DEPENDENT SUSPENSIONS E

INDEPENDENT

□ Carlos Eduardo Espitia Camacho

□ Jhunior Andrey Parra Quintero File
: 2202961
□ Ronal Santiago Ángel Gómez
□ Yeison Mendoza Leyva
SENA 7/
Instructor: Humberto Ramírez

Automotive Mechatronic
Maintenance
 Suspension

Automotive suspension is known as the ways of

using mechanical torsional forces, with the aim of
cushioning and softening the movement of a
vehicle, over irregularities on the surface of a
terrain. Or in other words, the suspension is an
elastic medium that, in addition to supporting the
body, assimilates the irregularities of the road.
 Suspension Types

□ Rigid axle suspension

This type of suspension is one of the oldest. It works

very simply, when a vehicle crosses an obstacle using
only one of its wheels, the entire bridge tilts in the
direction of the terrain. This movement of the bridge
causes all the movements of one wheel to be
transmitted to the other.
□ Semi-rigid suspension Scheme of a De Dion suspension

This type of suspension is similar to the previous one with

the difference that it has an additional component that
allows it to reduce the vibrations and inclinations of the
car. The wheels are joined in the same way as the rigid
axle with the difference that the ground oscillations are
1.- Articulated supports
2.- Differential group
3.- Dlon sleeper or tube
4.- Docks
partially transmitted, that is, one tire does not suffer as
much as the other.
Normal functioning Operation under obstacle Differential group
attached to the frame
□ Independent suspension

This type of suspension is the best on the market today. The

great advantage it offers is that it is independent for each of the
four wheels of the car. This provides greater stability by reducing
the oscillations generated by the contact of the wheels with the
traffic surface. Likewise, the impact of oscillations on the chassis
is less. Wheels
2.- Half shaft
3.- Articulation
4.- Spring and shock absorber

Scheme of a swing axle suspension

 Dependent suspension

The purpose of this system is to directly cushion in

continuous communication between two wheels
(tyres), whether front or rear (rear). Dependent or
rigid or solid axle suspension systems have the
vehicle wheels mounted on a rigid axle and have
coil-type springs or springs at each end and shock
absorbers. The advantage of this type of suspension
is that it is robust and has a long service life due to
the small number of moving parts. Due to the above
characteristics, they are used in work vehicles such
as vans and trucks. Likewise, they are economical
suspensions, which is why they are used on the rear
axle of several passenger vehicles.

Connection Suspension Configuration

 Rigid or dependent suspension
components
□
Twisted spring (1)
□
Top end arm (2)
□
Rear lower end arm. (3)

□ Beam bridge. (4)

□ Shock absorber. (5)

□ Wheel hub.(6)

□ Stabilizer bar. (7)

□ Wishbone (Panhard) (8)
 Description of main components

The crossbows

The leaf springs are made up of a set of sheets or sheets of

special spring steel, joined by clamps (2) that allow sliding
between the sheets when they are deformed due to the
weight they support. The upper sheet (1), called the
master sheet, is curved at its ends forming eyes in
in which bronze bushings (3) are mounted for coupling
to the frame support by means of some
bolts or bolts.
1. Master sheet
2.- Clamp
3.- Bronze cap
 Description of main components

Coil springs

These mechanical elements are modernly used in almost Various spring positions
all passenger cars to replace leaf springs, as they have
the advantage of achieving soft elasticity due to the long
travel of the spring without taking up much space or
adding weight.
Constitution They consist of a helical winding of elastic
steel formed with wire of variable diameter (10 to 15 mm);
This diameter varies depending on the load they have to
support; The last coils are flat to facilitate the seat of the
spring on its support bases Unassemble Vehicle
Mounted
Mounted on
vehicle with
d load
 Advantages and disadvantages

□ Advantages □ Disadvantages
□ Permanent Kliners, that is, the □ Less stability and controllability than
ground clearance remains a standalone option.
unchanged, which gives it an
advantage in off-road driving. □ High Enough Requirements For The
Road Surface When Driving At High
□ High resistance to damage and Speed.
durability.
□ Cheap service. □ Low Comfort.

□ A small number of components and, □ Low Informative Content of the

as a result, reliability. Address.
 TYPES OF RIGID SUSPENSIONS

Yes
Rear Suspension
1. Rigid Suspension with Springs:

It is made up of a rigid bridge accompanied by shock

absorbers and springs which are carefully distributed
longitudinally from front to back with respect to the
axle, are mounted on both sides of the axle, and
adjusted to the body. Furthermore, all the force
acting on the axle is transmitted via the springs to
the body.

Spring Type Suspension Configuration

 TYPES OF RIGID SUSPENSIONS
2. Rigid Suspension with Connection System

In this case, the rigid bridge is accompanied by control arms, springs

and shock absorbers.
The position and stability of the axle is achieved with control arms,
placed between the body, or the chassis, and the axle housing.
The arms are mounted on the body in the longitudinal direction and
attached to the axle on both sides.
An arm is also mounted left and right in the direction of the body on
one side of the axle. These arms support the force acting in the front
and rear directions, as well as in the left and right directions.
Here; We do not have a spring package, they are replaced by a pair of
springs.
These springs support the weight of the body and work when the
forces are in the up and down directions.

Connection Suspension Configuration

 TYPES OF RIGID
SUSPENSIONS

3. Rigid Suspension with Tie Rod System

These rigid suspension models are installed on vehicles

that have front-wheel drive.
It is composed of a beam-shaped axle, two tie rods,
springs and shock absorbers.
The two flat plates, called tie rods, are connected to the
axle bar. The arms are mounted to the left and right,
towards one side of the bar axis and, as with the
connection system, the support forces of the springs
work in the up and down directions. Tie Bar Suspension
Configuration
 SUSPENSION
INDEPENDENT

The independent suspension system has an

independent elastic assembly in which one wheel
is not attached to the other, as shown in the
figure. In this system, the movement of one wheel
is not transmitted to the other and the body is less
affected.
 Characteristics

□ The four-wheel independent suspension is becoming increasingly popular

because it offers great comfort and stability by independently reducing the
oscillations generated by the pavement without transmitting them from one wheel
to another on the same axle.

□ One of the advantages of independent suspension is that it has less unsprung

weight than other types of suspension, so the actions transmitted to the chassis
are smaller.

□ The design of this type of suspension must guarantee that the variations in wheel
camber and wheel width on the steering wheels have to be small to achieve safe
steering of the vehicle.

□ This type of suspension is not recommended for cargo vehicles as it can cause
problems.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION

ARM AXIS
SUSPENSION
 SUSPENSION ARM
LOWER

UPPER SUSPENSION ARM

SILENIBLOC CASES STEERING
BALL
UPPER SUSPENSION
ARM

UPPER SUSPENSION
BALL JOINT

BAR
STABILIZER BAR SILEHTBLOC STABILIZER BAR STABILIZER
KIT
LOWER SUSPENSION BALL JOINT
 STABILIZER BAR

When a vehicle takes a curve, due to centrifugal force, the weight of the car is loaded
on the outer wheels, in such a way the body tends to lean towards that side with the
danger of overturning and the movement bothers the occupants.

To prevent these inconveniences, the stabilizer bars are

articulated on the front and rear axles. What are they? a
steel bar whose ends are fixed to the wheel suspension
brackets. When cornering, as one of the wheels tends to
go down and the other to go up, a torque is created in the
bar that absorbs the effort and opposes this from
happening, preventing the body from tilting, keeping it
stable.
 BALLETS

One of the most important parts of the suspension are the ball joints. From a
mechanical point of view, it allows movement in all
directions (up, down and the turning of the wheels) and is
the union between the knuckle and the steering arms.
From a safety point of view, due to its function, it cannot
be a very large part, it must be small and therefore very
resistant. It is also the part with the most wear and tear
because it moves the most.
 HOLDER HOLDER

The knuckle is a piece made of steel that

joins the wheel hub with the other elements
of the suspension and steering. The knuckle
is designed taking into account all the
geometric characteristics of the car. The
bearing that guarantees the rotation of the
wheel is housed inside the hub.
 SILENTBLOCKS

They are insulators made of rubber or other

elastomeric material that are responsible for
damping the reactions in the suspension
supports. Its mission is to cushion the blows
between two elements in which there is
movement. They are usually press-fitted or
bolted. Its replacement must be carried out
when the rubber is damaged or there is play in
the joint.
 SCISSORS, SUSPENSION ARMS
OR TRAPEZES

They are arms or elements in the shape of

scissors or trapezoids that are manufactured in
cast iron that support the vehicle through the
suspension, they join the stub axle and the hub
using elastic elements called silent blocks and ball
joints, this piece supports all the efforts generated
by the suspension operation.
 THE SHOCK ABSORBER

It is an element of the suspension, it helps to receive the impact of

terrain oscillations, today it is considered an
active safety system of the vehicle due to its
function. There are types of shock absorbers
such as one-tube hydraulic, two-tube, valved
and gas shock absorbers. One of the important
functions of the shock absorber is to keep the
tires adhered to the pavement in order to
maintain the stability and comfort of the vehicle's
occupants.
 MOST COMMON TYPES OF
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION

□ Oscillating axle suspension.

□ Suspension of drawn arms.
□ McPherson suspension.
□ Parallelogram suspension
deformable.

