”
The first track on the first disk is an introduction. Lessons start
on the following track.
Start by playing through the first lesson. For each expression
you will hear the English version followed by a pause, then the
French translation followed by a pause, then the French trans-
lation a second time followed by a third pause. At first, you
will only be able to imitate the French words in the two paus-
es after the French translations (the second and third pauses).
As you learn and progress, you will be able to recall and recite
the French version during the first pause before you hear the
first French translation. Be sure to speak the French expres-
sions out loud. The rate at which you learn will be significant-
ly slower if you do not speak the expressions aloud.
Play the first lesson several times until you learn most of it.
Then start playing the first lesson followed by the second
lesson until you learn most of the second lesson. As you
progress keep adding lessons. Always go back to the beginning
of the first lesson to reinforce the material you have already
learned. (As you progress through the material, you may want
to restart at some place other than the start of the first lesson.
This is fine as long as you know all the material ahead of your
starting point. Later lessons are designed with the assumption
that you already know the material in earlier lessons.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Paul Schwarzbart, Julie Frame, Annette
Norris and Linda Rabin who helped to make this audio pro-
duction possible.
—Hank Raymond and Bill Frame
LESSON 86 – LEÇON 86
MORE COMPUTER VOCABULARY –
PLUS DE VOCABULAIRE POUR LES ORDINATEURS
the mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . la souris
This mouse doesn’t roll well on the table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cette souris ne roule pas bien sur la table.
the keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le clavier
That keyboard is dirty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ce clavier est sale.
We can’t do the job because we don’t have a scanner. . . . . . . Nous ne pouvons pas faire le travail parce
que nous n’avons pas de scanner.
Which icon is the right one? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quelle icône est la bonne?
My brother prefers a laptop computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mon frère préfère un ordinateur portable.
LESSON 87 – LEÇON 87
TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION – LA TECHNOLOGIE EN ACTION
to plug in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brancher
Where do I plug in my computer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Où est-ce que je branche mon ordinateur?
to recharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . recharger
batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les piles / les batteries
Don’t forget to recharge the batteries. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . N’oublie pas de recharger les piles.
The computer doesn’t work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L’ordinateur ne marche pas.
to connect / to log on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se connecter
I cannot connect to the internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne peux pas me connecter à l’internet.
We need technical assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous avons besoin d’une assistance
technique.
to delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . supprimer / effacer
4
LESSON 88 – LEÇON 88
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES – LE COMPARATIF DES ADJECTIFS
This pair of pants is expensive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ce pantalon est cher.
It is more expensive than this pair of underpants. . . . . . . . . . . Il est plus cher que ce slip.
It is less expensive than this raincoat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il est moins cher que cet imperméable.
It is as expensive as this coat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il est aussi cher que cette veste.
This beach is beautiful. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cette plage est belle.
It is more beautiful than our beaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle est plus belle que nos plages.
But it is less beautiful than the other one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mais elle est moins belle que l’autre.
5
Comparisons in French are formed by placing “plus”, “moins” or “aussi” before the adjective to be
compared to show that a person or thing has “more”, “less” or the “same” degree of that quality. For
example: “Les fleurs sont jolies.” (The flowers are pretty.); “Les fleurs sont plus jolies que les légumes.”
(The flowers are prettier than the vegetables.”); “Le train est moins cher que l’avion.” (The train is less
expensive than the plane.); “Les plages sont aussi belles que les montagnes.” (The beaches are as beautiful
as the mountains.)
LESSON 89 – LEÇON 89
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS – LE COMPARATIF DES ADVERBES
Do you often telephone [to] your sister? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . Téléphones-tu souvent à ta soeur?
I went more often to the museums than to the movies. . . . . . . J’allais plus souvent aux musées qu’au
cinéma.
Marie will read less often than I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marie lira moins souvent que moi.
7
The French pronoun “on” literally means “one” as in “How does one say...?” However, the French use this
pronoun frequently to mean “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “we” or “they”. The pronoun “on” is always conjugated
in the third person singular regardless of what it means. Many of the following lessons in this text use “on”
in this manner.
Comparisons of adverbs are similar to those of adjectives, that is one does something “more rapidly”,
“less rapidly” or “as rapidly as” someone else. The comparison for “well” (bien) is irregular just as it is in
English: “better” (mieux).
