TYPES OF RIVETS

DANNA MICHEL ARCE JARAMILLO

ENGINEER PASTOR EDUARDO QUINTERO CASTAÑO

INEC AVIATION SCHOOL

FINAL WORK

AIRCRAFT ONLINE TECHNICIAN III

PALMYRA

2020
 INTRODUCTION

In the structure of the airplane there are quite important elements such as rivets,
since these provide the flexibility and strength necessary to withstand the actions
of the forces and frequencies that are exerted on an aeronautical structure, taking
into account that in flight it produces a large amount of vibrations in its structure
due to the action of air forces when carrying out the thrust that sustains it. One of
the most feared effects of vibrations on the aircraft structure is flutter.

Therefore, it is important to know and identify the type of rivet that should be in
each part of the structure so that it performs its function well, taking into account
the different forces that act as resistance.
 TYPES OF RIVETS

At the end of the 20th century, the United States of America was industrializing by
leaps and bounds. Metals had to be manufactured to certain standards. From this
need, the Society for the Standard of Automotive Engineering (SAE) emerged.
The military services later put into effect the Army-Navy Standard (AN), now known
as the Air Force-Navy. This is currently being converted to Military Standard (MS).
For this reason, you may find an AN or MS numerical code or other specification
code used in identifying rivets.

The types of rivets depending on their condition prevail, like this:

By head type

 Countersunk head: fixing of sheets on sheets or profiles, on surfaces of

sheets on sheets or profiles, on exterior surfaces due to their low
aerodynamic resistance.

 Universal head: Used in manufacturing and repairing external and internal

parts. If necessary, they can replace those with a protruding head (flat or
round).

 Flat Head: They are used in interior structures when maximum tensile
strength is required and there is not enough space for the placement of
round heads. In exterior parts it is rarely used.

 Round head: used in interior parts, the head is sized so that it can withstand
tensile stresses.

By the type of material

 Rivets made of 1100 aluminum are only used in non-structural parts made
of aluminum alloys with low mechanical characteristics (1100, 3003, 5052).
  Those of 2117 are the most widely used on aluminum alloys due to their
resistance to corrosion and heat treatment not being necessary.

 Those from 2017 and 2024 are used on aluminum alloy structures with
higher requirements than the previous ones, they are supplied annealed
and kept in refrigerators. The former must be installed within an hour and
the latter between 10 and twenty minutes after removing them from the
refrigerator.

 5056 is used on magnesium alloys due to its resistance to corrosion on

them.

 Steel ones are only applied to steel parts.

 Stainless steel ones are used on pieces of the same material in areas of
firewalls, exhausts and similar structures.

 Monel ones are used for riveting parts made of nickel steel alloys.

Marks on rivet heads

 1100 Rivets: It is made of pure commercial aluminum. Since the rivet

material does not contain alloying elements, it is not suitable in applications
where strength is required. It is generally used to join non-structural parts,
such as guards or small switch covers, and in the repair of map cases. The
letter “A” in the part number and the absence of any marking on the head
identifies the rivet material as 1100.

 2117-T4 Alloy Rivets: This type of rivet is used in most areas of the aircraft
and does not require special processing before or after use. The letters
“AD” in the part number and the shallow recess in the center of the
manufactured head identify the rivet material as 2117-T4.

 Heat-treated (annealed) rivets: This is done to soften them so they do not

crack when embedded. Once installed, a period of time known as age
hardening must elapse before full strength of the rivet is achieved. The
amount of time required for the rivet to fully harden depends on the ambient
temperature.
 2017-T4 Alloy Rivets: This rivet is used in areas of the aircraft that require
more strength than that provided by the AD rivet. The letter “D” in the part
number and the protruding nipple on the manufactured head identifies the
rivet material as 2017-T4.

 2024-T4 Alloy Rivets: This is the strongest of the aluminum alloy rivets. The
letters “DD” in the part number and the raised double dash on the
manufactured head identify the rivet material as 2024-T4.

 Alloy 5056 Rivets: Features magnesium as its main alloying element.

