Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta)

Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve supply Action1

1. Gluteal surface
of ilium behind
and above the 1. Extensor of hip
posterior gluteal joint at the
line; and dorsal extremes of hip
segment of iliac movement 2.
crest (outer Chief antigravity
1. Deep fibers of
sloping surface) muscle of hip in
lower half:
2. From posterior the act of sitting
gluteal
layer of Inferior gluteal from standing 3.
tuberosity of
thoracolumbar nerve (dorsal Strong lateral
Gluteus femur. 2. All
fascia covering branches of rotator of hip
maximus - 8 superficial fibers
erector spinae 3. ventral rami of joint 4. Maintains
and deep fibers
From gluteal L3, S1, S2) extended
of upper half:
aponeurosis that position of knee
upper part of
covers gluteus joint through ilio-
ilio-tibial tract
medius 4. From tiibial tract 5.
dorsal surface of Powerful
lower part of abductor of hip
sacrum and joint (upper
coccyx 5. From fibers)
sacrotuberous
ligament.

1. Abducts the
Upper part of
Superior gluteal hip joint 2.
Outer lip of iliac ilio-tibial tract
nerve (L4, L5, Maintains
Tensor fasciae crest (anterior distal to the
S1 - dorsal extended
latae - 9 superior iliac greater
branches of position of knee
spine → tubercle) trochanter (by
ventral rami) joint through
an aponeurosis)
iliotibial tract

Gluteus 1. Dorsal surface Oblique ridge “ Both gluteus

medius - 7 of ilium between passing medius and
anterior and downward and minimus: 1.
posterior gluteal forward in the Acting from
lateral surface above -

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 1

 line 2. Gluteal of greater Adductors (এবার
aponeurosis trochanter of উল্টা) of hip joint.
femur. Upper 2. Acting from
triangular area - below - Prevents
trochanteric unsupported
bursa for side of pelvis
gluteus medius from sagging
downward
during
locomotion 3.
Anterior fibers -
medial rotators
(উল্ট) of hip joint
to increase the
forward strike
during
locomotion

Dorsal surface of
Rough anterior
ilium between
surface of
anterior and
greater
Gluteus inferior gluteal
trochanter (by a “ “
minimus - 6 lines (extending
tendon to a
upto margin of
ridge on the
greater sciatic
lateral part)
notch)

Piriformis - 1 1. Pelvic surface Posterior From the pelvis 1. In flexed thigh

of sacrum (three inturned upper by twigs from - abductor. 2. In
digitations from border of S1, S2 extended thigh -
the bars of bones greater lateral rotator
between anterior trochanter of
sacral foramina femur
as well as area of
bone lateral to
the foramina) 2.
Gluteal surface of
ilium (close to the
posterior superior
iliac spine) 3.
Capsule (of
sacro-iliac joint)
and adjoining

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 2

 sacro-tuberous
ligament (pelvic
surface) 4.
Greater sciatic
notch (upper
margin)

1. Inner surface of
obturator
membrane and Nerve to
Medial surface
adjoining obturator
of greater
ischiopubic internus
trochanter
Obturator ramus 2. body of (conveys fibers
(above and
internus - 2 ischium (pelvic from ventral
infront of
surface - area branches of
trochanteric
between pelvic ventral rami of
fossa)
brim and upper L5, S1 and S2)
margin of greater
sciatic notch)

Obturator
Gemellus
Spine of ischium internus tendon “
superior - 3
(upper margin)

Nerve to
Lower margin of
quadratus
lesser sciatic Obturator
Gemellus femoris (ventral
notch (at the internus tendon
inferior - 4 branches of
upper end of (lower border)
ventral rami of
ischial tuberosity)
L4, L5 and S1)

External surface
Quadrate
Quadratus of ischial Lateral rotator of
tubercle of “
femoris - 5 tuberosity (linear hip joint
femur
origin)

Adductor
magnus

Hamstring
muscles

Trick: সব insertion in greater trochanter

tfl = abductor

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 3

 P = abductor and lateral rotator
q = only lateral rotator

Name Origin Insertion Nerve supply Action

Horizontal
Upper and
groove on the Tibial Hamstring -
lateral part of
posterior component of flexor of knee
Semimembranosus quadrilateral
surface of sciatic nerve joint, extensor
area of ischial
medial condyle (L4-S3) of hip joint
tuberosity
of tibia

