Remedial Course in Mathematics

MAT 092

Lecture Notes
Project Coordinator:

Mehdi Salman Noor

Written by:

Mehdi Salman Noor

Reference Books:
• Precalculus - The Art of Problem Solving by Richard Rusczyk
Contents
1 Trigonometric Identities 2
1.1 Introduction to Trig Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Sum and Differences of Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Double and Half Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Sum-to-product and Product-to-sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Appendices 20

1
Chapter 1

Trigonometric Identities

1.1 Introduction to Trig Identities

A trigonometric identity is an equation that involves trigonometric func-
tions and are true for every value of the variables for which the equation
is defined. In this chapter, we will learn many more trigonometric iden-
tities and compute several trigonometric expressions.

From the previous chapter, we have already proven the identities such
as sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, cos (−θ) = cos θ and sin (−θ) = − sin θ. You
should know these identities well.

Example 1.1.1.
√
Find all x with 0 6 x < 2π such that tan x + sec x = 3.

Solution: It is best to start by writing the equation in terms of sine

and cosine. We have
sin x 1 √
+ = 3
cos x cos x
√
Multiplying both sides by cos x gives us sin x + 1 = 3 cos x. When
solving an equation containing trigonometric functions, it is best to write
the equation in terms of a single trigonometric function, so that we can
2 2
√for that function. Using sin x+cos x = 1,
then try to solve the equation
we can write sin x + 1 = 3 cos x in terms of a single trigonometric
function. Squaring both sides of the equation
(sin x + 1)2 = 3 cos2 x
Substituting cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x into the above equation and expanding
gives us sin2 x + 2 sin x + 1 = 3 − 3 sin2 x. Simplifying the equation gives

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us 2 sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0. Since the equation is quadratic in sin x, we
let u = sin x and factorise to give

(2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 1) = 0

From 2 sin x − 1 = 0, we have sin x = 12 . This gives us the solutions

x = π6 and x = 5π 3π
6 . For sin x + 1 = 0, we have sin x = −1 and so x = 2 .
However, when looking back at √our original equation, when x = 5π , then
√
3 2 3
√ 6
tan x √= − 3 and sec x = − 3 . Thus, tan x + sec x = − 3 rather
than 3. When x = 3π 2 , tan x and sec x are undefined. Since these
two solutions do not satisfy the original equation, they are known as
extraneous solutions. Only x = π6 satisfy our original equation and
so it is our only solution.

Example 1.1.2.
Prove the identity tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x

Solution: Once again, we start by writing the left side in terms of sine
and cosine
sin2 x sin2 x + cos2 x 1
tan2 x + 1 = 2
+ 1 = 2
= 2
= sec2 x
cos x cos x cos x
Similarly, we can prove the identity cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x in the following
way
cos2 x cos2 x + sin2 x 1
cot2 x + 1 = 2 + 1 = 2 = 2 = csc2 x
sin x sin x sin x
It is important to know these following identities:
• tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
• cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x

Example 1.1.3.
(csc x)(sec x)
Show that = cot x
1 + tan2 x
Solution:Before we directly write in terms of sine and cosine, we
can simplify the denominator on the left hand side with the identity

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tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, giving us

1
(csc x)(sec x) csc x sin x cos x
= = 1 = = cot x
sec2 x sec x cos x
sin x

Example 1.1.4.
Use the unit circle to express each of sin (90◦ − θ), cos (90◦ − θ) and
tan (90◦ − θ) in terms of sin θ, cos θ, tan θ or cot θ.

Figure 1.1: Diagram of a unit circle

Solution: In the figure above, point P is the terminal point of the

angle θ. Therefore, cos θ = OA and sin θ = P A. To find the terminal
point of 90◦ −θ, we start at (0, 1), which is the terminal point of 90◦ , and
add θ clockwise since θ is being subtracted from 90◦ . From the diagram,
we see that drawing altitudes from P to the x-axis and Q to the y-axis
produces two right triangles ∆QBO and ∆P AO. As, QO = P O and
∠QOB = ∠P OA, then ∆QBO ∼ = ∆P AO. Thus, the two triangles are
equivalent and P A = QB and OA = OB.

Since Q is the terminal point of 90◦ − θ, then cos (90◦ − θ) = QB

and sin (90◦ − θ) = OB. As, P A = QB and OA = OB, then

cos (90◦ − θ) = QB = P A = sin θ

and
sin (90◦ − θ) = OB = OA = cos θ
Although we have only considered acute angles above, we have arrived at
two new trigonometric identities that hold for all angles. It is important

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to know these two identities. We can use these two identities to find an
identity for tangent

◦ sin (90◦ − θ) cos θ

tan (90 − θ) = = = cot θ
cos (90◦ − θ) sin θ
Thus,
tan (90◦ − θ) = cot θ
We can also show a relation between cos (90◦ − x) and sin x by looking
at graphs of trigonometric functions. We can express cos (90◦ − x) as
cos ( π2 − x) in radians. To graph y = cos ( π2 − x), we first create the
graph of y = cos ( π2 + x) by shifting the graph of y = cos x by π2 to the
left.

Figure 1.2: Graph of y = cos ( π2 + x)

Reflecting the graph of y = cos ( π2 + x) over the y-axis will then

give us the graph of y = f (x) = cos ( π2 − x). This is because if we let
f (x) = cos ( π2 + x), then f (−x) = cos ( π2 − x).

Figure 1.3: Graph of y = cos ( π2 − x)

We can clearly see that the graph of y = cos ( π2 − x) is identical to

y = sin x. Thus, π 
sin x = cos −x
2
for all values of x.

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Example 1.1.5.
Express the following in terms of sin θ, cos θ or tan θ.
(a) cos ( π2 + θ) (b) sin (π − θ)
3π
(c) tan (π + θ) (d) cos (θ − 2 )
Solution: We can show that the graph of y = cos ( π2 + x) is the result
of shifting the graph of y = cos x to the left by π2 . Doing so gives us a
graph completely identical to the graph of y = sin x reflected over the
x-axis, which is the graph of y = sin x. Therefore,
π 
cos + x = − sin x
2
for all x.
(b) We can use a unit circle to express sin (π − θ) in terms of trigono-
metric functions of θ. From the diagram below, we see that θ is an acute
angle and P is its terminal point. Let Q be the terminal point of π − θ
so that OQ forms an angle of θ with the negative x-axis. Since the right
triangles P OA and QOB are congruent, then P A = QB. So, P and Q
are the same distance above the x-axis and have the same y coordinate
but opposite x coordinates. Thus, their corresponding angles have the
same sine.

Figure 1.4: Diagram of a Unit circle

If two points are symmetric about the y-axis, then the points have
opposite x coordinates but equal y coordinates. So,
cos (π − θ) = OB = − cos θ
and
sin (π − θ) = BQ = AP = sin θ

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(c) As shown in the previous chapter, the period of the tangent func-
tion is π. So,
tan (π + θ) = tan θ
3π
(d) We can graph y = cos (x − 2 ) by shifting the graph of y = cos x
to the right by 3π
2 .

3π
Figure 1.5: Graph of cos (x − 2 )

The resulting graph is equal to that of y = sin x reflected over the

x-axis.Therefore,  
3π
cos x − = − sin x
2
for all x. The following identities are very common,

sin (180◦ − θ) = sin θ

cos (180◦ − θ) = − cos θ

Example 1.1.6.
Find the smallest possible positive angle such that sin 2θ = cos 3θ
Solution: Using the identity cos x = sin (90◦ − x), we can write sin 2θ =
cos 3θ as
sin 2θ = sin (90◦ − 3θ)
Equating the arguments on both sides, we can solve 2θ = 90◦ − 3θ to
get θ = 18◦ . So, sin 2θ = cos 3θ = sin 36◦ = cos 54◦ . To confirm that
this is the least positive solution, we see that as we try and decrease the
value of θ, the value of sin 2θ decreases since the terminal point of 2θ
gets closer to the x-axis. Whereas, the value of cos 3θ increases since
the terminal point of 3θ gets farther to the right of the y-axis. Thus, we
conclude that if 0◦ < θ < 18◦ , then sin 2θ < sin 36◦ = cos 54◦ > cos 3θ.
So, sin 2θ = cos 3θ is not valid for any positive value of θ less than 18◦ .

