Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY - ALANGILAN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ME 415 - ME LABORATORY 1
LABORATORY NO. 3: VISCOSITY

SUBMITTED BY:
Buenafe, Ken Meynard C.
Evangelio, Jimson M.
Falogme, John Alexis F.
Ilao, Anjela Kyla A.
Landicho, Queen Hazel B.
Navarro, Alexandra Eunice C.
Padora, Abigail G.
Vergara, Reybe Joy D.

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Jomarie G. Mariquina

December 13, 2022

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

I. INTRODUCTION

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s thickness or its resistance to objects passing through it. Viscosity
also occurs when there is relative motion between layers of the fluid. It measures resistance to flow arising
due to the internal friction between the fluid layers as they slip past one another when fluid flows. VA fluid
with significant viscosity resists motion because its strong intermolecular forces give it a lot of internal
friction, resisting the flow of layers past one another. In contrast, a fluid with low viscosity flows smoothly
since its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion. Gasses also exhibit viscosity, but
it is harder to notice in ordinary circumstances.
Moreover, viscosity is measured in SI units of viscosity is Poiseuille (PI). Its other units are newton-
second per square meter (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.) The dimensional formula of viscosity is [ML-1T-
1]. The viscosity of liquids and gasses is influenced by temperature, but in opposite ways, meaning that when
a liquid is heated, its viscosity decreases quickly while a gas flows more slowly. As temperature increases,
the average speed of molecules in a liquid also increases, for the reason that there is an increase in frequency
of intermolecular collisions at higher temperatures. The viscosity of liquids decreases rapidly with an
increase in temperature, and the viscosity of gasses increases with an increase in temperature. Thus,
following heating, liquids flow more easily, and gasses flow more slowly. Also, viscosity does not change as
the amount of matter changes, therefore it is an intensive property.
This laboratory experiment about “Viscosity” will give assistance in connection with the use of marble
in finding accurate experiment results. The friction between the molecules of a fluid resists fluid change and
deformation, wherein the weight of the marble, which is the gravitational force, causes stress on the liquid.
High viscosity fluids like oil and diesel which are used in the experiment resist the changes caused by these
forces the best.

II. OBJECTIVES

The goals of this laboratory experiment are stated as follows:

1. To provide additional knowledge to the students when it comes to the use of volume measuring
instruments,

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

2. To be able to understand the properties of the materials employed in the activity, specifically the
fluid used: cooking oil and diesel,
3. To be able to solve and analyze the velocity of the glass beads with different diameter in relation
to the fluid used, and
4. To evaluate the significance of viscosity of a fluid with the aid of the difference of observed
terminal velocity and the corrected terminal velocity.

III. MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT

The following are the materials and equipment used in conduction and completion of the laboratory
experiment tackling about viscosity:

1. CALIPER

Figure 1. Caliper

A caliper is a tool with two adjustable legs or jaws that is used to measure the distance
between two opposite sides of an object. It can be used to measure exterior size, inner size, depth,
and step, and is often used in fields such as medical, science, mechanical engineering, woodworking,
metalworking, and forestry.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

In this experiment, the caliper is used to measure the diameter of glass marble beads in order
to determine their size differences.

2. GRADUATED CYLINDER

Figure 2. Graduated Cylinder

A graduated cylinder is a laboratory instrument used to measure the volume of a liquid. It is

cylindrical in shape and has markings on the side to indicate the volume of liquid it contains.
Graduated cylinders often have a base for stability and a spout for easy pouring. Some are made of
plastic and have a bumper or ring to prevent shattering if they are dropped.

In this experiment, the graduated cylinder is used to hold cooking oil and diesel, and its
elongated shape allows the marble glass beads to fall in a more quantifiable time than a wide
cylinder.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

3. GLASS MARBLE BEADS

Figure 3. Glass Marble Beads

Marbles are small, spherical objects that are commonly made of glass, clay, steel, plastic, or
agate. They are often used in games, marble runs, or as a form of art. The size of marbles can range
from less than 1 mm to over 8 cm, with some art glass marbles being over 30 cm wide.

In this experiment, three marbles of different diameters are used to measure the amount of
time that passes differently between cooking oil and diesel, and to compare their viscosities.

4. COOKING OIL

Figure 4. Cooking Oil

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cooking oil is a liquid fat that is used for cooking, baking, and other forms of food preparation.
It can come from plants, animals, or synthetic sources, and is used to fry, bake, and flavor foods.

In this experiment, the cooking oil is placed in a graduated cylinder and the speed of marbles
with different sizes is calculated when they hit the bottom of the cylinder.

5. DIESEL

Figure 5. Diesel Fuel

Diesel fuel is a type of fuel oil used in engines that run on compression ignition. It is named
after its inventor, Rudolf Diesel, and is made from refining crude oil. Diesel fuel contains trace
amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.

In this experiment, after the cooking oil is used, diesel fuel is placed in the graduated cylinder
to determine the speed of the marbles when dropped into it.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

6. TIMER

FIGURE 6. Timer

A timer is a device or mechanism that is used to measure the amount of time that passes. It
can be a simple mechanical device that counts seconds, minutes, or hours, or it can be a more
complex electronic device that can measure very small intervals of time. Timers are used in a wide
range of applications, from timing the duration of a race or a cooking recipe, to controlling the
duration of an electrical current or signal. In general, timers are useful for measuring and controlling
the passage of time.

In this experiment, a timer is used to measure the speed of the marbles that are dropped into
the cylinder containing cooking oil and diesel. The timer is used to determine how long it takes for
the marbles to reach the bottom of the cylinder in each liquid.