Lower and
medial part of Upper part of Tibial
Semitendinosus quadrilateral medial surface component of
area of ischial of tibia sciatic nerve
tuberosity

Conjoint tendon
of two heads Tibial
Long head -
insert into component of
common with
sloping sciatic nerve,
semitendinosus.
surface in short head by -
Short head -
frond of styloid nerve to short
lower part of
process of head of biceps
Biceps femoris lateral lip of
head of fibula. femoris/
linea aspera and
Slip of common
upper 2/3rds of
attachment - peroneal
lateral
lateral condyle component of
supracondylar
of tibia across sciatic nerve
line
superior (L4-S2)
tibiofibular joint

Hamstring - semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head of biceps femoris,

ischial part of adductor magnus.

Name Origin Insertion Nerve supply Action

Psoas major 1. Sides of Anterior surface Directly from 1. Chief flexor of

lumbar vertebra of lesser lumbar plexus hip joint
trochanter of (L2, L3) (assisted by
femur iliacus). Ilio-
psoas combined
action: 1. Medial

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 4

 rotator of hip
joint (foot on the
ground) 2.
Lateral rotator of
hip joint (Foot
above the
ground). Why
called ilio-psoas:
common
insertion and
same function.

1. Iliac fossa of
ilium (upper
2/3rd - inner lip
1. Base of lesser Trunk of 1. Flexion of hip
of iliac crest) 2.
Iliacus trochanter 2. femoral nerve joint. 2. Medial
Ventral sacro-
Psoas tendon (L2, L3) rotation of femur
iliac ligament 3.
Adjoining ala of
sacrum

Linear origin -
lower part of
1. Extension of
inter- Muscle fibers end
knee joint. 2.
trochanteric in an aponeurosis
Nerve to vastus Stability of
line, spiral line, on deep surface
medialis patella - Lower
medial lip of of the muscle
(thickest horizontal fibers
linea aspera, which then
Vastus muscular prevents natural
upper 2/3rd of inserted into
medialis branch of tendency of
supracondylar patella (upper
posterior lateral
line. It blends border - medial
division of displacement of
with tendon of 1/3rd and medial
femoral nerve) patella during
adductor border -upper
extension of
magnus below 2/3rd)
knee.
hiatus for
femoral vessels

Vastus Upper 2/3rds of Ends in an Posterior 1. Extension of

intermedius shaft if femur aponeurosis in division of knee joint
(anterior and anterior surface femoral nerve
adjoining lateral of muscle.
surface) Aponeurosis
forms: deep part

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 5

 of quadriceps
tendon. Insertion:
base/pper border
of patella

Linear
Patella
aponeurotic
(Base/upper
origin - upper
border - lateral
part of inter-
2/3rds, Lateral
trochanteric line,
border - upper
anterior and
1/3rd). Fibrous
lower borders of
expansion lateral Posterior
root of greater 1. Extension of
Vastus lateralis patellar division of
trochanter, knee joint
retinaculum from femoral nerve
lateral lip of
it goes to lateral
gluteal
condyle of tibia
tuberosity,
then blends with
lateral lip of
ilio-tibial tract and
linea aspera
capsule of knee
upto middle of
joint.
shaft of femur.

Straight head -
anterior inferior
iliac spine.
Reflected head -
Rectus femoris groove above Base of patella
the acetabulum
and from fibrous
capsule of hip
joint

1. On hip joint -
Anterior division
flexor, abductor
Hockey stick of femoral nerve
Anterior and lateral
insertion into either directly or
superior iliac rotator of thigh
upper part of through
Sartorius spine and notch 2. On knee joint
subcutaneous intermediate
immediately - flexion and
medial surface of femoral
below it medial rotation
the shaft of tibia cutaneous
in semi-flexed
nerve
position.

Gracilis Medial margin of Upper part of 1. Adduction of

lower part of medial surface of hip joint. 2.

