Conversation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQ-IeBfQwGM

oral communication

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbmhEu5-WyE

Video that the students will analyze and we will talk in class

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jjumkWX2q4

Technology to improve education

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEgLBXwe8Zc

Non-verbal communication video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zefGgdZ24Gg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr_I6qcd3Ns

interesting video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FUHSMFUUGU
 NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS IN ORALITY

Some authors point out that: Success in communication depends on the correct
and adequate functioning of all the components of the communication system.
We start from the conviction that making yourself understood by a small or large
number of people is an art that can be learned. To the extent that a series of resources
are known and put into practice by the sender, the transmission of the message and its
correct assimilation by the receivers will be favored.
Within the forms of communication, non-verbal communication has received
less attention and scientific study than verbal communication, since it consists of a less
structured mode of information transmission that is more difficult to interpret.
There are few known works published before 1950 on aspects of non-verbal
communication, since this was not considered an object worthy of scientific interest.
Before the scientific study of non-verbal communication, non-verbal language
had not gone beyond the more or less extensive description of anecdotes and curious
observations, as is the case of some descriptions present in Charles Darwin 's work The
Emotions in Man and Animals (The expression of emotions in man and animals) written
in 1872. Darwin suggested the possibility that humans have, in all cultural contexts,
elements of expression that are common to them. Furthermore, Charles Darwin
highlighted the importance of communication and expression in biological survival.
David Efron , with his work Gesture and Environment (1941) , established the
importance of the role of culture in the formation of many of our gestures that we
make.
In the 1950s, research in all areas of human communication began to take off.
Regarding the non-verbal area, three significant facts stand out:
 Introduction to Kinesics appears (1952), by anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell .
 Psychiatrist Jürgen Ruesch and photographer Weldon Kees publish the first book to
use the term nonverbal , Nonverbal Communication ( 1956). This work offered a
vision of the subject accompanied by extensive graphic documentation.
 Another anthropologist, Edward T. Hall published The Silent Language (1959), after
several years of research into the use of space by human beings: proxemics .
 A more detailed study on this topic appeared later in 1996: The Hidden
Dimension .
 Other researchers have made important contributions, such as Desmond Morris
and Paul Ekman .

Non-verbal communication is difficult to define, as Ray Birdwhistell proposes

"studying non-verbal communication is like studying non- cardiac physiology ", which is
why it is so difficult to propose a single definition of it.
Characteristics:
 Nonverbal communication (NVC) is ubiquitous and multifunctional.
 It can lead to misunderstandings.
 It has phylogenetic primacy (it consists of the study of the evolutionary
relationships between different groups of organisms and ontogenetics (change
triggered by interactions from the environment where it is found or as a result of
its internal dynamics)
 Can express what is not said verbally.
 Is trustworthy.
In humans, CNV is frequently paralinguistic , that is, it accompanies verbal
information by qualifying it, expanding it, or sending contradictory signals. This is why
the CNV is important to the extent that:
When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on the words rather than body
language. Although our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously
processing the verbal and non-verbal aspects. Body movements are not generally
positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and message will
determine your evaluation. Givens, 2000, p. 4.
 The non-verbal messages we transmit are very important, to the extent that
they are frequently more sincere than oral or written messages.
Non-verbal communication replaces, reinforces and completes verbal language
through the use of looks, gestures, postures, etc. This exchange of information is
especially important because it often expresses the speaker's real feelings and
attitudes, which may not coincide with his words.
When we learn to distinguish the different ways in which non-verbal language
manifests itself, we also obtain interesting data about our interlocutor that can be
used for the benefit of both.
Could you indicate which are the most important aspects that make up non-verbal
communication?
In both oral and written communication, when we send a message, we use
certain elements that help us express ourselves. In the case of oral communication,
these elements are called non-verbal and paraverbal language .
If you look closely, when one person talks to another, neither of them is
motionless. There are always arm movements, changes in posture, facial gestures, etc.,
which will depend on what is being talked about, with whom, and how the information
delivered is received.