IV. PROCEDURES

The following steps are the procedure done in order to execute the laboratory experiment for
viscosity.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

1. Prepare materials that will be needed in data collection of the experiment. Since the dropping
time of the marble will be tested, taking video is preferable.

2. Measure the diameter of the graduated cylinder using a digital vernier caliper.

3. Measure the sizes of the glass beads or marbles using digital vernier caliper.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

4. Mark 30cm measurement in the cylinders which will serve as a guide in the amount of liquids that
will be pour in it.

5. Pour the cooking oil in the in the first cylinder.

6. Watch and observe the glass beads as you drop each one of them by sizes. From smallest to
biggest.

7. Make sure to take a video to see the exact time when the marble dropped from the top of the
liquid to the bottom of it.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

8. Pour the diesel oil in the graduated cylinder.

9. Drop the marbles one by one from smallest to biggest and check the duration of its travel time
from the top of the liquid to the bottom of the cylinder.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

10. Create a table for the data collection, where the gathered data will be combined and analyzed.

11. Review the video and check the seconds and milliseconds of the duration time of each marble.

12. Analyzed the gathered data and solve the other requirements to fully understand the viscosity.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section covers the discussion of the gathered data from observing the laboratory experiments
of viscosity of cooking oil and gasoline.

Table 1. Coefficient of Viscosity for Cooking Oil

Glass Radius Time Observed Terminal Corrected Terminal Coefficient of

Beads (mm) (s) Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s) Viscosity

Small 5.575 0.71 0.4225321127 0.5477222714 0.002117279689

Medium 7.44 0.65 0.46153846154 0.6422864897 0.003212696415

Large 8.08 0.625 0.48 0.6852515987 0.003551609984

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Table 1 shows the results from the laboratory experiment with cooking oil. It includes the small glass
bead with the radius of 5.575 mm, medium glass bead with the radius of 7.44 mm, and large glass bead with
the radius of 8.08 mm. It also includes the time of the drop, observed terminal velocity, corrected terminal
velocity, and coefficient of viscosity. The small glass bead has 0.71 seconds before it reaches the bottom of
the graduated cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time results with the observed velocity of 0.42 m/s. It also
has 0.54 m/s corrected terminal velocity and 0.0002 m/s coefficient of viscosity. The medium glass bead has
0.65 seconds before it reaches the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time results
with the observed velocity of 0.46 m/s. It also has 0.6422 m/s corrected terminal velocity and 0.0032 m/s
coefficient of viscosity. The large glass bead has 0.625 seconds before it reaches the bottom of the graduated
cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time results with the observed velocity of 0.48 m/s. It also has 0.68525 m/s
corrected terminal velocity and 0.00355 m/s coefficient of viscosity.

Table 2. Coefficient of Viscosity for Diesel

Glass Radius Time Observed Terminal Corrected Terminal Coefficient

Beads (mm) (s) Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s) of Viscosity

Small 5.575 0.645 0.46511627907 0.465258 0.274203

Medium 7.44 0.475 0.63157894737 0.631828 0.338047

Large 8.08 0.41 0.73170731707 0.731866 0.088627

Table 2 shows the results from the laboratory experiment with cooking oil. It includes the small glass
bead with the radius of 5.575 mm, medium glass bead with the radius of 7.44 mm, and large glass bead with
the radius of 8.08 mm. It also includes the time of the drop, observed terminal velocity, corrected terminal
velocity, and coefficient of viscosity. The small glass bead has 0.645 seconds before it reaches the bottom of
the graduated cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time results with the observed velocity of 0.47 m/s. It also
has 1.84 m/s corrected terminal velocity and 0.274203 m/s coefficient of viscosity. The medium glass bead
has 0.475 seconds before it reaches the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time
results with the observed velocity of 0.63 m/s. It also has 0.631828 m/s corrected terminal velocity and
0.338047 m/s coefficient of viscosity. The large glass bead has 0.41 seconds before it reaches the bottom of

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

the graduated cylinder. Dividing 0.3 m with the time results with the observed velocity of 0.73 m/s. It also
has 0.731866 m/s corrected terminal velocity and 0.088627 m/s coefficient of viscosity.

VI. CONCLUSION

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow. When a fluid has a high viscosity, it is thick
and resists flow, while a fluid with a low viscosity is thin and flows easily. The viscosity of a fluid is determined
by several factors, including its temperature, pressure, and the properties of the molecules that make up the
fluid. The viscosity of a fluid can be affected by changes in temperature and pressure. For example, increasing
the temperature of a fluid typically reduces its viscosity, making it less resistant to flow. Similarly, increasing
the pressure on a fluid can also decrease its viscosity, allowing it to flow more easily. The viscosity of a fluid
is an important property that affects its behavior in many ways. For example, the viscosity of a fluid can
affect its ability to flow through a pipe or other type of container. Fluids with a high viscosity may have
difficulty flowing through a small opening, while fluids with a low viscosity will flow easily.
In addition to its effect on flow, the viscosity of a fluid can also affect its ability to transfer heat or
other types of energy. Fluids with a high viscosity are typically better at insulating or transferring heat than
fluids with a low viscosity. This property is important in many applications, such as the cooling of electronic
devices or the insulation of buildings. Overall, the viscosity of a fluid is a complex property that is affected
by many factors. Understanding the viscosity of a fluid can be useful in a wide range of applications, from
the design of pipes and other flow systems to the prediction of the behavior of fluids in motion.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

VII. DOCUMENTATION

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation