Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |1

CONSOLIDATED CURRICULUM
BA.LL.B (Hons.)
SEMESTER – III

S.NO. SUBJECT PAGE NO.

1. FAMILY LAW-II 2-9
2. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE-I 11-19
3. ECONOMICS: LAW, POVERTY & DEVELOPMENT 20-24
4. POLITICAL SCIENCE: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 25-28
5. SOCIOLOGY: INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE & 29-33
PROCESSES
6. LAW OF TORTS 34-40
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |2

FAMILY LAW - II (COMPULSORY PAPER)

SEMESTER III | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)
SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Name Dr. Priyanka Dhar Year/ 2/III

Semester
Course Name Family Law II No. of Credits 4

Course Code N/A Session 60 Minutes

Duration
No of Contact Hours 60 Pre-requisite Knowledge of
Family Law-I
INTRODUCTION:
Introduction, Course
Objective & Personal laws are preserved and protected by people
Pedagogy vigorously. They vary in a nation depending on the different
faiths that people follow. Personal laws in India present a
complex situation considering the religious diversity one finds
in the country. Every community in India is governed by
different set of rules and regulations in terms of matters
governing marriage, divorce, adoption, maintenance,
succession etc. Apart from these laws we also have secular
laws in terms of these matters which apply to parties that
voluntarily choose of be governed by the secular legislations. In
this backdrop the Family Law-II course delves upon the
matters relating to adoption and maintenance amongst Hindus
and Muslims in India. Furthermore, it focuses on the laws of
succession applicable in the case of Hindus and Muslims. The
expected learning outcome of this course is imparting
knowledge to students regarding Adoption laws and
succession laws in the country essentially by employing a case
law analysis so that they can appreciate both laws in theory as
well as practice. a very important pre-requisite of learning
Family Law- II is an in-depth knowledge of laws relating to
marriage and divorce both under Hindu Law as well as Muslim
Law.

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Following are some of the objectives of the course:
CO1- Imparting knowledge about laws relating to adoption and
maintenance;
CO2- To understand the various concepts and institutions of
Hindu Joint Family system.
CO3- To analyze the concept of succession and its
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |3

forms i.e. Intestate and testamentarysuccession.

CO-4 To examine the women’s estate under different Religious
system and statutory provisions.
CO-5 To understand the concept of bequest under different
religious system.
This subject requires teaching to be a combination of
theoretical foundation with practical application. The contact
hours will be utilized in catering a blend of instruction,
discussion, and brainstorming sessions. The enrolled students
will be encouraged to participate in classes via minor
assignments in the form of quiz, MCQs or addressing an issue
based on facts.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

On completion of this course, the students will be able:

LO.1. To understand the various concepts and institutions of Hindu joint family system.
LO.2. To equipped with the law and procedures of succession with its different forms i.e.
Intestate and testamentary succession.
LO.3. To analyze women’s property rights under different religious system and
statutory provisions.
LO.4. To understand the provisions with respect to bequest under different religious
practices.

EVALUATION COMPONENTS

Components of Course Evaluation Distribution

PROJECT 25

Mid Term Examination 25

End term Examination 50

Total 100

*Note: Pass marks 50% of the final grade.

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COURSE PLAN

S.No. Topics Lecture

Sessions
1 Introduction to Family Law II 1
2 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act and S.125-128 of 2-9
Cr.P.C
3 Joint Family and Coparcenery 10-16

4 Partition and Reunion 17-24

5 Succession amongst Hindus 25-35

6 Maintenance (Nafaqa) 36-41

7 Hiba 41-46
8 Wills 47-51
9 Sunni & Shia law of Inheritance 52-60

UNIT CONTENT
1. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
Module I
Adoption and 2. Requisites of a Valid Adoption
Maintenance
3. Right to Maintenance

4. Persons obliged to maintain

A. Hindu Coparcenary

Module II Joint 1. Formation of Coparcenary – Under Mitakshara and

Family and Dayabhaga
Coparcenary
2. Coparcenary and joint Family – Distinction

3. Characteristic Features of Coparcenary

4. Rights of coparceners

5. Coparcener within Coparcenary

B. Classification of property

1. Joint family property or Coparcenary properties

2. Separate or self acquired property

3. Obstructed and unobstructed property

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C. Alienation of Coparcenary property

1. Who may alienate Coparcenary Property

2. Alienation by Father
3. Alienation by sole surviving coparcener

4. Alienation by Manager of Coparcenary Property

a) Legal necessity

b) Partial necessity

c) Benefit of estate

d) Indispensable duties

5. Burden of proof of necessity

6. Coparcener’s power of Alienations

a) In voluntary Alienations

b) Voluntary Alienations

7. Coparcener’s Right to challenge Alienations

8. Alieene’s Right and Remedies

A. Meaning of partition:
Module III- Under Mitakshara and Dayabhaga
Partition and
Reunion B. What property is Divisible on partition

1. Subject of partition

2. Property available for partition

3. Property not capable of division

C. Persons entitled to claim partition

D. Person entitled to a share on partition
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |6

E. Partition how effected or kinds of partition

a. What is partial partition

b. Partial Partition as to property

c. Partial partition as to persons

d. Effect of partial partition

e. Allotment of shares on partition

F. Re-opening of partition
G. Re- Union

a. Who may reunite

b. Effect of reunion

Module IV- 1. Intestate succession

Succession
amongst Hindus A. Devolution of Mitakshara Coparcenary Property

B. Succession to a Hindu Male

C. Succession to property of a Hindu Female

D. General rules of Succession

MUSLIM LAW
1. Maintenance
Module V –
Maintenance 2. Persons entitled to maintenance
(Nafaqa)
3. Persons obliged to maintain

4. Maintenance of divorced women

5. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act,

1986

1. Definition of Hiba
Module VI– Hiba
(Gifts) 2. Capactiy to make Hiba
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |7

3. Essentials of Hiba

4. Subject matter of Hiba

5. Revocation of Gifts

1. Capacity to make a will

Module – VII -
Wills 2. Formalities for making a will

3. Subject matter of will

4. Limitations on the power of legator to make will

5. Doctrine of Marz – ul - maut

6. Revocation of the wills

Module VIII- General Principles

Sunni & Shia 1. Competence to inherit
law of 2. Classes of heirs
Inheritance 3. Miscellaneous rules

STATUTES
1. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
2. The Juvenile Justice Care and Protection Act, 2015
3. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
4. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
5. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
6. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986

CASE LAWS
 A. Raghavamma v. A. Chenchamma, AIR 1964 SC 136
 Abdul Hafiz Beg v. Sahebbi, AIR 1975 Bom. 165
 Abdul Manan Khan vs Mirtuza Khan AIR 1991
 Abdul Rahman v. Athifa Begum AIR 1998 Kant 39
 Abu Sayed v. Bakar Ali (1901) 24 All 190
 Ahmed G. H. Ariff v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax AIR 1971 SC 1691
 Amar Kanta Sen v. Sovana Sen AIR 1960 Cal. 438
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |8

 Archna v. Dy. Director Of Consolidation (High Court of Allahabad on 27.03.2015)

