Modu a praha jaion

tree banc pal that a

radio sighy. Cqn

he pound wWe or sufau ware

J-
2 hu sy Ware
3- The Spau wares

Sufeu warl- (UP to 2 Mh )

1 he Groynd ya Co

Euth

the sufau af

Qntnnay ae elon to thu sufeu ef esut

reeiving
ehay in the eauth'haieh trane! t
euta, ndue

ment nte mna c4nent e ouey

Ihe ndued Jmage

9ancellaon.
 attenaim, he re i nno her way
’ Besigdey round d
and tit iy the wa fot
to alu to oli fpacHen
M n h n e

Eauth

he Curyahue he ,

’ tuis jnCrease in tte Hlt

the eteche fela, Compontnt f henu feld Sheng oy
on deereh n.
abre cable cüstene bom the
UlHnakly, t SOme Complily
Sufau wave ia,
trammiHng anenna, the nenHore q60ne
loey
elininaed becaye oj the

too feysly AM wared,

fu

|207 h, hris Is Aneha

Ad
 Stychue Ionosphce

4o-iso

90-140
D 19ye
So-9o
TeoPO SPHERE

Eaut
A90 fondphei e l9 yey qton eah
Heigt
Akor
Euh

E- laye

Ekchon Elechon Denti hy (

- he uppe paut of nesphey nhere i'onisatia tates

place, ue to UV, ,
jOno shhñre
 Jonosphere Contist4 ef aifHeent phyk'L al popettey at
’ layu aje
elIed as layuy. thce
di ferent heights
named a
(50 to 9o m)
2- E- 19yu. (40 to 14o km J
3- Fi - lqye (14o to 2fo km)
/25o to 4e0 m)
4- fa - layeu

7h's 4yu ia prexnt luuin day ight

houus etaes aisappeu duing ni_ht
combinaion rate iy hei ghesti The
becat the re
lonisati on enshy masjmy m at hoo n 1he degree
on the alH hude o the Syn k
of ionisa on oleptndi
sunset the re com bjn aHon Sncreass Tesulin in
On
Vowishi ng ot o- regjon altoge her D- re_ion i4
du to photo lonzaHon (0, at iH fsh ionhahen
potntiay
E-layu lies in the height
mayojmsm at 11o lm
range of (90 to 140 km), hovin

kenelly Hegvis idy "

thin l9yer Duin night hous &-19yeu remalt weekty
 fr- layu ia he vppu relon sikaed
with aaje
a a helgut range of l4o- 2S0 Im

GMH to 7 MHz

bt mosk pehebake it and refleced

(re refeced
fom Fa layel Ware)
QLsorp Hon fau HE
l4 to rovid more
he vppu mast reGion siheted
Fa- l4yel - fa- lae y in day
o 4eo bn
25o n
ang of qbout au tht ionospheic,
at a helght elecbon denity f
havivg he helghyt
fregenyiy lo MH2 r more af
enHc
layes 9t'4 rangu poy 5 MH to|2 Mh2
aui huae staioy. qt
low
Outu Atmokþhere or 4- re_in The uppeu imito u
ionospher iy not
h-resion
 Kay pat

ionaspkre

SkIP DiST ANCE DI

(ot sIL ENCE ZoNE)
SkIP DISTANC E DU

Serio
Ranse
6-Ray pahs alloweed by wares Unol

Condliong.
Heet o He io hospherc depends upon th
dngle of inidenu lio) ay shown in Fyt
relaely ag e N= Sin l'o eend'hien sAA,
4) When lo id sligt perehion(e 1)
thu wen refuns to the euth atu
nhen lo decreens, Adeereeny 4 penehati on indreey.
b)
(Lay pahy 2, 3, 44).
) nten to derreseA uHhee, eguatsn M-n
Sinr
cen not be

pene ira) ACnHy the jonospheric I9yer (fay pat, 5 (67.

 Cau readily be Undestood with
efracHire incley fomula a he ioulzed mediny.

httre
ent iondc denjty in m fregreny in H

i4 lways es Han Unity deviation of a fom mity

lomey qrea, if the i'on'e denity i4 hdgheu

BiN >1

4 tono sbhet 4 nof able to bene the radio WYey.

Sin ' lare medih
Sir
’ Sine MCI fu NS
ange of efracHonfonashere, so Ny
wiU go N3

raue med'ym ou thown in As Dnye

mealiy
Eauth
 Crihcad fegtncy
Ionized laye of ionos þhere M

whjch Can bt refle cked by a

Hiqhest feenty
pauHeulau layes ver heal inciden ce.

