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ContempWorld Reviewer Based Sa PPT Ni Maam

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peeyt pit
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The Relevance of the State Amid Globalization collective identity grounded on a nation of shared

history and culture.


STATE- is a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion NOTE: If we talk about the Philippines as a state,
of territory, possessing a government of their own to we may refer to the Philippine government, the
which the great body of inhabitants render habitual Philippine territory, and its internal and external
obedience and free from external control. sovereignty. If we talk about the Philippines as a
- distinctive political community with its own set of nation, we refer to share collective nation of
rules and practices and that is more or less separate democracy, or history, and our collective identity. In
from other communities. other words, the state is a POLITICAL CONCEPT
while nation is a CULTURAL CONCEPT.
Elements of State:
ARGUMENTS MADE INCLUDING THE
PEOPLE NATION-STATES
-Population is the most important element of the
state because there can be no state without people. -Retain at least some power in the face of
-This population does not refer to a homadic people globalization. (Conley 2022).
that move from one place to another. -The role of the state is enduring and even
increasing- in advance industrial societies (Beland
TERRITORY 2018).
-A territory has cleared by the government -The efficacy in the face of globalization (Mann
-A territory is effectively controlled from one place 2007).
to another without having any fixed territory for the
residence, there is no state. The greater demands being placed on the state
because of four major sources of collective
GOVERNMENT insecurity: terrorism; economic globalization,
-Government regulates relations among its own leading to problems such as outsourcing and
people and with other states. pressures toward downsizing, as well as the current
-The agency or machinery through which common economic crisis; threats to national identity due to
policies are determined by which common affairs immigration; and the spread of
are regulated and common interest promoted. global diseases such as AIDS.
>The authority of the state is exercised by the
government. The other side of this argument in support of the
>Function of the state are performed by the nation-state is that global processes of various
government. kinds are not as powerful as many believe.
>Law of the state are made of the government.
A related points is that it would be a mistake simply
SOVEREIGNTY "to see globalization as a threat to, a constraint on,
-the word “Sovereignty” means to supreme and the nation-state: it can also be an opportunity for the
final legal authority above and beyond which no nation-state" (Conley, 2002).
legal power exists.
-without sovereignty, there is very possibility of Institutions That Govern International Relations
forces lawlessness sweeping away the whole -There are several international organizations that
society. governments of countries around the world and
Nation individuals participate in.
-refers to the people rather than any kind of formal -These include the United Nations, The
territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a International Court of Justice, NATO
-There are also Non-Governmental Organizations
promoting social and economic growth, and Global - “The third kind if replacement to the traditional
Economic Associations nation-state idea of national autonomy comes from
the non-state actors.”
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
Review: FIRST
State- a political unit that has authority over its own 1. DECLINING POWER OF NATION
affairs STATES
- the country and its government 2. VAST FLOWS OF ALL SORTS OF
THINGS THAT RUN INTO AND OFTEN
Nation- refers to group of people who share THROUGH THE BORDERS OF NATION
common characteristics such as language, traditions STATES
and ethnicity 3. MASS MIGRATION OF PEOPLE
- an “imagined community” that are bound 4. Horrendous events within Nation-States that
together by notions of unity that can pivot States themselves either foment and carry
around religion, ethnic identity, language, out or unable to control.
cultural practice and so forth.
Effects of Globalization to Governments
Nation-State– system of organization defined by  One of the key aspects of state sovereignty
geography, politics, and culture. is the government.

THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM  Other countries must recognize sovereignty


- “The state has traditionally been the subject or the right to govern one’s own territorial
of most interest to scholars of global politics borders.
because it is viewed as the “the institution
that creates warfare and sets economic  Elections, especially in democratic society,
policies for a country”. provide the leadership of the state.

- The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established  A civil society within with in a state can also
the notion of the nation-state and the idea of act as counterweight or as a supplement to
state sovereignty. government.