 Arvind & Abasaheb Ganesh Kulkarni v. Anna & Dhanpal Parisa Chougule, AIR
1980 SC 645
 Bai Tahira v Ali Hussain AIR 1979 SC 362
 Balmukand v. Kamla Wati, AIR 1964 SC 1385
 Bhagat Ram v. Teja Singh, AIR 2002 SC 1
 Braendra Singh v. State of M.P and Anr., AIR2008SC1058..
 C.N. Arunachala Mudaliar v. C.A. Muruganatha Mudaliar, AIR 1953 SC 495
 Commissioner of Income- Tax v. Gomedalli Lakshminarayan, AIR 1935 Bom. 412
 Commissioner of Wealth-Tax v. Chander Sen, AIR 1986 SC 1753
 Craig Allen Coats v. State and Anr., ('MANU/SC/0732/2010')
 Daniel Latifi v. Union of India, (2001) 7 SCC 70.
 Dev Kishan v. Ram Kishan, AIR 2002 Raj. 370
 Dr. Ravi Chandran v. Union of India & Ors.,2009 (14) SCALE 27
 Enaet Hossein v. Khoboonnissa (1869) 11 WR 320
 Ganduri Koteshwaramma and another v. Chakiri Yanadi & ors (2011) 9SCC 788
 Gaurav Nagpal v. Sumedha Nagpal, AIR 2009 SC 557.
 Guramma Bhratar Chanbasappa Deshmukh v. Mallappa Chanbasappa AIR 1964
SC 510
 Gurnam Singh v. Pritam Singh & others, AIR 2010, P & H,NOC 938
 Gurupad Khandappa Magdum v. Hirabai Khandappa Magdum, AIR 1978 SC 1239
 Hayatuddin v. Abdul Gani, AIR 1976 Bom. 23
 Hunoomanpersaud Panday v. Mussumat Babooee Munraj Koonweree (1854-
1857) 6 Moore’s IA 393 (PC) 36
 Jagannathan Pillai v. Kunjithapadam Pillai, AIR 1987 SC 1493
 Jupudy Pardha Sarathy v. Pentapati Rama Krishna (2016) 2 SCC 56
 Kakumanu Pedasubhayya v. Kakumanu Akkamma, AIR 1968 SC 1042
 Khalida Adib Begum v. S. A. Bashirunnissa Begum (1970) II MLJ 98
 Lakshmi Kant Pande v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 232
 M/s. Nopany Investments (P) Ltd. v. Santokh Singh (HUF),2007 (13) JT 448
 Mahboob Sahab v. Syed Ismail and others (1995) 3 SCC 693,
 Mahbood Khan v. Abdul Rahim AIR 1964 Raj 250
 Mazhar Hussen v. Bodhi Bibi (1898) 21 AII 91
 Md. Ali v. Dinesh Chandra AIR 1940 Cal 417
 Mohammad Shah v. Fasihuddin Ansari AIR 1956 SC 713
 Mohd Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum, AIR 1985 SC 945..
 Moro Vishwanath v. Ganesh Vithal (1873) 10 Bom. 444
 Mrs. Sujata Sharma v. Shri Manu Gupta 226 (2016) DLT 647
 Muhammad Husain Khan v. Babu Kishva Nandan Sahai, AIR 1937 PC 233
 Mulani v. Maula Baksh (1924) 46 AII 260
 Mussa Miya waladMahammed Shaffi v. Kadar Bax, AIR 1928 PC 108
 Nawazish Ali Khan v. Ali Raza Khan (1948) 75 IA 62
 Nirmala v. Government of NCT of Delhi, 170(2010) DLT 577
 Omprakash v. Radhacharan, 2009(7) SCALE 51
 Prakash v. Phulavati, 2015 SCC Online SC 1114
 Pushpalatha N.V. v. V.Padma , AIR 2010 Kar.124
 Puttrangamma v. M.S. Ranganna, AIR 1968 SC 1018
 Hidayatullah Natio nal Law University |9

 R. Kuppayee v. Raja Gounder (2004) 1 SCC 295

 Radha Kant Deo v. The Commissioner of Hindu Religious Charitable
Endowment, AIR1981 SC 798
 Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun, (2011) 11 SCC 1
 Shabnam Hashmi v. Union of India 2014(2) SCALE 529
 Shabnam Hashmi v. Union of India 2014(2) SCALE 529
 Smt Hussenabi v Husensab Hasan AIR 1989 Kant 218.
 Smt. Anjali Kapoor v. Rajiv Baijal, AIR 2009 SC 2821.
 Smt. Dipo v. Wassan Singh, AIR 1983 SC 846
 Smt.Indra Kali v. Ravi Bhan AIR 2012 M.P.,NOC 256
 Smt.Sarjoo v. Ayodhya Pd.,AIR 1981 SC 798.
 Sunil Kumar v. Ram Prakash (1988) 2 SCC 77
 Surjeet v. W. T. Commissioner AIR 1976 SC 109
 Syed Bazayet Hussein v. Dooli Chand, (1878) 5 I.A. 211)
 Uttam v. Saubhag Singh (2016) 4 SCC 68
 Vaddeboyina Tulasamma v. Vaddeboyina Sesha Reddi, AIR 1977 SC 1944
 Valia Peedikakkandi Katheessa Umma v. Pathakkalan Narayanath
Kunhamu, AIR 1964SCC 275
 Vellikannu v. R. Singaperumal (2005) 6 SCC 622
 Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma (2020) 9 SCC 1

The list of cases is merely enumerative, and more cases will be discussed
during lectures.

BOOKS
1. Dr. Poonam P. Saxena, Family Law II, 3rd ed. 2018.
2. Satyajeet A. Desai (rev.), D.F. Mulla, HINDU LAW, 22nd ed. 2016.
3. Vijender Kumar (rev.), J.D. Mayne, HINDU LAW & USAGE, 17th ed. 2014.
4. Prof. Kusum, THE FAMILY LAW LECTURES, 2015.
5. R.V. Kelkar, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 6TH ed. 2016.
6. Dr. Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law, Allahabad Law Agency.
7. Ved Kumari, THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA, (2nd edn.
2010), OxfordUniversity Press, (Chapter-4, p.128).
8. M. Hidayatulla and Arshad Hidayatulla, MULLA’S PRINCIPLES OF
MOHAMMEDANLAW (19th ed., 2006).
9. Tahir Mahmood, FYZEE’S OUTLINES OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW (3rd ed., 2008)
10. Daniel Latifi, “Muslim Law”, in S.K Verma and Kusum (ed.), Fifty years of
the SupremeCourt of India- Its grasp & reach, (2000), Oxford University
Press.
ARTICLES
1. A.K Bhandari, “Adoptions among Mohammedans- whether permissible in
law”, 47JILI(2005) 110.
2. Ayushi Singhal, “Female Intestate Succession under Hindu Law Finally,
Hope!”, EPW, Vol. 51, No. 11 (2016), pp. 15-17.
3. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar, “Property rights of Hindu women: a
feminist review of succession laws of ancient, medieval, and modern
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 10

India”, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2008-2009), pp. 663-
687.
4. Kusum, “Gender bias in adoption law: A comment on Malti Roy
Chaudhery v.Sudhindranath Majumdar”, 49JILI (2007) 76.
5. Lucy Carrol, “Shah Bano, the Muslim Women (Protection of rights on
Divorce) Act andMuslim women’s right to Mataa”, 39JILI (2005) 110.
6. M. Afzal Wani, “Maintenance of women and children under Muslim law:
legislative trends in Muslim countries”, 45JILI (2003) 409.
7. Mohd Altaf Hussain Ahangar, Succession Rights of Muslim Women in the
Modern World: An Analytical Appraisal, Arab Law Quarterly , 2014, Vol.
28, No. 2 (2014), pp. 111-135.
8. Poonam Pradhan Saxena “Judicial re-scripting of legislation governing
devolution of coparcenary property and succession under Hindu law”,
Vol. 58, No. 3 JILI (2016), pp. 337-349.
9. Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Reinforcing Patriarchal Dictates through
Judicial Mechanism: Need to Reform Law of Succession to Hindu Female
Intestates, JILI, Vol. 51, No. 2 (2009), pp. 221-236.
10. Vibha Sharma, “Inter-country adoptions in India; an appraisal”, 45 JILI (2003)
543.

Note:- All the above- mentioned articles are available on Jstor.

LAW COMMISSION REPORTS

1. 66th report on Married women’s property Act
2. 98th report on Section 24 and 26 of Hindu succession Act
3. 208th report on Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act
4. 207th report on section 15 of Hindu Succession Act
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CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERANANCE-I (COMPULSORY)

SEMESTER III | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)
SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Dr. Priyanka Mohod Year/ Semester 2nd Year /III

Dr. Rajput Shraddha Semester
Bhausingh
Course Name Constitutional No. of Credits 4
Governance-I
Course Code NA Session duration 60 Minutes
No. of Contact 05 Pre-requisite Basic
Hours (Week) understanding of
the Constitution of
India.
Total 60 hours
Introduction Introduction: India is a democratic country and her Constitution
and Pedagogy epitomizes the most important values of the democratic government-
how it comes into existence, what are its powers, functions,
responsibilities, and obligations. The Fundamental Law of the land is
its Constitution. Constitutional Law is a subject of supreme magnitude
for each country. It is the source of all powers of and limitations on,
the three organs of State, viz. The executive, legislature and judiciary.
The Study of Constitutional Law is divided in two parts. The first part,
Constitutional Governance – I, covers the discussion Union and its
territories, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.
Pedagogy: The learning is based on the discussion of judicial
pronouncements, scholarly writings and the debates in the
Constituent Assembly.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 12

COURSE OBJECTIVES

CO1: To learn the process of making of the Constitution and the values enshrined under
the Indian Constitution.