Key elements in non-verbal communication

1. Facial expression : It is the most common form of non-verbal expression. Through
facial mimicry (movement of the eyebrows, lips, facial muscles, etc.) it is possible to
determine the mood of many people, as well as their feelings of fear, happiness,
surprise or anger.
As the saying goes: “The face is the mirror of the soul”, so it is essential to control
expressions that convey displeasure or hostility to remain calm during the
communication process.
For example, when we receive good news, our face shows it by smiling, unlike
when we receive bad or tragic news, when we become sad, we frown and our face
shows that we are sad or when we raise our eyebrows to express disbelief, or We
look at the clock continually when we want to end a conversation. Although there is
 no unanimous interpretation of these movements, body language enriches, and
often complicates, verbal communication.
2. Gestures : When you use your hands, legs and arms to gesture, you are expressing
feelings and attitudes.
An enthusiastic and vital person will accompany the conversation with broad,
energetic gestures, while a more reflective person will use calmer and more
harmonious movements.
In this same way, gestures have been transformed, even into a code for those
who cannot speak. It is called Sign Language and it is based on facial expressions,
body movements and gestures that are used to communicate all types of ideas.
It is interesting to highlight the fact that gestures lack universality . Due to this
factor, each gesture can have a very different meaning depending on the culture.
3. Posture : It is another form of non-verbal communication that reveals many details
about different states of mind. Vertical and straight postures are linked to balanced
people, while hunched postures and lowered heads are related to depressive
behaviors or states of sadness.
4. Eye contact : This is a more subtle form of non-verbal language.
The gaze is an important aspect in non-verbal communication, since it allows us to
complement verbal information by corroborating it or qualifying its content. In most
conversations between human beings there is notable eye contact, and people who
do not look too much at their interlocutors are anomalous.
In children, the lack of eye contact is frequently associated with lies, distortions
and other interesting psychological facts. It can also signal autism.
In public communication, very persistent eye contact can cause restlessness
and nervousness in the person who is speaking or the audience.
On the other hand, the gaze serves to interact and mark speaking turns in a
conversation. Before giving a response, it is common to look away, implying that
you are going to intervene again. Nodding with a glance is also a frequent sign that
serves to establish the duration of the speaking turn.
Many of the gestures and attitudes derive, on many occasions, from
unconscious behavior, although acquired in childhood and not innate. Children
gradually learn to distinguish between a mocking look, a surprised look, a
challenging look, etc. Finally, the length of time you hold your gaze can also help
you know what the interlocutor is thinking. Thus, an insecure or nervous person is
unable to keep his gaze fixed on his interlocutor for a long period. Furthermore,
when talking about personal topics, eye contact decreases (or even is lost). It has
been established that praise often attracts the gaze of the person being praised.
The three levels of gaze:
The gaze is a basic non-verbal communication technique in the field of
communication and the Performing Arts are no less. In this communicative field, the
existence of three imaginary strata or levels has been studied to which we could
direct our gaze according to what we want to transmit. They would be the
following:
· Low or earth level : This is when the gaze is directed to an area close to the ground
or to it. This type of gaze transmits feelings related to the earth in semiotic terms.
Self-absorption is typical of this level, suggesting that the sender is having an
internal conversation with himself. Other feelings related to this level are disgust,
anger and sadness.
· Medium or neutral level : It is located at the level of the emitter's eyes or between
the ground and air levels. The sender uses this level to emit a feeling of truthfulness
and neutrality about the information that is transmitted verbally. It is related to
truth, sincerity or the feeling of trust that the sender intends to generate over the
receiver. It is also used to emit feelings related to the upper and lower level,
reinforced with the truthfulness of the level. It is not so much an internal
conversation of the sender with himself, but rather a direct and voluntary
projection of non-verbal information to the receiver.
· Upper or aerial level : The gaze is directed to a higher point of the average level,
closer to the sky. In semiotic terms, the feelings related to this level are joy and
excitement. The gaze directed towards the sky has historically been related to the
gaze towards a magical world of gods and superstitions. We can also relate the gaze
to the sky as an acceptance by the sender of a figure superior to himself, trying to
convey humility, or a request for mercy.
The gaze has a special meaning in communication, since eye contact is the first
thing we establish with others. In this way, shy people tend to look away, while
 insecure people lower their gaze and affectionate people hold it. When we look into
the eyes of our interlocutor we can transmit everything from encouragement and
confidence, to shame or pain.
5. Paraverbal elements : they refer to other aspects of non-verbal communication,
such as tone, silences, verbal fluency, etc.
Paralanguage refers to all types of signals concurrent with a properly linguistic
utterance that transmit additional information, qualify, reaffirm or even contradict
the communicative meaning of said linguistic utterance.
For some authors, paralanguage are those non-verbal and modifying qualities
of the voice and also the sounds and silences with which we support or contradict
verbal or kinesic structures. The speech apparatus and nasal organs intervene in it.
The existence of paralanguage seems to be a universal fact of everyday human
communication, although the specific forms that gestures or specific signals take
are highly cultural. On the other hand, paralanguage in general admits gradualness,
and cannot be analyzed, unlike properly linguistic messages, into discrete
combinable units.
The voice is loaded with very subtle meanings, so much so that young children
will respond better to the intonation used by adults rather than to the words
themselves. We can also recognize these elements in the low and slow voice of the
sick, which contrasts with the high and intense tone of energetic people.
It represents the management of the voice according to the situation (tone,
timbre, volume, intonation). For example, when we are angry, the volume of our
voice increases and it is dry and aggressive. When we comfort someone, our tone of
voice is calmer, softer, and full of support for the bereaved.
Pauses, throat clearing, crying, etc. are also considered paraverbal language,
because they say something: sadness, sorrow, doubt, etc.
Our intensity or weakening of our voice can change the meaning of a message,
since a soft and serene tone produces a different meaning than a harsh intonation
with a strong emphasis on the last word.
According to the experiments of psychologist Albert Mehrabian, in the
communicative process of emotions or feelings, body language influences 55%, tone
of voice 38%, and verbal language only 7%. There are other relevant factors such as
context, motivation, the medium used (written or telephone), feedback from the
interlocutor or outside interference.
So we can talk about:
Paralinguistic Communication
It is when we see many elements that communicate, but it does not include words.
These are auditory signals of a different order, composed of different nuances that
we imprint on the voice.
Examples:
Short or prolonged silences, crying, throat clearing, grumbling, shouting.
Kinesic Communication
It corresponds to body movements, body postures, facial expressions, gestures. We
can group them:
 Facial Gestures: The face is the specialized area, since the eyes, mouth,
eyebrows reveal emotions and thoughts.
 Gaze Expression: the eyes are considered the window to the soul since they
indicate precisely what we feel
 Hand and body movements: they express the emotions we feel: crossing our
hands
Proxemic Communication
It is the physical distance between interlocutors, also called “personal space.” It
is an intimate area for the family, a personal area for colleagues, a social area for
people outside our environment and the situation.
For example, the physical closeness you have when talking to a friend is not the
same as when you talk to the Director of the Institute. Also consider the
arrangement of bodies in a conversation. In front of a family member or known
person, the posture is relaxed, close, trusting and affectionate, but in front of an
unknown person, the posture is distant and distant.
The way individuals move closer or farther away when communicating also has
meaning. What is considered an appropriate distance depends on the cultural
norms of each country.
Thus, for example, what is a normal distance in a business relationship in Latin
countries can be considered intimate in many other parts of the world. If someone
 gets closer than they consider appropriate, they may feel attacked and if they
move further away than they should, it may be interpreted as a gesture of
disinterest or displeasure. We must be attentive to these factors, particularly
because they can help us discover contradictions.

