MANGO:-

Botanical Name: - Mangifera IndicaL.

Family :- Anacardiaceae
Chromosome No: - 2n=2x=40
Origin:- Indo-Burma region
Pollination type : - Cross pollination
Other name. :- Aam,Mango

Introduction :-
It is the national fruit of India, No other fruits can compete with mango in respect to area,
production, nutritive value and popularity. Mango is one of the choicest fruits of India, grown
over an area of 1.23 million hectares in the country. In India, mango is acclaimed as 'King of
fruits'. Mangiferawas given for the first time by Bontius in 1658, when he referred to this plant
as arbor Mangifera the tree producing mango).

Linnaeus also referred it as Mangifera arbor in 1747, prior to changing the name to its
present form (Mangifera Indica) in 1753. Mango is a good source of vitamin A and C apart
from the usual content of minerals and other vitamins. Mango is also considered to
have some medicinal properties. Ripe fruits of mango are fattening, diuretic and laxative.
The Kernel is effective against diarrhoea and asthma. Besides table purpose, fruits of mango
can be used for the preparation of pickles ,preserves, jam, amchur and mango leather.

Germplasm resource:-
India is the home of mango germplasm where more than thousand varieties are existing,
which are widely distributed in different agroecological zones. Central Institute for
Subtropical Horticulture. (CISH) Lucknow has the largest collection of mango (633
accessions in the national repository) and they have greater genetic variability with respect
to fruit shape. skin colour, stone size. period and time of maturity, pulp thickness. colour,
bearing habit. yield and quality parameters (Anon..
2002). Further, IHR.

Bangalore, IARI, Pusa, New Delhi, Sabour, (Bihar) Fruit Research station Sangareddy
(Andhra Pradesh) etc. are also maintaining the germplasm of mango. In India, majority of
varieties are monoembryonic whereas in most tropical region polyembryonic types are
predominant.

Almost all the commercial cultivars of mango are related to a single species Mangifera
indica. However, a few commercial cultivars of South East Asia belong to other edible
species such as M. altissima. M. caesia, M. cochinchinensis, M. foetida, M. griffithi, M
langinifera, M. longipes, M. macrocarpa, M. odorata,
M. pajang, M. pentandra, M. sylvatica and M. zeylanica. There are different reports regarding
the number of species in Genus Mangifera. Singh (1969) reported 62 species
whereas Mukherjee (1949) reported 41 species but later on he reported that only 39
species are existing (Mukherjee, 1985). There are five species of Mangifera reported from
India e.g. M. andamanica, M. indica, M. khasiana, M. sylvatica and M. comptosperma.

Flower and Pollination:-

Flower starts opening early in the morning from 4-7 a.m. and maximum flowers open
between
9.30-10.30 a.m. and complete 11.a.m. Dehiscence of anthers takes place at 11.30 a.m. and
it continues up to 3.45 p.m. The pollen grains are oval, or triangular or oblong Stigma
becomes receptive even 18 hours before flower opening. Mode o pollination IS entomonhilv:
nectar is present to attract the insects.

The flowering duration is usually of short i.e. 2 to 3 weeks. The mango inflorescence or
panicle bears mainly two types of flowers - male and perfect. The number of flowers per
panicle varies between 1000 to 6000 depending upon the variety and climatic factors. The
percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent
in Neelum and upto 69.8 per cent in Langra.

Hybridization:

Since a large number of male and perfect flowers are borne on a mango panicle, itrequires a
special crossing technique.

The panicle should be bagged with a muslin bag (bU cm × 30 cm) fullvstretched and
fixedwith two rings and a rod made of spliced bamboo. A piece of thick iron wire can also be
made into good trame for stretching the muslin bag over the panicle Staminate flowers of the
selected panicle to be used as female parent should be removeddaily before dehiscence.
Panicles of the variety selected as male parent should also be bagged before their flowers
begin to open. Freshly dehisced male flowers should be carried in a small petridish lined with
a filter paper and covered with another petridish to protect the flower fromcontamination with
foreign pollen carried by insects.
Perfect flowers should be emasculated early in the morning before dehisced.
Freshlydehisced anther of the male parent should gently be brushed against the stigma
which should thenbe examined under lens to see if pollen grains have adhered to it.

As the pollination of flowers in any one panicle is carried over a number of days, only the
pollinated flowers should be allowed to remain on the panicle. It has been found
advantageous to keen the vanicles enclosed in bags til the fruits set and develon slightly .
The conventional method of pollination is time consuming, cost intensive and
inefficientbecause of tallness and difficult to handle trees and poor fruit set. Caging technique
for crossing, developed at IARI following the discovery of self incompatibility in
Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay Green, involves planting of grafted plants of the
self incompatible varieties along with those of male parents enclosed in an insect proof cage
and allowing pollination byfreshly rared house flies and thus doing away with the tedious
hand pollination.