CO2: To analyse the details of the constituent units of the country.

CO3: To understand the scope and ambit of the Fundamental Rights and Duties.

CO4: To understand the significance of Directive Principles.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completion of the course the students will be able to understand and analyse:

LO 1: The process of the framing and adoption of the Constitution of India.

LO 2: The nature of the federal structure of the Constitution and formation of the
constituent units.

LO 3: The relevance of Fundamental Rights in limiting the power of the state and the
identification of the goals enshrined under the Constitution.

LO 4: The judicial approach to interpret the Constitution.

EVALUATION COMPONENTS

Components of Course Evaluation % distribution

Continuous Internal Assessment 25

Mid Term examination 25

End Term 50

Total 100

*Note: Pass marks 50% of the final grade.

 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 13

COURSE PLAN

S.No. Topics Lecture Sessions

1 Introduction 06

2 The Union and its Territories (Arts. 1-4) 03

3 Citizenship (Article 5-11) 03

4 Fundamental Rights (Arts. 12-13) 05

5 Right to Equality (Arts. 14-18) 07

6 Right to Freedom- I (Arts. 19 (a)-(g) ) 07

7 Right to Freedom-II (Arts. 20- 22) 08

8 Right against Exploitation (Arts. 23- 24) 03

9 Right to Freedom of Religion (Arts. 25- 28) 04

10 Educational and Cultural Rights (Arts. 29- 30) 04

11 Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) 05

12 Directive Principle of State Policy and Duties (Arts. 36-51A) 05

DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR (B.A.LLB.) CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERANANCE-I

Module Content
INTRODUCTION
Module 1 a. Meaning, Definition, Scope and Significance of Constitution
b. Constitutional Law and Constitutionalism
c. Salient features of the Indian Constitution
d. Preamble- its significance, amendment and interpretation.
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY (ARTICLES 1 – 4)
Module 2 a. Name of the Union, States and Union Territories: Article 1
b. Admission, Establishment of new States: Article 2
c. Formation of New States, Alteration of areas, boundaries, and names of
States: Article 3
d. Laws made under Article 2 and 3: Article 4
Module 3 CITIZENSHIP ( ARTICLES 5-11)
a. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution: Article 5
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 14

b. Citizenship of certain persons who have migrated from Pakistan:

Article 6
c. Citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan: Article 7
d. Citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India:
Article 8
e. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be
citizens: Article 9
f. Continuance of the rights of citizenship: Article 10
g. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law: Article 11
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ( STATE AND LAW) (ARTICLES 12 AND 13)
Module 4 a. Concept of Fundamental Rights -Origin and Development, Fundamental
Rights in India
b. Definition of State under Article 12: other authorities and its
interpretation.
c. Justifiability of Fundamental Rights: Article 13 and Judicial Review,
Justifiability of Pre and Post Constitutional Laws and its Doctrines
(Severability, Eclipse and Waiver)
d. Basic Structure doctrine - Arts. 13 and 368
RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLES 14 – 18)
Module 5 a. Right to Equality: Article 14 - Equality before Law- Non-
Discrimination- Reasonable Classification- Non Arbitrariness,
Protective Discrimination-
b. Right against discrimination: Article 15- Special provisions for Women,
children and Backward Classes,
c. Reservations in Appointments and Promotions: Article 16: -
Reasonable classification -Basis for classification, Equality of
Opportunity
d. Abolition of Untouchability: Article 17
e. Abolition of Titles: Article 18
RIGHT TO FREEDOM-I (ARTICLE 19 (1) (a) –(g) and 19(2)-(6))
Module 6 a. Freedom of Speech and Expression: Article 19(1) (a) -Right to Know-
Freedom of Press Reasonable -Restrictions Test for reasonableness
Burden of proving reasonableness of restrictions.
b. Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms: Article 19(1) (b)
c. Freedom to form association or unions: Article 19(1) (c)
d. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India: Article 19(1)
(d)
e. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India:
Article 19(1) (e)
f. Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation,
trade, or business: Article 19(1) (g)
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 15

RIGHT TO FREEDOM-II (ARTICLES 20-22)

Module 7 a. Protection in respect of conviction for offences: Article 20- Rights of
the Accused: Ex-post facto Laws, Right against Double Jeopardy, Right
against Self-incrimination.
b. Protection of life and personal liberty: Article 21- Right to Life and
Personal Liberty: Meaning and Scope, American and Indian concept of
Right to life and personal liberty, Various facets of Right to Life,
Prisoners’ Rights, Rights available to rape victim, etc, Right to
Education: Article 21A
c. Protection against arrest and detention: Article 22- Safeguards against
Arrest made under the ordinary Law, Preventive detention, Safeguards
against Detention made under the preventive detention laws
RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLES 23 AND 24)
Module 8 a. Right against Exploitation: Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and
Forced Labour: Article 23
b. Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc.: Article 24
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLES 25 – 28)
Module 9 a.Right to Freedom of Religion, Reasonable restrictions: Article 25
b. Right to establish and maintain Religious Denominations: Article 26
c.Freedom from payment of Taxes: Article 27
d.Religious instructions in educational institutions and restriction on
religious instruction in educational institutions: Article 28
Module 10 EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (ARTICLES 29 AND 30)
a. Right to establish and administer educational institutions – rights
of minorities and non-minorities; -Right to conserve language
script or culture, Right to admission to Educational Institutions:
Article 29
b. Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational
Institutions, No discrimination in granting aid: Article 30
Module 11 RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (ARTICLE 32)
a. Nature and need for distinctive constitutional remedies
b. Types of remedies – Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo
Warranto, And Certiorari – nature and procedure of these writs:
c. Right to move to the Supreme Court, Prerogative Remedies, Rule
Locus Standi, Public Interest Litigation
d. Suspension of Fundamental Rights, Effect of Emergency on
fundamental rights.
Module 12 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY AND DUTIES (ARTICLES 36 –
51A)
a. Directive Principles - directions for social change - a new social
order
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 16

b. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles – interrelationship

c. Constitutional amendments to strengthen Directive Principles -
Reading Directive Principles into Fundamental Rights
d. Fundamental Duties - \The need, enforcement and status of
Fundamental Duties

READINGS:

Statues and Amendments:

 Bare Act - The Constitution of India, 1950

 The Citizenship Act, 1955 and The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019
 The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
 Important Amendments- 1st, 17th, 24th, 39th, 42nd, 44th, 86th, 103rd etc.

CASE LAWS:

 State of Kerala v. N.M.Thomas AIR 1976 SC 490

 Waman Rao v. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 271
 Minerva Mills Ltd. V. Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789
 re Berubari Union and Exchange of Enclaves, AIR 1960 SC 845
 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967SC 1643
 University of Madras v. Santa Bai AIR 1954 Mad. 67
 Sukhdev v. Bhagatram SC AIR 1975
 X v. High Court of M.P., 2022 SCC OnLine SC 171, 10-02-2022
 R.D. Shetty v. The International Airport Authority of India AIR 1979 SC 1628
 Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib AIR 1981 SC 487
 Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI, (2022) 10 SCC 51
 Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (2002) 5
SCC111bnj]
 G. Basi Reddy v. International Crops Research Institute, JT 2003 (2) SC 180
 A.R. Antulay v. R.S.Nayak 1988 AIR 1531, 1988 SCR Supl. (1) 1
 Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Union of India (2005) 4 SCC 649
 State of U.P. v. Radhey Shyam Rai, 2009 (3) SCALE 754
 Keshavan Madhava Menon v. State of Bombay, AIR 1955 SC 128
 Bhikaji Narain Dhakras v. State of M. P., AIR 1955 SC 781
 Bashesher Nath v. CIT, AIR 1959 SC 149
 State of Bombay v. F.N. Balsara, AIR 1951 SC 318
 RMDC v. Union of India, AIR 1957 SC 628
 Marbury v Madison 5 U.S. 137 (more)1 Cranch 137; 2 L. Ed. 60; 1803 U.S. LEXIS
352
 A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 27
 Shankari Prasad v. UOI (1950)
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 17

