ADVANCE ENGLISH WRITING

RESUME MATERI

DISUSUN OLEH:

MOHAMMAD ROIYAN SAPUTRA

(1911204038)

PROGRAM STUDI TADRIS BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN ILMU KEGURUAN

1. Outline

An outline is a tool used to organize written ideas about a topic or thesis into a logical
order. Outlines arrange major topics, subtopics, and supporting details. Writers use outlines
when writing their papers in order to know which topic to cover in what order. Outlines for
papers can be very general or very detailed. Learning to outline will improve your writing for
three reasons: It will help you organize your ideas; It will help you write more quickly; It will
help you improve your grammar.

The most common type of outline is an alphanumeric outline, or an outline that uses letters
and numbers in the following order:

I. Roman Numerals

A. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, etc.

B. Represent main ideas to be covered in the paper in the order they will be presented

II. Uppercase Letters

A. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, etc.
B. Represent subtopics within each main idea

III. Arabic Numbers

A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.
B. Represent details or subdivisions within subtopics

IV. Lowercase Letters

A. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, l, m, etc.
B. Represent details within subdivisions
2. Organizing Paragraph

In addition to having good topic sentences, paragraphs must have a clear and logical
organization. There are many ways to organize paragraphs. The most common patterns are the
following: classification, chronological sequence, evidence and illustration, contrast and
comparison, and cause and effect.

As the writer, you should ensure that the structure or organization of the paragraph is clear to
the reader and appropriate for the type of document you are working on. Sometimes, knowing
how a paragraph is organized can serve this purpose. Have a look at the following paragraphs.
Note how connecting words and phrases, which are highlighted, reinforce the paragraph’s
organizing principle.

3. Supporting Paragraph

A support paragraph is a group of sentences that work together to explain, illustrate, or

provide evidence for a single supporting assertion (topic sentence). Several support paragraphs
usually work together to explain the main idea of a story, an essay, or a section of a business
or technical report. The best way to keep an essay focused on its main idea is to make sure your
supporting assertions are clear and your paragraphing is strong.

4. Principle of Paragraph

Effective paragraphs have four main characteristics: a topic sentence, unity, coherence,
and adequate development.

a. Unity
Unity refers to the extent to which all of the ideas contained within a given paragraph
"hang together" in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. When the writer changes
to a new idea -- one which is not consistent with the topic sentence of the paragraph -- the
writer should begin a new paragraph. Unity is important because it aids the reader in
following along with the writer's ideas. The reader can expect that a given paragraph will
deal only with one main topic; when a new paragraph begins, this signals that the writer is
moving on to a new topic.
 b. Coherence
Coherence refers to the extent to which the flow of ideas in a paragraph is easily understood
by the reader. For this reason, coherence is closely related to unity. When a writer changes
main ideas or topics within a paragraph, confusion often results. To achieve coherence,
then, a writer should show how all of the ideas contained in a paragraph are relevant to the
main topic.

c. Adequate Development
A paragraph is adequately developed when it describes, explains and supports the topic
sentence. If the "promise" of the topic sentence is not fulfilled, or if the reader is left with
questions after reading the paragraph, the paragraph has not been adequately developed.
Generally speaking, a paragraph which consists of only two or three sentences is under-
developed. A good rule of thumb to follow is to make sure that a paragraph contains at
least four sentences which explain and elaborate on the topic sentence.

d. Topic Sentences
Beginning a paragraph with a topic sentence is one of the best ways to achieve clarity
and unity in one's writing. The function of a topic sentence is to describe what the
paragraph will be about, such that the reader has clear expectations about what will follow.
An effective topic sentence typically contains only one main idea. The remainder of the
paragraph then develops that idea more fully, offering supporting points and examples.
After reading a topic sentence, one should be able to anticipate the type of information
contained in the rest of the paragraph. If the remainder of the paragraph does not fulfill the
"promise" of the topic sentence, the paragraph will lack unity, coherence and adequate
development.