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 6

 body of pubis, tibia (between Assist flexion of
adjoining ischio- hockey-stick knee. 3. Medial
pubic ramus insertion of rotator of
sartorius and semiflexed knee
linear attachment joint. 4. 3
of muscles act as
semitendinosus) guy ropes to
stabilize the
pelvis 5.
Considered as
‘custodian of
virginity’.

Ventral stratum
is supplied by -
branch from
trunk of femoral
Vertical line
nerve. Dorsal 1. Flexion of hip
Pecten pubis extending from
stratum is joint. 2.
Pectineus and narrow area lesser trochanter
supplied by - Adductor of hip
in front of it to linea aspera in
twigs from joint.
femoral shaft
obturator and
accessory
obturator (if
present) nerve

Circular area in
the angle
between pubic 1. Powerful
crest and pubic adductor of hip
Medial lip of linea
symphysis. A Anterior division joint. 2. Powerful
Adductor aspera in middle
sesamoid bone of obturator medial rotator of
longus third of shaft of
occasionally nerve hip joint. 3.
femur
develops in its Assist flexion if
tendinous origin the hip joint.
called: Rider’s
bone

Adductor Font of body Line extending Anterior division 1. Adduction of

brevis and inferior from base of of obturator thigh at hip joint.
ramus of pubis lesser trochanter nerve
(between to upper part of
gracilis and linea aspera

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 7

 obturator
externus)

1. Fibers from
ischio-pubic
ramus - femoral
shaft (Continuous
line along medial
margin of gluteal
tuberosity, medial
lip of linea aspera,
upper part of
medial
supracondylar line
1. Adduction of
1. External upto hiatus for
thigh. 2.
surface of femoral vessels). Adductor part -
Adductor longus
ischio-pubic 2. Fibers from Obturator nerve.
Adductor and adductor
ramus 2. Infero- ischial tuberosity Hamstring part -
magnus magnus
lateral aspect of (Hamstring tibial division of
together -
ischial component) - sciatic nerve
medial rotators
tuberosity Adductor tubercle
of hip joint.
of femur. 5 osseo-
aponeurotic
opening: upper 4
- transmits
perforating
branches and
terminal part of
profunda femoris
artery. Fifth -
transmits femoral
vessels.

Anterior surface 1. Pulls upward

of the shaft of the apex of
Twig from nerve
femur just below Summit of supra- synovial fold and
Articularis genu to vastus
the origin of patellar bursa thus keeps
intermedius
vastus suprapatellar
intermedius bursa in position

Anterior compartment of leg:

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 8

 1. Dorsiflexion of
ankle joint. 2.
Upper 2/3rds of
Maintains medial
lateral surface of
longitudinal arch
the shaft of tibia, Infero-medial
of foot by acting
adjacent side of base of
Tibialis anterior as a sling (a
interosseous first metacarpal
flexible belt)
membrane, bone
from above. 3.
overlying deep
Inversion of mid-
fascia
talar and sub-
talar joint.

Upper 3/4ths of
medial surface of
shaft (fibula),
Lateral 4 toes.
small area of
By dorsal digital
lateral condyle of
expansion.
tibia across
Median slip - 1. Dosiflexion of
Extensor superior tibio-
base of middle ankle joint. 2.
digitorum fibular joint,
phalanx, 2 Dorsiflexion of
longus interosseous
collateral slips - lateral four toes.
membrane,
base of the
anterior
terminal
intermuscular
phalanx.
septum,
overlying deep
fascia

1. Dorsiflexion of
great toe 2.
Increases
Middle 2/4ths of concavity of
medial surface of medial
Extensor Base of terminal
shaft of fibula longitudinal arch
hallucis longus phalanx of great
and adjacent by stretching
(unipennate) toe
interosseous plantar
membrane aponeurosis
around the pully
of head of
metatarsal bone.

Peroneus Lower 1/4th of Dorsal surface 1. Dorsiflexion of

tertius medial surface of of base of 5th ankle joint 2.