 Ramkrishna Dalmia v Justice Tendulkar 1958 AIR 538, 1959 SCR 279
 E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu 1974 AIR 555, 1974 SCR (2) 348
 Maneka Gandhi v UOI AIR 1978 SC 597
 State of W. B. v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, AIR 1952 SC 75
 Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (2008) 6 SCC 1
 Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, AIR 2000 SC 498
 Punjab State Coop. Agricultural Development Bank Ltd. v. Coop. Societies, (2022)
4 SCC 363 : (2022) 1 SCC (L&S) 687
 Dr. Gulshan Prakash v. State of Haryana, 2009 (14) SCALE 290
 Avinash Singh Bagri v. Registrar, IIT, Delhi (2009) 8 SCC 220
 M. Nagraj v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 212
 Jarnail Singh and Others v Lachhmi Narain Gupta and Others 2018 SCC OnLine SC
1641 220
 Mahesh Kumar Chaudhary v. State of Jharkhand, 2022 Cri LJ 4145
 Rohtas Bhankar v. Union of India (2014) 8 SCC 872
 Pramati Educational & Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014) 8 SCC 1
 Modern Dental College & Res. Cen v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2016) 7 SCC 35
U.P.
 Power Corpn. Ltd. v. Rajesh Kumar (2012) 7 SCC 1
 Union of India v. Alapan Bandyopadhyay, (2022) 3 SCC 133...
 Shayara Bano v. Union of India 2017 SCC OnLine SC 963
 Joseph Shine v. Union of India 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1676
 BALCO Employees’Union v. Union of India AIR 2002 SC 350
 John Vallamattom v. Union of India AIR 2003 SC 2003
 St Stephen’s College v. University of Delhi AIR1992SC1630
 Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India, AIR 1986 SC 515
 Swiss Ribbons Pvt Ltd. v. Union of India 2019
 Mukesh Kumar v. The State Of Uttarakhand 2020
 BK Pavitra and others v. Union of India 2019
 Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India 2020
 D.A.V. College Trust and Management Society v. Director of Public Instructions
2019
 Safai Karmachari Andolan v. Union of India, 27 March 2014 (l)
 Bennett Coleman & Co. v. Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 106
 Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta, (2022) 10 SCC 595, 28-01-2022
 People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (2003) 4 SCC 399
 AIADMK v. Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu (2007) 1 SCALE 607
 Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2013)12 SCC 73
 Tehseen S. Poonawalla v. Union of India , 2018 SCC Online SC 696
 Central Public Information Officer, Supreme Court v. Subash Chandra Agarwal
2019
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 18

 Indibility Creative Pvt. Ltd and others v. Government of West Bengal and others
2019
 Sampath Kumar v E.O. Enforcement Directorate Madras on 1 August, 1997
 Madras Smt. Selvi and Ors. v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SC 197
 M.C.Mehta v. Union of India AIR 1987 SC 1086,
 Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India AIR 1984 SC 802,

Note- The list of cases is not exhaustive.

BOOKS : Books ( available in HNLU Library)

Essential Books :
 Tope T.K., Constitutional Law of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 3 rd Ed.
2010
 Rao Mamta , Constitutional Law, Eastern Book Company, 2nd Ed. 2021
 Shukla V.N. , Constitution of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 14th ed.,
2022

Suggested Readings

 V.D. Mahajan, Constitutional Law of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 7th
Ed. 1991
 Austin, The Indian Constitution - Corner Stone of a Nation, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi (Indian Reprint 2000)
 Jain, M.P, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa & Co., Nagpur, 8th Ed. 2022
 Uday Raj Rai, Constitutional Law: Governance Structure, Eastern Book Company,
Lucknow, 2nd Ed. 2022
 Basu D.D. Constitutional Law of India, Lexis Nexis, 25th Ed. 2021
 Shiva Rao B., The Framing of India’s Constitution, Law and Justice Publishing Co.,
2021
 Seervai H.M., Constitutional Law of India, Law & Justice Publishing Co., 4th Ed.
2021
 Subba Rao: G.C.V, Constitutional Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
 Jain Sanjay and Narayan Sathya, Basic Structure Constitutionalism, Eastern Book
Company, Ed. 2011
 V.R. Krishna Iyer, Constitutional Miscellany, Eastern Book Company 2nd Edition
2003 (Reprinted 2007)

Online Articles/Blogs

 Pritam Baruah and Nicolas M. Rouleau, Democracy, Representation, and Self-

Rule in the Indian Constitution, Democracy, Representation, and Self-Rule in the
Indian Constitution on JSTOR
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 19

 Tarunabh Khaitan, Equality legislative review under Article 14,

https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1325300-equality--
legislative-review-under-article-14
 A.T. Markose, The First Decade of the Indian Constitution,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953754#metadata_info_tab_contents
 Udai Raj Rai, Reach of Fundamental Rights,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43952346
 Shreyas Piplani, Judicial Review- A Brief Analysis,
https://www.legalpedia.co.in/article/JUDICIAL%20REVIEW%20_%20Shreyas%
20Piplani.pdf
 S. P. Sathe, Judicial Review In India: Limits And Policy,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410775#metadata_info_tab_contents
 Arun Kumar Singh, Myth and Reality of Secularism in India: An Analysis, ISSN.
0972 - 8406 The NEHU Journal Vol. XIX, No. 1 (January –June), 2021, pp. 74-83,
https://nehu.ac.in/public/uploads/Pages_from_Nehu_Journal_Vol._XIX_Jan-
June_2021-6_Arun_Singh.pdf
 L. Viswanathan and R.V. Anuradha, Liberalisation, Public Interest And Indian
Constitution, : https://www.jstor.org/stable/43952352
 V. M. Tarkunde, Secularism and the Indian Constitution,
http://www.jstor.com/stable/23003717
 C. Basavaraju, Reservation Under The Constitution Of India: Issues And
Perspectives, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953443
 Anil Kaushik, Minority Educational Institutions,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951628
 Ranu Jain, Minority Rights in Education: Reflections on Article 30 of the Indian
Constitution, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416749
 K.N. Goyal, Majorities' Right To Establish And Administer Educational
Institutions, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43952386
 P.P. Rao, Fundamental Right To Education,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43952178
 M. Afzal Wani, Freedom of Conscience: Constitutional Foundations And Limits,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953816#metadata_info_tab_contents
 Alan Gledhill, Constitutional Protection of Indian Minorities,
http://www.jstor.com/stable/43953796
 G. S. Sharma, Concept of Leadership Implicit In The Directive Principles of State
Policy In The Indian Constitution, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43949819
 Jagat Narain, Judicial Law Making And The Place of Directive Principles In Indian
Constitution, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950914
 S. Sundara Rami Ready, Fundamentalness of Fundamental Rights And Directive
Principles In The Indian Constitution, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950702
 M. Venkatarangaiya, Fundamental Rights In A New Indian Constitution,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743950
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 20

 K. Janakikutty Amma, Fundamental Rights In Relation To The Indian

Constitution, https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743209
 Partha S Ghosh, The Citizenship Discourse in India,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41151966
 ELEANOR NEWBIGIN, Personal Law and Citizenship in India's Transition to
Independence, : https://www.jstor.org/stable/25835665
 A. N. Sinha, Law of Citizenship and Aliens in India,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/45068510
 Gurminder K. Bhambra, Citizens and Others: The Constitution of Citizenship
through Exclusion, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24569426
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 21

ECONOMICS - LAW, POVERTY&DEVELOPMENT (COMPULSORY PAPER)

SEMESTER III | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)

SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Name Dr.Eritriya Roy Year/ Semester 2/ III

Course Name Law, Poverty, and No. of Credits 4
Development
Course Code NA Session 60 Minutes
Duration
No of Contact 60 Lectures=60 hours Pre-requisite None
Hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

LO1- The students would be able to summaries and demonstrate the idea of equitable
development which can be brought by various legislations.

LO2 – The course increases the ability to appraise various provisions of law protecting
poor, women, disabled and other vulnerable sections of the society.

LO3-The students should be able to demonstrate their understanding regarding the

problems related to proper implementation of the laws related to the protection of
vulnerable groups.

