Questions for analysis 1329

The lenses suffer from crurnatic aberrations. Instead, a mirror is

intrinsically free of chromatic aberrations. Furthermore, it can
Answeritstoshape
maintain thebyinitial question
keeping supports touching its rear surface. Section 14.7 To form a virtual image as in Figure 34.46, a
converging lens (positive focal length) is required. Therefore, the
Answers to the questions of biconvex lens must be used (see Fig. 34.29 of section 34.4).
According to equation (34.22), the angular magnification with
this lens (focal length/ = + 10 cm) is

Section 34.8 The number J'is equal to the ratio J?D; therefore,/ =
13.4D = 13.4(8.12 m) = 109 ru. If it were n't for the secondary mirror
Section 34.1 When you are at a distance s from the mirror, your However, astronomers would have to place a detector 109 m in
image is at a distance v from the other side of the mirror, and the front of the objective mirror, which is not a very convenient
distance between you and your image is 2.v. As you approach the location. By using a secondary mirror, the image path can be
mirror, the distance 2i t changes twice as fast as the distance s; folded around itself to dramatically reduce the dimensions. - nes
Therefore, its image approaches you with a speed of 2r. of the observatory.
Section 34.Z A convex mirror always shows a straight image, but
that image is smaller than the object (see Fig. 14.14b). Therefore, Questions for analysis
a c‹incave mirror must be used. The image will be upright and
magnified only if the distance from the object (the face) to the Q3d.1 Can you see a real image by looking back in the direction
mirror is less than the focal length of the mirror, as in Figure from which the rays arrive? Can you see a virtual image? Explain
34.18d. Section 34.3 The Sun is Very Far Away; Therefore, the your Answer. Can you tell, just by looking at it, whether an image
object distance is practically infinite: .v = y 1/.r = 0. Material n is is real or virtual? If not , how can you distinguish the two? Q34.2
air (n, = 1.00) and material 6 is water; Therefore, the position of With respect to the situation in Figure 34.3, is the image distance
image i' is given by .v ' positive or negative? Is the image real or virtual? Ex-
1.33 1.33 —
1.00 P3d.3 The laws of optics also apply to electromagnetic waves
or 0 + invisible to the eye. A satellite TV dish is used to detect radio
waves from orbiting satellites . Why is a curved reflecting surface
0 33 — 4.OK (a '9lato'j) used?
The image would be taken at 4.0 drop radii from the previous The plate is always concave, not corvex; because '! The radio
surface 4e of the drop. However, since each drop is only a part of receiver itself is placed on an arm and suspended in front of the
a complete sphere, the distance from the front to the back of the disc. At what distance should it be placed from the disc? P34.4
drop is less than 2fi. The rays of sunlight never reach the image Explain why the focal length of a full mirror is infinite , and what is
point, and the droplets do not form an image of the Sun on the the meaning of the focal point being at infinity. Q34.5 If a spherical
leaf. Although the rays are not focused on one point, they are mirror is immersed in water, does its focal length change? Explain
still concentrated and can damage the blade. your answer.
Section 34.4 The fundamental idea is that all rays from the Q34.6, Between what limits of object positions does a concave
object that enter the lens are refracted to form the image, not just spherical mirror form a real image? And a convex spherical
the main rays. With the lens cropped as n describes, principal mirror? P34.7 When a room has mirrors on two opposite walls, an
rays 2 and 3 do not hit the lens and therefore do not contribute to infinite series of reflections can be seen. Analyze this
the image. But all the incident rays and the remaining portion of phenomenon in terms of images. Why do distant images look
the lens are focused to form the same iilis gene I. The only dimmer?
difference is that, since there are fewer rays, the image is P34.8 In the case of a spherical mirror, if s = then .i = , J cl lateral
dimmer. (Compare with the conceptual example magnification w is infinite. Does this make sense? If you have it,
14.2 of section 34.2). what does it mean'?
Orion 34.5 Because a vertical format camera produces a larger P34.9 A concave mirror (sometimes surrounded by lights) is
film, with a given focal length the angle of view is greater. often used as an aid in applying cosmetics to the face. Why is this
Individual objects form images. The same size in both types of type of mirror always concave and never convex? What
film; when using a considerations determine its radius of curvature?
The larger screen allows more images to fit and the field of view P34.10 A student claims that she can make a fire on a sunny day
is wider. using only the sun's rays and a concave mirror. How is this done'/
$oI;tion 3d.6 This lens is intended to correct a type of „Is the concept of image relevant? Can the same be done with a
Ngnathism. Along the vertical axis, the lens is configured as a convex mirror? Explain your answer.
com'erging lens, and along the horizontal axis, as a diverging P34.1J A person looks at his reflection in the concave side of a
lens. Therefore, the flow is hyperopic (see Fig. 0.43) with shiny spoon. Is the reflection right or inverted? Does the distance
respect to vertically oriented objects, but myopic between the face and the spoon have an influence? What if the
.an with respect to objects oriented horizontally (see @ 34.44). person looks at the convex side ? ( Take the test!)
Without correction, the eye focuses on vertical objects P3d.12 In Example 34.4 (section 34.2) there appears to be an
óe the retina, and horizontal objects, in front of it. ambiguity regarding the case s = 10 cm, as to whether i' is + * or
y
1330 r r í i U r o 34 I Geometric optics and optical instruments