LESSON 90 – LEÇON 90
SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS –
LE SUPERLATIF DES ADJECTIFS ET DES ADVERBES
She had the prettiest garden in [L. of] the town. . . . . . . . . . . . Elle avait le plus joli jardin de la ville.
We will see the most beautiful castles of Europe. . . . . . . . . . . Nous verrons les plus beaux châteaux
d’Europe.
9
The superlative adds “le”, “la” or “les” as appropriate before “plus” or “moins”. For example, “le plus cher”
(the most expensive), or “la moins belle” (the least beautiful). Just as in English, the French comparisons
and superlatives for the adjectives “good” (bon), “better” (meilleur) and “best” (le meilleur) are irregular,
10
LESSON 91 – LEÇON 91
THE PRONOUNS “Y” AND “EN” – LES PRONOMS “Y” ET “EN”
My car is in the garage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma voiture est dans le garage.
My car is there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma voiture y est.
It is there. (feminine object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elle y est.
My suitcases are at the hotel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mes valises sont à l’hôtel.
They are there. (feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elles y sont.
We are at home this evening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous sommes chez nous ce soir.
We will be there after seven o’clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous y serons après sept heures.
Are you at work now? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etes-vous au travail maintenant?
What time are you there in the morning? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . A quelle heure y êtes-vous le matin?
I always go to the movies on Tuesdays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais toujours au cinéma le mardi.
11
LESSON 92 – LEÇON 92
MORE EXPRESSIONS WITH NEGATIVES – PLUS D’EXPRESSIONS DE NÉGATION
I don’t have the key to the house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je n’ai pas la clé de la maison.
We have never taken the train. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous n’avons jamais pris le train.
There were no more tickets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il n’y avait plus de billets.
The waitress has not arrived yet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La serveuse n’est pas encore arrivée.
They don’t sell that anywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On ne vend ça nulle part.
You don’t like cigarettes. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu n’aimes pas les cigarettes.
You won’t like the cigars either. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu n’aimeras pas les cigares non plus.
Don't you know anyone in Lyon? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ne connaissez-vous personne à Lyon?
Nobody came. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personne n’est venu.
13
As you can hear, the common element in all negative expressions is “ne” which always goes before the
verb (and any object pronouns). Negative sentences always contain two elements of negation. The first ele-
ment is “ne” which precedes the verb and any object pronouns. The second element follows the verb. There
are many words which can be used as second elements. The most common of these is “pas” as in “ne…
(verb)… pas” which is used to turn a positive statement into a negative statement.
14
“Rien” (nothing) and “personne” (no one, nobody) may be subjects of a verb as in English. If there is no
verb, as in short, conversational expressions, there is no “ne”. For example, “pas encore” (not yet), “pas
souvent” (not often), “pas toujours” (not always), “pas du tout” (not at all), “pas moi” (not me), “pas toi”
(not you), “personne de célèbre” (no one famous), “rien de cher” (nothing expensive), “jamais” (never),
“plus jamais” (never more), “aucun homme” (no man), “aucune femme” (no woman), “moi non plus” (me
neither).
LESSON 93 – LEÇON 93
CONCEPTS OF TIME – DES CONCEPTS DE TEMPS
How long have you been here? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depuis quand êtes-vous ici?
I’ve been here since this morning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je suis ici depuis ce matin.
How long have they been living in Marseille? . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depuis quand habitent-ils à Marseille?
They have been living there for six months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils y habitent depuis six mois.
How long have you been skiing? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depuis combien de temps skiez-vous?
I’ve been skiing for seven years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je skie depuis sept ans.
How long have you been looking for a cab? (polite) . . . . . . . . Combien de temps y a-t-il que vous
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French uses the present tense to express something begun in the past but still going on, whereas English
uses the present perfect (progressive). For example, French speakers would say, “We are skiing here since
Tuesday.” whereas English speakers would say “We have been skiing here since Tuesday.” Likewise, French
uses the imperfect tense to express something begun in the past that continued up to another point in the
past. English uses the pluperfect (progressive) tense. For example, in French one would say, “He was
working since two days.” whereas in English one says, “He had been working for two days.”
How long do you work each day? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combien de temps travaillez-vous
chaque jour?
I work for four hours at the hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je travaille pendant quatre heures à l’hôpital.
How long did you stay in Paris? (polite) [plural] . . . . . . . . . . . Combien de temps êtes-vous restés à Paris?
