TECNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PANAMA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROFESSOR (THEORY):

ING. ERICK SANCHEZ

SUBJECT:

DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS II

PARTICIPANTS:
APARICIO, DIEGO 4-781-1135
BATISTA, RAFAEL 2-741-941
LAMAS, CHRISTIE 4-787-1787
MUÑOZ, JULY 8-917-1875
OCAÑA, ADRIANA 8-972-218

SCHOOL YEAR PERIOD:

II SEMESTER

TITLE OF THE EXPERIENCE:

"FINAL PROJECT"
 MEMBERS

Muñoz, Julio 8-917-1875 (Group Batista, Rafael 2-741-941 (2nd proposal,

construction and elaboration of elements in
Coordinator) Autodesk inventor)

Ocaña, Adriana 8-972-218 (State of

art and research) Lamas, Christie 4-787-1787 (Physical
device measurements and equipment
characteristics)

Aparicio, Diego 4-781-1135 (1st

proposal, gather and present the final
project)

2
 INTRODUCTION

Mechanical elements are a combination of mechanisms and simple parts that are part of a
machine which is intended to be designed. To achieve the correct functioning of each of the
machines, it is necessary that each part efficiently fulfills the work that will be imposed on
it day by day.

Mechanical components are essential for a complete machine to be constituted and function
correctly. They are basic mechanical parts but they become important when it comes to
design and their way of being standardized means that they are manufactured in series, with
common sizes for use in different designs of equipment in the mechanical field.

We have been studying the components that influence a mechanical system over time,
which we propose to put into practice and it is a practical exercise that we must develop to
take it into account in the design of a grinding machine. corn with a recycled washing
machine motor.

Obtaining the data to make the respective calculations is the main idea of this research, at
the time of design.

Common methods of fastening or joining parts use devices such as bolts, nuts, cotter pins,
shims, rivets, welds, and adhesives. Metal process and engineering chart studies often
include instructions on various joining methods, and the curiosity of anyone interested in
mechanical engineering results in the acquisition of good supporting knowledge about
fastening methods.

Contrary to first impressions, this subject is one of the most interesting in the entire field of
mechanical design. One of the key objectives of current manufacturing design is to reduce
the number of fasteners. However, there will always be a need for them to facilitate
disassembly for various purposes.

3
Theoretical framework
Bearings
Roller bearings and bearings without rolling elements
In a sleeve or bearing without rolling elements, the shaft and bearing move in opposite
directions across a sliding surface. In contrast, the two components of a roller bearing that
move toward each other - the inner and outer rings - are separated by rolling elements. This
design generates significantly less friction than a bearing without rolling elements.
Radial bearings and axial bearings
Bearings can transmit loads in a radial direction or in an axial (thrust) direction and, in
many cases, there is a combination of both radial and axial loads in the transmission of
motion.

Both designs are available as ball bearings or as roller bearings . The choice of bearing
design depends on each application.

Components
Bearings in general are made up of the following components:

 Two rings or discs with raceways

 Rolling elements in the form of rollers or balls
 A cage, which is the structure that keeps the rolling elements and guides separated
gears

Gears are sets of wheels that have protruding elements called “teeth”, which fit together, so
that some wheels (the driving ones) drag the others (the driven or trailed ones).

 They transmit circular motion to circular motion .

 The condition for the wheels to “mesh”, that is, to be able to engage and transmit
movement correctly, is that they have the same parameters or dimensions on the
tooth .

 One toothed wheel transmits movement to the adjacent one, which moves in the
opposite direction to the original.

 They are very robust systems that allow large powers to be transmitted between
nearby, parallel, perpendicular or oblique axes, depending on their design. On the
contrary, they are quite noisy

straps

4
Belts are power transmission elements, of flexible constitution, that are coupled to pulleys
that are integral with axles in order to transmit torques.
transmission band
The transmission belt is a type of mechanical transmission based on the union of two or
more wheels or pulleys, subject to a rotation movement, by means of a tape or belt. This
tape hugs the wheels, exerting friction force, supplying them with energy from the drive
wheel.
Timing belt
The timing belt is also known as a timing belt, timing belt or timing belt. It is one of the
most common methods of transmitting mechanical energy.

Pulley

The pulley is a simple machine system that works by traction. It serves to transmit force
and help you move heavy objects in a comfortable way. It consists of a wheel anchored to
an axle where a string rotates. In this way, the force is distributed on the periphery of the
wheel, making it easier to move that object.

Normally, it is a basic element formed by a wheel with a small groove on its outside so that
the rope does not come off. This can be made of plastic or metal material, depending on the
effort that has to be made.

This wheel is anchored to a metal axle that allows it to rotate and this axle, in turn, to a
structure that is attached to a rigid element that allows it to function.

A shaft is a rotating element, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or
motion. It constitutes the axis of rotation or oscillation of elements such as gears, pulleys,
flywheels, cranks, toothed wheels or sprockets and similar members and, in addition,
controls the geometry of their movement. An axle is a non-rotating element that transmits
no torque and is used to support rotating wheels, pulleys, and similar elements. The axle of
a car is not a true axle. The term is a holdover from the horse and buggy era, when wheels
turned on non-rotating elements. A non-rotating shaft can be easily designed and analyzed
as a static beam, but it does not justify the special attention given in this chapter to rotating
shafts that are subjected to fatigue loading. In reality, there is nothing unique about an axis
that requires any special treatment beyond the basic methods already developed in previous
chapters. However, due to the ubiquity of arrows in many machine design applications, a
more in-depth study of the arrow and its design is desirable.

Screws

The ideal screw length is one where only one or two threads protrude from the nut after it is
tightened. Screw holes may have burrs or sharp edges after forming, which could penetrate

5
the notch and increase stress concentration. Therefore, to prevent this problem, washers
should always be used under the bolt head.

They should be hardened steel and loaded into the bolt so that the rounded edge of the
stamped hole faces the screw. Sometimes it is also necessary to use washers under the nut.
The purpose of a screw is to hold two or more parts together. The clamping load stretches
or lengthens the screw; The load is obtained by turning the nut until the screw is elongated
almost to its elastic limit. If the nut is not loosened, the tension in the bolt remains as the
preload or clamping force. When tightening, the mechanic should, if possible, keep the
screw head stationary and rotate the nut: this way the screw body will not feel the frictional
torque of the thread.

6
 State of the art.

Corn grinding machines or corn mills or more generically, grain mills are a device that has
been used for a long time due to its great importance in the development and sustainability
of human beings around the world.

While it is true that these grain grinding machines have evolved over the years, their
original purpose has always been maintained, which is to grind grains in general. For the
development of this project we will be focusing on corn grinding machines specifically, or
as it is known in other countries, choclo. The different variations that exist of corn grinding
machines are that they have gone from being machines manually operated by man to
having their own electromechanical system with the aim of making the work easier, faster
and more efficient. Just as there are industrial grinding machines to grind a larger amount
of product, there are also more compact and smaller machines for home use or on a smaller
scale.

The table below shows different investigations carried out by different people from
different countries on their prototype design, analysis and construction of a grain and/or
corn grinding machine with an electric motor.

YEA
PLACE AUTHOR QUALIFICATION KEYWORDS
R

grinding, design,
Design and construction of a
Joel Nicolás Guizado construction, corn,
2018 Lima Peru prototype of a corn grinding machine
Díaz prototype, mechanical
with a capacity of 25 kg/h
elements.

7
 Eugenia Mercedes
Naranjo Vargas,
Javier Renato Moyano Analysis and design of an design, electric mill,
2019 Ecuador Arévalo, Celin Abad economical electric grain mill for grains, machinery,
Padilla Padilla & SMEs SMEs
Carlos José Santillán
Mariño

Board1 . State of the Art.

In the research shown there is no motor exactly from a disused washing machine, however,
the motors used in said research, or those calculated and estimated that may be necessary
for the grinding machine to work, can resemble motors. existing and standardized washing
machines currently in existence on the market.

Engine Feature:

8
The motor is one of the main parts, whose main function is to transform electrical energy
into mechanical energy to carry out the proposed work. The data obtained below was taken
from a White Westinghouse automatic washing machine.

Figure 1. Motor from a White Westinghouse automatic washing machine. Own source.

Data
Minimum rotation speed - Maximum rotation speed: 1140 rpm-1725 rpm
Motor power = ¾ HP
Engine radius = 3.15 inches
Voltage=110V
Minimum frequency - Maximum frequency: 60 Hz - 60 Hz
This system for the grinding machine helps us reduce the time and efforts of people
(operator) since doing this procedure on a large scale can cause fatigue and so on for the
operator and by implementing an electric motor in this case of a washing machine we It
helps to do faster and more continuous work.
The grinding machine has the following dimensions:
Data:
Height:14cm
Length: 35cm
Depth: 13cm
Weight: 3.5kg

9
Figure 2. The model of grinding machine that was chosen is like the one in this Surtek catalog. ( https://www.somos-
reyes.com/Producto/3432807-molino-manual-para-moler-granos-de-maiz-cafe-nueces--surtek )

10
1st proposal for the construction of a design of a mechanical system coupled to a manual corn
grinding machine, using a disused washing machine motor.
Engine data
Minimum rotation speed - Maximum rotation speed: 1140 rpm-1725 rpm
With this motor we can vary the speed, but in the same way we will use the maximum
rotation speed to design.
In order to move the crank that supports the mill, which we can assume is a crown whose length is
25 cm and is used to grind hard corn, a force of around 10.7 kg is needed and applying the formula
to find the necessary touch it is obtained that:
T =F x r=11kg x 0.25 cm=2.75 kg . m
The value obtained indicates the torque that is needed for the grain to be ground.