Summary
Paralinguistics: Voice inflections, non-articulated sounds, silences.
Kinesics: Facial expression, hand expression. Body movements.
Proxemics: intimate, personal and social zone.

What do you think about non-verbal communication? Does it have the same
importance as spoken language? Many times we tend

Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9CMzCBD8Is

 1 Latest research on non-verbal communication

o 1.1 Gesture and body language
o 1.2 Language of clothing
o 1.3 Visual language
 1.3.1 Look
o 1.4 Paralanguage
 2 Verbal and non-verbal communication
o 2.1 Devices and senses of non-verbal communication
 3 Psychological aspects
o 3.1 Mehrabian rule
 4 Gesture language and its cultural dimension
o 4.1 The greeting
 4.1.1 Europe
 4.1.2 Africa and the Middle East
 4.1.3 Asia and the Pacific area
 4.1.4 South America and Central America
 4.1.5 United States and Canada
o 4.2 Body and facial movements
 5 See also
 6 References
 7 Bibliography
 8 External links
Latest research on non-verbal communication [ edit ]
Main article: Zoosemiotics
Recent studies have also highlighted the existence of a whole range of forms of animal
communication , for example bees , bird whistles , dolphins and whales . In any case,
from semiotics , for example, animal communication does not exist as such, since it is
only between human beings thanks to their exclusive ability to interpret messages. In
animals, there is rather an instinctive behavior and, therefore, this behavior could not
be called communication , whose meaning is ultimately the result of human beings'
reflection on their own ways of meaning.

Non-verbal forms of communication between living beings include: lights, images,

sounds, gestures, colors and among humans, in addition, symbolic systems : signs,
flags and other visual technical means. The latter are created by men to communicate
and therefore must agree on the meaning they are going to attribute to each signal.
A classification of three groups of non-verbal signs can be made, according to their
main uses: 1
1. Non-verbal signs with social uses (social interaction);
2. Non-verbal signs with structuring uses of discourse (organizing communication
in interaction);
3. Non-verbal signs with communicative uses (to express sensations, feelings and
determine notions).
Gesture and body language
It is common for human beings to make gestures and give non-verbal signals that can
be interpreted by other people such as grimaces, movements of arms, hands and
fingers, among others, in their daily activities. Paul Ekman found up to fifteen facial
expressions that were universally understandable in different cultures. 2 In addition,
there are non-facial gestures widely spread in different cultures.
Body communication, evolutionarily prior to structured verbal language, is an essential
part of the human and many primate communication systems. In modern humans, non-
verbal language has paralinguistic meaning and is important in many human
communicative exchanges that adequately complement verbal discourse. It is
mentioned that gestures transmit moods and the bio-psychic situation of a person,
such as, for example, their degree of stress or fatigue.

Some types of universal non-verbal behaviors in humans have an evolutionary parallel

in other animal species: postures of dominance and submission in face-to-face
encounters between human beings are similar to ritual displays of aggression and
appeasement that establish and maintain hierarchies between humans. other primates.
When humans and other primates act in social situations, they are not isolated units,
but are socially linked with other individuals.5
Language of clothing
Clothing is a very complex medium that transmits a simple and concrete message to
us. This contains a series of knowledge, which according to Ferrús, B; Calafell, N.
(2008, p. 182) "through clothing we can talk about feelings, attitudes, personality,
secrets, history and traits of a person." This definition by Ferrús, B; Calafell, N, is a
guide to define clothing as a system of signs, like Simpson (1999, p. 43) "clothing is a
form of communication that transmits and receives information."
This accessory refers to a wide variety of meanings that according to Luria (2013, p.
22): The vocabulary of clothing includes not only clothing, hairstyles, accessories,
jewelry, makeup and body adornments. At least in theory, its meaning is as broad or
broader than that of any spoken language, as it includes any clothing, any hairstyle,
and any type of body adornment that could ever be invented.
This vocabulary is defined in different ways and according to Luria (2013, p. 22) In the
same way that the average speaker of any language knows many more words than
they usually use in conversation, we are all capable of understanding the meaning of
styles of speech. clothes that we are never going to wear .
Visual language
Visual language includes both simple signs or clues and complex semiotic codes.
Thanks to signs, gestures and looks, people are able to transmit messages (sender),
which allow the receiver to know what they mean without agreeing. In this case, the
interpretation of these signals is highly dependent on the linguistic context (according
to Grice, they depend on Conversational Pragmatics).
On the contrary, the most complex codes can only be learned and the meaning is not
determined by exclusively pragmatic rules, but requires the analysis of a syntagmatic
dimension and a paradigmatic dimension (like other complex semiotic codes). An
example is the analysis of clothing accessories, as Roland Barthes illustrates through
the syntagmatic and paradigmatic dimensions. 4 According to this analysis,
paradigmatic elements are elements that cannot be placed in the same part of the
body, while the syntagmatic dimension is the particular combination or juxtaposition of
elements that can be carried at the same time. Traffic signs are another example of
visual language in which shape, color and drawn symbolism are combined. These
three factors together configure the syntagmatics: the possible shapes, the possible
colors and the possible symbology, which can appear syntagmatically combined.
Gaze [ edit ]