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1.2 Sum and Differences of Angles

In this section, we will develop identities for trigonometric functions of
the sum or difference of any two angles. We will be using the following
identity for the sine of a sum of angles for several problems:
sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α
Example 1.2.1.
Use trigonometric identities to find sin (α − β) in terms of sin α,
cos α, sin β and cos β.
Solution:We can write sin (α − β) as sin (α + (−β)) and apply the
sine of a sum of angles:
sin (α + (−β)) = sin α cos (−β) + sin (−β) cos α
Applying identities sin (−β) = − sin β and cos (−β) = cos β, we get
sin (α − β) = sin α cos β − sin β cos α
This identity holds for any angles α and β.
Example 1.2.2.
Find identities for cos (α − β) and cos (α + β).
Solution:We can relate sine and cosine using the identity sin (90◦ − θ) =
cos θ so that
cos (α − β) = sin (90◦ − (α − β)) = sin (90◦ − α + β)
We now have the sine of a combination of three angles but we can easily
write this as the sine of a sum of two angles
cos (α − β) = sin (90◦ − α + β) = sin ((90◦ − α) + β)
Applying the identity of the sum of two angles, sin (x + y) = sin x cos y+
sin y cos x by letting x = 90◦ − α and y = β, we have
sin ((90◦ − α) + β) = sin (90◦ − α) cos β + sin β cos (90◦ − α)
Since sin (90◦ − α) = cos α and cos (90◦ − α) = sin α, we have
cos (α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

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We can easily do the same for cos (α + β) by writing it as

cos (α + β) = cos (α − (−β))

= cos α cos (−β) + sin α sin (−β)

= cos α cos β − sin α sin β
Example 1.2.3.
Suppose that tan α, tan β and tan(α + β) are all defined. Find
tan(α + β) in terms of tan α and tan β
Solution: We can now write tangent in terms of sine and cosine using
the identities we have already proven,
sin(α + β) sin α cos β + sin β cos α
tan(α + β) = =
cos(α + β) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
sin α
Since tan α = cos α , then sin α = tan α cos α and similarly, sin β =
tan β cos β. Thus,
tan α cos α cos β + tan β cos β cos α
tan(α + β) =
cos α cos β − tan α cos α tan β cos β
(cos α cos β)(tan α + tan β)
=
(cos α cos β)(1 − tan α tan β)
Therefore, cancelling cos α cos β,
tan α + tan β
tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
This only holds if tan α and tan β is defined and 1 − tan α tan β 6= 0
We now have the following angle sum and difference identities:

sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± sin β cos α

cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
Example 1.2.4.

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Find cos 15◦ and sin 13π

2
We can use angle sum and difference of identities to express
Solution:
15◦ in terms of angles whose sine and cosine we know. From the list
of angles we can easily use, such as 0◦ , 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦ , 90◦ , we have
45◦ − 30◦ = 15◦ . Using the difference of angles formula:
cos 15◦ = cos(45◦ − 30◦ ) = cos 45◦ cos 30◦ + sin 45◦ sin 30◦
√ √ √ √ √
2 3 2 1 6+ 2
· + · =
2 2 2 2 4
13π
For sin 2 , we look over the angles we know how to handle, writing
them with denominator 12, and try to find a pair we can combine to get
13π 3π 4π 6π 8π 9π 4π 9π 13π
12 : 12 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 12 . Since 12 + 12 = 12 ,
   
13π 9π 4π 3π π
sin = sin + = sin +
12 12 12 4 3
3π π π 3π
= sin cos + sin cos
4 3 3 4
√ √ √ ! √ √
2 1 3 2 2− 6
· + · − =
2 2 2 2 4

Example 1.2.5.
Find sin(arcsin 45 ) and cos(arcsin 45 ).
Solution: From the definition of an inverse function, we have sin(arcsin 54 ) =
4 4
5 and so we have sin θ = 5 and θ is in the first quadrant since the arcsine
of a positive number less than 1 is a first quadrant angle.
We can now use the geometric interpretation of sine and cosine. Con-
sider a right triangle ∆ABC with ∠C = 90◦ and ∠A = θ. Then, we
have sin θ = BC AC
AB and cos θ = AB .