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 9

 shaft of fibula metatarsal bone Weak eversion
of foot

Structures passing beneath superior extensor retinaculum

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, anterior tibial vein, artery and vein, deep
peroneal nerve, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius.
Lateral crural region (peroneal compartment of leg)

Upper 2/3rds of 1. Eversion of

peroneal surface foot. 2. Maintains
Peroneus
of fibula 2. Infero-lateral lateral
longus
Adjacent surface surface of base longitudinal arch
(bipennate Superficial
of lateral condyle of 1st metatarsal by acting as a
upper, peroneal nerve
of tibia. 3. and adjacent sling from above.
unipennate
Adjoining cuneiform bones 3. Maintains
lower)
intermuscular transverse arch
septa of foot.

Lower 2/3rds of
peroneal surface 1. Eversion of
Tubercle at base
Peroneus brevis of fibula. 2. Superficial foot. 2. Maintains
of fifth
(bipennate) Adjoining peroneal nerve lateral
metatarsal bone
intermuscular longitudinal arch
septa

Superior peroneal retinaculum, Inferior peroneal retinaculum

Dorsum of the foot

Extensor Anterior part of 4 tendons into Deep peroneal 1. Dorsiflexion of

digitorum upper surface of medial four toes. nerve medial four toes
brevis calcaneus and Most medial (in dorsiflexed
from stem of (extensor hallucis position of ankle
inferior extensor brevis) - base of joint just before
retinaculum the proximal take off of foot in
phalanx of great walking and
toe. Remaining running).
three - joins with
dorsal digital
expansion and
insert in dorsal
surface of bases

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 10

 of middle and
terminal
phalanges.

Sole of the foot

First layer -

1. Medial tubercle
of calcaneus 2.
1. Abduction of
Flexor
Medial side of great toe
retinaculum 3.
Abductor base of proximal Medial plantar (retained in bare
Plantar
hallucis phalanx of great nerve footed people,
aponeurosis 4.
toe lost in shoe-
Medial
wearing races)
intermuscular
septum

4 tendons splits 2
1. Medial tubercle times and
of calcaneus 2. inserted into
Plantar sides of middle
Flexor
aponeurosis 3. phalanx. (Mode Medial plantar 1. Plantar-flexion
digitorum
Adjacent medial of insertion nerve of lateral 4 toes
brevis
and lateral identical with
intermuscular flexor digitorum
septa superficialis of
hand)

Common
1. Lateral and insertion with
1. More plantar-
medial tubercles flexor digiti
flexor than
Abductor digiti of calcaneus. 2. minimi brevis at Lateral plantar
abductor of little
minimi Plantar lateral side of nerve
toe in shoe-
aponeurosis 3. base of proximal
wearing people.
Adjacent septum phalanx of little
toe

2nd layer -

Tendon of flexor Insertion -

hallucis longus Plantar surface
of base of distal

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 11

 phalanx of great
toe

Insertion -
Common tendon
separates into 4
Tendon of flexor
digital tendons
digitorum
then inserts into
longus
base of terminal
phalanges of
lateral 4 toes.

1. Corrects
Medial head -
diagonal pull of
medial surface
flexor digitorum
Flexor digitorum and medial Lateral side of
longus into a
accessorius tubercle of common tendon Lateral plantar
direct plantar
(quadratus calcaneus. of flexor nerve
flexion (lateral 4
plantae) Lateral head - digitorum longus
toes) 2. Plantar
Lateral tubercle
flexion of lateral 4
of calcaneus
toes.

1. Plantar flexion
at metatarso-
phalangeal joints
Joins with dorsal
and dorsiflexion
digital expansion
Adjacent sides at interphalangeal
4 Lumbrical to insert in 1st lumbrical -
of digital joints thus
muscles (1st - dorsal surface medial plantar
tendons of flexor increase grip of
unipennate. of base of nerve. Rest -
digitorum longus metatarsal heads
2nd, 3rd, 4th - middle and lateral plantar
(1st - medial side for forward
bipennate) terminal nerve
of first tendon) thrust. 2. During
phalanges of
walking and
lateral 4 toes
running prevent
toes from
buckling under.

3rd layer -

Flexor hallucis brevis

Lower limb muscles (Ak Datta) 12