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Poisoning & Thermal Emergencies

Poisoning & Thermal Emergencies

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Pranjali Mewar128
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4K views38 pages

Poisoning & Thermal Emergencies

Poisoning & Thermal Emergencies

Uploaded by

Pranjali Mewar128
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRESENTED BY

SEEMA BISHT
B.SC NURSING
4TH SEM
 CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 EPIDEMOLOGY
 ETIOLOGY
 TYPES
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
 DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
 MANAGEMENT
 PREVENTATION
 NURSING DIAGNOSES
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
 A poison is any substance that, when
ingested, inhaled, absorbed, applied to skin,
or produced within the body in relatively
small amounts, injures the body by its
chemical action.

 The branch of medicine the deals with the


detection and treatment of poisons is known
as toxicology
 Definition
 Poisoning represents the harmful effects on the human body
of accidental or intentional exposure to toxic amounts of any
substance.
EPIDEMOLOGY
As of 1 January 2023, only 47% of WHO Member States had a
poisons center

 The World Health Organization estimated that 640


thousand people had died annually due to poisoning, of
which, majority deaths occurred in low-income and middle-
income countries.

 Even in the United States, fifty five poison control centers


reported nearly 2.2 million cases of exposures to poison.
 Acutepesticide poisoning is one of the most
common causes of international deaths
worldwide

 In INDIA -
 National Crime Bureau of India has reported
in Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India 2021
that : -
In 2021, more than one person per 1
Lakh population in India died due to
unintentional poisoning.
ETIOLOGY
 Poisoning may result from accident or suicide
attempts
 Accidental poisoning usually involves common
substances such as medications, petroleum,
cosmetics and pesticides.
 Bites : Snakes, Lizards, Spiders, Scorpions, Insect,
forms produce a toxin called venom.
 A poison may act as an irritant, destroying skin and
other body tissues. A poisoning gas can act as
suffocating agent, displacing oxygen in the air.
TYPES OF POISONING

 Ingested Poisoning

 Food Poisoning

 Inhaled Poisoning

 Injected Poisoning

 Absorbed Poisoning
Inhaled Poisoning
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
• Complete history and physical examination.

• CBC/TLC

• LFT/KFT

• Biopsy

• Chest X-RAY

• ECG
MANAGEMENT
 TREATMENT OBJECTIVE –

1. To Maintain Normal vital sign.


2. To Prevent and reduce
absorption.
3. To enhance elimination.
4. To relieve symptoms.
5. To prevent further organ damage
or impairment with delay.
 Non Pharmacological Treatment –

1. Ensure airway are patent.

2. Remove contaminated clothing, if necessary.

3. Carry out gastric lavage or aspiration within the


first 1 hour after the event or later if it involves
slow release or highly toxins substances.
 Pharmacological Management –

1. For hypoglycaemia glucose IV- 25 to 50


ml of 50% over 1 – 3 minutes.

2. For opioids overdose Naloxone, IV


For Adult – 0.4 to 2mg, repeat every 2-3 minute
(maximum 10 mg).

For Children – 10 micro/kg stat, subsequent. Dose of 100


micro/kg if no response to initial dose.

3. If IV root is not feasible Naloxone given as SC or IM.


 Surgical Management –

1. In case of esophageal or gastric perforation.


2. Gastric Surgery may be done through
laparoscopy or open surgery.

Nursing Management –

1. Check level of consciousness.


2. Maintain an open airway and check respiration.
3. Monitor vital signs.
4. Don’t give anything by mouth, if the patient is
having a seizure.
5.Keep suction equipment ready.
PREVENTION
 Over 90% of unintentional poisoning deaths are
caused by drugs & medicine. Keep medications up,
away and out of sight.

 Keep products in their original, labelled containers.


Store food and drinks in a separate place from
medicine and cleaners.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Imbalanced Nutrition : Less than Body
Requirements.

 Disturbed Sleep Pattern.