LO4- The students would be able to discuss various fundamental concepts underlying
government policies and schemes to bring equitable social justice.

EVALUATION COMPONENTS
Evaluation Components Distribution of
Marks
Continuous Internal Assessment 25
Mid Term examination 25
End Term 50
Total 100
*Note: Pass marks 50% of the final grade.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 22

COURSE PLAN
S.No. Topics Lecture
Sessions
1 Meaning of Law and Relationship between Law and 1-5
Economics
2 Poverty and Poverty in India 6-25
3 Economic Development and Economic Development in 26-30
India
4 Human Rights and Laws relating to Vulnerable Groups in 31-44
India
5 Poverty and access to securing justice 45-54
6 Developmental schemes to eradicate poverty and accessing 56-60
human rights

DETAILED SYLLABUS
UNIT CONTENT
Module 1 1. Meaning and definition
Meaning and 2. Functions of Law
classification of 3. Relationship of Law and Economics- Social Welfare function
Laws and the role of the State and Law.
1. Legal perspective on poverty
Module 2 2. Different Definitions and Concepts of Poverty
Poverty and 3. Scope, Causes and Measurement
Poverty in India 4. National and International Poverty line
5. Human Poverty
6. MDG,SDG
7. Principles and role of International institutions and
Government in reduction of poverty.

1. Meaning, Factors affecting economic development

2. Right to Development
Module 3 3. Concept of Inclusive Development
Economic 4. Development indicators: HDI,GII,GHI,WHI
Development and 5. Strategies in India for Inclusive development
Economic
Development in
India

Module 4 1. Equality and Social Justice (Arts.14-18 & Part IV & Part
Human Rights XVI)
and Laws relating 2. Right to basic needs and welfare- Right to Food and Food
to Vulnerable Security Act, Right to Education, Right to Water &
Groups in India Sanitation, Right to Health, Right to Work, Right to
for promoting Information, Right to shelter
inclusive 3. Equality and Protective Discrimination- Laws relating to
development Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and vulnerable
groups in India
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 23

4. Human Rights Violation and legal protection -Bonded

labour, Abolishment of Bonded labour, Rural Labour,
Child Labour, Labours in informal sector of Indian
economy
1. Right to free legal aid
Module 5 2. Legal Aid Movement in India,
Poverty and 3. NALSA Act
access to securing 4. Existing System of Legal Aid in India
justice 5. Lok Adalats

1. Poverty Alleviation Schemes in India

Module 6 2. Rural Development Schemes in India, Area Development
Developmental Schemes in India
schemes to 3. Programmes related to Human Development
eradicate poverty 4. Developmental schemes on Right to food, Right to shelter,
and accessing Right to Education, Right to Water & Sanitation, Right to
human rights Health, Right to Work.

READINGS:

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

1. Vijay Prakash Sharma,Dreams and Realities of Rural Development in India,
Kalpaz Publications.
2. Lars Osberg,Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives:
International Perspectives, Routledge; 1 edition (28 January 2019) Philip Alston
and Mary Robinson: Human Rights and Development, Oxford University Press.
3. Harshit Sharma,Law, Poverty & Development, Agrawal Law house
4. S.R.Myneni,Law and Poverty, ALLAHABAD LAW AGENCY (2012)
5. Supriya Routh,Enhancing Capabilities through Labour Law:Informal Labours in
India, Routledge.
6. Ekta Shukla, Law, Poverty and Development, Singhal Law Publications (2017)
7. Textbook on Law, Poverty and Development, Universal Law Publishing (2011)
8. Suman Acharya, 2019, Jurisprudence of law,poverty and development,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3431560
9. Gunther Eysenbach , Poverty,Human Developmnet and Role of ehealth,Journal of
Medical Internet Research,Vol9(No4),2007
10. Kevin E. Davis, Michael J. Trebilcock, Relationship between law and
development: Optimists verses skeptics, The American Journal of Comparitive
Law,2008
11. Rajeev Dhawan,Law as a Struggle:Public Interest Law in India,Jounal of Indian
Law Institute,1994.
12. S.Murlidhar,Law,Poverty and Legal Aid:Access to Criminal Justice, Lexis
Nexis,2004.
13. Phillipe Cullet, Water Law,Poverty and Development,Oxford University
Press,2009.
14. Dayabati Ray,Employmemt,Poverty and Rights in India, Routledge,2020.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 24

15. John Kerr, Watershed Development, Environmental Services and Poverty

Alleviation in India,World Development,volume30,2002.
16. Meghana Ayyagiri,Finance,Law and Poverty: Evidences from India, Jounal of
Corporate Finance,2020.
17. Brenda Cossman, Women and Poverty in India: Law and Social Change,
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cajwol6&div=2
5&id=&page=
18. Martin Ravallion, Prices,Wages and Poverty in Rural India:What lessons do the
time series data hold for policy?, Food policy,June 2000.
19. Dr.Jeremy Cooper, Poverty and Constitutional Justice:The Indian Experience
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cajwol6&div=2
5&id=&page=
20. Richard Mitchell, The evolution of Labour Law in India: An overview and
commentary on Regulatory Objectives and Development,Asian Jounal of Law and
Society,Cambridge University Press,2014.

ONLINE AVAILABLE BOOKS (In HNLU Digital Library/Open Access Platform)

1) Amartya Sen,On Ethics and Economics-
https://alvaroaltamirano.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/amartya-sen-on-ethics-
and-economics.pdf
2) Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom-
https://alvaroaltamirano.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/amartya-sen-on-ethics-
and-economics.pdf
3) https://www.india.gov.in/download-e-book-ministry-law-justice
4) https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/mta/mta-9702/mta-
ch6.pdf
5) https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/civil-remedies-and-human-
rights-in-flux-key-legal-developments-in-selected-jurisdictions/
6) https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/trade-in-the-service-of-
sustainable-development-linking-trade-to-labour-rights-and-environmental-
standards/
ONLINE ARTICLES/ REPORTS
1. World Bank Reports: Various Issues
2. Human Development Reports: Various Issues
3. Economic Survey: Various Issues
4. Amarjeet Sinha, This is how poverty in rural India came down
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/this-is-how-poverty-in-
rural-india-came-down-7907047/
5. A. Tharot, Escaping and Falling into Poverty in India Today
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/this-is-how-poverty-in-
rural-india-came-down-7907047/
6. Vageshwari Deswal, Access to Justice under Indian Laws
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/legally-speaking/access-to-justice-
under-the-indian-laws/
7. http://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in/library/articles/Access%20to%20justice.pdf
8. http://ncsc.nic.in/files/Chapter%202.pdf
9. https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/ch-11.pdf
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 25

10. Women Rights in India-

https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/Women%E2%80%99s%20Rights%20in
%20India%20complete_compressed.pdf
BLOGS/CHANNELS/PODCASTS:

1. https://rlaclare.wordpress.com/blog/blog/
2. https://thelawblog.in/2020/06/19/right-to-legal-aid-in-india-a-humanitarian-
approach/
3. https://www.right-to-education.org/blogs
4. https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/right-to-education/
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 26

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (COMPULSORY PAPER)

SEMESTER V & III | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)
SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Dr. Avinash Samal Year/ Semester 3/V

Name Mr. Aashutosh Kumar Aahire 2/III
Course Name International Relations No. of Credits 4
Course Code NA Session 60 Minutes
Duration
No of Contact 60 Lectures = 60 hours Pre-requisite Basic
Hours understanding of
Political Science,
History &
Geography
Course Course Outline:
Outline, This course is designed to equip students with the conceptual tools
Objectives & needed to understand international relations from a wider
Pedagogy perspective. Acquainting students with the origin and historical
evolution of international relations, it focuses on major theoretical
frameworks, key concepts and the main actors and institutions that
are useful for making sense of contemporary debates and challenges
in international relations. In addition to dealing with the concepts
and theories related to international relations, the course covers the
modern history and contemporary events that have shaped how
states and other actors interact with each other across national
borders. Presenting an overview of the international relations in
terms of war, superpower rivalry and arms race, decolonization, non-
alignment and international economic order, the course discusses
the role of United Nations and other regional organizations in
promoting international peace and economic cooperation over the
years. It also discusses the instrument of foreign policy that the
nation-states adopt in pursuing international relations with
countries across the borders.