Paralanguage
Main article: Paralinguistics

Verbal and non - verbal communication

The difference between verbal and non-verbal communication is not reduced solely to
the difference between actions and speech. Rather than a distinction based on the
channel involved, it would be better to refer to the code used in the communication. A
suggested distinction scheme depends on the degree of subtlety with which the defined
code is used, depending on whether certain decoding rules are present or absent. The
most general characteristics of non-verbal communication are its non-discretion and
that it also does not have a sequential or linear order. In a discretionary form of
communication there is no similarity between the elements of the code and the
underlying meanings. The analog form retains two meanings: that of the sender and
that of the receiver ; and communication is possible to the extent that both coincide.
Within non-verbal communication we can find corporate communication is a
management instrument through which all internal and external communication
consciously used is harmonized as effectively and efficiently as possible, to create a
favorable basis for relations with the public. those on which the company depends”
(Van Riel, 2000: 26) therefore, something essential within corporate communication is
negotiation since this will be perceived as “an interactive process whose purpose is the
resolution of a conflict between parties, through a modification of the initial positions, to
reach an agreement acceptable to all” (Trujillo and García, 2004: 17) without losing
sight of the same way that “Negotiation involves overcoming or attempting to renounce
the use of force to achieve our objectives” (Puchol, 2005: 7). The importance of the
relationship of power and non-verbal communication is that it develops communication
skills in the organization, in order to improve productivity and efficiency and result in the
development of competitive advantages (Maglioni and Galeano, 2016).
An important factor in negotiation are emotions, which are also important in
communication since it must be understood that negotiators are people and, as such,
they have a set of emotions, which influence their personal, professional, social, etc.
(Nava, 2012). “In oral and non-verbal communication, emotions have greater
preeminence, and how these are revealed through gestures” (Nava. 2012, p, 9) Within
non-verbal communication there is recent research showing that a type of non-verbal
communication such as kinesics, where Birdwhistell says that “much of the basis of
human communications is developed at a level below consciousness” (Diez Maglioni,
Ochoa Galeano, 2016. Q. 15) and “that 35% of face-to-face communication is tonal
and 65% is corporal or non-verbal” (Diez Maglioni, Ochoa Galeano, 2016. Q. 15). So
Kinesics is the systematic study of how people communicate through body movement
and gestures; It also designates the study of human movement from the point of view
of its meaning (Rulicki and Cherny, 2012). Within this we have another field of study
which is Proxemics which can be defined “as the study of how man unconsciously
structures micro-space. In this sense, proxemic behavior gives rise to interpersonal
distances in communication and studies the structuring and use of space in personal,
social and public interaction.” (Diez Maglioni, Ochoa Galeano, 2016. Q. 16). Likewise,
paralinguistics is communication where emphasis is placed on the vocal component of
a speech; once its content has been eliminated, it is not important what is said, but how
it is said (Olascoaga, 2011) and paralinguistic behavior includes the volume of the
voice, rhythm, diction, vocal accent, emphases and pauses, sighs, yawns and also the
frequency in the emission of interjections (Rulicki and Cherny, 2012). Man has the
ability to execute three functions: neurology, language and programming (Maglioni and
Galeano, 2016). For this reason, “The neurological system regulates how our bodies
function, language determines how we relate and communicate with other people and
our programming determines the types of models of the world we create” (Maglioni and
Galeano,p, 22 2016) this is how we represent the information through the
aforementioned systems.
Devices and senses of non-verbal communication [ edit ]
Non-verbal communication can be studied by subdividing it into channels, highlighting
communication as an interrelation between participants. The relevant channels are:
For the sender , that is, the person who sends the message:
 Face: frown, smile, grimace.
 Eyes: gaze direction, changes in the pupil.
 Body: posture, position of arms and legs, distancing.
 Voice: tone, rhythm.
For the receiver , that is, the person who receives the message:
 Sight: Perceives the shape, color, size of things.
 Hearing: Captures sounds and distinguishes whether they are strong, weak, high
or low.
 Smell: Appreciate aromas and distinguish them from each other.
 Touch: Notice the cold, heat, softness or roughness of things.
The classification schemes used for the study of this communication refer to structural
characteristics, to the physical description of behavior. One of these is the study of a
single channel: the Facial Emotion Scoring Technique (TPEF), which is being replaced
by a more complex and complete system called the Facial Action Coding System
(SCAF), which studies any facial movement that can be visually identified. The new
system will facilitate the study of facial movement in research not related to emotion.
Other systems refer to the function. A functional classification makes assumptions
about the meaning of various behaviors, usually from the observer's point of view. Paul
Eckman and Friesan develop a five-category scheme:
a) Emblems: substitute movements for words. They may or may not be assigned to a
language.
b) Illustrative: movements that accompany a speech and that underline, modify or
punctuate it. It is about exemplifying or illustrating with the gesture what is being
