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Tautology, Contradiction, and Contingencies

Module 2 TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION,AND CONTINGENCIES Logic & Set Theory

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40 views30 pages

Tautology, Contradiction, and Contingencies

Module 2 TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION,AND CONTINGENCIES Logic & Set Theory

Uploaded by

almonte.jeorgenathaniel1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REVIEW OF THE FUNDAMENTALS AND

ALGEBRA OF LOGIC

Tautology,
Contradiction
and
Contingencies
Prepared by: Jed Aron B. Santiago

BSED-1D Mathematics
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Understand the differences between Tautology,
Contradiction and Contingeny.
Interpret proposition if it is a Tautology,
Contradiction or Contingency.
Practice expressing the statements into truth table
Tautology

Tautology is a compound proposition


which is always TRUE.
It is also can be written in a symbol
Tautology
Example:
A number is odd or a number is not odd.

p ~p p v ~p

T F T

F T T
Tautology
Example:
Contradiction

Contradiction is a compound
proposition which is always FALSE.
It is also can be written in a symbol
Ø.
Contradiction
Example:
Ben is a student and Ben is not a student

p ~p p ∧ ~p
T F F

F T F
Contradiction
Example:
Show that the statement p∧ Ø is a contradiction.
p Ø p∧Ø

T F F

F F F
Contingency

Contingency is a compound
proposition which is sometimes
TRUE and sometimes FALSE.
Contingency
Example:
Either he is 20 years old or 21 years old.
p q pVq

T T T

T F F
F T F
F F F
LET'S HAVE A QUIZ!
Direction: Write TAUTO if the statement is true and
CONTRA if the statement if false.
1. Tautology is a compound proposition which is always
false.
2. "Tau" is a symbol for tautology.
3. Contradiction is a compound proposition which is
always true.
4. Nullset is a symbol for contradiction.
5. Contingency is a compound proposition which is
either always true or always false.
REVIEW OF THE FUNDAMENTALS AND
ALGEBRA OF LOGIC

Tautological
Implications
Prepared by: Jed Aron B. Santiago

BSED-1D Mathematics
6 TAUTOLOGICAL
IMPLICATIONS

1. Modus Ponens (Direct Reasoning)


2. Modus Tollens (Indirect Reasoning)
3. Simplification
4. Addition
5. Disjunctive of Syllogism (One-or-the-other)
6. Transitivity
Modus Ponens (Direct Reasoning)

If p implies q, and if p is true, then


q must be true.
→ ∧ →
[(p q) p] q
Modus Ponens (Direct Reasoning)

Example:
Let p: Today is Tuesday; and q: we will have a class in
math.
If today is Tuesday implies that we will have a class in
math, and today is indeed Tuesday, then we will have a
class in math.
→ ∧ →
[(p q) p] q
Modus Ponens (Direct Reasoning)
In truth table:
Modus Tollens (Indirect Reasoning)

If p implies q, and q is false, then so


is p.
→ ∧ →
[(p q) ~q] ~p
Modus Tollens (Indirect Reasoning)

Example:
Let p: Today is Tuesday; and q: we will have a class in
math.
If today is Tuesday implies that we will have a class in
math, and we don't have a class in math, then today is
not Tuesday.
→ ∧ →
[(p q) ~q] ~p
Modus Tollens (Indirect Reasoning)
In truth table:
Simplification

If both p and q are true, then, in particular, p is


true.
∧ →
(p q) p
If both p and q are true, then, in particular, q is
true.
∧ →
(p q) q
Simplification

Example:
Let p: the sky is blue; and q: the moon is round
If the sky is blue and the moon is round, then the
∧ →
sky is blue. (p q) p
If the sky is blue and the moon is round, then the
∧ →
moon is round. (p q) q
Addition

If p is true, then we know that


either p or q is true.
→
p (pVq)
Addition

Example:
Let p: the ball is blue; and q: the moon is round
If the ball is blue, then either the ball is blue or the
moon is round.
→
p (pVq)
Disjunctive of Syllogism (One-or-the-other)

If either p or q is true, and p is false then q is


true.
∧
[(pVq) (~p)] q→
If either p or q is true, and q is false then p is
true.
∧
[(pVq) (~q)] p→
Disjunctive of Syllogism (One-or-the-other)

Example:
Let p: the cook did it; and q: the butler did it
If either the cook or the butler did it, and we know
that the cook didn't do it, then the butler must
have done it.
Transitivity

If p implies q is true, and q implies


r is also true then p implies r must
be true.
→ ∧ → → →
[(p q) (q r)] (p r)
Transitivity

Example:
When it rains the ground gets muddy and when
the ground is muddy my shoes get dirty. So, when
it rains my shoes get dirty.
→ ∧ → → →
[(p q) (q r)] (p r)
LET'S HAVE A QUIZ!
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. If p implies q, and if p is true, then q must be true.
a. Modus Ponens b. Modus Tollens c. Addition
2. If p is true, then we know that either p or q is true.
a. Addition b. Simplification c. Modus Ponens
∧ →
3. What Tautological Implication is this (p q) p
a. Simplification b. Addition c. Modus Tollens
4. If p implies q, and q is false, then so is p.
a Modus Tollens b. Modus Ponens c. Addition
5. What Tautological Implication is this
→ ∧ → → →
[(p q) (q r)] (p r)
a. Transitivity b. Addition c. Simplification
THANK YOU!
REFERENCES:
Admin. (2021, June 14). Tautology in maths - definition, truth
table and examples. BYJUS. Retrieved April 3, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/maths/tautology/#comparison-with-
contradiction
Waner, S.& Costenoble, S. R. (n.d.). 4. tautological implications
and tautological equivalences. Retrieved April 3, 2022, from
https://www.zweigmedia.com/RealWorld/logic/logic4.html

https://youtu.be/yo7aULLUz_0
https://youtu.be/aZ8PzeaV0Os

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