st the i rraagen is upright or inverted. How is this resolved? Or is

34.2 The image of a tree covers exactly the length of the 4.00 cm
there ambiguity*
high mirror when the mirror is held 35.0 cm from the eye. Tree 1
P34.13 Suppose that in the situation of example 34.7 of section
is 2b.0 m from the mirror. What is your height?
34.3 (see Eig. 34.24) a vertical arrow 2.00 m high is painted on
34.3 A mirror measuring 4.85 cm high is 39.2 cm to the left of
the side of the pool below the surface of the pool. According to
a flat mirror. Where does the mirror form the image, and what
the calculation in the example, to the person shown in Figure
is its height?
34.24 1e it would appear that this arrow is 4.50 m long . But the
analysis following equation (34.13 ) indicates that the Section 34.2 Reflection on a spherical surface
magnification corresponding to a flat refractive surface is m = * 1, 34.4 A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 34.0 cm.
which suggests that the arrow would appear to the person to be a) What is its focal length?/ b) If the mirror is immersed in
2.00 m long. How would you resolve this apparent contradiction? water (refractive index : ì .33), what is its focal length?
P34.14 There have been reports of round fish tanks starting a fire 34.S An object 0.600 cm high is placed 16.5 cm to the left of
by blocking the sun's rays coming through a window. Is this the vertex of a concave spherical mirror with a radius &
possible* Explain your answer. curvature of 22.0 cm. a) Draw a principalis ray diagram to show
Q34.ł S /,How can you quickly make an approximate the formation of the image. b) Determine the position, size,
measurement of the focal length of a converging lens? Could the orientation and nature (real or virtual) of the image.
same method be applied to a divergent lens ? Please explain your 34.6 Repeat exercise 34.5, in this case applied to a convex
answer. mirror.
P34.16 The focal length of a simple lcntc depends on the color 34.7 The diameter of Mars is 6794 km and its minimum
(wavelength) of the light passing through it. Why? Is it possible distance from the Earth is 5.58 x 10' km. With Mars at this
for a lens to have a positive focal length with certain colors and a distance, find the diameter of the image of the planet that forms
negative one with others? Explain your answer. a spherical and concave telescope mirror with a focal length of
Q34.17 When a convergence lens is immersed in water, does its 1.75 m,
focal distance increase or decrease compared to the value in air? 34.8 An object is 24.0 cm from the center of a spherical silver -
Explain your answer. glass Christmas tree ornament with a diameter of 6.00 in.
P34.18 A spherical bubble of air can function as a lens. What are the position and magnification of your image?
Is it a converging or diverging lens* i,What is the ratio between its 34.9 a) Show that equation (34.6) can be written as i'
focal length and its radius? = s/ /(s — /') and that, therefore, the lateral increase, given by
Q34.19 Can an image formed by a reflecting or refractive surface equation (34.7), can be expressed as z = fly— s ). b) Consider a
be used as an object for a second reflection or refraction? Does it concave mirror with / > 0, and let s > / (that is, the object is
matter whether the image is real or virtual? Explain your answer. outside the focal point). Show that the image distance s' is
P3d.20 If a piece of photographic film is placed where a real positive , and explain why this means that the image is real.
image is, the film records the image. Can it be done Also show that the image is inverted. c ) Prove that if the object
this with a virtual image'? How could you register a ç¡pøp}u distance s is greater than 2/; the image is smaller than the object,
image
and if s is between /and 2/ the image is larger than the object.
P34.24 According to what is stated in section 34.2, light rays are d) With respect to a concave mirror, show that if 0 s </ (that is,
reversible. Are the formulas in the table in the summary of this if the object is3 inside the focal point), the distance õt image I '
chapter still valid if the object and the image are exchanged? What cs negative. Explain why this means the image is virtual. Also
does reversibility imply with respect to the formula of the various show that the image is upright and larger than the object.
formulas? 3d.40 Consider a convex mirror not n f < 0, so that / =
P34.22 When lost in the mountains, a person with a high degree —|/|. Based on the results of part (a) of exercise 34.9, show that,
of farsightedness in one eye and barely farsightedness in the other with respect to cut/drier distance from positive object
built a crude emergency telescope with the two lenses of his .s, the image distance s ' is negative and the image is virtual,
glasses. How did he do it? dense and smaller than the object.
P34.23 We cannot see clearly underwater with the naked eye, but 3d.11 a) Based on the formulas of .s ' and m obtained in part (a)
we can do so if we put on a face shield or goggles (with air of exercise (34.9), graph s' as a function of dc s when/ > 0
between the eyes and the face shield or goggles). Why the (concave mirror). b) With what values of .i is s ' positive, so that
difference? Would it be possible to see underwater with the help the image is real'* c) With what values of s is s ' negative, so that
of glasses (with water between the eyes and the glasses)? If so , the image is virtual? d) Where is the image when the object is
should the lenses be converging or divergent? Explain your immediately outside the focal point (s slightly larger than/"
1answer. P34.24 You find yourself marooned on a desert island e) And st the object is immediately inside the focal point (i
and you plan to use your glasses to make a fire. Can you do it if slightly smaller than I)? f) Where is the image if the object is at
you are nearsighted? What if you are farsighted? Explain your infinity? g) Where is the image if the object is next to the mirror
answer. (s = 0)? h) Graph m as a function of s with respect to the case
Exercises
of a concave mirror. i) i,With what values of s is the right image
Section 34.1 Reflection and reaction on a flat surface j) i, With what values of .r is the image inverted? k) With what
34.1 As shown in Figure 34.8, mirror 1 uses the image P' formed values of › is the image larger than the object* I) i, With what
by mirror 2 as an object, and forms an elf image a. Show that this values of i is the image smaller than the object? m) What
image is at point P's in the figure. happens to the size of the image when the object is placed at the
focal point ?
 1331