We stayed there for one month five years ago. . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous y sommes restés pendant un mois
il y a cinq ans.
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“Combien de temps” and “pendant” suggest a period, or block of time that is or was spent on an activity
as part of a normal schedule or a single event. “Pour” is generally used to indicate periods of time in the
future. As in English, “pendant” and “pour” may be implied rather than expressed. For example, “They
swim [for] an hour or two.” (Ils nagent [pendant] une heure ou deux.)
We will do it when we [L. will] have the money. . . . . . . . . . . Nous le ferons quand nous aurons l’argent.
They will come when they [L. will be able] can. . . . . . . . . . . Ils viendront quand ils pourront.
As soon as you [L. will] finish, you will know
the answer. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aussitôt que vous finirez, vous saurez
la réponse.
Go see the Louvre museum when you
[L. will] go to Paris. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allez voir le musée du Louvre lorsque
vous irez à Paris.
French uses the future tense whenever future time is expressed or merely implied, while English uses the
present tense. Rationale: If it hasn’t happened yet, it’s not past tense; if it’s not happening now or
regularly, it’s not present tense; so, it must be “future”. Some words that frequently imply future in French
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LESSON 94 – LEÇON 94
THE CONDITIONAL TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS –
LES VERBES RÉGULIERS AU CONDITIONNEL
I would buy the candy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’achèterais les bonbons.
You would buy the flowers. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu achèterais les fleurs.
He would look for work there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y chercherait du travail.
We would work anywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous travaillerions n’importe où.
You would take them to your house. (plural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous les emmèneriez chez vous.
They would decide the soonest possible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elles décideraient le plus tôt possible.
Would you like to watch the football game? (polite) . . . . . . . . Aimeriez-vous regarder le match de football?
Would he prefer [L. would like better] to dine later? . . . . . . . . Aimerait-il mieux dîner plus tard?
I would not rent that apartment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ne louerais pas cet appartement.
I would build the house near the lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je bâtirais la maison près du lac.
You would finish them before tomorrow. (familiar) . . . . . . . . Tu les finirais avant demain.
Mary would burn in the sun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marie brûlerait au soleil.
We would tan [L. We would brown] there. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous y brunirions.
Would you choose a wine from Burgundy? (polite) . . . . . . . . Choisiriez-vous un vin de Bourgogne?
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In French the conditional of regular and irregular verbs is formed by adding the endings of the imperfect
tense (Lessons 51 - 56) to the future stem (Lessons 69 - 74). There are no exceptions. For example:
LESSON 95 – LEÇON 95
THE CONDITIONAL OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS –
DES VERBES COMMUNS IRRÉGULIERS AU CONDITIONNEL
I would have my wallet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’aurais mon portefeuille.
You would have time after five o’clock. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . Vous auriez du temps après cinq heures.
There wouldn’t be any difficulty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il n’y aurait pas de difficulté.
Would you be at home Friday? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serais-tu chez toi vendredi?
We would be on the road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous serions en route.
They would go with us. (feminine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elles iraient avec nous.
Why would you go to Monte Carlo? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pourquoi iriez-vous à Monte-Carlo?
I would do my best. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je ferais de mon mieux.
You would do the repair. (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vous feriez la réparation.
Who would be able to help us with the furniture? . . . . . . . . . . Qui pourrait nous aider avec les meubles?
After five o’clock you could accompany me. (familiar) . . . . . Après cinq heures tu pourrais
m’accompagner.
I would like to open the windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je voudrais ouvrir les fenêtres.
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SOME FUTURE STEMS AND ENDINGS SOME CONDITIONAL STEMS AND ENDINGS:
Je parlerai. (I will speak.) Je parlerais. (I would speak.)
Tu finiras. (You will finish.) Tu finirais. (You would finish.)
Il attendra. (He will wait.) Il attendrait. (He would wait.)
Nous aurons. (We will have.) Nous aurions. (We would have.)
Vous serez. (You will be.) Vous seriez. (You would be.)
Ils feront. (They will do.) Ils feraient. (They would finish.)
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“Venir de” in the present tense followed by an infinitive means “to have just done something” recently: five
minutes ago, a few days ago, moments ago. How recent is “recent”, as in English, depends on how you, the
speaker, see it. In English the past indefinite is used. For example, “I have just seen her.” and “I just saw
her.” translate to “Je viens de la voir.”