transmitted verbally, that is, they must accompany the words expressed. There are
various categories:
 Ideographic: they accompany the expression of discursive ideas or also abstract
ideas (numbers...). They usually illustrate concepts or logical relationships.
 Pictographic: they help to describe the formal aspect of the verbal content (size,
shape...).
 Deictics : indicate or point out the spatial situation or the identification of the first
person or thing to which the verbal message refers.
 Kinetographic: they are used to accompany verbs and sentences that describe
movement.
 Spatial: describe a verbally named space. They can be static or dynamic.
c) Regulators: movements that maintain or signal a change in speaking and listening
roles. They help both the speaker and the listener to maintain and organize the flow of
the oral message.
d) Adaptive: movements linked to individual need or emotional state.
e) Affect displays: facial expressions linked to emotion.
f) Batons: they accompany and regulate the rhythm of oral speech. These gestures are
semi-conscious, but learned habits. Their use responds to personal characteristics, but
they always have a strong cultural content. They bring spontaneity to the speech. They
can be unilateral (only one arm moves), parallel (both arms move at the same time) or
alternating (both arms move alternately). The batons can also be accompanied by the
gaze.
Most nonverbal behavior is coded differently than written or verbal language.
Therefore, using a language-oriented system to understand all communication is
equivalent to distorting crucial elements of a non-linguistic nature. There is no doubt
about the importance of the non-verbal in the entire communication process.
Psychological aspects
Various psychologists and psychiatrists have shown that the way a person moves
shows correlations with their emotions and reactions to the people around them. 8
Some people, when they know that non-verbal communication is a means of
communication, become aware of themselves and this becomes a problem. Think
about what the importance of non-verbal communication can mean for a person who is
aware of this (for example, to give signals about their feelings or when speaking with a
psychologist to whom they attribute a special ability to read these signals).
A person can deal with non-verbal communication in at least three ways:
 Trying to inhibit nonverbal communication that, according to your knowledge or
belief, means something in the interaction that you do not want to be noticed or
known. This behavior would mean starting each interaction with a lot of tension, or
in an unexpressive way.
 Feeling liberated by recognizing how you let your emotions show, by realizing that
people know you intuitively much more than you are able to say in words about
how you feel.
 And finally, you may simply feel carefree, becoming aware that it is inevitable to
communicate something, that this something is grasped above all intuitively, and
that in reality no one maintains an interaction by paying attention to each non-
verbal behavior to analyze its meaning. , unless it is a really unusual movement.
The analysis of non-verbal communication requires at least taking into account three
basic criteria:
1. Each non-verbal behavior is inescapably associated with the person 's entire
communication . Even a single gesture is interpreted as a whole, not as
something isolated by the members of the interaction. If it is a unique gesture ,
it assumes its meaning as a gesture and as there are no more gestures.
2. The interpretation of non-verbal movements must be done in terms of their
congruence with verbal communication. Normally the emotional intention is
revealed by non-verbal movements, and intuitively we are able to feel the
 incongruence between these and what we are verbally told. Non-verbal
communication needs to be congruent with verbal communication and vice
versa, so that the total communication is understandable and sincere.
3. The last criterion for interpreting the meaning of non-verbal communication is
the need to place each non-verbal behavior in its communication context.
Mehrabian rule
Psychologist Albert Mehrabian , currently a professor emeritus at UCLA , conducted
experiments on attitudes and feelings and found that in certain situations where verbal
communication is highly ambiguous, only 7 percent of the information is attributed to
the words , while 38 percent is attributed to the voice ( intonation , projection,
resonance , tone , etc.) and 55 percent to body language ( gestures , postures , eye
movements, breathing , etc.). 9
Mehrabian's work has frequently been misinterpreted to the point that the "7%-38%-
55% rule" has led to claims that in any communicative situation, the meaning of the
message is primarily conveyed nonverbally, not through speech. meaning of the
words . This is of course an exaggeration, and is due to an undue generalization of the
specific conditions of Mehrabian's experiments. Albert Mehrabian himself clarifies on
his website: 10
Total liking = 7% verbal liking + 38% vocal liking + 55% facial liking: Please note that
this and other equations regarding the relative importance of verbal and non-verbal
messages were derived from experiments dealing with communications of feelings and
attitudes (i.e., like-dislike). Unless a communicator is talking about his or her feelings or
attitudes, these equations cannot apply. See also references 286 and 305 in Silent
Messages -- those are the original sources of my discoveries.
Another difficulty is that, although the statistical data of the information measured from
entropy is information about the statistical complexity of the message, there is no
objective measure of semantically interpretable information or measure of the amount
of meaning in a message. , so it is difficult to agree, in a general communicative
situation, what percentage of the meaning is transmitted verbally and non-verbally.