34.41 Based on the formulas for s' and m obtained in part (a) of
Keep it away from direct sunlight for the river to reach the fish,
exercise (34.9), graph s' as a function of s, and graph m as a
which could reach the focal point of the parallel rays coming from
function of s, when òo f 0 (convex mirror), of so/= —|/|.
the Sun by swimming. Is the focal point actually inside the fish tank?
a) With what values of s is s' posińva'? b) With what values of s is i'
negative'' c) Where is the image when the object is at infinity'? d)
Where is the image if the object is next to the mirror [s - 0)? i,With
Section 34.4 Thin lenses
what values of .s is the image: e) right, fJ inverted, g) larger than the
3d.Z3 A convergence lens has a focal length of 14.0 cm. With respect
object, h) smaller than the object?
to an object located to the left of the lens, at distances of I 8.0 cm and
24.13 An object 9.00 mrri high is placed 12.0 cm to the left of the
7.00 cm, find a) the position of the image; b) the aumerite; c) whether
vertex of a concave spherical mirror whose radius of curvature has a
the image is real or virtual; d) if the image is upright or inverted.
magnitude of 20.0 cm. a) Draw a principal ray diagram to show the
Draw a principal ray diagram in each case.
formation of the images. b) Determine the position, size, orientation
34.14 A lens forms an image of an object. The object is at
and nature (real or virtual) of the image.
16.0 cm from the lens. The image is 12.0 cm from the lens on the
34.14 A concave Asian shaving mirror has a radius of curvature of
same side as the object. a) What is the focal length of the lens ? Is
32.0 cm. a) What is the magnification of a person's face when it is
this convergence or divergence? b) If the object is 8.50 mm high ,
12.0 cm to the left of the vertex of the mirror? b) Where is the image?
what is the height of the image? As straight or inverted?
Is the image real or virtual? c) Draw a diagram of principal myos to
c) Draw url main ray diagram.
show the formation of the image.
34.25 A convergence lens with a focal length of 7.00 cm forms
Section 34.3 Refraction on a spherical surface an image of a real object 4.00 mm high that is to the left of the
24.15 A particle of soil is embedded 3.50 cm below the surface of a lens. The image is 1.30 cm high and is upright. Where is the
sheet of ice (n = I .309). What is the apparent depth seen at my object, and where is the image? Is the image real or virtual?
normal incidence? 34.26 A convergent lens with a focal length of 90.0 cm forms an
34.16 A tank whose bottom is a mirror is filled with water to a image of a real object 3.20 cm high that is to the left of the lens. The
depth of 20 cm. A small fish floats motionless 7.0 cm below the image is 4.50 cm high and is inverted. In Doris is the object found, and
surface of the water. a) What is the apparent depth of the fish seen where is the image, with respect to the teste? ;,8s the real or virtual
at normal incidence? b) What is the apparent depth of the image images?
of the fish seen at normal incidence? 34.27 Uria teste diverging of meniscus (see Fig. 34.29bJ com
âł.17 In the text, equations (34.11) and (34.1 2) were derived with With a refractive index of 1.48 it has spherical surfaces whose radii
respect to the case in which R ez positive yn, < nt (see figures are 5.00 cm and 3.50 Gm. What is the position of the image of an
34.19 and 34.20). a) Carry out the deduction of these two equations object placed 18.0 cm to the left of the flute?
with respect to the case in which R > U and n rı„. b) Steve carried out 34.28 A photographic slide is to the left of a lens. The lens projects
the deduction with fi < 0 and n < n. an image of the slide onto a wall located 6.00 m to the right of the
J4.18 The left end of a long glass bar 6.00 cm in diameter has a slide. The image is 80.0 times larger than the slide. a) How far away
corvex hemispherical surface of 3.00 cm in radius. hl tefraction from the lens is the slide? b) Is the image upright or inverted? c) What
index of glass is 1.60. Find the position of the image of an object is the focal length of the lens? Is this convergence or divergence?
placed in air on the axis of the bar at hs following distances to the 34.Z9 Draw the various thin lenses that can be obtained by combining
left of the vertex of the curved end: two surfaces whose radii of curvature have absolute magnitudes of
a) infinitely far away; b) 12.0 cm, c) 2.00 cm. 4.00 cm and 8.00 cm. i, Which are ccnveigent, and which di-
34.19 The bar from exercise 34.18 is immersed in a liquid. Use ›'ergenes? Find the focal distance of each if the surfaces are of
object located 90.0 cm from the vertex of the left end of the bar and glass, with a refractive index of 1.60.
on its axis fotma utia imagesi at a point that is 1.S0 m inside the bar. 14.30 Six lenses in air are shown in Figure 34.29. All lenses are
What1 is the refractive index of the liquid? it.20 The left end of a made of a material with a refractive index ø > 1. Considering each
long glass rod 8.00 cm in diameter, with a refractive index of 1.60, is lens separately, imagine that light enters the lens from the left.
ground and pale to form a convex hemispherical surface with a Show that the three lenses in Figure 34.29a have positive focal
radius of lengths and are therefore convergence lenses . Likewise, it shows
4.00 cm. An arrow-shaped object, 1.50 mm high and in a straight that the two lenses in Figure 34.29b have a negative focal length
line to the axis of the bar, is located on the axis 24.0 cm to the left of and are , therefore, divergent lenses.
the vertex of the corvex surface. Find the position and height of the 34.31 The exercises 34.9 at 34.12 refer to spherical mirrors.
arrow image formed by the paraxial rays falling on the convex cos. a) Show that the equations for i ' and m derived in part (a) of
surface. Is the image upright or inverted? Exercise 34.9 are also applicable to thin lenses . b) In exercises 34.9
M.21 Repeat exercise 34.20, in this case with the end of the firm and 34.11 a concave mirror is used . Repeat these exercises with
polished to form a smooth hemispherical surface with a radius of respect to a corvergent lens . Are there differences in the results when
4.00 cm. the mirror is replaced by a lens? Explain your answer. c) In exercises
î 22 Spherical fish tank. A small tropical fish is in the center of a 34.10 and 34.12 a convex mirror is used. Repeat these exercises with
28.0 cm diameter spherical fish tank filled with water. respect to a diverging lens. Are there differences in the results when
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish for an the mirror is replaced by a lens? Explain in response.
observation located outside the fish tank. Also consider the effect of
the thin walls of the fish tank. b) A friend advised the owner of the
fish tank
1332 o a rf 1 uro .34 l Geometric optics and optical instruments