To determine the optimal operating speed we must have found the torque needed to know what the
optimal operating speed would be for a mill of this type, so that it is not too slow or too fast and that
it allows adaptation and is profitable and that Do not damage the components of the grinding
machine.
As has been said, the type of grinder is designed to be used manually and it is advisable not to
exceed a speed when grinding by an average person that varies between 70 to 120 RPM, but for a
short period of time since physical effort does not allow develop these revolutions for a long time.
Taking into account a maximum speed of 120 RPM to obtain the highest productivity and give
meaning to the developed project since the machine does not present human fatigue and can work
for longer since the motor of a washing machine we will proceed to calculate this appropriate speed
and power required for grinding.

Power required for grinding

The power needed to grind corn kernels is obtained from the following formula:
HP x 716.2
T=
RPM
2.75 kg . m x 120 rpm
HP= =0.4482
716.2

Once the power required to grind the corn kernels has been obtained, we will proceed to calculate
the relationship to transfer the power delivered by our washing machine motor, which is around
1725 RPM; take it up to 120 revolutions per minute and thus be able to deliver the necessary force
so that the corn demolition device is not damaged and is not affected by the sudden movement of
the motor.

Taking as a guide and design some proposals seen in the States of art previously, we as designers
must interpret and design elements that are feasible to use and have a high degree of acceptance
through the use of formulas to calculate wear factors and also calculating safety. when using the
following gears.

11
We can see that we need to go from 1725 RPM to 120 RPM but we cannot abruptly go from such a
high revolution to a revolution as low as 120 RPM so through a system of revolution reduction
gears we will create a thrust and gear rotation ratio to That the minimum revolution is the one that
enters the grinding machine and this gear train will be composed of 2 stages.

Figure 3. Two-stage gear train. Source: chapter 13, design of shingley machines.

Figure 4. Left to right gear train z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 . Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Diego Aparicio.

Calculations performed for the gear train

z 1=13 n1=1725 rpm
z 2=55 n2=? rpm

n1 z 1=n2 z2
( n1 z1 )
=n 2
z2

12
 ( 1725 rpm∗13 )
n2 = =407.7=408 rpm
55

z 3=20 n3 =408 rpm

z 4 =70 n4=? rpm

n3 z 3=n 4 z 4
( n3 z3 )
=n4
z4
( 408 rpm∗20 )
n2 = =116 rpm
70

As the main function we will use a 10mm module, z 1=13 , z 2=55 , z 3=20 , z 4 =70
 Tooth head height for gears
h a=1∗m=1∗10=10 mm

 Tooth foot height for both wheels

h f =1.25∗m=1.25∗10=12.5 mm
 Pitch diameters
d 1=m∗z 1=10∗13=130 mm
d 2=m∗z 2=10∗55=550 mm
d 3=m∗z 3=10∗20=200 mm
d 4 =m∗z 4 =10∗70=700 mm
 Distance between centers
d 1+ d 2 130 mm+550 mm
a= = =340 mm
2 2
d 3+ d 4 200 mm+700 mm
b= = =450 mm
2 2
 Transmission ratio
d 1 130 mm
i= = =0.24
d 2 550 mm
d 3 200 mm
i= = =0.28
d 4 700 mm
 Outer circumference diameter
d e 1=d 1 +2 ha=130 mm+ 2 ( 10 )=150 mm
d e 2=d 1 +2 ha=550 mm +2 (10 )=570 mm

13
 d e 3=d 1 +2 ha=200 mm+2 ( 10 )=220 mm
d e 4 =d 1+ 2h a=700 mm+2 ( 10 )=720 mm

 Inner circumference diameter

d i 1=d 1−2h f =130 mm−2 ( 12.5 )=105 mm
d i 2=d 1−2h f =550 mm−2 ( 12.5 )=525 mm
d i 3=d1 −2h f =200 mm−2 ( 12.5 )=175 mm
d i 4 =d 1−2 hf =700 mm−2 (12.5 )=675 mm
 Tooth thickness
19 19
s= πm= π ( 10 )=14.922 mm
40 40
' 21 21
s = πm= π (10 )=16.493 mm
40 40
 Diameter pitch
P=14.922+16.493=31.415 mm

14
2nd proposal for the construction of a design of a mechanical system coupled to a manual
corn grinding machine, using a disused washing machine motor.