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LESSON 97 – LEÇON 97
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY – EXPRESSIONS DE QUANTITÉ
We will need a dozen eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous aurons besoin d’une douzaine d’oeufs.
I always have about 20 aspirin tablets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai toujours une vingtaine de
comprimés d’aspirine.
About a hundred travelers were at the ticket window. . . . . . . . Une centaine de voyageurs étaient
au guichet.
Half the population played. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La moitié de la population a joué.
We ate two-thirds of the cake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On a mangé deux tiers du gâteau.
Three quarters of the fruit were strawberries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trois quarts des fruits étaient des fraises.
They would walk one-eighth of the distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils marcheraient un huitième de la distance.
There is still a half liter of olive oil remaining. . . . . . . . . . . . . Il reste toujours un demi-litre d’huile d’olive.
There is at least a bottle and a half of vinegar. . . . . . . . . . . . . Il y a au moins une bouteille et demie de
vinaigre.
I’m going to order a glass of lemonade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je vais commander un verre de citron pressé.
Do you have a sheet [leaf] of paper? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est-ce que vous avez une feuille de papier?
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By now you will have noticed the rather frequent use of the subject pronoun “on” used in the third person
singular (“il”, “elle”, and now “on”). “On” is a very general subject and properly used when there is no
specific subject in mind. However, in everyday spoken French you will hear (and use) “on” quite often,
even when the subject is specific. As such, it translates as “One”, “people”, “they”, “you”, and “we”.
For example, “Où va-t-on?” can translate variously as “Where are they going?”, “Where are we going?”,
“Where do you go?’, “Where does one go?’, “Where do people go?”. The context or situation usually
makes it very clear, and there is little chance of confusion. You will probably get to like “on”. It is very
handy.
LESSON 98 – LEÇON 98
THE MANY MOODS OF “DEVOIR” –
LES TEMPS ET LES SENS DU VERBE “DEVOIR”
I’m supposed to be at home this evening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Je dois être chez moi ce soir.
You are supposed to work tomorrow. (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . . Tu dois travailler demain.
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The verb “devoir” used as an auxiliary verb with an infinitive usually expresses moral obligation or mild
necessity. It may also express probability in the present tense or in the “passé composé”. The meaning of
“devoir” varies with the tense:
(Présent) Je dois attendre. I must wait; I’m supposed to wait; I have to wait.
(Imparfait) Je devais attendre. I was supposed to wait; I had to wait.
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Note: Followed by a noun, “devoir” means “to owe”. This all goes to show that “devoir” is indeed a
“moody” verb!
LESSON 99 – LEÇON 99
EXPRESSIONS WITH “AVOIR” – EXPRESSIONS AVEC “AVOIR”
I’m hungry because I haven’t eaten lunch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J’ai faim parce que je n’ai pas déjeuné.
We have some cider. Are you thirsty? (familiar) . . . . . . . . . . . Nous avons du cidre. As-tu soif?
He will be warm [hot] in front of the fireplace. . . . . . . . . . . . Il aura chaud devant la cheminée.
We will not be cold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nous n’aurons pas froid.
It was late. Weren’t you sleepy? (polite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il était tard. N’aviez-vous pas sommeil?
The priest was seventy years old. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le curé avait soixante-dix ans.
They were right, it’s beautiful. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ils avaient raison, c’est beau.
You would be wrong to leave before dinner. (polite) . . . . . . . . Vous auriez tort de partir avant le dîner.
Who is afraid of snakes? [L. Who has fear of snakes?] . . . . . . Qui a peur des serpents?
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The verb “avoir” (to have) is often used in French where the verb “to be” is used in English. It may be
used in any tense. A note of caution! It can be embarrassing to use “être” mistakenly with “chaud” (hot)
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32
35
Names of continents, countries, provinces, and well-known states (USA) whose names are “feminine” end
in “-e” (France, Italie, Californie). To indicate “to”, “at”, or “in” these large geographical divisions “en” is
used in French. Those countries, etc. whose names are “masculine” do not end in “-e”. The only exception
is “le Mexique” (the country of Mexico.) (“Mexico City” is called “Mexico”.) To indicate “to”, “at”, or “in”
before the names of these geographical entities, “au” is used in French (au Canada, au Brésil, au Mexique,
au Pérou). Reminder: “au” = “à” + “le”. For the few countries whose names are plural, use “aux” to express
“to”, “at”, or “in” (aux Etats-Unis). Reminder: “aux” “à” + “les”.