34.31 A conventional lens with a focal length of 12.0 cm forms an

virtual image 5.00 mm high, 17.0 cm to the right of the lens. Find correct y¡ s. What exposure time should be used with camera B
the position and size of the object. i,tis the upright or inverted when photographing the same object with the same film, if the
image" j,list the object and the image on the same side or on camera has a lens with an aperture diameter of 23 1 rrant
opposite sides of the lensc'/ Draw a principal ray diagram of this 34.43 Ynlog r'üüa. A 35 mm camera has a continuous lens
situation. focal length of 50 mm and can focus on objects between 4 cm
34.33 Repeat exercise 34.32 applied to the case of a diverging and infinity. a) Is the lens of this camera concave or convex?
lens with a focal length of —48.€1 cm, b) The camera focuses by rotating the lens, which moves it in
3d.34 An object is 16.0 cm to the left of a lens. The lens forms a the body of the camera and changes its distance from the film.
36.0 cm image to its right. a) What is the focal length of the lens? What range of distances between the lens and the film should
If this is convcrgcnie or divergent'* b) If the object is 8.00 mm the lens be moved to? focus it with mind between the limits of
high, what is the height of the image'* Is it straight or inverted† c) 45 cm and infinity?
Draw a principal ray diagram. 34.44 The image dimensions on a 35 mm co-slide are 24 mm x
36 mm. A slide image is projected onto a screen located 9.00 m
Section 34.5 Photographic cameras from the projector lens. The focal length of the projector lens is
3d.3S Choosing a camera lens. The image size of ordinary 35 150
mm photographic film is 24 mm x 36 mm. The fecal distances of a) How far from the lens is the slide? b) What are the dimensions
the lenses available for 35 mm cameras are typically Mc 28, 35, of the image on the screen?
50 (the “normal” lens), 85, 135, 200 and 300 mm, between eyes. Section 34.6 The eye
Which of these lenses should be used to photograph the following 34.45 a) Where is the near point of an eye to which a contact
objects, assuming that the object should occupy most of the lens with a power of +2.75 diopters is prescribed? b) Where is
photographed area? a) A building 240 m high and 160 m wide at a the far point of an eye to which a contact lens with a power of -
distance of 600 m. b) A mobile home 9.6 m long at a distance of 1.30 diopters for hyperopia has been applied?
40.0 m. 34.46 Curvature of the cornea. A simplified model of the
3d.36 When a camera is focused, the lens moves further or closer human eye , the aqueous and vitreous humors, and the lens all
to the film. If you take a photograph of your friend, who is have a refractive index of 1.40, and all refraction takes place in
standing 3.90 ru from the lens, with a camera that has a lens water, whose vcrticc is 2.60 cm from the center. What must be
whose focal length is 85 mm, how far away from the lens is the the curvature rate of the cornea so that the image of an object
film? i,Cabc the complete image of her friend, who is 175 cm tall, located 40.0 cm from the vertex of the cornea is focused on the
on 24 mm x 3G mm'* film retina?
34.37 A camera lens has a focal length of 200 mm. 34.47 Corrective lenses. Find the power of the lenses
How far away from the lens should the subject of the photograph
The corrective measures required a) a hyperopic eye whose
be if the lens is 20.4 mm from the film?*
cereal point is not at 60.0 cm; b) a myopr eye whose far point is
34.38 A photographer takes a photograph of a Boeing 747 aircraft 60.0 cu
(length: 70.7 m) when it flies directly overhead at an altitude of
9.50 km. The lens has a focal length of 5.00 m. Section 34.7 The magnifying lens
What is the length of the image of the aircraft in the film? 3d.39 34.48 A lens with a focal length of b.00 is used as a simple
Figure 34.3 S shows photographs of the same scene taken with the magnifying glass. a) What angular magnification can the lens
same camera with lenses of different local distances. If the object obtain if the object is at the focal point? b) When the object is
is 200 m from the lens, what is the magnitude of the lateral examined through the lens, how close can it be to the l
magnification with a lens whose focal length is: a) 2U mm, Suppose that the image that the eye sees is at the near point,
b) 105 inrri, c) 300 mm? 25.0 cm from the eye, and that the lens is very close to the eye.
34.40 Lens qui. Consider the simple model of the 3d.49 The focal length of a simple magnifying glass is 8.00
zmin lens shown in Fig. 34.40a. The converging cm. It is assumed that the magnifying lens is a thin lens very
lens has a focal length = 12 cm and the diverging close to d oj
lens has a focal lengthJi = —12 cm. The separation a) At what distance in front of the magnifying lens should the
between the lenses is 4 vm, as shown in Figure object be placed so that the image is formed at the Korean
34.40a. a) In the case of a distant object, where is point of the observation, 25 cm from its b) If the object is
the convincing lens image? b) The image of the 1.00 mm high, is it the height of its image formed by the
convergent lens serves as the object of the magnifying lens?
divergent lens. What is the distance of the object 34.50 We want to see an insect 2.00 mm long through a
that corresponds to the diverging lens? c) Where is magnifying lens. If the insect is to be at the focal point of the
the final image? Compare your answer with Figure magnifying lens, what focal length will give the image of the
34.40a. d) Repeat parts (a), (b) and (c) with respect insect an angular size of 0.025 tadiants*
to the situation shown in figure 34.40b, where the 34.51 A flea is being examined with a magnifying lens and
separation between the lenses is f. cm. the focal length is 4.00 cmi. If the image of the flea is 6 times
34.41 The local distance of a J/4 camera lens is 300 mm. larger than the flea, at what distance from the lens is the flea?
a) What is the aperture diameter of the lens? b) If the correct Where is the image relative to the lens? '
exposure of a certain vein is t,t s aJ/4, what is the correct exposure Section 34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
a//8? 34.51 Definition of a microscope. The image formed by a
34.42 Camera A has a lens with an aperture diameter of microscope objective with a focal length of 5.00 mm is l tit)
8.00 mm, and photograph an object using the exposure time mm of its second focal point. The eyepiece has a distance
 Problems 1333