5. Exposition Text

An exposition persuades a reader or listener by presenting one side of an argument. By

taking a point of view and justifying it, we aim to convince others to see only that side of an
issue. Some expositions speculate as to what might be and persuade others as to what should
be. There are different types of exposition texts: Expository writing and Persuasive writing
6. Narrative Writing
A narrative is a type of writing in which the details or the ideas in a sequence of events or
the steps of a process are arranged on the basis of time. As such, a narration does not necessarily
contain. a happening in the past, as many believe, but it may also include steps of a process,
such as the steps of a process in doing a job. The order of ideas is thus called a narrative order.
Since the details are arranged in chronological order, transitional words or phrases expressing
time such as soon, immediately, soon afterward, as soon as, are very often used. The use of
these devices gives the readers a clear picture of the sequence of events or the steps in doing a
job. In addition to these devices, description and exposition are very often used, too. Through
description and narration the readers may have a vivid imagination of what is going on and
where something is going on. It is indeed the purpose of a narration to convince the readers of
what is being narrated.

7. Strategies For Writing

5 strategies for writing simply but authoritatively

a. Use simpler words and phrases

b. Minimize the number of negatives in a sentence
c. Write shorter sentences, but avoid choppiness
d. Use important key terms consistently
e. Balance the use of simple and sophisticated language

8. Paraphrasing Technique

5 Steps to effective paraphrasing and summarising:

a. Read your text/paragraph and ensure that you understand it.

b. Write down your ideas without looking at the original.
c. Use synonyms or change the word order of your sentence.
d. Compare with the original to see whether you are conveying the same meaning.
e. Record the source details so you can easily cite it later.
9. How To Write A Summary By Paraphrasing

When you paraphrase material from a source, you restate the information from an entire
sentence or passage in your own words, using your own original sentence structure. A
paraphrased source differs from a summarized source in that you focus on restating the ideas,
not condensing them.

It is important to check your paraphrase against the source material to make sure it is both
accurate and original. Inexperienced writers sometimes use the thesaurus method of
paraphrasing—that is, they simply rewrite the source material, replacing most of the words
with synonyms. This constitutes a misuse of sources. A true paraphrase restates ideas using the
writer’s own language and style.

You should paraphrase the “word for word” passages that you choose. Follow the
instructions below:

a. Write a Summary the way you always have, i.e., selecting “word-for-word” passages
from the essay included in this module. Cite the page numbers in parentheses as you
have up to now.
b. Make a copy of your summary and place it below the original. Go into the copy of your
summary and try to paraphrase each “word-for-word” passage that you cited.
c. When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the form of a paragraph.
d. A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text’s title, author and
main point of the text as you see it.
e. A summary is written in your own words.
f. A summary contains only the ideas of the original text. Do not insert any of your own
opinions, interpretations, deductions or comments into a summary.
g. Identify in order the significant sub-claims the author uses to defend the main point.
h. Using source material from the essay is important. Why? Because defending claims
with source material is what you will be asked to do when writing papers for your
college professors.
i. Write a last sentence that “wraps” up your summary; often a simple rephrasing of the
main point.
10. Combining Sources

Combining sources to offer a broader view

Sometimes multiple sources provide a fuller picture when taken together, such as when
source A points out the reaction to a particular event in one country while source B covers the
reaction to the same event in a second country. Sometimes it will be good encyclopaedic
writing to combine the information from the two sources into a single sentence.

Recognising when two sources are on the same topic

It is not always original research for an editor to make a judgment that different names
used in different sources refer to the same topic. When an editor wrote the article on SM53
trams, some sources called them "SM53", others called them "Høka". They are the same thing.
Recognizing that fact, and deciding to use both sources for the article can be a good editing
decision.

Decisions on the organization of material.

When abundant source material is available, where the information can be neatly and
encyclopaedically summarized in a different form than the way its presented in the sources,
then it is not original research to do so, as long as you are not inventing any new information
or misrepresenting the source material. Some time back, it was argued that we were not allowed
to add Barack Obama to the List of presidents of the United States until someone published
such a list with Obama on it; that idea was soundly rejected.