Construction Engineering ICC2304

Construction engineering consists of the planning, management and construction of

civil, industrial and building works.

The construction of these projects requires engineering knowledge, management and

business principles, costs, and human behavior.

Civil construction engineers are involved in:

 planning and programming

 construction administration

 quality assurance and quality control

 construction techniques

 construction site organization

 in-situ materials testing

 design of concrete and/or asphalt mixtures - safety
 Cost engineering
 design of temporary structures
 supply of materials

Construction industry: companies that carry out activities whose product is

residential/non-residential construction, civil works and industrial works. Construction
companies/subcontractors.

Construction sector: any natural or legal person whose purpose is to build or

collaborate in construction in any work of companies belonging to the industry.
Financial entities, mutual security societies, designers' offices, etc.

Relevance: relevant industry sector, development of the country, 60% national

investment, contributes 8% GDP, provides 8% employment, entrepreneurial sector.
One of the main productive activities. Improve quality of life, and build required
infrastructure and housing.

Environmental impact: important negative contribution, consumes 40% energy, 40%

raw materials, 16% water, generates 35% solid waste and CO2 emissions.

Current challenges: low productivity in relation to the rest of the economy. Belgium is
an example to follow in this area. There is a lack of important sustainable
development. There is low investment in research and development, therefore low
innovation.

Industry participants:
  Owners: determine objectives and provide financing.
 Designers: responsible for design, transform project conceptions, estimate
costs, responsible for the legal framework.
 Builders: transform design into works, acquire and manage resources, lead
workforce.
 Work force: materializes projects described in plans and EE.TT.
 Regulatory bodies, financial institutions, public services, ITO.

It relates inputs, to then generate a supply and cover the demand.

Industry characteristics: product is fixed and industry moves. It is diverse, complex and
large. It develops under uncertainty. Short life cycle. Extremely fast decision-making
speed.

 Levels of technicalization/industrialization of construction:

1. In-situ construction: carried out in the same work
2. Technical in-situ construction: introduce supporting elements and
technologies that increase productivity.
3. Partially industrialized construction: prefabrication to then install it on
site as a complement to activities carried out on the ground.
4. Widely industrialized construction: increasing components previously
made can reach 100%.

Construction works are carried out to cover accumulated deficit (deficit+additional

demand+deterioration-new constructions). The deterioration is due to various causes,
due to maintenance, aging as well as quality of execution, materials or project. This
trend is solved by improving designs and execution, increasing new constructions, and
carrying out maintenance.

Construction project

Feasibility study, design, construction and operation is required.

Stages

It is born from an unsatisfied need, and establishes scope of need, as well as

objectives and priorities (social, economic, operational and strategic).
Alternatives are generated without considering restrictions, responding to
priorities. Alternative analysis from a technical, economic, environmental and
legal point of view (Law 19,300). Evaluation of benefits and costs, considering
project risks focused on analysis of sources of excess costs. A preliminary
project is generated, which determines the decision. It will be necessary to
analyze how the materialization of the project will be financed, whether its
own or through loans. Best alternative implementation considers the design,
both architectural and structural, after studying the terrain, facilities are also
designed. Define constructability and maintenance. The bidding and award is
through a call (principal), the proposal is studied, and after opening, it is
 awarded to a company. During construction, permits must be obtained,
temporary works and works installed, and materials acquired. The contract
with the principal will be equally important. Management and quality strategies
are defined, planning, control (ITO), materialization, budget study, and detailed
reviews are carried out. Operation and maintenance will be necessary only for
some works, it is common for concessioned roads, but is scarce in buildings.
Abandonment will be when the useful life is exhausted, such as demolitions, or
pavement recycling.

Costs incurred: land, designs, financing, environmental studies, VAT,

construction.

Project design

1. Edification:
Land study: location, topography, soil study (foundations), regulations
(property history).
architectural project: program (client needs and requirements), preliminary
project (models, 3D model), plans (general, detail, technical specifications)
structural design: design requests (weight, overload, earthquake, wind and
snow, all under standards), structuring (walls, slabs, beams, columns),
calculation, element design (materials, shapes and dimensions, joint design)
Facility design: plans and EE.TT (water, sewage, electricity, air conditioning,
etc., technical specifications, official itemization, budget)

Regulations

Hammurabi Code: builder builds house and it falls, builder is sentenced to

death (legal responsibility). If the quality is not what is required, the builder
must repair it.
1. Laws and Ordinances: supreme decree establishes them, and they are
mandatory. Refers to actions carried out by organizations that participate in
construction activity. They determine responsibilities and scope of the
actions of the participants
2. Regulations: home drinking water and sewage installations, thermal
insulation, acoustic insulation, premises.
 3. Rules
4. Specifications
 Construction permits and rights
1. Definitive permits: municipal rights, where the municipality verifies the
project contrasts with the regulatory plan, that all documents are OK, and
the corresponding rights have been paid.
 Sanctions: construction without permit, alteration of plans, denying entry of
municipal inspectors.
The possible ones are monetary fines and suspension of construction.