26.0 mm lime . a) What is the angular magnification of the Issues

microscope?
b) At close range , the unaided eye can distinguish two points.
cough individually if they are separated by a distance of 0.10 mm. 34.6J If you run away from a plane mirror at 2.40 m/s, ' how fast is
What is the minimum separation that this microscope can define? your image moving away from you'?
l4.S3 The focal length of the eyepiece of a certain my cr0Scopio is 34.61 An object is placed between two plane mirrors arranged at right
18.0mm . The focal length of the lens is 8.00 mm . The distance angles to each other at a distance d¡ from the surface of one of the
between the objective and the eyepiece is 19.7 cm . The final mirrors and at a distance é/ 2 from the other. a) How many images are
image formed by the eyepiece is at infinity . Treat all lenses as formed? Show the location of the images on a diagram.
thin. a) What is the distance from the objective to the object b) Draw the path of the object 's rays to the eye of an observer.
being observed ? b) What is the magnitude of the linear increase 34.63 What size is the smallest flat vertical space in which a
that the objective produces? c) What is the total angular woman of tall stature can see her full image?
magnification of the microscope?R54 A certain microscope has 34.64 A luminous object is 4.00 m from a wall. It is going to be used
objectives whose focal length is 16 mm , 4 mm and 1.9 mm , and Use a concave mirror to project an image of the object onto the
eyepieces that provide angular magnifications of 5x and 10x. wall, so that the image is 2.25 times larger than the object . How
Each lens forms an image at 120mm beyond its second focal far from the wall should the mirror be ? What should be its radius
point . Determine a) the maximum total angular magnification of curvature?
attainable ; b ) the minimum affordable angular increase . 34.65 A concave mirror must form an image of the filament of my
14.SS A telescope is constructed with two lenses with focal artificial lamp on a surface located at
lengths of 95.0 cm and 15.0 cm, with the 95.0 cm lens as the b.00 m dcl mirror. The filament height is 6.00 mm , and the image
objective.Together with the object that is observed as the image, must be 3ft ) cm high . a) How far in front of the vertex of the mirror
they are also in infinity . a) Find the angular magnification of the should the filament be placed? b) What should be the radius of
telescope. b) Find the height of the image that the objective curvature of the mirror?
forms of a building 60.0 m high that is 3.00 km away . c) What is 34.G6 Rearview mirror . A passenger side mirror of your car is
the angular size of the final image seen by an eye very close to convex and has a radius of curvature whose magnitude is 1 S.0 cm. a)
the eyepiece? Another car was observed in this side mirror 13.0 cm behind the
3C56 The eyepiece of a refracting telescope (see Fig . 34.48) has a mirror. If this classroom is 1.5 m high , what is the height of the
focal length of 9.00 cm. The distance between the objective and the image ? b ) The mirror carries a warning that objects seen in it stretch
eyepiece is 1.80 m, and the final image is at infinity . What is the closer than they appear . What is this about ?3d.67 Virtual object . If
angular magnification of the telescope? light incident on a convex mirror from the left does not diverge from
3k57 The Yerkes refracting telescope at the University of Chicago an object point , but rather converges toward a point located at a
has a 1.02 m diameter objective with an Ade number of 19.0 , (negative) distance s to the right of the mirror, this point is described
{ This is the largest diameter refracting telescope in the world .) as virtual object . a) In the case of a corivex mirror with a radius of
What is your focal length ? curvature of 24.0 cm, what range of positions of the virtual object
R58 Seen from Earth , Jupiter subtends an angle of approximately does a real image form ?
0.0 14°. What is the diameter of the image of Jupiter that forms the b) t,What1 is the orientation of this real image '! c) Draw a principal
objective of the Observatory 's refracting telescope ray diagram to show the formation of this image.
£icJt, what focal length is 18 m ? R59 34.68 Equations (34.6) and (34.7) were derived in the text with
A cable car is going to be built. respect to the case of a concave mirror . Carry out an analogous
reflection copy (see Fig . deduction with respect to a convex mirror, and show that the same
24.51a) with a spherical mirror equations are obtained if the sign convention established in the text is
whose radius of curvature is applied .
1.30 and an eyepiece with a ° 34.G9 Assume that the filament of the lamp shown in Example
focal length of 1. 10cm , Lu 34.1 (Section 34.2) is brought to a position 8.0 cm in front of the
image mirror.
end is in infinity . a) Cuiil
dtbe set the distance between (either) a) Where is the image now ? Is it real or virtual? b) What is the
the eyepiece and the vertex of height of the image? Are you upright or inverted? c) In Example 34,
the mirror if you object that the 1, the filament is 10.0 cm in front of the mirror, and an image of the
object is at infinity ? b) What filament is formed on a wall 3.tt0 m from the mirror. If the filament is
will be the increase ? 8.0 cm from the mirror, can a wall be placed so that an image is
formed on it ? If yes , where should the wall be placed ? If no, why ?
3t.60 An rcflcion telescope uses 34.70 Where should an object be placed in front of a concave
a simple optical system. (to) mirror of radius fi so that the image is upright and 2.5 times larger
' ailai to the one shown in the than the object? Where is the image located ?
fbl figure Exercises 34.59,
. figara 34.5 l b ( Cassegiain 34.7J Three-dimensional image . Longitudinal increase is defined
34.ffi and pmblem 34.112.
system), The image of a distant
galaxy is focused on the
detector
Through a hole in the large (primary) mirror . The primary mirror as m ' = ‹te'/di. Relates the longitudinal dimension of an object
has a focal length of 1.3 m, the distance between the vertices of the to small with the longitudinal dimension of your image. a) Show
two mirrors is 75 cm , and the distance from the vertex of the that , in the case of a spherical mirror, m ' — - m'. What is the
primary mirror to the detector is 12 cm. The small mirror (the meaning of the fact that m ' is always negative ? b) A wire frame
secondary one), 4d›e be concave or convex" , what should be its in the shape of a small cube of 1.00 mm by
radius of curvature?
1334 c A í i u r o 34 1 Geometric optics and optical instruments