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Conversely, one expresses “from” with “de” (de la Turquie, de la Floride, de la Lorraine, du Maroc, du
Chili, du Japon, de Paris, de Vienne [Vienna])
Less well-known states (USA) are often treated with the formula “dans l’état de…” For example, “dans
l’état de Wisconsin” (in the state of Wisconsin).
The islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe are overseas “départements” of France and bear the same
relationship to that country as do Alaska and Hawaii to the U.S., that is they are legally part of France, but
geographically detached. They are introduced by “à la…” or “de la…”. For other worldwide combinations,
ask your (French) travel agent!
Alsace, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Champagne, Lorraine, Normandie, and Provence, are some of the names
of the provinces of France before the French Revolution of 1789. Subsequently they were broken up into
smaller divisions, “départements”, whose names usually reflect a significant geographical feature of the
department. For example, “Maine et Loire” is named for those two important rivers. However, one still
hears the names of the old provinces, especially when references are made to one’s place of birth or to
regional stereotypes. You might hear for example that, “Everyone knows that Bretons (from la Bretagne) are
stubborn woodenheads!”
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The impersonal verb “falloir” has only one subject (“il”) in all tenses where it is used. “Falloir” is used with
an infinitive when the point of the sentence is general rather than specific. For example, “One must… ,”
“People in general must… ,” “You (in general) have to… ,” “It is necessary…”. In the negative, it has the
sense of “One must not do this or that.” “Falloir” is stronger than “devoir.” “Devoir” may suggest choice
or moral obligation. “Falloir” basically offers no choice: you must do this or that; you simply have to do it
or face undesirable consequences. Used with an expression of time and an indirect object, it indicates how
long something “takes to do” or will take to do. For example, “II me faut cinq minutes pour me raser.” (It
takes me five minutes to shave.) With a noun and indirect object, it indicates whom or what is needed or
lacking “to somebody”, i.e. what or whom they need. For example, “il me fallait une clé anglaise.” (I need-
ed a monkey-wrench.)
Presented here are the seven most common of the nine irregular verbs that have obviously unfamiliar forms
in the present tense subjunctive mood. (The other two are “falloir”: “qu’il faille” = “that it be necessary”
and “valoir”: “qu’il vaille” = “that it be worth.”)
Whereas “être”, “avoir”, “aller” and “vouloir” change stems in the “nous” and “vous” forms, you may note
with relief that “faire,” “pouvoir,” and “savoir” at least keep the same root form all the way through.
French recognizes five principal “moods” of language or “manners” or “ways” of looking at a situation:
- the indicative - which “indicates” facts in the present, past, or future tenses
- the imperative - the command
- the infinitive - which some consider more like a noun and whose refinements need not concern
us here
- the conditional - which in English we tend to regard more as a tense
- the subjunctive
The subjunctive exists in English - If I were you… Long live the king!… Be he alive or be he dead… - but
its use is becoming more and more restricted and ever less important. The subjunctive plays a much more
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Note that “subjunctive” means literally “sub-joined” to something else (in this case a main clause connected
by “que”); that it is always in a dependent clause; and that the subject in the main clause is always different
from the subject in the dependent (subjunctive) clause.
Once you recognize that the subjunctive mood must be used, it is relatively easy to form. The root for
regular and irregular verbs (other than the nine irregular verbs previously introduced) is the same as for the
third person plural form of the present tense indicative: “Ils”. The endings are a mix of old friends:
44
In the case of many verbs, particularly “-er” verbs, the new forms will look and sound exactly the same as
in the present indicative. But remember, they are not; they are in the subjunctive mood.
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Some verbs, like “croire,” may show doubt in questions. For example, “Croyez-vous qu’il pleuve?” (Do
you believe that it’s going to rain?) The same verb may not show doubt in a negative question. For example,
“Ne croyez-vous pas qu’il va pleuvoir?” (Don’t you believe it’s going to rain?) (Implied: of course you do!)
Notice that the first sentence (which expresses doubt) uses the subjunctive, but the second sentence (which
does not express doubt) uses the indicative.