Article 1.2.3: First seller will be responsible for damages that come from failures or
defects in the work. If it sells, anyway. Acceptable duration:

 10 years: structural failures

 5 years: installation failures
 3 years: termination failures

Construction management

Constructive process
Relevant variables: costs, deadlines, quality, safety, within the margin of
environmental sustainability and social sustainability.
The materials are unloaded, stored, then there are two options: combine them or
prepare them on-site and in both cases they are taken to the final location of the
structure.
Methods that determine deadlines are then planned and analyzed.
Finally, you have the data to estimate costs.

Project management
It is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout
the life of a project, using modern management techniques, to achieve predetermined
objectives of scope, cost, deadline and quality. A construction manager directs,
controls, manages and is the leader of the construction team on site.
Management functions: specify project objectives, optimize resources (labor,
materials, equipment) by planning, coordinating and controlling all stages of the
project (budget, planning, contracts and construction) and developing effective
communication and resolving conflicts.
There are two types of relationship between the participants:
a. Traditional structure:

b. Design and construction contract structure:

Project planning and control
Understand what must be built, then establish the correct construction methodology,
correct equipment and correct labor to carry out the work, safely and with the
required quality, in the most economical way that meets the client's requirements.
Goals:
i. Rationalize activities, avoiding hindrance and reducing risks.
ii. Control the times.
iii. Rationalize resources and control them.
iv. Optimize quality control methods. (product reception and production
control)
Methodology: Break down all activities by establishing sequences, phases and
simultaneities. Deadlines must be assigned and critical paths established.
Some benefits of this are the optimization of labor, the allocation of resources is
facilitated, the 'peak' volumes of materials are known and a material rental and
acquisition program can be developed, contract periods established and layoffs and
monitor progress.

General buildings

Generalities

OGUC classifies structures into class:

 A: steel
 B: reinforced concrete
 C: masonry, chains and concrete pillars
 D: masonry, stones and blocks
 E: wood
 F: adobe
 G, H, I: prefabricated
Components:
1. Infrastructure: land matching, layout, earth moving (excavations and filling) and
foundations must be cleaned.
Laying out: prior laying out (official lines, official building lines, reference
points), main laying out (axes, vertices, levels), secondary laying out (main
layout).
Earthworks: filling (greater resistance or height, with slag or soil from other
excavations)
 Foundations: superficial (transfer the forces by co-comprehension to the
supporting soil), piles (buried columns, transfer friction or load forces to lower
strata).
Building protection is to prevent nearby buildings from being dismantled.
2. Above structure:
Pillars: structural elements that resist compression, bending, shear and torsion.
Beams: horizontal elements that perform bending, shear and torsion (isolated
and collaborative)
Chains: horizontal that are supported in their entire extension, they do not
require bending effort (normal, on walls they tie pillars, and lintel, doors and
windows).
Walls: vertical structural elements where thickness is less than the rest of the
dimensions. They can be structural (transmit verticals, and resist horizontals) or
non-structural (divide environments).
Slabs: horizontal structural element where thickness is less than the rest of the
dimensions. Bending efforts.

Urbanization: provide essential services to future inhabitants of the property.

3. Roofing
Auxiliary elements
Shoring, stairs, ramps and platforms, scaffolding.
Formwork: temporary structure, which contains concrete poured to mold required
dimensions and support until it can support itself. It can be light or heavy (transported
by person or crane).
 Wall: panels (wood, metal) and stringers and ribs. It is considered structural
design.

 Slabs:
Interpretation of plans:

Thickness
(cm)

Installation of tasks
They are temporary facilities that support the construction of
the work. Its characteristics depend on the work (type, place,
size). They will be planned and designed.

 Temporary closure
 Income
o For vehicles
o For pedestrians
o Goal
o Temporary constructions
 Technical office
o ITO Office
o Personal lockers
o Dining rooms
o Polyclinic
 Services
o Store
o carpentry workshop
o Enfierradura workshop
o Garage and workshop
o Concrete plants
o arid plants
o Laboratory
o Warehouse subcontractors
 Collection fields
o Wood
o Raw/processed iron
o Arid
o cement warehouses
o Debris
 Facilities
o Electric
o Water work
o Drinking water
o Sanitary facilities
Contracts and proposals for construction projects