Selection:-

Almost all the present commercial varieties of mango in the world were developed from open
pollinated seedling selection e.g.Dashehari, Langra, S.B.Chausa, Rataul,Swarnarekha etc.
The evolution of Florida varieties which are the leading mango cultivars of the world
is interesting. In 1889, introductions were made from India of which Mulgoabe came popular.
Cultivar Haden was a seedling of Mulgoa.
Subsequently, many promising seedlings were selected which became popular.
Tommy Atkins from Haden, Keitt from Mulgoa, Dyke and Palmer from unknown origin,
Irwin from Lippins, Golden Nuggets and Brooks from Sandersha, Sensation from unknown
origin etc. are promising seedling selections.

Interspecific hybridization:-

Interspecific hybridization did not receive more attention but it can be a useful tool to transfer
some useful genes in cultivated varieties. This is possible because all the Mangifera species
have the same chromosome number (2n = 40). Therefore, they can inter cross easily
(Mukherjee, 1963).

Clonal selection:-

Exploitation of natural variability for selection of superior clones of commercial mango

cultivars has been undertaken. Clonal selection has also resulted in identification of few elite
clones. Dashehari-51 from Dashehari, a regular bearer (CISH, Lucknow), Subash', a chance
seedling from Zardalu (BAC, Sabour), Red blush, a strain of Alphonso (Vengurla),
heavy yielding strains of Langra and Himsagar (Kalyani, W.B.), bacterial black spot
resistant clones of Kensington, superior clones of Rumani and Neelum (Tamil Nadu)
and a regular bearing cultivar 'Cardoz Mankhurad' in Maharashtra which is selected from
Goa Mankurad.
Improved Hybridization technique:-

A.Single day pollination of limited number of flowers in a panicle is the ideal practice. Here,
the main emphasis was given on utilizing large number of panicles and crossing whatever
few flowers opened on the panicle during that single day. Bagging with perforated polythene
bags of 24" × 12"size of 100 gauges was preferred. Crossing of a few flowers in a given
panicle at one time is advocated than taking up crossing in more number of flowers in a
given panicle in batches over a number of days. (Mukherjee et al., 1961).

B. Caging technique: The discovery of self incompatibility in some of the popular cultivars at
IARI, New Delhi led to further improvement in the technique of hybridization. It is known as
caging technique (Sharma and Singh, 1970, Singh et al.,1962). In this technique,
grafted plants of parent varieties are enclosed in an insect proof cage and pollination
is effected through freshly reared houseflies.

1. Marker gene: The purple colour of new leaves and panicle and beak characters of
fruit helps in identifying the hybrid seedlings in the nursery (Sharma and Majumder et
al.,
1985).
2. A new off- season crossing technique was suggested by kulkarni (1986). It involves
induction of flowering in the desired parents in off season by veneer grafting, their
defoliated shoots on to leafy shoots off season flowering cv Royal special and
allowing open pollination between the desired parents.
Mutation breeding

Naturally occurring useful mutants like Rosica has been isolated from the Peruvian variety
'Rasado de Ica' Similarly, Davis Haden is a mutant of Haden. However, no induced mutant is
known to have been released.

Polyploidy breeding

Much scope exists for polyploidy breeding. However, till date there is no report on this line.
Vella Columban cultivar of mango is tetraploid in nature (2n = 4× = 80) which is a
polyembryonic type.

Heterosis:-

Iyer and Subramanyam (1984) observed large fruits in some progenies of Alphonso ×
Banganapalli.
Transgressive segregation for this character was also observed.

The population with bigge fruits was large among hybrid progenies obtained with
Banganapalli as one of the parents. This effect may be due to an accumulation of dominant
allele each having additive effects and masking the effect of deleterious recessive allele.

MCQ:-
1. Which country is the largest producer of mango?
A. Pakistan
B. India
C. China

2.Which vitamin is abundant in mango?

a. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin B

3. Mango is the national fruit of:

a. Pakistan
b. Mexico
c. Kenya

4.How many species of mangoes exist?

a. Over 800
b. Over 500
c. Over 600

5.What is the average height of a mango tree?

a. 35-40 m
b. 30-45 m
c. 50-70 m

6. How long does it take for mangoes to become ripe?

a. 8-9 months b.
6-7 months c. 2-
3 months

7.Amrapali variety of mango is made by the cross of

a. Dashehari × Neelum

b. Neelum x Alphonso

c. Ratna x Alphonso
8. King of fruit is_

a. Mango

b. Citrus

c. Pineapple

9. Mango Botanical name is_

a. Mngifera Indica

b. Citrus spp.

c. Indica mangifera

10. Mango variety

a. Kesar

b. Priyanka

c. cricket ball

Thank you