Generally used when riveting magnesium parts on the plane. The letter “B”
in the part number and a raised cross on the manufactured head identifies
the rivet material as 5056. No heat treatment is necessary before or after
installing this rivet.
Rivet materials
blind rivets

When access to both sides of the joint is not possible, the use of conventional
rivets is not possible because the nose piece cannot be used to make the closing
head. In such situations, so-called blind rivets are used, so called because
generally the head to be formed is not visible.

These rivets are shaped like other types of rivets with the difference of being
hollow, through that hole a cylindrical stem is passed, provided with a head of
larger diameter that is opposite to the first.

Rivets with stem retention by friction are called Pop, in general they are used in
those cases in which the characteristics are not very demanding and when the
possible detachment of the same due to vibrations or other causes does not
become a source of problems.

Third-piece stem retention rivets are the most frequently used in aviation,
manufactured in accordance with American NAS and MS standards, among the
most popular names are those corresponding to those commercially known as
"Cherrylock", " Cherrymax", Huckmax, etc.

All these rivets are made of aluminum alloy, monel and stainless steel.
Non-removable fixings

Lockbolts

Lock-bolts constitute a permanent joining system similar to riveting but with better
characteristics, since they can work in shear and tension, they are assembled with
interference for the former and with play for the latter, the most frequent
applications are in frames of fuselage and stringers, wing ribs and stabilizers, wing
stringers and stringers and in general in all those cases where loosening is
intended to be avoided.

It is made up of two pieces, a stem with a head and grooves at the other end, plus
a collar; The heads can be to protrude above the surface of the upper piece to be
joined or to be hidden in the countersink of the hole. They are manufactured in two
types: long with a stem to pull or with a short stem to push the collar (stump type).

Hi Shear

The elements called Hi-shear are used for permanent joints in which the aim is to
reduce weight and speed of installation. They are made up of a stem made of steel
and provided with a head, together with a collar that performs the closure;
Assembly requires access from both sides and it is necessary to use special tools.

The stems are manufactured with flat or countersunk heads and in different types
of materials under NAS standards. The collars are made of lead or 2117T4
aluminum alloy.

Hi-lok, Hi-tigue

Joining elements for shear and traction forces used in joining parts with access
from both sides, they consist of a threaded stem with a head and a special nut that
accompanies them, incorporating a separation slot between the hexagonal and
cylindrical part that acts as a fuse of separation between them when a
predetermined tightening torque is reached.

The name Hi-tigue corresponds to a variety of hi-lok that at the beginning of the
cylindrical part after the thread incorporates a small protuberance that at the time
of installation produces a deformation of the hole (cold working) in such a way that
it increases the fatigue resistance of the metal.

Jo Bolt
Fixing elements called Jo-bolt are high-strength structural elements used when
riveting is difficult and there is only access from one side. Jobolts consist of three
pieces, an aluminum or steel alloy nut, a steel screw and a corrosion-resistant steel
bushing.

The screw has a left-hand thread and is used to pull the bushing and deform it to
retain the nut; it breaks at the end of the process.

They are manufactured with head types similar to other elements.

Taper lock

Taper-lock are elements with high quality finish, for assembly with interference and
with self-sealing characteristics, and high resistance to cutting. The system
consists of a conical screw and a nut that includes a washer attached to it, with
free rotation before tightening. The figure includes the final shape and installation
system. As can be seen, after tightening, a preload effect occurs in the crushing
zone that has a beneficial effect on the fatigue resistance and therefore on the
quality of the joint.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
RIVETED, RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ

https://www.academia.edu/11098408/remachado

FASTENERS OR FASTENERS

https://es.slideshare.net/Sapotaker/fasteners-o-sujetadores

CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETS

http://aviacion10tarde.blogspot.com/p/identificacion-de-remaches-introduccion.html

FIXING ELEMENTS IN AEROSPACE STRUCTURES, MARTINEZ POVEDA

SANTIAGO

http://ocw.upm.es/pluginfile.php/1339/mod_label/intro/
elementos_de_fijacion_aeroespaciales.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR1AccEdtzizopGhmjJhgJYOUENw3fAczXtAdPm5Gvgl-
fTPSvslvJ7ETQg