- “With globalization, some scholars suggest a Traditional Challenges


decrease in the power of the state and that
other actors are actually becoming more External intervention can generally be described as
powerful”. invasion by other countries. For example, when
- “Is the idea of the nation state outdated in Saddam Hussein was the rules of Iraq in 1990, he
the contemporary world? If so, what is it that decided he was going to take over the oil fields of
we need to think about as “replacements”. Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a
result, he was dislodged by an international
-First, we will look at regional alliances and coalition led by the United States.
worldwide organization of states” • Russia's external intervention into the affairs of
- “International and regional economic bond bodies Ukraine, a sovereign
such as IMF and the World Bank, must also be state in the post- soviet era, is another instance of
considered as they often push for neoliberal reforms intervention in the
in the world” autonomy of the state.
• Russia intervenes in the affairs of people in capitalism. Government austerity comes from
Crimea who want to become part of Russia again developments of organizations that cooperate across
even though they are part of Ukraine. countries, such as WTO and regional agreements,
• Crimea declared its independence from Ukraine such as NAFTA the European Union (EU), and the
and re- affiliated with Russia. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
• Ukraine argues to have autonomy to determine the
case for Crimea. • Neoliberal economics or Neoliberal capitalism
•. There is current conflict between Ukraine not started in the 1980s.
recognizing Crimea’s sovereignty and Russia not • Neoliberal economics requires a state to cooperate
recognizing Ukraine’s sovereignty over Crimea. in the global market through the free flow of capital,
• That government was more fundamentals and the privatization of services and fiscal austerity or
rejected the notion of a plural society that included constraint.
religious diversity. • Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat in general
• The military staged a coup that deposed the because a state cannot protect its own economic
government in order to restore stability. interest as a sovereign state.
• In Syria, the original rebellion against Assad came • Global economics influence is the use of IMF and
from country’s own internal dissenters who wanted the World Bank in forcing government reforms in
to replace the government even though they were poorer country.
also Syrian nationals. • Businesses from developed countries put their
• The United Nations intervened in Sudan because factories and pay people to build factories and
of the several years of civil war. produce goods in developing countries worldwide.
• It began in 1981 when Greece joined the EU.
Challenges from National/ Identity movements • Twenty years later, Greece adopted the euro as its
own currency and got rid of the drachma.
The next challenges are part of a national identity or • In 2007-2008 the worldwide financial crisis made
movement. It is important to know that a nation has Greece’s economy to collapse.
cultural identity that people attached to, while a • In 2009, their credit rating dropped which made it
state is a definite entity due to its specific harder for them to pay back their debt.
boundaries. However, different people with
different Identities can live in different states. GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
• The Catalans live primarily in Spain but we can • Are movements of people that are spontaneous or
also find some of them in France. that emerge through enormous grassroots
• Scottish nationalism is another example that organization.
challenges the traditional notions of state • Are transnational movements which means they
sovereignty. occur countries and across borders.
• If a country decide that they are going to have a
• In 2004, Great Britain had a vote in Scotland to particular policy and if that policy violates the
decide whether Scotland was going to become its international standard of human rights there is a
own autonomous state apart from Great Britain. challenge to the ability of states to fully implement
• They voted against it but Scotland has a significant it.
degree of autonomy now as compared to more than
two decades years ago. Institutions that Govern International Relations
 United Nation
Global Economics  International Court of Justice
 NAFTA
The third major source of challenge comes from  NATO
global economics. Global economy demands the
states to conform to the rules of free-market
Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
NATO - The International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
Global politics entails relationships of countries and - The International Covenant on Economic, Social
different government and non-governmental and Cultural Rights
organizations. The United Nation (UN) is one of the
leading political organizations in the world were The UN is being criticized as being weak and is
Nation states meet and deliberate. unable to stop wars. Because of this, the next
situation that we are going to discuss continues to
The term "United Nation" was coined by former play a big role in foreign conflicts. This is NATO.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
Generally, it functions in for areas Military issues, (NGOS)
economic issues, environmental issues, and human
protection. Another example of an organization that was
developed out of war is the Red Cross (Red
The general assembly is the gathering of all of these Crescent in Muslim countries). It is considered as a
countries. It is held in the auditorium where non-governmental organization (NGO). NGOs are
speeches are given. Representatives from different not tied to any country. This allows them to operate
member states can vote on issues. freely throughout the world. They provide
emergency relief such as food, water, and medical
There are five permanent members of the UN supplies for those whose homes or towns have been
Security Council the United States, Britain, Russia, destroyed by disaster or war. They also monitor the
China and France treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to
make sure that no war crimes are taking place. In
Pollution and Hazardous wastes are addressed fact, the Red Cross began as an organization to help
through United Nation Environment Programme those who were wounded during wars. The big Red
(UNEP) Cross worn by NGOs is the identification that they
As a response, the UN's intergovernmental Panel on are not soldiers.
climate change (IPCC) took efforts that can mitigate
climate change like assessment of climate science, Part of why it is important for the Red Cross to be
facilitation of climate agreements, and giving an NGO is that they remain neutral and would help
assistance to countries to reduce emissions. the wounded from both sides of war. Since they are
neutral, governments are more likely to let them
The UN also has the International Court of Justice come into their countries to help. While
(ICJ) usually referred to as the world court. It is headquarters of the international Red Cross is in
located in the Netherlands in towns called the Geneva, Switzerland, they have branches all around
Hagues. the world.