side is placed with its center on the axis of a concave mirror with a
object of this surface? c) What is the position of the image f
radius of curvature of 150.0 cm. The sides of the cube are all
d) Is the final image real or virtual? Is it upright or inverted
either parallel or perpendicular to the axis . The face of the cube
remaining to the original object? e) i,What is the height of
that faces the mirror is 200.0 cm to the left of the vertex of the
the final image?
mirror. Find i) the location of the image of this face and the
34.78 A layer of benzene (n = 1.50) 2.60 cm thick is
opposite face of the cube; ii) the lateral and longitudinal
above water (n = 1.33 ) whose depth is 6.50 cm. What is
magnifications, iii) the shape and dimensions of each of the six
the apparent distance from the top surface of the benzene
faces of the image .
to the bottom ?
34.71 Refer to problem 34. 71. Show that the increase
of the water layer seen at normal incidence? '’
longitudinal m ' corresponding to the refraction on a ferrous
34.79 What must be the retraction index of a present
surface is given by
sphere so that the paraxial rays coming from a very distant
m' _ — o„iz object focus on the vertex of the surface opposite the point
of incidence ?
34.78 Sitting in your parked car , you take a look in the convex 34.80 A flat cut is made at the end of a transparent bar 50.0
side mirror (radius of curvature : 125 cm) and notice that a person cm long and with an refraction of 1.60. The left end is
is running towards you. If the person runs with a speed of rounded to form a rich surface with a radius of 15.0 cm . An
2.50 m/s, how fast does your image move when the person is : a) object is placed on the bar axis 12.0 cm to the left of the
10.0 m away , b) 2.0 m away ? vertex of the hemisf ' end.
34.74 A microscope is focused on the top surface of a glass plate . a) What is the position of the final image ? b) What is its
A second plate is then placed on top of the first. To focus on the increase ?
lower surface of the second plate, it is necessary to elevate the 34.84 A narrow beam of parallel rays penetrates a glass
microscope 0.780 mm. To focus on the upper surface, it must be sphere in a radial direction . At what point outside the
raised another 2.50 mm. Find the refractive index of the second
plate . and its index It is 1.80 .
34.7S The primary reflecting surface of a bathroom mirror is 34.81 A transparent bar 30.0 long is practically cut flat on one
behind a thin sheet of glass . This sheet protects the reflective end . The other end is rounded to form a hemispherical surface
surface and prevents it from loosening . Because some of the light with a radius of 10.0 cm. An object that is not embedded
is reflected from the front surface of the glass , and because light within the rod along
is refracted as it enters and leaves the glass , imaging is a little from this and equidistant from its ends, 15.0 cm from the no
more complex than as shown in Figure 34.2 . Consider a bathroom end and 15.0 cm from the vertex of the curved end . Viewed
mirror with a glass plate of thickness d and refractive index o . His from the plane of the bar, the apparent depth of the object is
face is at a distance h from the anterior surface of the glass plate . 9.5 with respect to the flat end. What is the apparent depth
a) Find the position of the image of your face that you see due to from the curved end?
the reflection on the front surface of the glass. 34.83 A solid glass hemisphere of radius 12.0 cm and
b) Find the position of the image of your face that you see due to refractive index n = 1.50 is placed with its flat face facing
the reflection on the mirror surface behind the glass. Consider the right on a table. A parallel light beam with a cross section
effects of refraction at the glass / air interface . c) What is the of 3.80 mm in diameter propagates in a straight line
separation between the images in parts (a) and (b)? towards and into the hemisphere through the center of the
34.76 A glass bar . Both ends are ground and polished . cured surface e) What is the diameter of the circle of light
We use a glass rod with a refractive index of 1.60 to form convex that is formed on the table? b} How does the result depend
hemispherical surfaces. At the extreme left the radius of curvature on the radius of the hemisphere?
is 6.00 cm, and at the extreme right , 34.84 A thick - walled wine glass resting on a table can be
12.0 cm. The length of the bar between the veins is 40.0 cm. For considered a hollow glass sphere with an outer radius of
the leftmost surface the object is an arrow that is 23.0 cm to the 4.00 cm and an inner radius of 3.40 cm. The retraction of
left of the vertex of this surface. The arrow is 1.50 mm high and the glass of the cup is 1.50 . a) A parallel light beam ‹k
forms a right angle to the axis . enters one side of the empty cup along a horizontal radius .
a ) What constitutes the object for the right end surface of the bar iWhere , if any , a
? b) What is the distance of the object with respect to this surface? b) The glass is filled with white wine (n = 1.37). Where is
c) Is the object on this surface real or virtual ? ( Hint: See problem the image?
34.67). d) What is the position of the final image ? e) Is the final 34.8S A glass sphere with walls of and radius fi is filled
image real or virtual ? Is it upright or inverted with respect to the with water . An object is placed at a distance 3fi from the
original object ? f) What is the height of the final image ? s of the sphere . Find the position of the final image . The
34.77 The bar in Problem 34.76 is shortened to a distance & 25.0 wall effect does not count .
cm between its vertices; the curvatures of their ends do not glass. Consider that water has n
change. As in Problem 34.76 , for the leftmost surface the object is — %.
an arrow that is 23.0 cm to the left of the vertex of this surface. 34.86 With respect to retraction
The arrow is 1.50 mm high and forms a right angle to the axis . a) on a spherical surface , the
What is the distance of the object from the surface of the right end first focal length / is defined
of the bar? b) Is it real or virtual ? as the value of s that
corresponds to s ' = , as
shown in Fig . 34.52a . The
second focal length /' is
determined
fine as the value of s ' when s figuM 54.S2 Problem
 Issues 1335