Objectives:
 To give an insight into the complex nature of international
relations and its significance from the perspective of peaceful
coexistence;
 To acquaint students with the key concepts and theoretical
frameworks for understanding and analyzing international
relations;
 To provide an overview of twentieth century international
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 27

relations in terms of war, conflicts and cooperation initiated

by nation-states to establish international peace and
harmony;
 To introduce the students to the international and regional
organizations working for promoting cooperation and
collaboration among nationstates for securing international
peace and progress; and
 To acquaint the students with the broad contours of foreign
policy as an instrument of promoting national interest.

Pedagogy:
The course will be taught through lectures, brainstorming sessions,
debates and discussion on current events of international
importance. In addition to the prescribed text and reference books,
the course will rely on journal articles and online sources such as
websites/blogs, etc.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
 comprehend the broad history of international relations;
 learn the key concepts and theories of international relations and apply them to
understand international situations and issues in the modern world;
 identify and discuss the major actors and the complexities of their interactions in
international relations;
 develop critical thinking capacity about various dimensions of international
relations and conduct independent research utilizing a variety of sources;
 critically engage with contemporary international political issues;
 express their ideas thoughtfully and confidently; and
 produce coherent and well substantiated arguments.

EVALUATION COMPONENTS:
Evaluation Components Distribution of
Marks
Continuous Internal Assessment 25
Mid Term examination 25
End Term 50
Total 100
*Note: Pass marks 50% of the total.

COURSE PLAN:
Si. No. Topics Lecture
Sessions
1. Introduction to International Relations 1-5
2. Theoretical Perspectives in International Relations 6-13
3. Historical Overview of International Relations 14-32
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 28

4. United Nations and International Relations 33-39

5. Regional Organizations and International Relations 40-45
6. Foreign Policy and International Relations 46-60

DETAILED SYLLABUS:
UNIT CONTENT
Module 1 Introduction to International Relations
1.1 Meaning of International Relations
1.2 International Relations vs. International Politics
1.3 Evolution of International Relations
1.4 Nature, Scope and Significance of International Relations
Module 2 Theoretical Perspectives in International Relations
2.1 Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism
2.2 Realism and Neo-Realism
2.3 Dependency Theory
2.4 World Systems Theory
Module 3 Historical Overview of International Relations
5.1 World War – I and World War – II: Causes, Consequences and its
Impact on International Relations
5.2 Cold War: Origin and Evolution of Cold War, Détente and End of
Détente, New Cold War and the End of Cold War, Factors
contributing to the end of Cold War
5.3 Rise of Super Powers: Arms Race, Arms Control and
Disarmament
5.4 Decolonization and the Emergence of the Third World
5.5 Non-Aligned Movement: Objectives, Achievements and its
relevance in Contemporary World
5.6 International Economic Order and the Demand for New
International Economic Order
Module 4 United Nations and International Relations
United Nations: Origin, Objectives and the Principal Organs
6.1 General Assembly
6.2 Security Council
6.3 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 6.4 Trusteeship Council
6.5 The Secretariat
6.6 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Module 5 Regional Organizations and International Relations
Brief overview of the emergence of Regional Organizations,
Prominent Regional Organizations
7.1 European Union (EU)
7.2 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
7.3 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Module 6 Foreign Policy and International Relations
8.1 Meaning, Definition and Determinants of Foreign Policy
8.2 India’s Foreign Policy: Basic Principles, Objectives, Continuity
and Change
8.3 India’s Relations with its Neighbours: Pakistan, China, Nepal,
Bangladesh & Sri Lanka
8.4 India’s Relations with Major Powers: USA & Russia
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 29

Suggested Readings:
Brown, Chris and Kirsten Ainley (2009). Understanding International Relations. New
York:
Palgrave Macmillan (Third Edition).
Ghosh, Peu (2013). International Relations. Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. (Third Edition).
Khanna, V. N. (2015). International Relations. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
(Fifth
Edition).
Palmer, Norman D. and Howard C. Perkins (2001). International Relations: The World
Community in Transition. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
(First Indian Edition).
Pevehouse, Jon C. W. and Joshua S. Goldstein (2017). International Relations. New Delhi:
Pearson India Publication.
Sharma, Reetika, Ramvir Goria and Vivek Mishra (2011). India and the Dynamics of
World
Politics. Chandigarh: Pearson.
Griffiths, Martin (2007). International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century: An
Introduction. New York: Routledge
Khanna, V. N., & Kumar, L. K. (2018). Foreign Policy of India. Vikash Publishing House

Online Learning Materials:

 Online Books and other Learning Materials on International Relations are
available at E-IR’s Student Portal: E-International Relations — the world's
leading open access website for students and scholars of international politics (e-
ir.info)
 Online Books on International Relations are available at PDF Drive International
Relations E-Books - PDF Drive
 International Relations. A Self-Study Guide to Theory (oapen.org)
 International Relations - Open Textbook Library (umn.edu)
 (461) William Spaniel - YouTube
 Introduction to international relations by M. Cox program-2109677112-
zFMKGsZz4i.pdf (hse.ru)
 Key Theories of international relations Key Theories of International Relations |
Norwich University Online
 International Relations Origin and Growth International Relations Origin and
Growth - Political Science (politicalscienceview.com)
 United nations United Nations | Peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet
 Foreign Policy of India Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
(mea.gov.in)
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 30

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE & PROCESSES (COMPULSORY PAPER)

III SEMESTER | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)
SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Dr.Ayan Hazra Year/ Term Second Year

/III
semester
Course Name Sociology III Session duration 60
Minutes
No of Contact hours 60 Lectures +=60 No. of Credits 4
hours
Introduction, Course Every society has its own peculiar structure and there are some
Objective & institutions universal to every society, but with their unique
Pedagogy manifestations in each society. There are some change agents
and initiatives that enable the society to change with the passage
of time. This paper focuses on the structure of the Indian society
and the changing aspects with the processes operating change
agents and initiatives.

The objective of this course is to acquaint the learners with:

CO1: After studying Indian society, the student can get an
impression about the basic composition of Indian society, its
historical moorings,basic philosophical foundations of the society
and the institutions.
CO2: Learn about the changing institutions, the processes, the
agents and the interventions that bring about change in the
Indian society.
CO3: India is a plural society. It is rightly characterized by its
unity and diversity. A grand synthesis of cultures, religions and
languages of the people belonging to different castes and
communities has upheldits unity and cohesiveness
Pedagogy: This course will be administered through classroom
teaching, internal assessments, use of ICT tools in the class,
discussion, and evaluation. Classroom interactions between
students and teachers are considered as one of the practical
aspects of imparting this course. Students are encouraged to
participate in question-answer sessions and they are also
expected to share their opinions, ideas, and critical views in the
classroom which can help all the stakeholders for further
improvements in teaching-learning processes and development
of the curriculum.

Learning Outcomes:
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 31

LO1: This paper is expected to bring familiarity in a student about Indian society. It will
present a comprehensive, integrated and empirically –based profile of Indian society. It
is hoped that the structure and processes operative in the society, the change agents
operating in Indian society presented in this course will also enable students to gain a
better understanding of their own situation and region.

LO2: Understand the individuals and social institutions, and also can correlate their
beliefs, religious position, scientific temper, social pathologies, power-functions in
contemporary society, and can develop critical social advocacy skills.

EVALUATION COMPONENTS

Evaluation Components Distribution of Marks

Continuous Internal Assessment 25
Mid Term examination 25
End Term 50
Total 100
*Note: Passing mark is 50% of the final grade.