Figure 1.6: Diagram of ∆ABC

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Since we know that sin θ = 45 , we let BC = 4 and AB = 5. Using the

Pythagorean Theorem, we get AC = 3, so cos θ = 53 . As θ = arcsin 45 ,
cos(arcsin 54 ) = 35 .

1.3 Double and Half Angles

In this section, we will develop identities for trigonometric functions of
both double angles and half angles.

Example 1.3.1.
Find sin 2x and cos 2x in terms of sin x and cos x.
Solution: Applying angle sum identities for sine and cosine, we have
sin 2x = sin(x + x) = sin x cos x + sin x cos x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos(x + x) = cos x cos x − sin x sin x = cos2 x − sin2 x
Substituting cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to write cos 2x solely in terms of cos x
or sin x, we have
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = (1 − sin2 x) − sin2 x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
and substituting sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x gives
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = cos2 x − (1 − cos2 x) = 2 cos2 x − 1

Example 1.3.2.
Find tan 2x in terms of tan x.
Solution: Applying the angle sum identity for tangent, we have
tan x + tan x 2 tan x
tan 2x = tan(x + x) = =
1 − tan x tan x 1 − tan2 x
Thus, we have arrived at the following double angle identities:
• sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
• cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x
2 tan x
• tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x
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Example 1.3.3.
Find cos x2 and sin x2 in terms of cos x.

Solution: We can try and use double angle identities to express a

trigonometric function of an angle in terms of trigonometric functions
of half that angle. Since we want to write the above term in terms of
cos x only, we can use identities for cos 2θ, where cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 =
1 − 2 sin2 θ. Letting θ = x2 in cos 2θ = 2 cos2 xθ − 1 gives us
2 x
 
cos x = 2 cos −1
2
Solving for cos x2 gives
r
x cos x + 1
cos =±
2 2
We will take either the positive or negative square root, depending on
what quadrant x2 is in. If we considered x = 240◦ , then x2 = 120◦ , which
is a second quadrant angle. Thus, cos 120◦ is negative and so we must
take the negative root in the identity:
r s r
◦ 1
1 + cos 240 1 − 1 1
cos 120◦ = − =− 2
=− =−
2 2 4 2
For sin x2 , we let θ = x
2 in cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ, giving us
2 x
 
cos x = 1 − 2 sin
2
Solving for sin x2 gives us
r
x 1 − cos x
sin = ±
2 2
Once again, we take the positive or negative square root depending on
the quadrant of x2 . For example, letting x = 240◦ gives us x2 = 120◦ ,
which is a second quadrant angle for which sine is positive. Therefore,
r s
1
r √
1 − cos 120◦ 1 − (− ) 3 3
sin 120◦ = = 2
= =
2 2 4 2

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Example 1.3.4.
Find cos 15◦ using a half angle identity and compare with the result
from Example 1.2.4.
Solution:Since 15◦ is a first quadrant angle, we take the positive root
√ √ √
s s s
3
r
◦ ◦ 1 +
30 1 + cos 30 2 + 3 2 + 3
cos 15◦ = cos = = 2
= =
2 2 2 4 2
However, this answer
√ √ does not match the answer from Example 3.2.4,
which gave us 6+4 2 . To confirm that they are equal, we square both
numbers:
√ √ !2 p √ √ √
6+ 2 6+2 6 2+2 8+2·2 3 2+ 3
= = =
4 16 16 4
p √ !2 √
2+ 3 2+ 3
=
2 4
Since our two results for cos 15◦ have equal squares, the two must be
the same.
Half Angle Identities:
s
1 + cos θ
• cos 2θ = ±
2
s
1 − cos θ
• sin 2θ = ±
2
sin θ 1 − cos θ
• tan 2θ = =
1 + cos θ sin θ

