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2.spoken Vs Written Language

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12 views3 pages

2.spoken Vs Written Language

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Hồng Anh Phạm
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Further distinction between spoken language and written language ( Nunan, 1993: 8-15) .

SPOKEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN LANGUAGE


Context dependent Context independent
Generally used to communicate with people in Used to communicate across time and
the same time and/or place. distance.
Relies on shared knowledge between the Must recreate for readers the context it is
interactants and often makes reference to the describing.
shared context. Generally reflects action
Generally accompanies action.
Dialogic in nature Monologic in nature
Usually involves two or more speakers Usually written by one person removed
creating spoken texts together from an audience
Unrehearsed and spontaneous but not Edited and redrafted
unpredictable
Interactants build spoken, unrehearsed texts Written language can be edited and
spontaneously within social and linguistic redrafted any number of times.
parameters
Records the world as happenings Records the world as things
Relies more on verbs to carry meaning Relies more on nouns and noun groups to
carry meaning
Grammatically intricate Lexically dense
Tends to contain more context or grammatical Tends to contain more lexical or content
words such as pronouns, conjunctions, etc. words as meaning is carried by nouns and
Develops through intricate networks of noun groups.
clauses rather than complete sentences as it is Relies on the process of nominalization
jointly constructed and relies more heavily on whereby things which are not nouns can
verbs. be turned into nouns.
(source: Burns & De Silva Joyce, 1997)

SPOKEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN LANGUAGE


- phonological contractions and assimilations; - longer information units (complete
- hesitations, false starts and filled pauses; clauses and sentences);
- repetition; - complex relations of coordination and
- sentence fragments rather than complete subordination;
sentences; - high incidence of attributive adjectives;
- structured according to prosodic features rather - wider range and more precise choice of
than clauses; vocabulary than in speech;
- high incidence of discourse markers at the - high degree of nominalisations;
beginning or end of tone group; - longer average word length;
- relatively frequent use of questions and - greater use of passive voice.
imperatives;
- first- and second-person pronouns;
- deixis (reference outside the text – this, that,
here, there).
(source: Flowerdew, 2013: 27-28)
THREE LONDON TEENAGERS – ON THE PHONE
http://waugh10.old.edutronic.net/spoken-language-transcription/

Phone rings
- Yeah?
- Ow. Fanks for answerin’, geezer – know what I mean?
- Gimme dat. Where you been, fool? Makin’ us rinse out our credit leavin you messages and dat
- Hey, Mr Dawes is well on the war-path with you bruv yeah?
- ‘Cos of the bag and that?
- What bag? – ‘cos you missed the lesson you cheat!
- Gimme dat. Da bag weren’t a problem – Tegsy never mentioned it – he bottled it – Oi, you
coming over to mine later to play computer?
- Nah man, I’m at home now, I got business I gotta run.
- What business?
- Business that minds it own – sucks teeth – I’m out.

Analysis of the spoken text:


- Yeah?
- Ow. Fanks for answerin’, geezer colloquial – know what I mean?
- Gimme abbreviation dat accent. Where you been, fool? Makin’ us rinse out dialect, metaphor
our credit leavin you messages and dat
- Hey, Mr Dawes is well on the war-path with you bruv abbreviation, dialect yeah?
- ‘Cos abbreviation of the bag and that?
- What bag? – ‘cos abbreviation you missed the lesson you cheat!
- Gimme dat. Da bag weren’t a problem – Tegsy never mentioned it – he bottled it – Oi, you 
ellipsis coming over to mine later to play computer?
- Nah man, I’m at home now, I got business I gotta abbreviation run.
- What business?
- Business that minds it own – sucks teeth para-linguistic feature – I’m out.

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