COURSE PLAN

Sl. No. UNIT No. of

Sessions/
Lectures
1. Module-1: Evolution of Indian Society 5
2. Module 2: Cultural Evolution of Indian Society 10
3. Module 3: The Caste System and its Structure 15
4. Module 4: Tribal Life in India 15
5. Module 5: Understanding Gender 10
6. Module6: Contemporary Social Issues in India 5
Total Lectures 60

DETAILED SYLLABUS

UNIT CONTENT

Module-1 1. Evolutionary Approach,

Understanding 2. Historical Approach,
Indian Society 3. Civilizational Approach,

1. Hindu Philosophy, The Purusartha (Dharma, Artha, Kama

Module -2 and Moksha)
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 32

Cultural Evolution of 2. The Ashrama Dharma, Importance of Ashrama system,

Indian Society Varna Dharma & its importance, Salient features of Indian
Society & Culture, Emergence of the Traditional Pattern of
Social Stratification, The Samskaras, Latent function of the
Doctrine of Karma, Concept of Rina
3. Jainism Central Doctrine, Growth and Development,
Religious Practices
4. Buddhism Central Doctrine, Buddhist Social Order,
Relationship between Buddhist Philosophy & Society of
that Age, Growth, Development & Decline of Buddhism
5. Islam Central doctrine, Prophet Muhammad and the
Beginning of Islam, Modern Historiographical
Approaches, Theories Pertaining to the Rise of Islam:
Some Historiographical Reconsideration, Spread of Islam
after the Death of Prophet Muhammad, Islam and the
West: The Crusades
Module 3 1. The Caste System and its Structure
The Caste System 2. Perspectives on Caste, Caste and Varna, Theories of Caste
andits Structure (Traditional, Brahmanical, Racial, Occupational, Ketkar’s,
Hutton)
3. Characteristics of Caste, Merits and Demerits of Caste
System, Causes for the changes in Caste System
4. Vedic Period, Brahmanical Period, Maurya Period, Harsh
Vardhan Period, Rajput Period, Muslim Period, Pre-
industrial British Period, Factors Moulding the Caste
system, Pre- independence Industrial Period, Urbanization,
Post- independence Period
5 Great Tradition and Little Tradition, Universalisation and
Parochialisation, Sacred Complex, Nature-Man-Spirit
Complex
6 Caste Identity: Attributional & Interactional Approaches
7 Jajmani System, its Relations, functions, Roles &Change
8 Scheduled Caste as a Community—their Strength and the
Background, Constitution and the Scheduled Castes, Social
Mobility during Pre-Independence Period, Social Mobility
during the British Rule, Scheduled Castes in Post-
Independent Indi

9 Sanskritization, factors and Changes, Dominant Caste, Tribe-

Caste Continuum
10 Dr.Ambedkar Philosophy on Dalit, Dalit Liberation, Religion,
Caste, Untouchability, Identity
1. Tribe, P r o b l e m s o f N o m e n c l a t u r e ,
Module 4 Characteristics of Tribe, Tribal Zones (B.K.RoyBurman’s
Tribal Life in India and Elwin’s classification ), Tribal Panchasheela
2. Characteristics of Tribal Families (membership of family&
nature of family members, form of marriage)
3. Prohibitions regarding Marriage, Preferential Marriages,
Ways of Acquiring Mate, Types of Marriage, Changes inTribal
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 33

Marriage, Dormitories in Tribal Societies

4. Tribals and Governance, Understanding Politics, Tribal
Polity
5. Tribe Caste Continuum: Sanskritization and Great Little
Tradition
6. Tribal Problems, Land Alienation, Debt-Bondage, Education,
Health, Displacement, Rehabilitation
7. Peasant Resistance, Protest and Ethno-political movements,
Tribal Resistance, Protest and Ethno-political movements
8. Descriptions of the Tribal Areas and Major Tribes in M.P.
and Chhattisgarh, Origin of the Tribes of M.P. and
Chhattisgarh, Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects of the
Tribes of M.P. and Chhattisgarh, Distinctive Features of
Different Tribes of the Region, Present Status of the Tribes
of the Region
9. Who are the Tribals?, Factors that constitute Tribal Identity ,
Crisis of Identity ,Solution

1. Contextualizing Sex and Gender

Module 5 2. Production of Masculinity and Feminity
Understanding 3. Embodiment and Gender
Gender 4. Family, Sexual Division of Labour and Property
5. Gender, Power, subordination and Resistance
6. Sexual Violence
7. Contemporary Women’s movement in India:1950 to 2000
8. Queer movement
Module 6 1. Honour Killing’ of Young Women
Contemporary Social 2. Internet & Social Behavior
Issues in India 3. Issues in Environmental Degradation
4. Me Too Movement: A Blow to Patriarchy
5. Banning Triple Talaaq Law & its Socio- Legal
Implications
6. Anti – CAA Movement & its Implications

Readings:
1. Vinita Pandey.2016. Indian Society & Culture. Rawat Publications.
2. C.N. Shankar Rao.2004. Sociology of Indian Society. S. Chand.
3. Ram Ahuja.1993. Indian Social System. Rawat Publications.
4. S.L.Doshi, P.C. Jain.2001. Social Anthropology. Rawat Publications.
5. B.K. Nagla.2021. Indian Sociological Thought. Rawat Publications.
6. Sukant K. Chaudhury, Soumendra Mohan Patnaik.2008. Indian
Tribes & the Mainstream.Rawat Publications.
7. H.C. Upreti.2006. Indian Tribes Then & Now. Pointer Publications.
8. Valerian Rodrigues.2004. The Essentials Writings of B.R.Ambedkar. Oxford
Publications.
9. T.K.Omnen, C.N. Vengopal.2018. Sociology. Eastern Book Company.
10. Ram Ahuja.1999. Society in India- Concepts, Theories & Recent
Trends. RawatPublications.
11. Ram Ahuja.1997. Social Problems in India. Rawat Publications.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 34

12. Reema Bhatia.2021. Gender: A Sociological Understanding. Pearson

Publication
13. Indra Deva.1999. Social & Culture in India: The Dynamics
Through the Ages. RawatPublications.
14. S.C. Dube. 2005. Indian Society. National Book Trust.

Online Sources: All HNLU Online Subscriptions: JSTOR, EBC READER,

MANUPATRA, ETC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phyJUqdIBUs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo71TgSi-uw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiP4ZWJrzFg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c33XPyljUiw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQeSdJyUyQE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w88sWMukcO4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0U5z2LJRHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HpPlPJajks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfmye5zlRJ8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUtgVunde9Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odHJld4gjL0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8vjOfgvBd0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e p3UZCV9E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjCU_70K_Rs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePaLefbVJBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_E7TlvbpCLg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCkKcw0asfk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD5fIMcmM2c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrWjuElWYy4
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 35

LAW OF TORTS (COMPULSORY PAPER)

SEMESTER III | B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)
SYLLABUS (SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER 2023)

Faculty Name Dr. Kiran Kori Year/ Semester 2nd Year/III

Ms. Urvi Shrivastava Semester
Course Name Law of Torts No. of Credits
Course Code NA Session 60 Minutes
Duration
No of Contact 50 Lectures + 10 Pre-requisite None
Hours Tutorials =60 hours
Introduction, With rapid industrialization, tort action came to be used against
manufacturers and industrial units for products injurious to
Course Objective
human beings. Presently, the emphasis is on extending the
& Pedagogy principles not only to acts, which are harmful, but also to failure
to comply with standards that are continuously changing due to
advancement in science and technology. Product liability is now
assuming a new dimension in developed economics. In the
modern era of consumer concern of goods and services, the law
of torts has an added significance with this forage into the
emerging law of consumer protection. It operates in disputes
relating to the quality of goods supplied and services rendered
and, in those areas, relating to damage suffered by consumers.
The law relating to consumer protection, lying scattered in
myriad provisions of various legislation and judicial decisions in
India, so connected with the human rights for a healthy life and
environment, has now a core subject to be taught as an
indispensable part of a socially relevant curriculum. Course
Objective are mentioned as follows:

CO1 – to explain the law of private rights and

remedies which are not covered by statute
CO2 – to display understanding of the operation of
this branch of common law and its potential of
expansion which governs actions for damages for
injuries to certain kinds of rights, like the right to
personal security, property and reputation.
CO3 – to demonstrate application of the principles of
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 36

Law of Torts in contemporary areas like Human

Rights, Environmental Rights, and Intellectual
Property Rights.
CO4 - Appraise the differing requirements which lead
to civil liability for different torts against person and
property.

The BCI proposed a combination of laws of torts and consumer

protection as a single paper. Hence the subject will be taken up in
a comprehensive manner with a practical approach with the
provisions of CPA, 2019.

