Module 1 (Part 3)

Water Supply Analysis:

Future Scenario and Adjustments
Water Supply Network - Analysis
Let us save water…
Hydraulic Modeling
Hydraulic Modeling - EPANET
EPANET 2.0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Model or Drawing Notations

NODE or JUNCTION PIPE or LINK

Flow Rate Roughness
(Design or Value: C or f
Actual Flows) C=120
100MLD
Point Name
or Label
A A L=3km Length: mostly
horizontal (m, km etc.)
55m

Elevation Flow Rate

(Invert Level) (MLD or CMS)
General Energy Equation

Pressure Velocity Elevation Pressure Velocity Elevation

Head Head Head Head Head Head

• valid for incompressible fluid flow only

• two points in the system – considered (e.g. 1 and 2)
• valid for “single-fluid” flow only from Point 1 to Point 2
Friction and Minor Losses

Head ADDED - Pumps Head EXTRACTED - Turbines

Instances for Water Supply Analysis

In a designed or operating water supply

system, changes in the composite elements lead
to corresponding changes on other elements.

Changes for example: Flow Rate in

Pipes
Water Demand or Pressure Head
Population Growth on another point
Headloss in
Pipes

Total head
Pump Shutdown
reduction
Example – Change in Water Demand
B 350MLD

Determine the change in pressure head at

60m
Point A if the demand at A, B, C, and D
increased by 50%. C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

C=100
Determine the size of pipe needed to be D=1.45m
2.5km
𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
placed between source and A (parallel with = 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
the existing pipeline) so that original C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
pressure head at A is maintained. 60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

1.85 1.85
930 1395
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400 86.4
= 86.4 − = −5.4633𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 2.44.87

change in pressure head at Point A = 5.4633 meters

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will carry the additional discharge.

Add’l Q = 0.50 * (350+240+120+220)

= 930/2 = 465 MLD

Original head at A is maintained if original headloss is the same for new pipe
1.85 1.85
930 465 Flow Q in
10.67 2400 10.67 2400
86.4 86.4 new pipe
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = =
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 𝐷 4.87

930 1.85 465 1.85

86.4 86.4 New pipe has
= original roughness
2.44.87 𝐷 4.87

𝐷 = 1.8444m = 1,844.4mm
Instances for Water Supply Analysis

In a designed or operating water supply

system, changes in the composite elements lead
to corresponding changes on other elements.
Changes for example:

Aging Pipes
Pressure Head
Time Forward
on another point
Headloss in
Pipes
Water Demand

New Parallel
Pipeline
Example – Aging Pipe with Size Reduction
Determine the change in pressure head at Point A B 350MLD

if the roughness factor decreased by 20 grades in 60m

Hazen-William roughness factor in all pipes and
diameter reduced by 400mm. C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

Determine the size of pipe needed to be C=100

2.5km
placed between source and A (parallel D=1.45m 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
with the existing pipeline) so that original = 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
pressure head at A is maintained. C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

1.85 1.85
930 930
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400
= 86.4 − 86.4 = −12.33474𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2 1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

change in change in
C Factor diameter

change in pressure head at Point A = -12.335 m

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will the additional discharge beyond

the capacity of existing pipe.

Concentrate here mejo iba ang process

a. Solve the Q flowing in the original pipe with the b. Then solve for D using the solved Q for the
same original headloss but under new condition. same headloss originally.
1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
930 𝑄 930 930 − 470.86
10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = = 86.4
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87 1101.85 2.44.87 110 𝐷4.87
1.85

𝑄 = 470.86 MLD New pipe has

original roughness 𝐷 = 1.83554m = 1,835.54mm

Note the The new Q is subtracted

pipe changes from Q original
Example – Aging Pipe and Increased Demand

Determine the change in pressure head at Point A if B 350MLD

the diameter of pipe from Source to A has been

60m
reduced by 400mm, reduction of 20 grades in
roughness factor, and all demands increased by 50%.
C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

C=100
Determine the size of pipe needed to be placed between 2.5km
D=1.45m 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
source and A (parallel with the existing pipeline) so that = 1.85 4.87
original pressure head at A is maintained. 𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
Change in
demand

1.85 1.85
930 1395
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400 86.4
= 86.4 − = −31.57886𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87
change in change in
C Factor diameter

change in pressure head at Point A = -31.57886 m

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will the additional discharge beyond

the capacity of existing pipe.

Concentrate here again… its more complicated…

a. Solve the Q flowing in the original pipe with the b. Then solve for D using the solved Q for the
same original headloss but under new condition. same headloss originally.
1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
930 𝑄 930 1395 − 470.86
10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = 86.4
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87 =
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 𝐷4.87
New pipe has
𝑄 = 470.86 MLD original roughness
𝐷 = 2.394244m = 2,394.244mm
Flow carried by
Note the new pipe
pipe changes
Now try this on your own if understood…
A hydraulic network was initially designed and constructed to deliver water supply services
to community A, B, and C. The design guidelines were: maximum headloss gradient is 2m
per kilometer, mean speed is between 0.6 to 2.5 m/s, and minimum pressure head is 3.5m

1. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe S-A.
2. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe A-B.
3. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe B-C.
After 25 years, the roughness coefficient of all constructed pipelines decreased by 25 grades
and a new community shall connected to community C using the original pipeline form S.
4. Determine the size of additional parallel pipeline (three pipes from S-A-B-C) to
accommodate additional water load and original design pressure heads at A, B, and C
are all maintained.
5. Determine the additional pump head towards D from C in meters.
6. Determine the corresponding pump power requirement in kilowatts.
References