International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Doctors without borders provides free emergency
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea healthcare in disaster area, Oxfam fights famine and
(ITLOS) disease, Amnesty International speaks out for
- UN Higher Commissioner for human rights, the human rights and political prisoners, and save the
human right council, human right treaty bodies. children helps kids get health care and education.
- UN development Group's human right's
mainstreaming mechanism (UNDG-HRM) GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS: THE
WTO AND NAFTA
- International Bill of Human Right
The next group is an economic association –WTO, connected through the internet, modern
it is made up of 162 countries around the world and transportation, and advanced communication
was created with the goal of increasing free trade. technologies. This is to say, therefore, that societies
Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from in the world have always been connected, what
another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. makes the contemporary world different from the
In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and past is the type and speed of connection that people
companies inside their country. Though good in and societies experience.
nature, WTO is not without criticism. In fact, a
protest in Seattle at a 1999 WTO conference led to a We can also differentiate globalism and
major not as some said that WTO was more about globalization in terms of its “thickness”
helping large companies and corporations than it (NYE,2002). Globalism is thin. As it becomes
was about helping people. thicker, globalization happens. This means that
being able to connect countries in the world through
Another famous economic organization is NAFTA, a more dynamic and faster way is globalization. Let
this is an economic treaty between the United us take global trade as an example, in the past, silk
States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three road served as the trade routes among countries,
countries trade freely without taxing each other. other products, even illegal ones, were exchanged
NAFTA is not without critics either. Some among traders and consumers. In addition, cultural
American autoworkers protested against NAFTA as interactions among people were made through their
several car companies moved their factories to trades. However, they were felt by a relatively small
Mexico in search for cheaper labor, NAFTA, like group of people, most especially those who were
WTO, represents the challenge in America of actually on the road and did the trades. The
keeping manufacturing factories. connections were not internet nor “thick” in contrast
to the contemporary world, “globalism becomes
GLOBALIZATION, GLOBALISM AND increasingly thick”.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
If you were a European trader taking the Silk Road
“Globalism,” globalization would be better going to China, if would take you days or weeks to
described as the “increase or decline in the degree sell your products, but today, It would only take a
of globalism” (Nye,2002, p. 1) what then is few seconds or minutes to sell, buy, and exchange
globalism? Globalism refers to the network of products and services with other people even if they
connections that transcends distances of different are a thousand miles away from you. A concrete
countries in the world. In other words, the links example of this is the change in the price of oil
among countries and people are better associated which can happen overnight depending on its price
with globalism while the speed in which they in the world market.
become linked with one another in globalization.
Although Globalism and Globalization are often
If we are to make a stark contrast between understood in terms of the economy.
globalism and globalization by saying that
globalization means connectedness while globalism INFORMATIONALISM
is not, it will lead to confusion that the present is the
only time in which people got connected while in Globalism is tied to the notion of networks. For
the past they were not. But even before the Castells (2000), "networks constitute the
industrial revolution, the world was already fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life”. It
connected. Through the conquests of different was previously mentioned that in the present and
empires, such as those of the Romans, many parts of even in the past, the world is connected. The
the world became under one rule. Today, however, difference between globalism and globalization is
the contemporary world is characterized by being the speed and thickness or intensity of connections.
Nevertheless, people are connected with one In addition, the French social theorist Guy DeBord
another whether as a small community or as a large (1994) emphasized in his idea of media spectacle
country. the sophistication and ubiquity of spectacular visual
in televisions. This made TV news a form of
The question now is about the type of connection entertainment. Although content matters in
that exists and begins to increase in the television broadcasts, visual spectacle or
contemporary world. The answer lies on the growth significance is an important element and perhaps the
of Information as the binding force among people, primary key to catch the attention of the audience.
things, and places around the globe.
This technological paradigm, associated with When one mentions online social networking, spam,
computer science and modern telecommunication, and computer viruses, it is the Internet that binds
that replaces industrialism is called them all. The Internet is a mark of the contemporary
informationalism (Castells, 2004). These are world. According to Ritzer (2015), "The Internet
technology, the media, and the Internet. This is not has prompted a flat world thesis; anyone can be
to say that we do not need to produce material involved in it, at least theoretically" Having a
goods such as factories, clothes, and food; rather, computer today in our homes, our schools, our
exchanging information and knowledge, which is workplaces, and accessing the Internet through our
clearly immaterial goods, central in the personal cellphones allow us to be connected with
contemporary world (Hardt & Negri, 2000). the rest of the world.