Yes, the “nous” and “vous” forms of some of these irregular verbs (prendre, voir, venir, boire, recevoir) do
indeed break the pattern (…“que je prenne,” …“que nous prenions”), and they have been grouped at the
beginning of this lesson for easier learning. Right again! The “nous” and “vous” forms look and sound the
same as the imperfect tense, but they, too, are in the subjunctive and are not to be confused with anything
else.
Here is a summary of the more common verbs, conjunctions, and impersonal expressions that are followed
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50
Reminder - “Subjunctive” means literally “sub-joined” to something else. There must be three elements
present to require the subjunctive:
(1) a “trigger” phrase showing necessity, doubt, etc.
(2) a dependent clause starting with “that…” (“que…”)
(3) a different subject in the “trigger” and “que…” clauses
For example:
“She wants - that - you… ” “Elle veut - que - vous… ”
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
“We would like you to do it.” = “We would like that you do it” = “Nous voudrions que tu le fasses.”
51
There are, of course, more refinements concerning the use of the subjunctive mood, but they are beyond the
scope of our work here.
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The past subjunctive is formed just like the “passé composé” indicative, except that the auxiliary verbs
(“avoir” and “être”) are in the subjunctive.
There is no future subjunctive; the present tense takes care of any future idea as well as present. For
example, “Crois-tu qu’elle puisse jouer?” (Do you believe that she will be able to play?)
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“Ce” (which can mean he, she, it, this, that, they, these, and those!) is used as the subject of the verb “être”
before nouns, modified nouns, proper nouns (including dates), pronouns and superlative nouns (expressed or
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“C’est” becomes “Ce sont” before a plural noun or pronoun in the third person. For example, “Ce sont des
films italiens.” (They are Italian films.), “Ce sont eux.” (It is they.) However, do not be surprised to hear the
singular (“C’est” or “C’était”) used with plurals, for although such usage is not grammatically correct, it is
not uncommon. For example, “C’est la poubelle.” (It’s the garbage can.), “C’est les éboueurs.” (It’s the trash
collectors.) In any case, the interrogative for both “c’est” and “ce sont” is “est-ce.” For example, “Est-ce les
fleurs qui te font éternuer?” (Is it the flowers that are making you sneeze?)
Used with a masculine singular adjective referring to ideas or actions already mentioned (i.e., more “nouns”)
“ce” means “it” or “that.” For example, “Des hommes dans la lune? C’est merveilleux!” (Men on the moon?
That’s marvelous!) To express disbelief or doubt, one often hears or uses “C’est pas vrai!”, which is not
grammatically correct, but is quite acceptable in conversation.
Used with an adjective plus “à” and the infinitive of a verb, “ce” has a passive sense. For example, “C’est
agréable à entendre.” (That’s nice to hear.) When the verb does have a direct object, use impersonal “il” and
“de.” For example, “Il est agréable d’entendre cette musique.” (It’s nice to hear that music.)
When nouns are not the issue, use “il”, “elle”, “ils”, “elles.” For example, “C’est un jeune homme. Il est
gentil.” (He is a young man. He’s nice.), “Est-ce Marie ou Sophie? Elle est charmante.” (Is it Mary or
Sophie? She’s charming.) Don’t forget - the adjectives will agree with the nouns they modify.
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In most cases the infinitive is the only verb form that follows prepositions in French. Numerous verbs in
French require the prepositions “à” or “de” when they “govern” (come before) an infinitive of another verb.
The verbs used here are representative. You may consult any college-level text under the heading “the
Infinitive” for complete lists of verbs in each category, but those presented here give a strong start.
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The sentences above show several examples of adjectives and nouns that require “à” or “de” before
infinitives. “à” in front of an infinitive can suggest passivity or purpose. It is also part of certain idioms
which you learn as they come up. There is a neat distinction offered by the use of “à” and “de”: “Il est
facile d’imaginer” (Imagining is easy.) and “C’est facile à imaginer” (That [idea] is easy to imagine.)
This group of sentences above show examples of the infinitive of verbs which follow prepositions other
than “à” or “de”. (Prepositions such as “avant de” and “au lieu de” are complete expressions, not consid-
ered the same as “à” or “de” alone.) The infinitive is the only verb form that follows prepositions in French
(except for “en” which is followed by the present participle: “en allant” [by going], “en écrivant” [while
writing]). Common prepositions that “govern” or come before infinitives include “par” (by), “après” (after),
and “sans” (without) as well as “à” and “de”.
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