Types of contracts:
 Lump sum: contractor agrees to build for a fixed price. Conditions and
deadlines will be pre-established.
Fixed price can be with or without readjustments according to procedures
established in the contract
Greater risk falls on the contractor
Examples: buildings
 Unit price series
The payment for the contracted work is the figure that results from adding the
quantities of work actually performed by the unit price quoted by the
contractor.
Invariant Unit Price within a certain range
The approximate volume of the items is known or the deadline depends on the
total executed.
Risk is shared between Principal and Contractor
Example: road works, tunnels, canals
Delegated administration: no tender
Principal pays actual construction costs plus a fee for Contractor services
Risk falls on the Principal
Example of works: single-family home, construction works
Emergency
Modalities: AD with percentage fees, AD with fixed fees, AD with fixed fees and
bonus (for savings or early termination), AD with maximum price of the work
Types of proposals:
  Private Proposal
The Principal selects the most suitable contractors in advance
 Public Proposal
The Principal calls for public bidding in such a way that all potential contractors
are aware
To reduce risks:
 Maintain a Registry of Contractors by specialty and categories (MOP, MINVU)
 Call for proposals with pre-qualification of Contractors
 Contractor Registry (MOP, MINVU)
Contractors are classified according to specialty and magnitude of the works for
which they can apply according to their economic capacity.
MINVU: 4 items and respective records

Call for tenders:

Mandate must ensure that:

- All proposers have the same information (application under equal conditions)
- Establish bidding calendar
- Prepare bidding documents

Tender documents:

 Instructions to proponents: Document intended to regulate the

forms and deadlines available to bidders to submit their offers
- Individualization of the Principal and official representative
- Defines who can participate in the Tender
- How to present the Proposal
- Proposal opening process
- Method of assigning the Proposal
 - Validities of the Proposals and Guarantees or Preparation of the
Proposal
- Question and Answer Series
 General Administrative Bases: Contains all those clauses intended to define
concepts, establish powers, determine procedures, delimit responsibilities, etc.
- Definitions
- Stoppage of work
- Finished the contract
- Transfer of the contract or extra costs
- Subcontractors Example: BAG PUC
- Payment methods or guarantees
- Damages
- Lawsuits
- Inspector's powers
- Safety of personnel on site
 Special Administrative Bases: Contains clauses and requirements that are
specific to the work
- Proposer requirements
- Characteristics of the work
- Guarantee Note
- Way to present Proposal
- Proposal evaluation methodology
- Fines and awards

 Proposal Form (Official Itemized)

 Questions and Answers Series

 Clarifications

 Appendices

Evaluation of the proposals

• Technical offer
• Economical offer
The evaluation of the proposals:

Budget studies

Phases for cost estimation

Budget:
 Information required in advance

 Project definition (EE.TT., plans)

 Background of the area (climate, regulations, resources)
 Reference costs of the area (materials, equipment, labor)

Steps for preparation:

 Divide the project into measurable, budgetable and controllable items or

payment items (itemized)
 Determine the unit in which each item will be measured (itemized)
 Cube the different games
 Estimate costs of each item

- Analysis of unitary prices

- Price justification

 Budget presentation

Direct cost will be:

n

∑ Cantida d i P U i
i=1
Unit prices consider costs of materials, labor and equipment. Explain how much it costs
to produce (build) a unit of work in the game.

Analysis of unitary prices:

- PU direct cost includes all costs incurred to execute a job and must be
compatible with the measurement and payment bases of the items.
- PU is composed of 3 components that depend on the nature of the
batch and the construction process.
It is necessary to consider losses and, in turn, the social laws of labor.
Must be:

 Determine materials required for a unit of work

 Quote materials
 Determine quantities required to produce that unit of work

Labor cost:

 Different for different MO specialties (professionals, technical staff, teachers,

assistants, administrative staff, etc.)
 Variability in price is caused by:

- Demands for different experiences

- Special skill requirements
- Special knowledge requirements
- Requirements for special physical conditions
- MO demand in the market

Definitions

 Remuneration: these are the monetary benefits and additional benefits that the
worker must receive due to the employment contract (does not include travel,
meals, travel expenses, wear and tear on tools, etc.)
 Taxable remuneration: part of the remuneration on which taxes must be paid
 Salary: constitutes remuneration, and is the fixed stipend of money paid
for equal periods, determined in the contract, that the worker receives for
the provision of his services. The gross is total, and liquid is with the
discount of impositions and taxes.
 Legal holiday: workers with more than one year of work have the right to
vacations of 15 working days, with the right to full remuneration
 Additional cost of a worker (CAT or LS): these are other costs that the employer
must incur in addition to the worker's gross salary for the labor used for a
project.
  Impositions: they are part of the worker's money that the employer retains and
deposits into the pension and health funds in the worker's name.
 AFP (Pension Fund) = 11%-12%
 Health (Fonasa, ISAPRE) = 7% minimum

To determine the fixed cost of the salary, it is necessary to review the number of days
and hours worked. In addition, it is considered an hourly salary with taxes.

