Ejercicio L

a) Is the
operator that represents how a ket evolles in time

d'How does the state of the let

changes under a temporal
to -t ? The evolution
operator tell us
b
displacement Ult MIt IP(toLL
,
to) is
defined/INLH) =
,
to)

by
Let's consider

that our initial state let normalized to This must normalized

unity
is rmain
.
at later
to
unity -Probability continuinity
all times

< 4(to) /P(to) =

1 =5 4 ( + /PLH) =
1

141H) = Y It , to) /4 (toLL

*
34(H14LH) =
1 =
<4(to)/ktUltito) 14 (tk
1

and thus probability conservation

&

This
property
&

· ,

garanted if operator
the time
unitary
is evolution is

Conclusion i
to the
problability be
unitary
: in order consue >
-
must

a) 141H) = Ult , to) /PLtoLL

schrö in /4LHL #T/4(HL

eg
=
:

It Ultito)
in-Ult to) ,
14 Hol)
- -
=
/4(tolL

calquiera
e
↳ just
&

we can

inder focus
equality
in the

of the
operators
* Ult, tol
in Ult to) =

A
 d) The for the
Pyson
seres
provides perturbative a
expansion
H
time evolution
operator in towms
of
the

the formal
by
salution
given
is :

Ultitol =
1
+ E1/-nfdt , dt ...

/En + (+1 ) #(tz) ... Fit e

for In order will be

-A (Fot It
t

Ultitol =
1
-I Elt. dtn , 2
+ (+ 1) +e
e
The term time
2nd-order involus
integrating possible our all

Hamiltonians
orderings of
the 2
product of .

es
= n
; i ?

in
EUcLito) =
Multito). If HAGLA ,
the solution is

- "It-to)
iH
-

Últi = e Es

-
X

Urt
n

esta
aplicaré
( (
< 1 UIPC 24/U(2 > =

exponencial a

< 11 * L 2 2141d >

914) ,
14
>4
How does -t projects in 10) (()) ?

I #i
we know how acts in 103 Since =

18 . N = 5 A.

--

The
arbitrary vector can be written like

n = (sino cas 4 ,
sino sind ,
sa

But we have si in an
exponential
-it -i in
ez
-
t
e e =

that
will
try to rewrite this
exponential
We it will
may
in a

be how the evolution acts 1* > 16 >

clear
operator in ,
 -it >
-
e
*

=L i

-#5N = 18N
Fitt
Let's start
studying
the part * LEN)"

n 0
=

+ 1

n 1
"P
=

sinte

(
cost
- -

5 n . =

1 sinde"P-lost

*
sinteti en
18.N
sinded) Sinteio-cosa)
cost

1 aso
= =

Coste"-soco

( Til-coste (
O + S0

(i)
= c

=
= 1
O

320 + 220

3 =
B (8 n)
(18)
.
= En e

& odd

4
Parett #
(E N) "I
n >
-

n senar >
-
5 N
.
>
- even

I
separo
en
parlie
e
5.5
-- =

Etit 1 18 E

te

↳ent
2n + 1
t
=
E Lin ti ,
Lin =
n
(- il
!I
b .
↓ #
C+ C ·
jan Hist . i = ( - 1) [
.

1 - 12

-En
+1
2) (t / 2)2n

EN(tin)
1 -

= + ie e
h (In + 1) !

cos + /2 /
12)
+

- it 8 F
-

(5.)
-I =
cos1 + 2) + i sin (H(2)
 i
The
spin opelator projected in an
arbitrary direction would be

'.F
5 =
Si =
Sinocos Sxt Sinosindby +
cs0Sz =

= [ socp) , ) 20sp10-) -i)

+ + co
10

-[0 50ck) (0-isos0) 10 e

+ +

[C0 Sinolcoserisinoly
I

/co Sindeo en
sino [cosb + ising] o

Figenectors of this
operator In

e "P12

I sineie ( I (
-P P12
IÑ
-

In i sin 8, 2
Cos
- e L =
-

,
= ,

"d
cas e

El2 -Fly
Eigenvalves : +
,

end what have

At the ,
we in the
exponential expression is

-
=

>
- O .
A

d
*
>
-
s .
n
. =

[. J 1 ,
4 = + 1 In , > [ . ]litL = -
1 In , +7

3515 /
4 = 15,
473
Salid =
-In ,>

they share the same

eigenectors

-
 -5 -
5
cas(ta) + : (5 5) sin (H(2) = Ult O)
-
= .

14 ( + ) U ( +, 0) / 4 (0) >
Definición =

Urt
n

( (
< ↑1U/4( 24/U(2 > =

< 11 * L 2 2141d >

= (apt) +
isin() E .

7)( =
Cast/
+
is)

mosiogolei
/I P L 441 isin()(lTL
(4)(s(14) /aso
= + =

Cost(NI +
(s(t) N) /N)
=
E .
=

as()
=
+
isin(N)ITL

so i
(1

-
-

cos O

< 11414) i
Cos(E) sin/t)
=
+ .
Aso

/ =<
/cosINL +
<Hist 15 5) 14)
- =

=
cost +
"Si (8FIt
1 ( casoeio
Lo
iO
=

isin/) sin e

>
- 381 / K = - 15/ k
&
> //4) =
<
4/cs() /1) -
<lisin () (8) /d) =

-isin()
=

< & 8NI) = Sideto es

Iaso
(1 0
( -
Sind

cos
e8)
O
(sindefi e
> // = -

Isin/E) sino
< /(d) = <
/as(X) -

[/is() (8 .

-(1) =

17
cost ()
=
= = <Si

e
(01)
(
Sino
I -

cos O
cos
Cost +i
sin/t)
=

< 1141) i
=
cos(E) + sin
/E) .
Eso

elP
/ =

isin/t) sin

> // = -

Isin/E) sino

< /4 /d) cos

=Cost +i
sin/t)

↑
"A
in
(sin E)
(tg(t12)"
= .
+ icase -
isino e

tg( + 2) "
isinge" + icoso
 14( = Ultitol &L 14/0)L

b
14 (07
= [10) +
(i)]

icono [(0) /i])

"A

(2) ) Estttis
14(H2 =
. en -
isino e =

agitin" +

(sin
i[/tgtz-ins0) / isioeicaso]
=
=
+

=
I El tinso-indee