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Nervous System Grade 9 ??

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54 views53 pages

Nervous System Grade 9 ??

3

Uploaded by

Alia Lauder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Good Afternoon !!

Ladies of Excellence
Thought for today

And here your subtitle.


🧠The Nervous System of Humans 🧠
Questions
1. What is the role of brain in the body?

2. Where the spinal cord is present in your body?

3. Why there is a need of nervous system in our body?

4. Name the three parts that nervous system is made up of?

5. Which part of the body is the control centre for the nervous system?

6. What is the biggest part of the brain?

7. Which part of the brain helps keep your balance so you don’t fall flat on your
face?

8. Which part of the brain keeps you breathing?


What is the Nervous System?

The human organ system that coordinates all of the body’s


voluntary and involuntary actions by transmitting electrical
signals to and from different parts of the body. Specifically,
the nervous system extracts information from the internal
and external environments using sensory receptors. It then
usually sends signals encoding this information to the brain,
which processes the information to determine an appropriate
response. Finally, the brain sends signals to muscles,
organs, or glands to bring about the response.
Neurones
Neurones are special cells that transmit
messages called nerve impulses.
All neurones have a cell body with thin
fibres of cytoplasm extending from it called
nerve fibres.
Nerve fibres that carry impulses towards
the cell body are called dendrites. Nerve
fibres that carry impulses from the cell
body are called axons; each neurone has
only one axon. There are three types
of neurones:
Neurones
Sensory neurones which transmit
impulses from receptors to the CNS.
Motor neurons which transmit impulses
from the CNS to effectors.
Relay or intermediate neurones which
transmit impulses throughout the CNS.
They link sensory and motor neurones.
Nerves are made up of bundles of
nerve fibres of sensory and/or motor
neurones surrounded by connective
tissue. The brain and spinal cord are
made up mainly of relay neurones and
the cell bodies of motor neurones.
Transmitting impulses between neurones

Adjacent neurones do not touch. There are tiny gaps called synapses
between the synaptic knobs at the end of one axon and the dendrites or
cell body of adjacent neurones. Chemicals are released into the
synapses by the synaptic knobs. These chemicals cause impulses to be
set up in adjacent
neurones. This ensures impulses travel in one direction only.
Coordinating function of the central
nervous system

The job of the central nervous system is to coordinate the activities of all
parts of the body. It gathers information from receptors via sensory
neurones. It then processes this information and sends messages out to
effectors via motor neurones so that the most appropriate action can be
taken. Messages are passed between the brain and the spinal cord by relay
neurones.
Reflex Arc
Reflex
A reflex action is a rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus by a
muscle or gland, e.g. the automatic withdrawal of the hand when it touches a
hot object. Simple reflex actions happen without conscious thought, they are
not learned and they aid in survival. The pathway between receptor and
effector is known as a reflex arc and it involves the following:
• A receptor which detects the stimulus.
• A sensory neurone which carries the impulse to the central nervous system.
Involuntary refers to a response that occurs without conscious
control, automatically, and without choice. Digestion, heart beating,
sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.
A somatic reflex arc is an involuntary response that involves the
skeletal muscles of the body.

A autonomic reflex arc is an involuntary response that involves the


internal organs of the body.
Voluntary action:
When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are
called voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping
and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord
and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate
necessary movements
Reflex
A relay neurone in the central nervous system, which carries the impulse to a
motor neurone.
A motor neurone which carries the impulse away from the central nervous
system.
An effector which responds to the stimulus.
Simple reflexes are classified as cranial reflexes or spinal reflexes.
Cranial reflexes
In cranial reflexes, impulses pass through the brain, e.g. the pupil reflex,
blinking, sneezing, coughing and saliva production.
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Spinal reflexes

In spinal reflexes, impulses pass through the spinal


cord, e.g. the knee jerk reflex and the
withdrawal reflex.
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Knee jerk reflex
Medical staff test people’s reflexes to see if there is
anything wrong with their nervous systems. The most common is
to test the knee jerk reflex. The knee-jerk reflex, also known as the
patellar reflex, is a simple reflex that causes the contraction of the
quadriceps muscle when the patellar tendon is stretched. Exaggeration
or absence of the reaction suggests that there may be damage to
the central nervous system.
🧠The Nervous System of Humans🧠
All bodily activities, voluntary and involuntary, are
controlled by the nervous system.
The human nervous system is composed of
neurones or nerve cells and is divided into two
parts:
The central nervous system (CNS) which
consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which
consists of cranial and spinal nerves that connect
the central nervous system to all parts of the
body.
Central Nervous System
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How is the CNS
protected ?
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The Brain🧠
The human brain is an extremely complex organ with different
regions concerned with different
functions. The main regions are:
• the cerebrum which is composed of two cerebral
hemispheres
• the cerebellum
• the medulla
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The cerebrum
The cerebrum, the large, outer part of the brain, controls
reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned
muscle movements like walking. It also controls vision,
hearing and other senses.The cerebrum is divided two
cerebral hemispheres (halves): left and right. The right half
controls the left side of the body. The left half controls the
right side of the body.
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The cerebellum
The cerebellum, in the back of the brain, controls balance,

coordination and fine muscle control (e.g., walking). It also

functions to maintain posture and equilibrium.


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The brain stem
The brain stem, at the bottom of the brain, connects the
cerebrum with the spinal cord. It includes the midbrain,
the pons, and the medulla. It controls fundamental body
functions such as breathing, eye movements, blood
pressure, heartbeat, and swallowing.
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Parts of nervous system Function

Forebrain (cerebrum) The forebrain acting a central role in the processing of information
connected to complex intellectual activities, sensory and associative
functions, and voluntary motor activities. It embodies one of the three
major developmental divisions of the brain; the other two are the midbrain
and hindbrain.

Midbrain (cerebellum) The midbrain is a portion of the central nervous system connected with
vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation

Hind brain (brain stem) The hindbrain is to controls breathing and blood flow.

Spinal cord The spinal cord’s functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals
between the brain and the rest of the body

Nerves The nervous system of the body is responsible for several different
activities, such as communicating, coordinating, controlling and regulating
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Autonomic nervous system…
The autonomic nervous
system is a part of the
peripheral nervous system. It
controls the involuntary
bodily functions such as
sweating, gland secretions,
blood pressure, and the
heart. It is divided into the
‘sympathetic’ and
‘parasympathetic’ divisions.
Autonomic nervous system…
The sympathetic nervous
system is responsible for the
‘flight or fight’ responses…
increased alertness, metabolic
rate, respiration, blood
pressure, heart rate, and
sweating AND a decrease in
digestive and urinary function.
The parasympathetic nervous
system counteracts the
responses of the sympathetic
system… restoring
homeostasis.
Class Activity

One students saw a 100 note lying on the floor. He bends down and picks it up.

● How does your brain know about the money?


● Which receptor informs you about the presence of 100 note?
● What is your response to seeing the 100 note?
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● Which part of your body produced this response?


Class Activity

● The receptors in your eyes send information to their brain. This is called
nervous impulse. The central nervous system (CNS) decides the action and
muscles in their arm produce the necessary movement to pick up the 100 note.
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Class Activity

Draw the sequence of response, CNS, stimulus, receptor and effectors


according to their understanding from the above activity.
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