Gestural language and its cultural dimension [ edit ]

The elements of non-linguistic codes are not instinctive, but learned within a culture . 11
Some societies , such as Italy , use many gestures and facial expressions; others, like
the Japanese , use very few. 11 In Latin societies, the distance between interlocutors is
smaller than in Anglo-Saxon societies , and the volume of the voice is higher. 11
There is no book that talks about all the rules of human behavior or non-verbal
communication. And ordering the gestures of our entire planet is trying to catalog the
faces of the same ethnic group. Even within the same country, there may not be
unanimous agreement on the exact meaning of each gesture. Therefore, the following
lines are to be used as general guidelines. 12
The greeting
The handshake , as an element of non-verbal communication, has been adopted
almost throughout the world as a common way of greeting a person. However, there
are traditional greetings (such as bowing ) that still remain in Asian countries. The firm
or soft way of shaking hands with people is also part of non-verbal language and
different cultural traits.
Europe
In Europe, the traditional greeting is a handshake, followed, in certain cases, by a hug
or even a kiss or two on the cheeks between friends. While in countries like Germany,
Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Norway, Romania, Sweden, people shake their
hands quite firmly, in other countries like Spain, France or Italy, the grip is lighter and
warmer.
In Latin territories, hugs, pats on the back and kisses on the cheek are very frequent,
especially between family and friends. But they are not typical of countries like
Germany, Austria, Denmark, Poland, Norway or Sweden. What's more, when
introducing yourself, in Hungary or Poland, people are usually within an arm's length of
each other. In Russia, the "bear hug " is common, often accompanied by two or three
quick alternating kisses on the cheeks. On the contrary, in Finland this gesture is not
common at all. If in continental Europe people shake their hands both upon arrival and
when leaving, at the beginning and end of the day, in the United Kingdom it is less
frequent.
Africa and the Middle East
In Africa and the Middle East , due to the different nationalities and the influences that
emerged at the time of colonization, the gestures are very varied and complex. In many
Arab countries (Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Egypt, Jordan), the pressure is not as strong as
in Europe, but the squeeze is considered sincere, warm and gentle.
In Lebanon, the usual greeting includes a bow of the head. As a sign of the inferior
status of the female sex, in Zimbabwe women and girls bow. In other states, it is very
difficult to generalize the greeting, due to the different cultures that have developed in
the tribes. This is the case of Nigeria, Zaire , Mali , Ghana etc. In Morocco, good
friends greet each other by kissing each other on the cheek in big cities.
Asia and the Pacific area [ edit ]
For Asian countries such as Japan, the Republic of China or South Korea, a bow or
simply a bow of the head is enough to mark an arrival or farewell greeting. In some
communities, the greeting is a gesture in which the hands are joined together as if in
prayer, at chest level and the head is bowed slightly. It is called “namaste” in India or
Bangladesh , and “ wai ” for Thais. Bangladeshi people shake hands with Western
men, but when faced with a woman, of any nationality, they lower their heads. Due to
the British influence, the island of Singapore , for example, maintains the traditional
handshake, also making a slight bow if they are addressing an oriental. Some more
developed countries in Asia and with businesses in Europe have adopted the
handshake, but this is usually done gently, without direct contact, as in Japan, for
example.
In Australia, the handshake is firm and friendly, while in Fiji people nod to each other,
raising their eyebrows. A less conventional grip is found in New Zealand where the grip
is strong and the gaze is direct.
South America and Central America
A warm handshake is the traditional greeting in Latin American countries. Typically,
men hug each other, patting each other affectionately on the back, and women greet
each other with a light kiss on the cheek (a kind of "fake kiss"), as long as they have
previously introduced themselves. Unlike North Americans and Europeans, people
from Latin America tend to extend their hand more gently and hold it longer when
introduced. In Argentina and Uruguay, unlike most countries in the world, men greet
each other with a kiss on the cheek.
United States and Canada
In the Nordic part of the American continent, the standard form of greeting is a
handshake, always accompanied by direct eye contact. However, hugs are not
frequent, except in Quebec , where friends, as in France, can hug lightly.
Body and facial movements
Head movement: In many places (although not universal in all cultures) moving the
head up and down indicates “yes”; Shaking it from side to side means “no.” In other
countries, such as Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, the same head movements are
interpreted just the opposite.
Eyes: In European, American, Canadian, British and Jewish culture it is important to
hold your gaze while talking to others, regardless of gender or age. This same gesture
is considered disrespectful under certain conditions for the population of Africa: a child
cannot look directly at an adult and an oriental woman should not have prolonged eye
contact with a strange man. In countries like Japan, Thailand or Korea, a look in the
eyes is considered a sign of intimidation.
References [ edit ]
1. ↑ The VIII Linguistics Studies Conference. Discourse analysis: Non-verbal
communication and its study. (March, 2006). Alicante: University of Alicante,
2006.
2. ↑ «Non-verbal communication» .
3. ↑ «Development of training actions and non-verbal leadership» . 8, 2012.
Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Accessed September 28, 2012.
4. ↑ R. Barthes, (1967): Elements of Semiology , Jonathan Cape, London, pp. 26-
27.
5. ^ Volkmar, Fred R.; Paul, Rhea; Rogers, Sally J.; Pelphrey, Kevin A. (February
21, 2014). Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders,