□ Multi- link suspension

 SWING AXLE SUSPENSION

The oscillating axle suspension has the springs located in joints that
are bolted to the rear axle. The operation is basic,
since it lacks torque arms, only one connected to
the bridge and the shock absorber connected to the
chassis.
It is a widely used system, which we can find in
many street cars. Although it is a basic system,
new developments have made it transmit greater
!.- Wheels
stability to the car with more safety. 2-- Half shaft
3-- Articulation
4- - Spring and shock absorber
 DRAWN ARM SUSPENSION
OR DRAGGED

The trailing arm suspension is characterized by having two arms in position.

longitudinal that are attached at one end to the frame and
at the other to the steering knuckle.
the wheel. If the axle is drive, the differential group is
anchored to the frame. In
In any case, the wheels are pulled or dragged by the
longitudinal arms that
They pivot on the bodywork anchorage.

This suspension system has given rise to a large number

of variants whose
differences are found in which is the axis of rotation of the
arm pulled in the anchor to the
frame and what elastic element it uses.
 MCPHERSON SUSPENSION

1 .- Helical spring.
2 .- Shock absorber.
3 .- Structural elements of
The McPherson system is a basic system that is widely used for the bodywork.
4 .- Drive shaft.
front axles, although it can be found installed on the rear axles as 5 .- Amount.
well. It is a simple structure and its maintenance is economical. In 6
7
.- Drag ball joint.
.- Transverse arm.
this case, the shock absorbers are directly bolted to the chassis, 8 .- Stabilizer bar
so they have to have a certain rigidity in that area so that they do
not break. In this way, it can transmit the vibrations correctly, and
in case they are somewhat strong, we make sure that it can
withstand it without problems.
Going into detail, the suspension is bolted to the knuckle (a component
that connects the wheel and brakes, with the rest of the components of
the front or rear axle) and, unlike the rest, there is no additional arm
that connects the knuckle with the top of the chassis. We only find a
strap that goes up from the bottom to the middle
area of the shock absorber.
 PARALLELOGRAM SUSPENSION
DEFORMABLE OR ARMS
OVERLAPPING

The parallelogram is formed by an upper arm and a

lower arm that are attached to the chassis through
pivots, the parallelogram closing the chassis itself on
one side and the wheel knuckle on the other. The
knuckle is articulated with the arms using spherical
ball joints that allow the orientation of the wheel. 1 .- Trapeze or lower arm 5 .' Spring-damper assembly

The elastic elements and the coaxial shock

2 .- Trapeze or upper arm 6 .- Rubber bumpers
3 .- Frame 7 .- Spindle
4 .- Ball joint Stabilizer bar

absorbers are of the helical spring and telescopic

hydraulic type respectively and are attached by their
lower part to the lower arm and by their upper part to
the frame.
 MULTI-ARM SUSPENSION (
MULTILINK )

Multi-link suspensions are based on the same basic concept as their

precursors, deformable parallelogram suspensions.
The parallelogram is formed by two transverse arms, the wheel stub
and the frame itself. The fundamental difference between these suspensions is
found in
the guide elements of the multi-link suspension, which may have
anchors
elastic through rubber sleeves. Thanks to them, the multi-arms
allow
1 .- Upper arm
modify both the fundamental parameters of the wheel, such as 2 .- Spindle
3 .- Transverse lower arm
camber or 4 .- Third arm
5.- Shock absorber
A.- Articulation bushing B.- Double
convergence, in the most appropriate way to improve the stability ball joint
C.- Union bushings
of the vehicle in
the different situations of use.
Which means that the longitudinal and transverse
dynamics can be configured precisely and
practically independently of each other, and that a
maximum degree of directional stability and
comfort.
 Main care for the durability
of the suspension

□ Avoid strong direct blows to the tires.

□ Avoid overloading, that is, exceeding the
maximum load capacity of the vehicle.

□ Do not leave the vehicle loaded, because

the weight is loaded directly on the
support points, causing wear.

□ Distribute load evenly to prevent the load

from being directed to a single point and this generates
wear.
 Suspension system maintenance

□ Review of the elements that make up the suspension systems to be

replaced or replaced.

□ Current suspension systems are manufactured

with a resistance that cannot be verified by
simple observation; they must be inspected in an
automotive mechanical workshop every 20,000
km since the useful life of these components is
between 60,000 and 80,000 kilometers.
 Types of preventive maintenance in
suspension

□ Check the constant chassis lubrication.

□ Check the condition of the suspension tires
regularly.
□ Check that there are no oil leaks in the shock
absorbers.
□ Carry out alignment and balancing every
10,000 kilometers.
□ The elements and suspension readjustment
must be lubricated every 5,000 kilometers.
 CYBERGRAPHY

http://elauladelprofesorgutierrez.blogspot.com
/2012/04/suspension-rigida.html
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos95/sist ema-
suspension-direction-y-frenos/sistema-su spension-direction-
y-frenos.shtml
https://dasmotores.blogspot.com/2019/11/el-sistema-de-
suspension-del-automovil.html