Example 1.3.5.
Find (cos 20◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ).
Solution:We can try applying the double angle identities since 80◦ =
2·40◦ and 40◦ = 2·20◦ . Applying the cosine double angle identity to the
latter two cosines would result in something too complicated. Instead,
we consider the cosine in the sine double angle identity. For example

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◦
sin 40◦ = 2 cos 20◦ sin 20◦ , so cos 20◦ = 2sin 40
sin 20◦ . Making this substitution
gives us
sin 40◦
 
◦ ◦ ◦
(cos 20 )(cos 40 )(cos 80 ) = ◦
(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ )
2 sin 20
(sin 40◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ )
=
2 sin 20◦
We see the product of sine and cosine of the same angle in the nu-
merator on the right side, which means we can use the sine double angle
identity again. So, (sin 40◦ )(cos 40◦ ) = 21 (sin 80◦ ). Now, we have

◦ ◦ ◦(sin 40◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ) (sin 80◦ )(cos 80◦ )
(cos 20 )(cos 40 )(cos 80 ) = =
2 sin 20◦ 4 sin 20◦
Once again, we use the sine double angle identity to give us (sin 80◦ )(cos 80◦ ) =
1 ◦
2 sin 160 . Thus,

◦ ◦ ◦ (sin 80◦ )(cos 80◦ ) sin 160◦

(cos 20 )(cos 40 )(cos 80 ) = =
4 sin 20◦ 8 sin 20◦
We note that 160◦ + 20◦ = 180◦ , so we can apply the identity sin(180◦ −
x) = sin x to see that sin(180◦ − 20◦ ) = sin 160◦ = sin 20◦ . This means
we can cancel the two sine terms in the fraction above to get
1
(cos 20◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ) =
8

1.4 Sum-to-product and Product-to-sum

In this section, we will look at how to turn a product of sines and/or
cosines into a sum or difference.
Example 1.4.1.

(a) Express cos α cos β in terms of cos(α + β) and cos(α − β)

(b) Find a similar identity for sin α sin β
(c) Find a similar identity for sin α cos β

Solution: (a) We know the angle sum and angle difference identities
for cosine:

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• cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

• cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
Adding cos(α + β) and cos(α − β) cancels out sin α sin β and leaves us
with cos(α + β) + cos(α − β) = 2 cos α cos β. Dividing both sides by 2
gives
1
cos α cos β = (cos(α + β) + cos(α − β))
2
(b) Subtracting cos(α − β) from cos(α + β) cancels cos α cos β, leaving
us with cos(α + β) − cos(α − β) = −2 sin α sin β. Dividing by −2 gives
1
sin α sin β = (cos(α − β) − cos(α + β))
2
(c) In this case, we can use the sine identities:
• sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α
• sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − sin β cos α
Adding these and dividing by 2 gives us
1
sin α cos β = (sin(α + β) + sin(α − β))
2
The above derived identities are known as the product-to-sum and
product-to-difference identities:
• cos α cos β = 21 (cos(α + β) + cos(α − β))
• sin α sin β = 21 (cos(α − β) − cos(α + β))
• sin α cos β = 12 (sin(α + β) + sin(α − β))

Example 1.4.2.
Find (cos 20◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ) again using one of the identities found
above.
Solution: If a problem involves the product of sines and/or cosines of
angles with a convenient sum or difference, consider the product-to-sum
identities. We have an identity for the product of two cosines. However,
the above problem is the product of three cosines. We apply the product-
to sum identity for two cosines to (cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ) since the angles have
sum 120◦ , which we can deal with in trigonometric functions
◦ ◦ 1 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

(cos 80 )(cos 40 ) = cos(40 + 80 ) + cos(80 − 40 )
2
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1 ◦ ◦ 1 ◦ 1
= (cos 120 + cos 40 ) = cos 40 −
2 2 2
Now, we have
 