The CAT cost considers accident insurance (3%), employer contribution (3%) and
unemployment insurance (0.6% of your taxable remuneration and employer 2.4% of
your salary, of which 1.6% is paid to an individual account, and 0.8% that becomes part
of the solidarity fund. If you are fired, you can request compensation. In addition, food
allowances (2.1%), mobilization (6.3%), and tool wear (1.7%). In turn, compensation
will be the cost that will be incurred due to expiration of the contract according to the
law. There will be eviction (for one month's salary without prior notice) and for years of
service (one salary for each year), but they are NOT common in the construction
industry. For vacations, if you say goodbye before taking them, you are paid
proportional to the days that correspond to vacations according to the time spent as a
worker (7.6%). For climatic reasons, up to 10 days per detention are considered (3.6%).
In addition, 14 holidays (5.1%) and 2 bonuses (1.7%) are paid.

Modes of provision of equipment and machinery:

- Rent

- Leasing

- Acquisition (purchase)

Cost of equipment/machinery:

- Cost of owning

- Cost of operating

- Cost of major repairs

- Others
Cubage

Cubization of items and subheadings:

CUBICATION is understood as that activity intended to determine the quantities of the

constituent parts of a building work and all its components.

EXCAVATIONS, EARTH MOVEMENT

- Excavations

Volume is calculated considering simple geometries. There may or may

not be slopes. If it exists, for excavations of foundations with forms
without slope, an excavation width given by table is increased. For
sloped terrain, it is increased by 10 cm per side. It is necessary to
consider shoring or shoring when there are nearby constructions.

- Earth movements

Volume of extracted debris + swelling is calculated as dictated by the

table.

- Stuffed

It is measured by volume of net space that will be filled. The compaction

is given by table.

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Product formed by concrete and specified iron reinforcement. Both materials

complement each other so that their work together allows them to absorb and
dissipate mechanical stress of various types more effectively than individually.

CONCRETE resists COMPRESSION

STEEL resists TRACTION

Types of bars:

a) Smooth round bar:

One whose cross section is uniform throughout its length. In Chile they are only
manufactured in 6 mm diameter and in A 44-28H quality.
b) Highlighted bar:
That which has longitudinal ribs and projections perpendicular or inclined with
respect to its axis (greater adhesion to the concrete).
They are manufactured in A 44-28H and A 63-42H:
In rolls diameters 8, 10 and 12 mm.
In bars diameters 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32 and 36 mm.
Nomenclature

The distributions in reinforced concrete slab slabs are a structural element embedded
at both ends and are subject to bending forces. So that this structural element (such as
a slab) can resist this type of stress at its ends (supported on walls or beams), the
reinforcement is provided. When concreting the element, the weight of the fresh
concrete can move or even bend this part of the reinforcement. To keep the
reinforcement fixed, the partitions are installed. These must be firmly fastened at their
ends, which is achieved by tying them to the walls or beams at the ends of the slabs.

- Reinforced concrete ferrule

- Foundations, Radieres

- Walls, Pillars, Beams, Slabs

For reinforcement, an extra 5% must be considered for “losses” due to sharp edges,
obstacles between meshes, legs for slab reinforcements, guides and positioning
elements.

Concrete is measured by its volume (m3), without discounting the space occupied by
steel reinforcement or pipes (whose diameter does not exceed 0.25 m). When
calculating concrete, all openings, hatches or openings with a surface area greater than
0.05 m2 are deducted. The cubing is carried out in separate batches for each type of
concrete, element to be concreted and/or type of formwork to be used, even if they
constitute the same element or set. In slabs, its volume is considered between
supporting walls (free surface).

BRICKWORK

It is a structure built based on the use of ceramic bricks, cement blocks, stones or some
other element of a semi-regular shape.
It is formed by the juxtaposition of these individual elements, joined by a suitable
binder (mortar in general) and eventually reinforced by other elements (irons).
Masonry is generally measured by its effective surface area (m2), whatever its
thickness. A percentage of the surface is deducted from the openings (see table), as
compensation for the labor and materials for the formation of the opening.

If the masonry is reinforced or reinforced at the joints between courses, with round
steel bars, they must be included in the “masonry” item and not in the “iron” item for
other elements. Effective heights of the walls are used, that is, spaces are discounted
to locate chains, lintels, beams and pillars embedded in the masonry.

- Walls

- Masonry joint

MOLDINGS

Resistant structure that shapes concrete elements. It is cubed in m2, and

cubing
depends on the elements.

- Walls:

- Beams:

- Columns:

- Slabs:
CUBICATION is understood as that activity intended to determine the quantities of the
constituent parts of a building work and all its components.