= , as shown in Figure 34.52b. a) Prove that ri¢ø, = //J”. of the right lens . The lens forms two images of the candle. The
b) Prove that the general relationship between the object and first is products of the light that passed directly through the lens;
image distances is The second, from the light that spreads from the candle to the
mirror, is reflected and then passes through the lens. a) With
respect to each of these
‹the images, draw a principal ray diagram to locate the image. b)
24 .81 Use Acute to form an image of an object that is to the left With respect to each image, answer the following questions : i) Is
of the lens on a point that is 30.0 cm to your right . When the lens there imagery ? ii) Is the image real or virtual*
is moved 4.00 cm to the right , it is necessary to move the screen iii) Is the image upright or inverted with respect to the original object ?
4.00 cm to the left to focus the image again . Find the focal length
of the lens.
34.88 The ends of a glass rod with a refractive index of 1.55 are
ground and polished to form hemispherical surfaces of 6.00 cm
radius . When an object is placed on the center of the bar, 25.0 cm
to the left of the left end , the final image is formed 65.0 cm to the
right of the right end . What is the length of the bar measured FíØurø $4.S4 Problem 34.94.
between the edges of the two hemispherical surfaces ? 34.95 An eyepiece consists of two thin converging lenses , each
34.89 Two thin lenses whose focal length has a magnitude of 12.0 with a focal length of 1 2.0 cm, separated by a distance of .00 cm .
cm, the first converging and the second diverging , are arranged What are the primary and second focal points of the eyepiece?
9.00 cm from each other. A 2.50 mm high object is placed 20.0 34.96 Dps contact lenses . a) Prove that, when two thin lenses of
cm to the left of the first lens (convergence). focal lengths and { are placed in coniøcffi , the focal length / ' of
a)At what distance from this primers teste does the final image the combination is given by the relation
form ? ¡¡¡
b) Is the final image real or virtual ? c) What is the height of
the final image ? Is it right or inverted?
3d.90 The radii of curvature of the surfaces of a mute con- b) A converging meniscus lens (see Fig . 34.29) has a refractive
meniscus downward vergent are — + 12.0 cm and p - + 28.0 cm. index of 1.54, and the radii of curvature of its surfaces are 4.50 em
The refractive index is 1.60 . a) Calculate the position and size of and 9.00 cm. The concave surface is placed upwards and filled
the images of a date - shaped object 5.00 mm wide . with carbon tetrachloride (CC1„ n = l ,4ó).
height, perpendicular to the axis of the lcntc, 45.0 cm to the left of ;,What is the focal length of the CC 4 glass combination ? 3d.97
the îc«te. b) A convergent image of the same focal distance is The rays of a lens converge toward a point image P located to the
placed 3.15 m to the right of the first image. Find the position and right of the lens. What thickness should be made of glass with a
refractive index of 1.60, placed between the lens and P, for
size of the final image. Is the final image upright or inverted with
Why does the image form with P', 30.0 cm to the right of P?
respect to the original object ? c) Repeat part (b) with the second
Figure 34.55 shows the location of the glass and points P and P ' .
lens 45.0 cm to the right of the primer.
34.9t Three thin lenses, each with a focal length of 40.0 cm, are
aligned over a common axis ; The separation between
adjacent lenses is 52.0 cm . Find the position of the image of a
small object located on the axis, 80.0 cm to the left of the first
lens. M,9l An object is 1 S.0 cm from a screen . a) In which two
points between the object and the screen can a converging lens Figure 34.SS Problems 34.97.
with a focal length of 3.00 cm be placed to obtain an image on the
screen? b) "What is the magnification of the image that 34.98 Lens in a liquid. Lenses obey Snell's law : they bend light
corresponds to each position?" of the lens? rays on each surface, to a degree determined by the refractive
i4.93 A convex mirror and a index of the lens and the index of the medium in which the lens is
concave mirror separated by a located . a) Equation (34.19) assumes that the lens is surrounded
distance ć = 0.600 m are placed by air. Consider, instead , a thin lens
on the same optical axis . The immersed in a liquid with a refractive index • , . Prove that the
magnitude of the radius of focal length /' is given in this case by equation (34.19)
with n/„n in ver de n. b) A thin lens with an index zi has
curvature of each mirror is
0.360 m. A
light source is located at a .ã3 Problems 34.93. a distance focused on a void. Based on the result in part (a), show
distance x from the concuve mirror, as shown in Figure 34.53. that, when this lens is immersed in a liquid of index nt„ , it has a
i) With what distance z will the rays from the source return to it new focal length given by
after first reflecting in the convex mirror and then missing the
concave one?é) Repeat the iriciso (a), but now consider that fee
r‹a)ms is reflected first in the concave mirror and then in the
convex mirror.
4.94 As shown in Figure 34.54.1, the candle is at the center of the 34.99 When an object is placed at the appropriate distance to the
temperature of the concave mirror, whose focal length is 32.0 cm left of a certain converging lens , the image becomes focused on
and is 85.0 cm to the right of the mirror. Observe the candle
looking through
1336 CHAPTER 34 l Gcuinctric optics and t › ptic instruments