◦ ◦ ◦ 1 ◦ ◦ 1
(cos 20 )(cos 40 )(cos 80 ) = (cos 20 ) cos 40 −
2 2
Expanding the product on the right side gives us
 
1 ◦ ◦ 1 1 ◦ ◦ 1 ◦

(cos 20 ) cos 40 − = (cos 40 )(cos 20 ) − (cos 20 )
2 2 2 2
Applying a product-to-sum identity for cosine to (cos 40◦ )(cos 20◦ ) gives
◦ ◦ 1 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

(cos 40 )(cos 20 ) = cos(40 + 20 ) + cos(40 − 20 )
2
1  1 1 
◦ ◦ ◦
= cos 60 + cos 20 = + cos 20
2 2 2
So, now we have
◦ ◦ ◦ 1 ◦ ◦ 1 ◦

(cos 20 )(cos 40 )(cos 80 ) = (cos 40 )(cos 20 ) − (cos 20 )
2 2
   
1 1 1 1
= + cos 20◦ − cos 20◦
2 2 2 2
 
1 1 1 ◦ 1 ◦ 1
= + cos 20 − cos 20 =
2 4 2 2 8
Therefore, we have arrived at the same result as we did in Example
1.3.5. So, (cos 20◦ )(cos 40◦ )(cos 80◦ ) = 81

Example 1.4.3.
(a) Show that cos x + cos y = 2 cos( x+y x−y
2 ) cos( 2 )

(b) Find an identity similar to that in (a) for cos x − cos y

(c) Find identities for sin x + sin y and sin x − sin y

Solution: We will use the product-to-sum identity

cos(α + β) + cos(α − β) = 2 cos α cos β
but we write the sum on the left since that’s the form of the desired
identity in the problem. Let x = α + β and y = α − β. Adding these

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give us x + y = 2α, so α =
x+y

2 . Subtracting (α − β) = y from
x−y
(α + β) = x gives β = 2 . Substituting these expressions in the
above identity gives
   
x+y x−y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2
(b) Similarly, we start with cos(α − β) − cos(α + β) = 2 sin α sin β.
Substituting x = α+β and y = α−β, so that α = ( x+y x−y
2 ) and β = ( 2 ),
we have    
x+y x−y
cos y − cos x = 2 sin sin
2 2
or    
x+y x−y
cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2
(c) Now we use the product-to-sum identity for sum of sines and
isolate the sum on the left, sin(α + β) + sin(a − β) = 2 sin α cos β.
Using substitution x = α + β and y = α − β so that α = ( x+y 2 ) and
x−y
β = ( 2 ), we have
   
x+y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
We can also convert the sine sum to a sine difference by noting that
sin(−z) = − sin z. Letting y = −z for the identity above gives us
   
x−z x+z
sin x − sin z = 2 sin cos
2 2
Sum-to-product and Difference-to-product identities:

x+y
cos x−y



• cos x + cos y = 2 cos 2 2

• cos x − cos y = −2 sin x+y x−y

2 sin 2

• sin x + sin y = 2 sin x+y x−y

2 cos 2
x−y x+y



• sin x − sin y = 2 sin 2 cos 2

Example 1.4.4.

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sin 13◦ + sin 47◦ + sin 73◦ + sin 107◦

Compute .
cos 17◦
Solution: We can very simply apply

the sine◦sum-to-product identity,
x+y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin 2 cos 2 , to sin 13 + sin 47 and sin 73◦ +
◦

sin 107◦ . So,

(sin 47◦ + sin 13◦ ) + (sin 107◦ + sin 73◦ ) 2 sin 30◦ cos 17◦ + 2 sin 90◦ sin 17◦
=
cos 17◦ cos 17◦
cos 17◦ (2 · 12 + 2 · 1)
= =3
cos 17◦

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Appendices

19
List of Figures

1.1 Diagram of a unit circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Graph of y = cos ( π2 + x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Graph of y = cos ( π2 − x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Diagram of a Unit circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Graph of cos (x − 3π2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Diagram of ∆ABC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

20