Assessment, Interventions, and Policy (in English) . John Wiley & Sons. p. 301.
ISBN 9781118282205 . Accessed September 4, 2016.
6. ↑ «Marketing XXI» .
7. ↑ Poyatos, Fernando (1995). Nonverbal communication: culture, language and
conversation . Isthmus. ISBN 978-84-7090-280-2 .
8. ↑ Article in Science magazine dated 2/16/2004.
9. ↑ Article on non-verbal communication (in English)
10. ↑ "Silent Messages" - Description and ordering of the information (in English)
11. ↑ Jump to: a b c Arroyo Cantón, Carlos; Berlato Rodríguez, Perla (2012). "The
communication". Averbuj, Deborah, ed. Spanish language and Literature .
Spain: Oxford University Press . p. 407. ISBN 9788467367966 .
12. ^ Axtell, Roger E. (1993). Gestures. What is considered right and wrong in
communicating through body language around the world . Barcelona: Iberia. p.
114-118.
file:///C:/Users/Maya%20D%C3%ADaz/Documents/negocios%20no%20verbal.pdf
http://fcaenlinea1.unam.mx/anexos/1626/1626_u2_act1.pdf https://core.
ac.uk/download/pdf/153490130.pdf
Bibliography
 Givens, David B. (2000). Body speak: what are you saying? Successful Meetings .
 Mínguez Vela, Andrés (1999). Global communication . Madrid: ESIC.
 Poyatos, Fernando (1994). Non-verbal communication 1: Culture, language and
conversation . Madrid: Spanish Library of Linguistics and Philology Istmo.
 Cestero Mancera, Ana María (1999). Basic repertoire of non-verbal signs of
Spanish . Madrid: Arco/Books.
 Knapp, Mark L. (nineteen ninety five). Non-verbal communication: The body and
the environment . Paidós Ibérica.
 Axtell, Roger E. (1993). Gestures. What is considered right and wrong in
communicating through body language around the world . Barcelona: Iberia.
 Pierson, Marie Louise (1992) The personal image. Manual. Deusto Publishing
 Burgoon, J., Buller, D., & Woodall, W. (nineteen ninety six). Nonverbal
communication . New York: McGraw-Hill.
 What you don't talk about. (2019). Communication networks. Retrieved 25 October
2019, from https://comunicacionnoverbal95987412.wordpress.com/
Body language can reveal as much or more information than words. Non-verbal
behavior works like cookies on the Internet: without realizing it, our body constantly
transmits sensitive information about our intentions , feelings and personality .
Even when we are still or silent , gestures , postures , facial expressions and
appearance speak for us, and can be very eloquent.
Body language and non-verbal communication tell who we are , how we feel or what
our tastes are. In interaction, non-verbal behavior also informs our degree of
understanding and level of agreement , and can even refute what we are saying at
that moment.
Unfortunately, in real life it does not happen like it does on our browser screen: no alert
message reminds us that cookies will take advantage of any oversight to deliver
valuable information about us, something that will inevitably end up affecting the way
we relate to others. And even if we were warned, we would probably act as we do
when surfing the web: we would ignore the cookies and continue searching for the
next satisfaction. Big mistake.
Speaking is much more than putting words together in a more or less fortunate way;
listening is much more than hearing; and communicating is much more than sending
and receiving data packets. Communicating is sharing rational and emotional
information, truly putting it in common, agreeing with the other person on its meaning
and valuation . And this is not fully achieved without the intervention of non-verbal
behavior.
Evolutionarily speaking, body language has been with us since long before we
became humans , it is strongly linked to the emotional, intuitive and instinctive part
of our brain, and it develops mainly on the unconscious level. Hence its importance,
and also its ignorance.
Our species may not be more than 200,000 years old , but the origin of our body
language dates back to the appearance of the first mammals, about 300 million years
ago. The age difference is abysmal. And although the arrogance of our brand new
neocortex invites us to think that non-verbal behavior is the most primitive part of
communication, in reality it is the one that accumulates the most evolutionary
experience and, in all probability, the most influential on our behavior.
5 infallible #tips to improve your non-verbal communication
These five practical tips are the first step to becoming aware of your body language
and improving the way you communicate with others.
Instinct and emotions have been faithful friends since long before reason was born.
No matter how intelligent and rational we think we are, the truth is that non-verbal
behavior , emotions and the unconscious manage our way of communicating at will,
and they go around telling everything about us.
Who are the best non-verbal communicators?
Precisely for this reason, the best non-verbal communicators are those who are aware
of their body language, people capable of monitoring their behavior and calibrating
the effect it has on others. There is no exact profile established scientifically, although
they tend to be observant people, with a broad perspective , and open to new
experiences and realities. Traits like emotional stability and empathy also help.
It may be easier to recognize them in the world of art and communication , but they
occur equally in all professions. Some studies show that the most influential and
persuasive people have a great awareness of their own and other people's body
language, regardless of the professional field in which they have succeeded. This is a
fundamental condition for success .
Becoming a good non-verbal communicator requires, therefore, developing self-
awareness of bodily behavior , in the same way that elite athletes perfect
proprioception to recognize the position and conditions of their muscles. The good
news is that both skills can be developed with training. Furthermore, we can do it on
our own, and at any time and circumstance.
It's a matter of concentration. And to focus attention on the main channels of body
language, looking for their congruence and synchrony with the words.
The 7 channels of body language
Non-verbal behavior is expressed mainly through seven channels that, together with
verbal speech, make up communication:

facial expressions

They are the most powerful emotional indicator, and the first
thing we focus our attention on when interacting. In fractions of a second our emotional
brain decides at its own risk whether we like a face or not, a process in which reason
does not initially intervene, and in which there is no time to say even half a word. The
seven basic emotions are reflected in an innate and universal way on the face: joy,
surprise, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and contempt. Each one has its own code.
Learning to distinguish them, essential to master body language.

Gestures

Gestures have a high cultural component, although the latest

lines of research also investigate the genetic origin of some gestures, such as
expressions of pride, triumph and power. Illustrative gestures (they accompany verbal
discourse and precede the words by milliseconds) are closely linked to credibility.
Other types of gesture are: emblematic (they have their own meaning without the need
for words), adapters (manipulations of our own body or objects to channel emotions),
regulators (with which we direct the interaction) and affect manifestors (with which we
transmit our feelings).

Postures

Body posture basically expresses the degree of interest and

openness towards others, reflected in the exposure and orientation of the torso. It is
also a powerful indicator of emotional state and predisposition to action: expansive
postures indicate satisfaction and activity; while contraction postures are linked to
negativity and passivity. The latest discoveries reveal that postures influence our mood
and hormonal secretion. Visually, posture also has a great impact on our personal
image, especially to convey confidence, stability and security.

Appearance

Appearance continues to be one of the most influential

channels of communication, despite social advances and regulatory efforts in the fight
for equality. A person's appearance tells us about their age, sex, origin, culture,
profession, or social and economic condition, among many other data. No matter how
much we try to escape stereotypes, appearance remains the main source of
information when forming a first impression of someone. And you know, there is no
second chance to make a good first impression. Some studies also credit the influence
of appearance on persuasion, such as the uniform in the security forces or the white
coat in the case of doctors.

Haptics

Haptics defines the scientific study of touch and its influence on

the way we relate. Touch is essential when establishing intimacy, it denotes
commitment, and reveals very sensitive information, such as the dominant position in
the interaction. Recent research even demonstrates the power of touch in influencing
the behavior of others, as occurs between doctors and patients. Physical contact has a
marked cultural component: in Latin and Arab countries it is much greater, for example,
than in North America or Japan. A brief and light touch in “non-engaged” areas of the
body (arms, shoulders and upper back) can be decisive in establishing a good
relationship.

Proxemics

It is the most direct channel of body language when it comes to

showing ourselves close or distant. Proxemics has its origins in anthropology, and
informs us about the use of space in interaction. Some authors divide the distance
between individuals into intimate (-45 cm), personal (between 45 cm and 120 cm),
social (+120 cm) and public (+360 cm), depending on the type of relationship. The truth
is that each person has their own space, and it can also vary depending on their mood
or environmental circumstances. The important thing is two things: 1st) The simplest
way to show ourselves close is to physically get closer to our interlocutor; and 2º) We
must pay close attention to any sign of discomfort generated by our approach.

Paralanguage

The voice can say much more than words: paralanguage is the
most reliable emotional indicator, along with facial expressions. The volume, tone or
speed of our voice reveals important information, especially when we try to hide our
emotions. It often happens to us, for example, when talking on the phone with very
close people: it is enough to hear their tone when they answer to know that something
is not right. The voice also has a huge influence on credibility and persuasion: nasal
voices, high tones and high volumes have less credibility with the public. And
remember: silence also communicates.
Other channels such as chronemics and oculesics specialize in the value that time
and gaze have in non-verbal communication, although both are characterized by their
transversality and are present in most of the seven main channels.
The seven uses of body language
The influence of non-verbal behavior on human interaction is indisputable. Mastery of
body language is especially useful in some functions of socialization. These are just a
few:

Communicate our identity.

Inform about our ability to relate.

Achieve precision and understanding .

Manage the interaction.

Transmit emotions and feelings.

Influence others and ourselves.

Produce deception.
Top 7 Application Areas of Body Language
Mastering non-verbal behavior techniques has application in all areas of knowledge,
and in any area of private and professional life. Hence the growing interest in the
correct management of body language. These are just some of the application areas,
in which it is particularly effective:

Communication and personal relationships.

Teaching and training.

 Health and therapy .

Security and forensic techniques.

Negotiation and conflict resolution.

Marketing and customer service.

Human resources and personnel selection.

In conclusion
…we cannot know what a person thinks through their non-verbal behavior, but body
language allows us to infer how they feel , what traits dominate their personality or
what their intentions are, information that is sometimes much more valuable than the
words . As with verbal communication, we must be very precise in the expression of
our own body language, and flexible in the interpretation of that of others, always
conditioned by a diversity of intrinsic and environmental factors that sometimes escape
our ability to perceive.

Disengage the thought

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3_cl-lPYwk

They teach us to speak but not to use our voice

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3_cl-lPYwk

Effective communication
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwXUJ0quTlg