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Through the curriculum, the students will be introduced to the
big picture of Law of Torts and Consumer Protection Act. At the end of the course,
students will be able to:
LO1 To discuss the nature and functions of Law of Torts to give a firm understanding of
the purpose of the torts law.
LO2 To enable students relate various torts in day to day life with practical examples.
LO3 To enable them look at the remedies and defences available against various forms
of torts.
LO4 To enable them analyse provisions of Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and its
application
EVALUATION COMPONENTS
Evaluation Components Distribution of Marks
Continuous Internal Assessment 25
Mid Term Examination 25
End Term 50
Total 100
*Note: Pass marks 50% of the final grade.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 37

COURSE PLAN
S.No. Topic Lecture
Sessions
1 INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS 1-6
2 DEFENCES 7-16
3 LIABILITY 17-21
4 SPECIFIC TORTS- NUISANCE, NEGLIGENCE, 22-42
DEFAMATION, TRESPASS
5 REMEDIES 43-51
6 CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA 52-60

DETAILED SYLLABUS
UNIT CONTENT
MODULE - I 1) Definition, Nature and Scope of Law of Torts
2) Torts and Crime
INTRODUCTION TO
3) Torts and Contract
LAW OF TORTS
4) Essential Elements of Law of Torts.
5) Pigeon Hole Theory
6) Parties to a Tort
MODULE - II 1) Specific Defences
2) Volenti non fit injuria
DEFENCES 3) Act of God (Vis major)
4) Inevitable Accident
5) Necessity
6) Private Defense
7) Novus actus interveniens
8) Statutory Authority
9) Judicial and Quasi-judicial Authority
10)Parental and Quasi-parental Authority
MODULE – III 1) Strict Liability – Introduction
2) Rule in Ryland’ s v. Fletcher
LIABILITY 3) Absolute Liability – Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Case.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 38

4) Vicarious Liability –
Introduction
Master and Servant
5) Vicarious Liability of State
MODULE - IV A- NUISANCE
1) Nuisance – Definition
SPECIFIC TORTS- 2) Types of Nuisance
NUISANCE, 3) Defences
NEGLIGENCE, B - NEGLIGENCE
DEFAMATION, 1) Definition
TRESPASS 2) Elements of Negligence
3) Res Ipsa Loquitor
4) Contributory Negligence
5) Defenses
C- DEFAMATION
1) Introduction- definition
2) Libel and Slander
3) Essentials of Defamation
4) Defences
D- TRESPASS
1) Introduction
2) Trespass to person
3) Trespass to Land
MODULE - V 1) Judicial Remedies
REMEDIES 2) Damages
a) Types of Damages
b) Remoteness of Damages
3) Injunction
a) Constitutional Remedies
4) Extra
a) judicial Remedies
5) Self-help
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 39

a) Expulsion of trespasser
MODULE - VI Consumer Protection Act, 2019
CONSUMER 1) History and Development of Consumer Protection Laws in
PROTECTION IN India
INDIA 2) Object and Reasons of Consumer Protection Act, 2019
3) Definitions, Consumer Protection Councils
4) Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies

READINGS:

 Ranchhoddas Ratanlal, Thakore Dhirajlal Keshavlal and Singh Guru Prasanna,

Ratanlal & Dhirajlal's the Law of Torts, Wadhwa & Co, Nagpur (2018)
 R K Bangia, Law of Torts, ALA, Haryana.
 G B Reddy, Law of Consumer Protection, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad.
 S K Verma, A. Wani, S S Jaswal, A Treatise on Consumer Protection Laws, ILI, New
Delhi.
 V. Balakrishna Eradi, Consumer Protection Jurisprudence, Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
 Baxi Upendra, Paul Thomas, Mass Disaster and Multinational Liability: The Bhopal
Case, N.M. Tripathi, (1986)
 Cranor Carl F., Toxic Torts: Science, Law and the Possibility of Justice, Cambridge
University Press, (2006)
 Jain N. K., Consumer Protection: Law and Practice, Regal Publications, (2008)
 Pollock Frederick, The Law of Torts: A Treatise on the Principles of Obligations
Arising from Civil Wrongs in the Common Law: To which is Added the Draft of a Code
of Civil Wrongs Prepared for the Government of India”, BiblioBazaar: (2008)
 Salmond Heuston, The Law of Torts, Universal Law Publishing Co. Ltd., (2004)
 Singh Avatar, Prof (Dr.) Harpeet Kaur, Introduction To The Law Of Torts And
Consumer Protection, Lexis Nexis, 2020
 Steele Jenny, Tort Law: Text, Cases & Materials, Oxford University Press (2007)
 Upadhyay Videh, Public Interest Litigation in India: Concepts, Cases and Concerns,
LexisNexis Butterworths, (2007)
 W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
 B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, E B C, Lucknow.
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 40

STATUTES, RULES AND REGULATIONS:

 CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019

 THE PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991
 THE BHOPAL GAS LEAK DISASTER (PROCESSING OF CLAIMS) ACT, 1985

CASE LAWS:
 Municipal Corporation Delhi vs. Subhagwanti, 1966
 Ashby v. White (1703) 2 Lord Raym 933
 Bhim Singh v. State of J&K, 1968
 Gloucester Grammer School case 1410
 Mayor of Bradford v. Pickles 1895
 Padmawati v. Dugganaika, 1975
 Hall v. Brook Lands Auto Racing Club, 1933
 Brown v. Kendall, 1850
 Nichols v. Marshland, 1876
 Kallulal v. Hemchand, 1958
 Rylands v. Fletcher, 1868
 Crowhurst v. Amersham Burial Board, 1878
 Bolton v. Stone, 1951
 M C Mehta v. UOI, 1987
 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. UOI, 1996
 P & O Steam Navigation Co. v. Secretary of State, 1861
 State of Raj. v. Vidyawati, 1962
 Kasturilal v. State of UP,1965
 Cassidy v. Minister of Health, 1951
 St. Helens Smelting Co. v. Tipping, 1865
 Donoughe v. Stevenson, 1932
 Glasgow Corp. v. Taylor, 1992
 KSEB v. Suresh Kumar, 1986
 Dr. Ram Raj Singh v. Babulal, 1982
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 41

 Cassidy v. Daily Mirror, 1929

 D P Choudhary v. Manju Lata, 1997
 T J Ponnen v. M C Verghese, 1970
 Knapffer v. London Express Newspaper Ltd., 1944
 D N Sen v. RK Bhadre, 1970
 Six Carpenters Case (1610) 8 Co. Ref. 146
 Bird v. Jones (1845) 7 QB 742
 Bhim Singh v. State of J & K AIR 1968 SC 494
 Rudal Shah v. State of Bihar (1983) 4 SCC 141
 Ellis v. Loftus Iron Co. 1874 LR 10 CP 19
ONLINE ARTICLES/BLOGS/REPORTS:
 Kenneth W. Simons, THE CRIME/TORT DISTINCTION: LEGAL DOCTRINE AND
NORMATIVE PERSPECTIVES, available at chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.bu.edu/lawlibrary/fa
cultypublications/PDFs/Simons/Crim_Torts_Distinction.pdf
 STEVE HEDLEY, Death and Tort, available at chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://www.stevehedley.com/essa
ys/death.pdf
 Hazel Carty, The Economic Torts and English Law: An Uncertain Future, Kentucky
Law Journal, Volume 95, Issue 4, available at chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/vi
ewcontent.cgi?article=1327&context=klj
 Aditi Agarwal, General Defenses In Torts, available at
https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/general-defenses-in-torts/
 Anindya Ghosh and Nabarun Chandra Ray, India: Product Liability Law In India: An
Evolution, available at https://www.mondaq.com/india/dodd-frank-consumer-
protection-act/974270/product-liability-law-in-india-an-evolution
 Bhopal to Vizag – A jurisprudential analysis of the tortious liability for companies
available at https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/bhopal-gas-tragedy/
 Torts: Distinction between Negligence and Nuisance, California Law Review Vol. 6, No.
3 (Mar., 1918), pp. 228-230
 H i d a y a t u l l a h N a t i o n a l L a w U n i v e r s i t y | 42

 Achal Gupta, Devika Sharma, Defamation, a tort available at

https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/02/12/defamation-2/
 Shubham Khunteta, Trespass: Meaning, Nature, Types, Defenses and Case Laws,
available at https://blog.ipleaders.in/trespass-meaning-nature-types-defenses-case-
laws/