Calculation of bands and pulleys

Engine data

}
Figure 5. Engine characteristic. Source repairclinic

Characteristics Model C67PXEE-4429

Power ¾ hp 115 VOLTS 60 HZ
Spins 1725RPM
9.8 AMPS
40°C MAX ROOM INS CLASS F

Table 2. Characteristics of the engine to be used.

15
 Figure 6. Representative diagram

The steps in analyzing a flat belt transmission include:

1. Calculateexp (fφ) of the geometry and friction of the belt transmission

2. From the geometry and speed of the belt it is determined F C
3. FromT =63025 H nom K S nd /n the necessary torque is obtained
4. Starting torqueT is known the( F 1 )a−F 2=2 T /D necessary
5. It is determined F 2 from( F 1 )a – [(F1 )−F 2]
6. From equation (i), the necessary initial tension is calculated F i
7. The development of friction is verified, f ’ < f . The solved equation (17-7) is used to f ’ :

( 1φ ) ln ( ( F )−F )
’ F 1 a −F c
f=
2 c

Ha
8. The safety factor is determinedn sf =
H nom K S

 contact angle

D=52 cm=0.52 m=20.5 pulg .

d=6.5 cm=0.0625 m=2.6 pulg .
C=32 cm=0.32 m=12.5 pulg.

φ=θd =π−2 se n
−1
(
20.5−2.6
2 ( 12.5 ) )
=1.5455 rad

θ D=π +2 se n
−1
( 20.5−2.6
)
2 ( 12.5 )
=4.7377 rad

16
 Figure 7. Selected flat belt material

 Band length

2 1 /2 1
L=[ 4 C −( D−d ) ]
2
+ ( Dθ D + d θ d )
2
2 1 /2 1
L=[ 4 ( 12.5 ) − (20.5−2.6 ) ] [ 20.5 ( 4.7377 ) +2.6 ( 1.5455 ) ]=68.02 ≈ 1.75 m
2
+
2

 belt speed

πdn π∗2.6∗1725
V= = =1174.17 pies/min
12 12

 Circumferential tension due to centrifugal force

( ) ( )
2 2
w V w V
F C= =
g 60 32.17 60

w=12 γbt

3
γ = peso especifico=0.037 lbf / pul g

b=ancho de la banda=1 pulg

17
 f =coeficiente de fricción=0.8

C v =factor de correción de la velocidad=1( para bandas planas poliamida)

t=espesor=0.11 pulg

(
w=12 0.037
lbf
pul g
3 )
( 1 pulg ) ( 0.11 pulg )=0.04884 lbf / pie

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
w V w V 0.04884 1174.17
F C= = = =0.5814 lbf
g 60 32.17 60 32.17 60

 Calculation exp ( fφ ) de la geometría y de la fricción de latransmisión de banda

exp ( fφ )=exp [ 0.8 ( 1.5455 ) ] =3.44

 Required torque

63025 H nom K s nd
T=
n

K s =factor de servicio sugerido para transmisión de banda=1

Figure 8. Service factor selection

3
H nom= hp
4

n d=1.1(valor adecuado ≥1.1)

63025∗3
∗1∗1.1
4
T= =30.14 lbf ∙ pulg
1725

18
 Maximum allowable voltage

2T 2 ( 30.14 )
( F 1 )a−F 2= d = 2.6 =23.18 lbf

( F 1 )a=b F a C p C v

F a=tensión permisible de latabla 17−2=60 lbf / pulg

C p=factor de correción de polea=0.73

Figure 9. Selection of the pulley correction factor based on the diameter and material

( F 1 )a=b F a C p C v =1∗60∗1∗0.73=43.8 lbf

F 2=( F 1) a−[ ( F 1 )a−F 2 ]=43.8−23.18=20.62 lbf

 Necessary initial tension

F 1 + F2
F i= −F C
2

43.8−20.62
F i= −0.5841=31.63 lbf
2

 The combinations( F 1 )a , F 2 y F i will transmit the design power

19
 H a =(3 /4)(1)(1.1)=0.825 hp

 The development of friction is verified f ’ < f

( 1φ ) ln ( ( F )−F )
’ F 1 a −F c
f=
2 c

f ’= ( 1.5455
1
) ln ( 20.62−0.5814
43.8−0.5814
)=0.50
'
f < f =0.5<0.8 no hay peligrode deslizamiento

 The safety factor is determined

Ha 0.825
n sf = = =1.1(la banda resulta satisfactoria)
H nom K S
()
3
4
( 1)

Figure 10. Selecting the crowning height of the flat belt pulley

*Pulleys for flat belts must be crowned (crowned) to prevent the belt from slipping off of them.