 Activity Intolerance.

 Ineffective Breathing Pattern.

 Risk for Infection.


THERMAL
EMERGENCIES
INTRODUCTION
 Thermal emergencies are the emergencies which result
from exposure to extreme temperature. It includes heat
stroke and frost bite.

 Thermal or Heat emergencies fall into three categories of


increasing severity: Heat Stroke, Heat exhaustion and heat
cramps.

 Heat emergencies are caused by prolonged exposure to


extreme heat.

 The following are common Heat Emergencies : Alcohol


Use, Dehydration, Heart Disease, High Temperature and
Humidity.
EPIDEMOLOGY
 A total of 252 deaths were reported
in the first half of 2023 (till June 30),
up from only 33 fatalities in the same
period last year.

 In 2021, states and UTs either did not


record or reported zero death due to
heat waves. The data further revealed
that heat waves resulted in 2,040
deaths in 2015.
HEAT STROKE
 It is life threatening emergency
that occurs when that body’s
temperature regulating
mechanisms fall during
exposure to heat. It is also
known as sun stroke.

 Heat stroke often occurs as a


progression from milder heat
related illnesses such as:

1. Heat Cramps
2. Heat syncope (fainting)
3. Heat Exhaustion
ETIOLOGY/ RISK FACTORS

 Excessive exposure to heat is the main cause of heat


stroke.

 Exertional heat stroke, more common in physically


active individuals.

 AGE : Infants and children up to age 4, and adults over


age 65, as they adjust to heat more slowly than other
people
 Medical disorders associated with heart, lung, or kidney
disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes,
mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn and any
conditions that cause fever.

 Medications:

a. Antihistamines
b. Diuretics
c. Sedatives
d. Tranquilizers
e. Stimulants
f. Anticonvulsants
g. CVS medications such as beta-blockers and vasoconstrictors.
h. Antidepressants and antipsychotics
i. Cocaine and methamphetamine also are associated with
increased risk of heat stroke.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1. Core body temperature above 104 degrees
Fahrenheit.
2. Fainting.
3. Deep then shallow breathing.
4. Tachycardia, hot and dry skin.
5. Throbbing headache.
6. Dizziness and light headedness.
7. Lack of sweating despite the heat
8. Red, Hot and Dry Skin.
9. Muscle weakness or cramps.
10. Nausea and vomiting.
DIGNOSTIC EVALUATION
1. Complete Health history and physical
examination.

2. Body Temperature.

3. Blood Test.

4. Urine Test.

5. Muscle function Test.


MANAGEMENT

1. Identify and treat the underlying cause.

2. Monitor vital signs.

3. Provide well ventilated room.

4. Encourage patient for fluid intake.

5. Monitor Urine output.

6. Reassure the patient.


 Nursing Management :

1. Assess the level of consciousness

2. Monitor body temperature.

3. Cooling: Quickly moves the patient to a cool


environment.

4. Place cool compresses or ice packs on the head, neck,


axilla and groin.

5. Rapid cooling for heat stroke is recommended.

6. FLUIDS: Patients with heat cramps or heat exhaustion


should be given fluids containing electrolytes.
7. Large volumes are usually required to prevent heat
exhaustion from deteriorating into heat stroke.

8. Observe for signs and symptoms of heat stroke.

9. Assess level of anxiety and provide information about


heat stroke and its prevention.
PREVENTION
NURSING DIAGNOSES
 Acute Pain.

 Risk for Ineffective Perfusion (Cerebral,


Cardiac or Renal)

 Risk for Confusion.

 Risk for Injury.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Book Reference :
 Kaur Lakhwinder, Medical Surgical Nursing, Lotus
Publisher, First Edition-2022.
 Kumari MJ, Adult Health Nursing II, Jayhel brothers, 1 st
Edition 2022.

 Net Reference :
 https://nhsrcindia.org
 www.nurseslab.com
 http.//slideshare.com

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