This is due to the “three of the most cutting-edge We can gain information by accessing different
aspects of the social world in general and websites, such as Facebook and Wikipedia, through
globalization in particular; technology, media and the Internet. In the same manner, the information
the internet. about ourselves that we share is also exposed. In
order to control internet access and use, there are
The answer lies on the growth of information as the mechanisms such as personal passwords or in the
binding force among people, things, and places case of Chinese government, THE GREAT
around the globe. This technological paradigm, FIREWALL.
associated with computer science and modern
telecommunication, that replaces industrialism is GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
called informationalism (Castells, 2004). These are Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations,
technology, the media, and the Internet. for instance, the right to vote and the obligation to
pay taxes. Both rights and obligations link the
The creation of the world's first container ship in Individual to the state. It also has to do with our
1956 and the expansion of airfreight greatly attitudes. We need to be willing to engage and to
hastened the transport of goods all around the spend time and effort to the community of which we
world. feel part of. Community has traditionally been
regarded as something very local. How, then, can
McLuban and Fiore (2005) argued that in the New the idea of citizenship be transferred to the global
Media Age or NETOCRACY, the importance lies in level?
the medium the way in which the message is
transmitted not necessarily in the content presented The so-called bottom billion lacks infrastructures
through the medium. This means that televisions, and has been disenfranchised. The opponents of
radios, and newspapers have been shaping globalization blame either Westernization or global
"Individual subjectivity and culture, not only locally capitalism. Thus, the enemies resist globalization,
but globally" (Ritzer, 2015, p. 143). especially when it comes to global economy and
global governance.
There are three approaches to global economic
resistance. Trade protectionism involves the
systematic government intervention in foreign trade
through tariffs and non-tariff barriers in order to
encourage domestic and deter their foreign
competitors (McAleese, 2007).

Although there exists a widespread consensus


regarding its inefficiency, trade protectionism is still
popular since it shields the domestic economy from
systemic shocks.

Fair trade is a different approach to economic


globalization, which emerged as a counter to
neoliberal "free trade" principles (Nicholls and
Opal, 2005). Fair trade aims at a more moral and
equitable global economic system in which, for
instance, price
is not set by the market; instead, it is negotiated
transparently by both producers and consumers.
While it is popular among consumers in the North,
it has met only limited acceptance among producers
(Ritzer, 2015).

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