Coupling Type: Flexible

Flexible couplings are designed in such a way that they are capable of transmitting torque smoothly,
while allowing some axial, radial or angular misalignment. (Ruiz, Cuadrado, & Piedrahita, 2013)
Depending on the method used to absorb misalignment, flexible couplings can be divided into:

 Sliding element couplings.

 Couplings of flexing elements.
 Combination of sliding and bending couplings.

20
The types of couplings were designed in Autodesk Inventor from which they can be manufactured
using CNC programming tools for physical machining. The designs are shown in Table 1.

Coupling Illustration
Shaft with keyed and threaded part: allows
threading to the grinding machine and the
grooved coupling to the largest pulley which
will transmit rotational movement to the
machine.

Figure1 . keyway part

Figure2 . threaded part

Minor grooved pulley: this allows a direct

and quick coupling to the shaft of a motor that
has a keyway for a correct assembly, always
depending on the dimensioning of the motor
shaft. When considering the above, a pulley
corresponding to the shaft must be designed or
simply made. adaptations.

Figure3 . Isometric view of the minor pulley

Figure4 . Grooved part of the minor pulley

21
 Table 3. Types of coupling.

- Set of equipment on table

Figure 11. Equipment mounted on table. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

Figure 5 shows the illustrative and representative part of the design of a grain grinding machine that
operates from an electrical source that provides mechanical movement. The grinding machine is not
presented due to lack of information for sizing since there is no adequate physical tools to make the
correct measurements. Likewise, web browsing sources do not present important data about each
part and sizing, only allow access to general information. Therefore, the image promises what was
desired since the proposed design was carried out using the Autodesk Inventor computational tool.

22
Figure 12. Engine support. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

Figure 13. support structure. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

23
Figure 14. Threaded coupling shaft. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

Figure 15. Flat strap. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

24
Figure 16. Pumped pulley 1. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

Figure 17. Pumped pulley 2. Software: Autodesk Inventor. Prepared by Rafael Batista

25
 CONCLUSION

The development of the project has given us great learning, since we had to put into
practice the topics developed in the classes with respect to the different aspects that we had
to take into account at the time of the design that was proposed for the two different options
that we were asked to present.

The idea of recycling an old washing machine motor has been an excellent idea, since they
are pieces of equipment that still have mechanical potential that can be used to take
advantage of the strength and power delivered by the chosen motor, this helps the planet by
protecting it from existing pollution.

With the state of the art that has been designed for the two proposals, we can see the parts
that complement our design of the grinding machine, depending on the mechanism that is
used, be it pulleys, gears, belts or other mechanisms that can be used in the grinding
machine. creation of our work team.

After having correspondingly selected each part to use based on the commercial catalogs of
the parts offered in the industrial market, we proceed to continue the procedures with which
we obtained the correct way to present the calculations with each specification of the
technical sheet. of the bearings, screws and other mechanical parts whose characteristics
were assumed with what was presented in the tables of the book used in the semester.

We hope to have met the expectations regarding the methodology we used for the
development of the project, the resolution of the calculations and the aspects that we had to
assume in the design of the equipment. The use of the software that has been put into
practice for modeling the proposals with each way of working of the couplings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference
26
Ruiz, P., Cuadrado, O., & Piedrahita, A. (24 de Julio de 2013). Correas y Poleas, Cadenas y
Acoplamientos. Obtenido de Scribd: https://es.scribd.com/doc/155809825/Correas-y-Poleas-
Cadenas-y-Acoplamientos
Díaz, J. N. (Julio de 2018). Tesis Final Joel N.Guizado Diaz V10. DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN
DE UN PROTOTIPO DE MAQUINA MOLEDORA DE CHOCLO CON CAPACIDAD DE 25KG/H.
Lima, Perú.
Naranjo Vargas, E. M., Moyano Arévalo, J. R., Padilla Padilla, C. A., & Santillán Mariño, C. J.
(juniode 2019). 387-Texto del artículo-1587-5-10-20190405. Análisis y diseño de un molino
eléctrico de granos economico para PYMES. Ecuador.
Richard G. Budynas, J, Keith Nisbett. Diseño en ingeniería mecánica de Shigley. Octava edición.
the Mcgraw-Hill. Traducción del 2008.

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