a screen located 30.0 cm to the right of the lens. A diverging lens

34.107 When deriving the expression for angular increase
is now placed 5.0 cm to the right of the converging lens , and it is
[equation (34.22)], a nearby point of 25 cm was assumed. In
found that it is necessary to move the screen another 19.2 cm to
fact, the near puxy changes with age as shown in Table 34.1. To
the right to obtain a sharp image. What is the focal length of the
achieve an angular magnification of 2.0x, what focal length
diverging lens ?
should be used by a person of: a) 10 years old, b) 30 years old,
34.100 A corvex aesthetic mirror with a focal length of 24.0 cm
c) 60 years old'/ d) If a 60 year old person uses the Hule which
is placed 20.0 cm to the left of a flat mirror . An object 0.250 cm
provides a V =
high is placed halfway between the surface of the plane mirror and
2.0 to a 10 - year-old person , what angular increase will the
the vertex of the straight mirror . The aesthetic mirror forms
older person get ? e) Does your answer to part (d) mean that
multiple images of the object . Where are the two images of the
older observers can see larger images than younger observers ?
object formed by the spherical mirror that are closest to it located ,
and what is the height of each image? Explain your answer. 3d.408 Angular magnification. In
34.401 A glass plate 3.50 cm thick , with a writing index of 1.55 deriving equation (34.22) from the angular angle of a magnifying
and parallel planus faces , is held with its horizontal faces and its lens , it was assumed that the object is at the focal point of the
lower face 6.00 cm above a printed page . Find the position of the magnifying lens , so the
image of the page formed by ION rays that make a small angle
with the normal to the plate. , virtual is formatted in infinite cl . Assume, instead , that the object
34.102 A thin biconvex symmetrical glass lens with a refractive is collected so that the virtual image appears at an average
observer 's 25 cm near point , the closest point in time that the
index of 1.52 has a focal length in air of
observer can focus on the object . a) Where should the object be
40.0 cm. The lens hermetically closes an opening at the left end of
placed to achieve this? Express your answer in terms of d¢ k
a tank filled with water. At the far right of the
distance d oc toI foe the magnifying lens . b) What angle 8'sub
will be an object of altitude ( in the position identify it in
lens. The refractive index of water is a ) Find the position
of the image formed by the lens /water*mirror system of a small
object that is outside the tank, on the axis of the lens and 70.0 cm c) find cl angular increase .If with cl object in the position found
to the left of it, b) Is it the real image or virtual ? c) Is it right or ni.subsection ( a ). The angle fi is the angle in Figure 34.46a,
inverted? d) If the height of the object is 4.00 mm. what is the since n refers to the observation of the object without the
height of the image? magnifying lens . d) If a convex lens with f = + 10.0 cm is used ,
3d.103 Your camera has a lens with a f‹+- cal distance of 35.0 what is the value of B with the object in the position identified in
mm and film width of 36.0 mm . When taking a photograph of a part (a)'? How many times larger is Tlf in this case than when the
22.7 m long airplane , you notice that the image of the airplane image was formed at infinity ? e) - In the description of a
takes up only the width of the film . a) How far are you from the compound microscope H in section 34.8, it is stated that, in a
plane? b) How far would you have to zoom so that the image of confidently projected instrument , the real image that the
the plane takes up the entire width of the film? objective forms is completely ahead of the first focal point F '
34.10d Definition of a camera, the definition of a f‹›iographic of the eyepiece. Is there any advantage in the fact that the lens
camera lens is defined as the maximum number of lines pf›r forms a dialament image through N ', compared to a f image ?
millimeter of the image that are barely distinguishable as it hits precisely on f " ? i,What happens if the image formed by
individual lines . A certain lens has a focal length of 35.0 mm and the target is immediately below F ' 1
a definition of 120 lines/mm. What is the minimum separation 34.109 In a form of cataract surgery , the christ is replaced .the
between two lines on an object 25.0 m away that allows them to patient 's natural lens , which has become cloudy, by an artificial
be distinguished as individual lines in the image ? lens . It is possible to choose the refractive properties of the lens
3d.105 Angle of view. The viewing angle of a camera and lens is & replacement so that the person 's eye focuses on sharp objects.
defined as the angle at which the widest object rises at which the But there is no accommodation , and you need glasses or contact
width of the image is equal to the diagonal dimension d of the lenses to see up close. What is the power, in diopters, of
film. a) With respect to a distant object whose image distance is corrective contact lenses that allow a person who has undergone
approximately equal to the focal length of the camera lens , show surgery of this type to focus on a page or book at a distance of 24
that the angle of view 8 is P = 2 arctan(d/2f). b) The film used by a cm *? *
35 mm camera is 24 nim by 36 mm . Based on the result of part 34.1J 0 Myopic eye. A certain very nearsighted person is
(a), calculate the angle of view corresponding to focal lengths of unable to see anything more than 36.0 cix from the eye.
25 mm, 105 mm , and 300 mm. Compare your results with the Consider the simplified model of the eye described in Exercise
viewing angles shown in Figure 34.38d . 34.46 . If the curvature of the cornea is 0.75 cm when the eye is
34.106 A photographic camera whose lens has an f‹› cal distance touching an object 36.0 cm from the vertex of the comea and
of 90 mm is focused on an object located 1.30 m from the lens. To the
focus now on an object that is 50 m from the lens, by how much is of refraction are described in exercise 34.46, what is the distance
it necessary to change the distance between the lens and the film ? from the vertex of the cornea to the retina? What does e81o
To focus on the most distant object , should the lens be moved indicate ?
further away or closer to the film? ca of the shape of the myopic eye ?
34.11a Focal length of a zoom lens . Figure 34.56 m shows
a simplified version of a zoc › m lens . The coriv lens
te has a focal distance , and the diverging lens has a focal
distance {t = —|/j|. The two lenses are separated by a variable
distance d that is always less than Ji . Likewise, the magnitude
of the focal length of the lens diverge satisfies the inequality g|
— ‹fJ. To find the effective foval distance of the tenR comb'
 Jump problems
1337

da, consider a beam of parulc]ofi dG rgdio r ¢ rays entering the Challenge problems
converging lens. aJ Show that the radius of the ray bundle
decreases to r'z -— r] f — d )! f j at the point where it enters the
divergent lens . b) Show that the final image f' is formed at a
distance s'. = ¡/,|(/ - ‹IQ(i/t¡ - £, + d) to the right of the divergent
lens . c) If the rays that emerge from the divergenic lens and reach
the final image point extend backwards , to the left of the
divergenic lens . They will end up expanding to the original
radius r, at some point Q. The distance from the final image /' to
point Q is the distance } 'ori/ efec/iv•J'of the lens combination ; If
the combination were replaced by a single lens of focal length f
placed at Q , the parallel rays would continue to be focused at f'.
Show that the effective focal length BS/' /!/' (Yzl ./i + d). d) if/ =
12.tl cm, /, = - I S.0 cm and the separation ‹f is adjustable
between zero and 4.0 cm, find the maximum and minimum focal
lengths of the combination. With what value dc d do we have f
—— 30.0 cm?

filgora $4.H Problem 34.1 l t.

34.f 12 A certain reflecting mirror , constructed as shown in Fig .

34.51a , has a spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 96.0
cm and an eyepiece with a focal length of l .20 cm. If the
magnitude of the angular magnification is 3fi and the object is at
infinity , find the position of the ‹›ru1ar and the position and
nature ( real or virtual) of the simulated image . {Noty: itf is not
equal to |/ / |; therefore , In image formed by cl hide oc is at
infinity ).
3&14 3 A microscope with an objective whose focal length is
8.00 mm and an eyepiece with a focal length of 7.50 cm is used
to project an image onto a screen located 2.00 m from the
eyepiece. Let the image distance from the objective be 18.0 cm .
a) What is the lateral angle of the image ? What is the distance
between the objective and the eyepiece?
34.4 J4 The Galilean Telescope, Figure 34.57 is a diagram of a
telr:t ohio golileann , or twins dy tw r , with the object and its
final image at infinity . The image f serves as a virtual object for
the eyepiece. The final image is virtual and straight , a) Prove that
the angular magnification is M -- -f If . b) A Galilean telescope is
going to be built with the same objective lens as in exercise
34.55. What must be the focal length of the eyepiece so that this
telescope has an angular magnification of the same magnitude as
that in exercise 34.55? c) Compnre the length of the teiscopes.

fi'gMfia 3J.57 Problem 34.1 14.