Sinu Sini
Sin

Sir

Or,

fe 9 Nm
-’ Thy aa'o warc 4 freguenly equal to or ley han
CiHel frevay wiu Gerteindy be refleeted back by
th ionosþhere layeu ireapeHe c angle inidane
for a wave fregeny qreatu than cn Hc fresucny to
tht conditHon y
Sii 7Mm

Sini>
 Casuot em -(e
culic elechony
pel no. he N94
uncnt then mej,
w m 0Y
X
eEm
dy
msee: veloyci
fore thln to Due
sy anhgvt mlelechon
-e
byitn
e/eehh. Chas
on
eoekdl
by
boy elee che4 onHld elechic
Jbhek the Spau
in meha
of Cubic a On
i4
wtsin Em = E
value ofile elechi on Lef
ionohpher tkehony
sf (aut
moHon. in
 Bejdey this Cenduction cyu
Uh- io nined alr. therefore

that Hous thugh a Cabic mehe

Ty tafal Cuncnt i
'onized nnelen
Cywt

Em Cuy l t

w Em Cas wt

K g(Em Sinwt)
d
re jaeie
Or, Ne
k= ko -
Ür,

my Ko
Ko
muk relati di'ele thse
m o Vaceu in Ur air.
m:
Ne2

So refactie indea c jonosphu h leu to+le

 Masims ny UcqbleX fregenty (MUE J -
’MUE is tu higheut fegveny alick con 6e ugedl fu Sey
have co mnyicaHon betnlen two g h pojy an the

ou /eeut mlu of MUE fu each pauir Pljinty

Howevu lue to
-’ 9 vaiey po m8MH2 to 35 MH2 nTmilly

’ For a Sy we to rehun to cuta, a ngle of vefacHon

2r=90°
Sini'
Stngo

Sini =

0Y,

’ Thus Sho uy tha mt fe al9ye ly reste an te by 2 faefer

 : Sec 74.fe

freseny wlieh esm be refe ekd fom the ionosphere :

CakulaHon, MVE
fONOSPHERIC LAY£R
asy meol to be Hly layel
wjh shaup ionisatlo, donyih h
graiemt, wWeh gies ninn
ue refeton of radio

Cauth 4m be ess meal to be lak.

Bo h 9h
 be echoe Jom u ayu ofor rehuntng to aty t=go°
Sins= sg0 -2,.N: Ny.ee

Sinr
Sinl 81Mo
Singb

Cay 2'

- thls espruien hey a relution bfuten mUk, te, skip dijs

6T,
iy-1
’ he fegueny belo n leh enhire powe gets absortey
by ionosp here re eeel to y towyt esle faen y!
urd d'sanu lpr
tet girea sahitfacty teepHon fu

at He reeivinj sik &etimatod valu f sky Ware

level
absapHon jn He gien propegaion alh.
+ Por a louen fegrenty ef tanymiison thue reesselsj
lost In hu backgrona nolt no Comuai caWan
gat4

() Free ypea prupagHn los te- spalal yproul'hy

(") Poueeton ehgnse couyed by he euti 4.

(h) Focuivng kdefoeybng Caued by inasphade

Cul vatu:
 Lue
MUP fe

len ware peneoate

Absorted wave ketyry

faynoy Sale.

ionosphtn'e ayes
 nun bel t chaels
to aomo dat

fat a pautleuleu locaton vwe Considlegbly

MUE

et eet tvo fregrtiy ue

tyeuefre
from hou to houu,

verHe hey
Cuu to
Quiealy
 d'= d brf t (h
T'm'e! pom Now ’
2
Te' path dreet By1-
stiam shengta fieldpragatm4 ware Spau hg
M'
spau Relaien
of stength Fildl
 2d

Pal deffeete
d. ('aahe- -
+ 2h+ hr

2d

4fhy hr
 Neld sbeyla 4yn als Ane

2Eo I+r'alg +2ueyg + e'sio

4chladh

2 42las

Ad
o

7.
86VP h hr
d
 Virtual ei_ht

ionosphen
Vitbual
helgut (4)
chual
p<h

VIrtual Actol heluts 4 an tonosflcol 19yea

Th helght to whoh a thrt puls ot ensy Sent
vewtl esiy wod reach takinj the same to0 Wys An

vey elote eloR so that 4e Sent neudy verHelly vpwud

-3 The o nioh ia locatee clok to the trengniH, plcks vp
bon te diret an refecre signals The spaing betnten
tuee s'gnals

Vrhued heisly has gretent adwontage eily moM

path oustemu T. Qan te eale ulstee|

TD

tamfa
9h D
 hr) hy
(4r E%
2e togou 6uat
n Qbont nterm Sih wet Ceu
QdA
Also
wrt.. Spau free
hegtt felt tactualy
he /Eo) that ted nobenay
ielelintufercn
Muli-'hoP poujpagalen
hoy propagatw obalyee en
Tu lonsest sns

2o, oLmn, muthop projegation pahhs e geneaaity

=4y-e
RMulti hop n

ho